Pellets

Pellets provide rabbits with an easy source of essential nutrients. Some rabbit owners choose to feed their rabbits a pellet-free diet due to teeth problems, chronic GI issues, and obesity. However, a pellet-free diet requires much more effort and care as a rabbit can easily suffer from malnutrition without the provision of proper vitamins and minerals.

What amount of pellets should I feed my rabbit?
For an adult rabbit, we recommend that you feed at most 1/8 cup to 1/4 cup of pellets per rabbit per day for every 5 lbs of rabbit. Too many pellets may lead to obesity, a lack of teeth wear, cecal overproduction, poopy butt, and behavioral disorders.

However, baby rabbits can be fed unlimited pellets, as their bones and muscles need plenty of protein and calcium for proper growth. For babies, an auto feeder may be appropriate so that you will not need to check on the bowl constantly to top it off.

What different types of pellets are there?
The type of pellet (alfalfa or timothy) fed usually depends on the age of your rabbit. Generally, alfalfa-based pellets should be fed to rabbits under 7 months old and timothy-based pellets to rabbits over 7 months old. However, it ultimately depends on the nutrition values listed on the back of the bag. Both types of pellets can meet nutritional requirements for rabbits. Typically, commercial alfalfa-based brand pellets will have more calories, protein, and fat, and less fiber than a timothy-based brand. See Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart for more information about some acceptable brands for both adult and young rabbits.

Good pellets do not include whole dried fruit, seeds, nuts, or other colored crunchy things. There should be only pellets and maybe hay and herbs and nothing else. As Town & Country Veterinary Hospital says, "The problem with these foods is that each type of seed or ingredient has different nutritional content, and pets develop preferences for certain seeds or pieces. They can easily develop a deficiency when they become “picky eaters” and only eat certain parts of their food."

Additionally, key findings from a research study conducted by The University of Edinburgh in conjunction with Burgess Pet Care suggested that feeding muesli-style diets to rabbits is associated with abnormalities that can lead to painful dental and digestive problems, such as dental disease, lower gut motility, selective feeding, obesity and urinary tract stones or sludge.

Dr. Harcourt-Brown writes, "The ingredients of muesli mixes are not sufficiently tough and fibrous to wear the teeth correctly and to keep the guts working properly. They are also fattening and can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies... If young rabbits do not get enough calcium, the bone surrounding the teeth is weakened so that the roots of the teeth press on the nerve supply to the teeth when the baby rabbit tries to eat hard food, such as hay."

Some of these muesli mixes may contain foods such as corn and beans which are not recommended for rabbits to eat in general. These foods have the possibility of causing GI obstructions.

How can I tell if a pellet is sufficiently nutritious?
When choosing a pellet, you should look at the guaranteed analysis on the feed label to find out how much of various critical nutrients are in the feed, usually by percentage. The following recommendations are for adult rabbits. Growing junior rabbits can have higher protein, fat, and calcium contents.

Dana Krempels, Ph.D., recommends that a good pellet should have the following qualities:
 * at least 22% crude fiber
 * no more than approximately 14% protein
 * about 1% fat
 * about 1.0% calcium

The Textbook of Rabbit Medicine recommends the following food analysis:
 * Crude Fiber: > 18%
 * Indigestible fibre: > 12.5%
 * Crude protein: 12–16%
 * Fat: 1–4%
 * Calcium: 0.6–1.0%
 * Phosphorus: 0.4–0.8%
 * Vitamin A: 10 000–18 000 IU/kg
 * Vitamin D: 800–1200 IU/kg
 * Vitamin E: 40–70 mg/kg
 * Trace elements: Magnesium 0.3%, Zinc 0.5%, Potassium 0.6–0.7%

Suzanne Trayhan recommends the following:
 * at most around 14% protein for normal rabbits, 16% protein for long-haired breeds such as angoras, jersey wooleys, etc.
 * at least 20% fiber
 * 1-1.5% fat
 * below 1% calcium

Lucille Moore recommends the following analysis:
 * Calcium: 0.6% minimum and 1.1% maximum unless rabbit has special need of low-calcium feed.
 * Crude fiber
 * 14-18% minimum, 20% maximum for most rabbits
 * 20-25% for rabbits kits between 3 and 9 weeks of age
 * Crude protein
 * 13-17% for pet rabbits
 * 17-20% for long-haired, outside, and lactating rabbits and larger breeds (e.g. Flemish, Checkered Giant)
 * 12-14% for young rabbits between 3-9 weeks of age
 * Fat
 * 1-5% for the general rabbit
 * 3-6% for pregnant or lactating does
 * 4-8% for long-haired, wool-producing rabbits (e.g. American Fuzzy Lop, Jersey Wooly, Angora)
 * Phosphorus: 0.4% minimum
 * Salt: 0.5% minimum and 1.0% maximum
 * Vitamin A: about 4500-5000 IU/lb
 * Vitamin D: no more than 2000 IU.

In general, the lower the protein level and the higher the fiber, the better. Rabbits should have very little fat in their diets - 5% in some pellets is way too high for a house rabbit. You will want a low number for calcium, especially in rabbits with bladder, sludge, or kidney problems. See Nutrition for Rabbits for more details.

