Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis is the condition that results when the natural flora of the gut are thrown out of balance. When used for rabbits, it usually means that harmful bacteria out-compete the "good" bacteria in the digestive tract or certain types of "good" bacteria are too proliferate. :76

E. coli routinely proliferates in any rabbit with dysbiosis. :199

Dysbiosis in the cecum can be acute but is sometimes chronic and co-morbid with other conditions that make it hard for a rabbit to get enough fiber and maintain other aspects of their digestive health including maintaining a balanced stomach pH. Cecal dysbiosis results in conditions such as poopy butt/intermittent soft stool (ISS). Commonly, this means that the rabbit is incapable of consuming cecals in a meaningful way and this interruption of their digestive cycle can be life-threatening.

Signs and symptoms
Dysbiosis may present as non-obstructive bloat or an atypical GI stasis with or without presence of soft stool/malformed cecum.


 * pain
 * watery or mucoid diarrhea
 * lethargy
 * hypothermia
 * shock
 * anorexia or eating only when prompted
 * gas
 * gastrointestinal stasis
 * repetitive actions such as reaching down repeatedly to eat cecum and coming up without anything to chew
 * repetitive motions such as twisting and stretching the hips/pelvis/lower back-- distinct from the up and down of rubbing a gaseous or static belly on the floor, which may also be present

Causes
Common causes of dysbiosis in the rabbit include the following: :193,198-199 :76
 * A carbohydrate-rich diet or too many high-carbohydrate, high-fat treats fed at once.
 * Inappropriate antibiotic therapy (e.g. clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins, many penicillins, and erythromycin). See Common drug dosages for rabbits for more resources and details.
 * Bacterial (e.g. Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter)

GI dysbiosis is common in immunocompromised, elderly rabbits, and rabbits who have dental issues such as malocclusion, extraction, root atrophy, or gum disease.

Treatment
Palliative treatments include incubation with warm towels, heating discs, and/or pain medications to encourage physical movement/prevent shock. Gas or low GI motility may gentle require massage. Poor eating may necessitate assisted syringe feeding/hydration with critical care and/or subcutaneous fluids to sustain kidney function and GI motility.

Molar trims, withholding carbohydrate rich or sugary treats, and being attentive to your rabbit's appetite and fecal/cecal eliminations are key necessary ongoing care for rabbits predisposed to recurring dysbiosis.

Medications that have been prescribed for this condition are as follows:
 * Simethicone - if gas is present, OTC infant simethicone 20mg oral suspension can help relieve bloating.
 * Meloxicam - an anti-inflammatory pain medication once obstructive bloat/stasis has been ruled out.
 * Buprenorphine - narcotic used for pain relief.
 * Metoclopromide - increases gut motility by stimulating smooth muscle contractions in the GI tract.
 * Cholestyramine - a cholesterol medication dispensed as an oral suspension with an off-label use that lowers bile acids in a rabbit's body and acts as a binding agent for the cecal discharge to solidify it and make it easier for a rabbit to consume. Must be administered alone and away from other medications.
 * Metronidazole - an antibiotic that specifically targets E. coli and Clostridium spp. to help bring those levels down to normal.