As Trayhan further says, "It can be difficult to find a pellet that matches all of the requirements. In that case, try to choose one that is as close as possible. Focus on the factors that are most important to your needs. If you have a rabbit with kidney/sludge problems, then get a low calcium number. If your rabbit is obese, concentrate on low fat and high fiber. For rabbits with gut problems, I would want high fiber."

How should I store my pellets?
Rabbit pellets should be stored in a cool (15°C/59°F) dry vermin-proof place and be fed within 90 days of milling date. Buying rabbit food in bulk is discouraged for owners with a small number of rabbits as food older than 6 months has a compromised nutritional quality due to degradation of vitamin content, especially over hot summer months. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E may have a shelf-life of only 3 months.

What ingredients can be in rabbit pellets?
Rabbit pellets can contain many ingredients that might not be readily understandable to a rabbit owner. On a feed label, ingredients will be listed in order with the ingredient present in the highest amount listed first.

Specific ingredients
The following are ingredients that may be found in rabbit pellets and a description of what they are and its use.


 * Acetic acid: mold inhibitor.
 * Ammonium hydroxide: mold inhibitor.
 * Ascorbic acid: source of Vitamin C.
 * Beet pulp: fibrous material left over after the sugar is extracted from sugar beets. An energy concentrate high in highly digestible fiber, pectins, and sugars.
 * Benzoic acid: mold inhibitor.
 * Calcium propionate: mold inhibitor.
 * Canola meal: produced from canola seed following oil extraction. Protein ingredient.
 * Citric acid: Preservative. Also a growth and immunity promoter.
 * Corn gluten meal: added for palatability.
 * Lactobacillus: probiotic/prebiotic.
 * Non-dietary nitrogen (NDN): Should not be found in rabbit food. Rabbits do not utilize NDNs well and can cause toxicity.
 * Magnesium oxide: magnesium ingredient.
 * Mixed tocopherils: source of Vitamin E. They are antioxidants found in nature and are used in fats, oils, and in a wide range of fat-containing food and feed products and contain natural mixtures of d-alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols.
 * Molasses or cane molasses: added for palatability. High in magnesium.
 * Monosodium phosphate: phosphate ingredient.
 * Oat mill by-product: brans or middlings. Obtained after the transformation of groats into oatmeal. High in indigestible fiber with low protein.
 * Papaya: aids digestion.
 * Propionic acid: mold inhibitor.
 * Rosemary extract: natural antioxidant.
 * Saccharomyces: probiotic/prebiotic.
 * Safflower meal: protein ingredient.
 * Safflower oil: added for palatability.
 * Sodium lignosulfonate: pellet binder.
 * Sorbic acid: mold inhibitor.
 * Soybean meal: a by-product of the extraction of soybean oil. Protein ingredient.
 * Streptococcus: probiotic/prebiotic.
 * Wheat middlings: granular by-product of grain milling. High in digestible fiber and have energy values similar to corn.
 * Yeast cell wall extract: prebiotic rich in mannan sugar moieties of long chain oligosaccharides collectively known as mannanoligosaccharides (MOS).
 * Yucca: helps control ammonia in rabbit waste. Also aids in fat digestion in the small intestine.

Collective terms
Collective terms, also known as group terms, may be present on a rabbit feed label. As Lucille Moore writes, It has been claimed that only lesser-quality feeds have group terms listed, and this is done as a cost cutting measure so the manufacturer can use lower-quality ingredients. This is not necessarily true: many reputable feed manufacturers use the terms in order to be able to produce a nutritionally consistent product. The nutritional quality of any feed ingredient can vary significantly, depending upon multiple factors, and using the group terms allows manufacturers to keep the nutrition of the product the same without having to constantly relabel (and raise the price).

The following is a list of ingredient collective terms with what food products in varying quantities may be present in the feed.


 * Animal products: bone meal, meal, blood meal, fish meal, and feathers. Should not be found in rabbit feed.
 * Animal protein products: hydrolyzed poultry feathers, fish meal, milk products, and other items not natural to a rabbit's digestive tract. Should not be found in rabbit feed.
 * Forage products: alfalfa meal, grass hay, soybean hay, lespedeza meal, dehydrated silages.
 * Grain products: barley, oats, wheat, corn, rice, rye.
 * Molasses products: beet or sugar cane molasses, beet pulp.
 * Processed grain byproducts: wheat millings, corn, gluten feed, rice bran, wheat bran, brewers' dried grains, distilled dried grains.
 * Plant protein products: cottonseed, soybean, canola, peanut, linseed and sunflower meals, cultured yeast.
 * Roughage products: hulls of cottonseed, soybeans, oats, peanuts, rice; apple products, beet pulp, citrus pulp.

Extra resources
The following articles include more information about the ingredients of pellets.
 * Laurie Stroupe, What Makes a Nutritious Commercial Rabbit Pellet?
 * Sherwood Forest Natural Rabbit Food, Rabbit Food Ingredients
 * Provet healthcare information, Feeding Rabbits
 * Petco, Dangerous Foods and Plants: Additives and Preservatives

Below are discussions about pellet ingredients.
 * Reddit.com, Pellet Ingredients

A table of the ingredients of common rabbit pellets can be found in the article Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart.