WabbitWiki - User contributions [en]

Cardiovascular disease

2026-08-02T23:40:24Z

Malikethbun: /* Congestive Heart Failure */

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include (but are not limited to) the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup><ref name="rof">Marie Mead. Heart Disease in Companion Rabbits: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved 13 Sept 2025 from https://rabbit.org/health/heart-disease/</ref>
* exercise intolerance or decrease in activity level (lethargic or only able to exercise for very brief periods)
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* nasal flaring
* increased respiration rate
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)
* [[anorexia]] or decrease in appetite
* [[weight loss]] or weight gain
* weakness
* abdominal distension (ascites)
* distinctive resting position, with the front portion of the body elevated; propping the upper body up to rest on objects, furniture, or their bonded rabbit partners

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. In some cases, your exotic veterinarian may choose to physically drain excess fluids from the body. Any combination of the following medications may also be used:
* Diuretics to help dispose of excess fluids via urination
* Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that dilate and open up the blood vessels to improve both blood flow and circulation
* Inodilator meds such as Pimobendan to improve muscle contractility and the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively

Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits and Dr. Chloe Block DVM. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1977011509702465 Herman’s HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) diagnosis and plans going forward]

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Cardiovascular disease

2026-08-02T23:38:42Z

Malikethbun: Further details expanded on in the section on CHF

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include (but are not limited to) the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup><ref name="rof">Marie Mead. Heart Disease in Companion Rabbits: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved 13 Sept 2025 from https://rabbit.org/health/heart-disease/</ref>
* exercise intolerance or decrease in activity level (lethargic or only able to exercise for very brief periods)
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* nasal flaring
* increased respiration rate
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)
* [[anorexia]] or decrease in appetite
* [[weight loss]] or weight gain
* weakness
* abdominal distension (ascites)
* distinctive resting position, with the front portion of the body elevated; propping the upper body up to rest on objects, furniture, or their bonded rabbit partners

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. In some cases, your exotic veterinarian may choose to physically drain excess fluids from the body. Any combination of the following medications may also be used:
- Diuretics to help dispose of excess fluids via urination
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that dilate and open up the blood vessels to improve both blood flow and circulation
- Inodilator meds such as Pimobendan to improve muscle contractility and the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively

Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits and Dr. Chloe Block DVM. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1977011509702465 Herman’s HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) diagnosis and plans going forward]

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Spaying and neutering rabbits

2026-04-28T19:22:44Z

Malikethbun: Updated guidance on male sterility according to MV’s TRM3.

A '''spay''' or '''ovariohysterectomy''' is the removal of the uterus and ovaries from a female rabbit. A '''neuter''', '''castration''', or '''orchidectomy''' is the removal of the testes from the scrotal sacs in a male rabbit. Although usually reserved in reference to males, '''neutering''' can also refer to a spay as the term technically refers to the removal of reproductive organs, regardless of sex.<ref>Merriam-Webster, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neutering neuter]</ref> Colloquially, the terms '''altering''' or '''fixing''' is used to refer to the gender-neutral procedure.

__TOC__
== Reasons to spay and neuter ==
Surgery for spaying and neutering can be as safe on rabbits as any animal, given that you find an experienced [[veterinarian]] to perform the procedure. Mortality rates for a skilled veterinarian should be no more than 1%, and most of the danger is from the anesthesia.

The House Rabbit Society has had over 1000 rabbits spayed or neutered with approximately 0.1% mortality due to anesthesia.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> Dolly's Dream Home Rabbit Rescue reports that they have spayed and neutered over 1,400 rabbits and lost less than 1%. Necropsies have mostly shown that the bunnies had underlying birth defects, usually heart-related, that made the anesthesia too much for them.<ref>Dolly's Dream Home Rabbit Rescue. (2024). Post on Facebook. Retrieved 06 Jan 2025 from https://www.facebook.com/groups/432339154749383/posts/1237986777517946/</ref>

{{note|Do not allow any vets that are not experienced with safe rabbit surgery techniques to work on your rabbit. Make sure that they use a rabbit-safe anesthetic such as isofluorane.}}

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=c2B0I57E0NQ|caption=Should You Spay / Neuter Your Rabbit?}}
{{youtube|id=wLCZXYGB6Jo|caption=Ask A Vet: Why should I have my rabbit spayed or neutered?}}
</div>

=== Overall benefits ===
{{right-image|file=WhyNeuter1.jpg|caption=Why Neuter [https://www.facebook.com/drsuerabbitvet/posts/pfbid0KpLt1k2zxge524WtUSjAv9gbgTtohWE4dsxuMP4NcvNutTLscL3riqVZBuxe7zKSl posted by] Dr. Sue Rabbit Vet}}

* '''Healthier''' and '''live longer''' than unaltered rabbits.<ref name="hrssnfaq">House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-spaying-and-neutering/ FAQ: Spaying and Neutering]</ref>
* '''Calmer''', more '''loving''', and '''dependable''' once urge to mate is removed.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Less prone to '''destructiveness''' (chewing, digging) and [[aggressive rabbits|aggressiveness]] (biting, lunging, circling, growling) behavior after surgery.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Easier and more reliable to '''[[litter train]]'''.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Will not contribute to the [[Breeding|'''overpopulation''']] of pet rabbits.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> Having a spayed or neutered rabbit in the case that [[rehoming]] is necessary will make the pet easier to adopt out and give reassurance that the rabbit will not go on to make any unwanted babies.
* Can safely have a friend to [[Bonding|'''bond''']] with.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> Hormones will encourage sexual and aggressive behaviors toward other rabbits.

The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRWAF/posts/pfbid0so3wnepnBttU2U1arsHseSDBxkCjJ7gDZnhuLfssxUVdmExurNWj4PepSYgeJnGTl posted on their FB page:]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:RWAF-SPAY1.jpg|border|x275px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RWAF-SPAY2.jpg|border|x275px]]</div>
</div>

<blockquote>Pet owners usually get their cats and dogs neutered (spayed or castrated), but don’t always think twice about getting their rabbits fixed – until an unexpected litter arrives 👀 Rabbits can have kits from as young as 4-6 months old! So if you don’t want an accidental litter please make sure to get your rabbits neutered!</p><p>Rescue centres already have extensive waiting lists and simply cannot cope with more unwanted rabbit litters, so it’s up to you to ‘fix’ this problem and take responsibility by neutering your rabbits. As well as preventing unwanted litters, neutering your rabbits can help with training, bonding, reducing aggression, and preventing several forms of cancer. For more information, please visit our website: https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/medical/neutering/</blockquote>

=== Female spaying ===
* Eliminates all or reduces risk of developing fatal '''reproductive cancers''' (ovarian, [[Uterine Cancer|uterine]], mammarian) and diseases (e.g. [[pyometra]]).<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> There is a high 50%-80% incidence rate of uterine cancer in intact does over the age of 4 years based on certain research studies. See [[Uterine Cancer]] for more information.

{{right-image|file=HighcroftVetGroupTumours1.jpg|caption="Is Your Rabbit Spayed? Did you know that up to 80% of un-neutered female rabbits can develop cancer of the uterus by the age of 5?" {{blur}} Images & text posted by [https://www.facebook.com/1509586376002016/photos/pcb.1751151448512173/1751151398512178/?type=3&theater Highcroft Exotic Vets]|class=blur}}
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=OvarianTumor2.jpg|caption=An unspayed female rabbit having a very large ovarian tumor removed. {{blur}} Image (c) & posted by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=716190038542382&set=pcb.716191101875609&type=3&theater Dr. Maripi Lanzarot Freudenthal.]|class=blur}}
</div>

* Prevents '''[[pseudopregnancy]]'''. It is stressful for rabbits to go through nest building, milk production and aggressive protection of territory. This can make the pet very difficult to handle during this period and can progress to decreased appetite and gastrointestinal problems.<ref name="bsava"/>

=== Male neutering ===
{{right-image|file=AEAC 16yo Thumper testicular.jpg|caption=16-year-old Thumper had a testicular tumor removed by [https://www.facebook.com/thevetsforunusualpets/posts/5298046946926536 Avian and Exotic Animal Care].}}

* Reduces '''sexual aggression'''.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Stops '''spraying''' behavior.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Reduces and eliminates risks of '''testicular and prostate cancers''' (although risks are not conclusively proven through research).<ref>kanin.org. (2008). Why you should spay/neuter your rabbit. Retrieved 31 March 2016 from http://kanin.org/node/182</ref>

{{right-image|file=HHAS-Luke1.jpg|caption=Luke was rescued by Harvest Home Animal Sanctuary after the owner was going to inhumanely put him down because of a tumor growth on one of his testicles. [http://harvesthomesanctuary.org/ HHAS] - [https://www.facebook.com/harvesthome/videos/10154848025388564/ Luke update video (FB).] Picture used with direct permission, [https://www.facebook.com/harvesthome/photos/a.426287918563.203971.56226218563/10154846336078564/?type=3&theater source.]|class=blur}}

Dr. Nic (the Animal Doctor) @ at OSU Veterinary Medical Hospital [https://www.facebook.com/nictheanimaldoctor/posts/910509279589193 posts] on why he recommends neutering male rabbits.

* Prevent <b>inguino-scrotal hernia</b>, a not uncommon condition in the elder rabbit, which can be difficult to treat.
* Prevent <b>testicular disorders</b>, especially neoplasia.
* Reduces the chance that a male rabbits is <b>overly aggressive</b> or <b>sprays</b> in the house.

=== Myths ===
Several myths have been perpetuated about spaying and neutering pets.

* '''Your pet will not become "fat and lazy" after being altered'''. A lack of [[exercise]], too much food, and boredom will cause an animal to be so, regardless of neutering.<ref name="danaspay"/>
* '''Your pet will still be bonded with you after their surgery.''' While your rabbit may be calmer due to lack of hormonal frustrations, the underlying personality will not be changed, especially if altered at a young age. However, if you are basing your rabbit's personality on hormone-driven behaviors such as circling, humping, and biting, then such behaviors will be eliminated or reduced after altering.

== Age to spay and neuter==
Depending on its genetic makeup, a rabbit will reach sexual maturity somewhere between the age of '''3 to 8 months'''.<ref name="danaspay">Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/spay.html Spay or Neuter my Rabbit?]</ref> See the Health FAQ question [[Health FAQ#When do rabbits mature?|"When do rabbits mature?"]] for more details.

Although not all rabbits will show '''undesirable habits''' upon reaching sexual maturity, most rabbits do. Behaviors include the following:<ref name="danaspay"/>
* loss of previously good '''litterbox habits'''
* '''spraying''' urine
* '''mounting''' and '''humping''' of objects such as toys or your body
* '''growling''' and '''boxing'''
* '''territorial''' biting and nipping
* '''aggressive''' and '''possessive''' lunging and biting
* '''circling''' and '''honking'''
* excessively '''destructive''' chewing and digging (especially in females)

As Dana Krempels writes,<ref name="danaspay"/>

<blockquote><p>When intact, both male and female rabbits usually mount one another endlessly out of sex drive and/or to establish social dominance. Same-sex pairs who tolerated each other as babies will often begin ferocious fighting upon reaching sexual maturity. This can result in permanent "unbonding," not to mention serious physical injury.</p>
<p>Opposite sex pairs will begin reproducing as soon as they mature. Left unchecked, an unspayed rabbit and her intact female descendants can produce more than 1300 offspring in a year. Over the course of five years this number balloons exponentially to more than 94 million!</p></blockquote>

'''Females''' can usually be spayed as soon as they become sexually mature, around 5 months old.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:87</sup> It is advisable to spay females after puberty but before maturity when large amounts of abdominal fat can complicate the surgery.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> An immature rabbit will have structures that are not well developed, making the surgery more difficult.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some veterinarians may want to wait until the rabbit is older at ~6 months.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>

'''Males''' can be neutered as soon as their testicles descend, usually around 4 months of age.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some rabbits may have testicles descend at around 10-12 weeks.<ref name="torm">Frances Harcourt-Brown, {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''}}, 2002.</ref> Motile spermatozoa appear in the ejaculate from about 4 months of age.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some veterinarians may want to wait until the rabbit is older at ~5 months.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/><ref>Give Us a Home, [http://www.giveusahome.co.uk/small/FAQ/faq.htm Rabbits]</ref> If they are too young, the neutering may require abdominal surgery which makes the process more complicated.<ref name="bsava"> British Small Animal Veterinary Association, [http://www.bsava.com/Advice/PolicyStatements/NeuteringofRabbits/tabid/162/Default.aspx Policy Statement on the Neutering of Rabbits]</ref> Males can be considered sterile 8 weeks after the operation.<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref>

'''Older rabbits''' (6+ yrs) may need to have blood work done beforehand to make sure they do not react negatively to anesthesia. Age is not a disease, and as long as the rabbit is in good health, they can be a good candidate for surgery. '''Small rabbits''' may need to grow bigger before they may be dosed with an anesthetic for surgery. '''Giant breeds''' of rabbits may reach maturity at an older age so the surgery may be done later if necessary.<ref name="aboutlianne">McLeod, L. (2014). At What Age Can I Have My Rabbit Spayed or Neutered? Retrieved 14 March 2016 from http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/rabbits/f/rabbitsnage.htm</ref>

== Choosing a clinic ==
To choose a veterinarian for the procedure, some good questions to ask are the following:<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>

* '''About how many rabbit clients does the veterinarian see in a year?'''
* '''How many spays and neuters <span style="color:red">of rabbits</span> has the veterinarian has done in the past year?'''
* '''What is your success rate? If any were lost, what was the cause?''' <i>According to the House Rabbit Society,</i><ref name="hrssnfaq"/> <blockquote>90% success is way too low. Every doctor, whether for animals or humans will occasionally lose a patient; usually because of an undiagnosed problem. Veterinarians across the country who spay and neuter rabbits for the House Rabbit Society have lost on average less than 1/2 of 1%.</blockquote><i>[https://www.facebook.com/DollysDreamHome/posts/pfbid0AmbnQaEgcwXJwBiFGrscr1XnyZpajL1VcenWr4tRZadcQj2M2RvunZzeyZ7ahxe8l Dolly's Dream Home Rabbit Rescue] writes,</i> <blockquote>At our rescue, we’ve spayed or neutered over 1,400 bunnies and lost less than 1% due to surgical complications. In these rare instances, necropsies have mostly shown that the bunnies had underlying birth defects, usually heart-related, that made the anesthesia too much for them.<p>With a rabbit-savvy, exotic veterinarian, fixing your bunny is not just safe, but necessary.</p></blockquote>
* '''Does the veterinarian remove both uterus and ovaries?''' ''They should be. [[Uterine cancer]] prevention requires the entire removal of the organ, and without the removal of the ovaries, the rabbit will still be hormonal and problematic behaviors will not cease after the operation.''
* '''Is entry to the testicles made through the scrotum or the abdomen?''' ''Entry via the abdomen unnecessarily increases the trauma for male rabbits.''
* '''Does the veterinarian require withholding of food and water prior to surgery in rabbits?''' ''Rabbits should <span style="color:red">never be fasted</span> before surgery. Rabbits cannot [[vomit]], so there is no risk of that during surgery, and rabbits should never be allowed to get empty digestive tracts.''
* '''What anesthetics are used?''' ''Make sure it's rabbit-safe. Some common anesthetics used include isoflurane and sevoflurane. See [[Drugs]] for more resources.''
* Review the procedure (op and immediate post-op) with your vet. See the [[#Costs|Costs]] section below for more procedure-related questions.

<div class="note">Please note that it is most important to choose a rabbit-experienced veterinarian rather than the cheapest to for the best chance of a successful surgery. Inexperienced veterinarians may not be familiar with safe protocols for anesthesia and surgical techniques in rabbits for a thorough operation.</div>

Check out [[Low Cost Spay/Neuter Clinics]] for some low-cost options to spay and neuter your rabbit.

The links below are some more resources when choosing a veterinarian for surgical procedures.
* Jan Langer. (2003). [http://rabbitresource.org/surgery-considerations/ Surgery Considerations]

== Costs of a spay or neuter ==
Costs of a spay or neuter will vary based on your location and availability of the service. On the low end, the procedure can begin at ~US$50 at low cost spay/neuter clinics. At private veterinarians, the cost can be US$200+ due to additional tests and monitoring to reduce surgery risks. To properly compare costs, please take a look at your line-by-line invoice that breaks down all the costs.

<div class="note">
You can find a database of anonymous rabbit spay/neuter bills [https://rabbitors.info/speuter-bills here].
</div>

Usually, a neuter is less expensive than a spay; however, if a male rabbit has '''cryptorchidism''' or undescended testicles, the costs may end up similar to a spay due to the more invasive procedure.

You can find more about the cheaper options at [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]].

From the Colorado House Rabbit Society, <ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (2012). A Guide to Having Your Rabbit Safely Neutered. Retrieved 5 April 2016 from https://coloradohrs.org/a-guide-to-having-your-rabbit-safely-neutered/</ref> with additional comments:
<blockquote>
There is a wide variety of charges for a rabbit spay or neuter. Before deciding who to use, find out what the differences are in the care your rabbit will get.
Specifically:
* Is a thorough "exotic exam" done? If not, is any kind of exam done? ''A pre-exam usually costs US$40-100 depending on location.''
* Is pre-anesthetic blood-work done? ''If so, this cost is usually US$100-300. This is usually a good idea to reduce risk by detect any congenital or kidney/liver issues that may make surgery with anesthesia riskier.''
* Is the anesthetic used injected or is it a gas (which is much safer)? ''Common choices for gas anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane. Low-cost clinics may choose to use injectable anesthetics.''
* Is the rabbit intubated (a breathing tube placed)? ''Low-cost clinics often will not intubate rabbits.''
* Is a vet tech monitoring the rabbit's vital signs throughout the surgery? ''Low-cost clinics often do not have the extensive extra monitoring that private clinics may use.''
** What monitoring equipment is used?
*** Respiratory monitor?
*** Blood pressures?
*** Body temperature?
* Is an IV catheter and fluids used throughout the surgery? ''Low-cost clinics often will not use any IV catheters that private clinics may use.''
* Are pain medications given either before or after the surgery? ''A shot of buprenorphine for pain and possibly a motility drug to jump start their digestive system are common before or after the surgery. Common sedatives used before the surgery include ketamine and midazolam.''
* How is the skin closed?
** Will there be external sutures or staples which need to be removed?
* Is the rabbit kept overnight?
** If so, why? (i.e., will there be someone monitoring the rabbit throughout the night?)
* Is any pain medication sent home with the rabbit for use later that day or the next day? ''Additional pain medications are usually US$20-50.''
</blockquote>

The following article describes the differences in care that may occur between a private veterinary clinic and a low-cost spay/neuter clinic that will greatly affect the surgery costs and risks of the procedure:
* Carolyn Karrh. (2015). [https://www.peacelovepaws.org/single-post/2015/09/30/THE-DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE]

== Care ==
Surgery can be very emotionally and mentally stressful, and the following tips can help you and your rabbit get through this operation with maximal safety and minimal worries.

=== Before the operation ===
* '''Make sure to schedule surgery with a rabbit-savvy veterinarian.''' The veterinarian should be very familiar with the rabbit's unique anatomy and physiology and has had a great deal of experience and success with rabbit anesthesia and surgery. See [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]] for more resources on finding a rabbit-savvy veterinarian as well as the sections above.
* '''Schedule the surgery early in the week and also so that you can bring your rabbit home the same evening.''' Many veterinarian offices are not open on the weekends, so having the operation on a Monday or Tuesday allows for more leeway in case something goes wrong with your rabbit's recovery. Try not to board your rabbit at the vet unless your rabbit needs overnight supportive care like IV fluids or oxygen. Many clinics often do not have techs that watch the pets overnight. Bringing your rabbit home to a familiar safe place is almost always better than leaving them in a strange place with other dogs and cats within hearing or sight. Stress can easily make a recovery process lengthier.
* '''Continue to feed your rabbit until you leave for the surgery.''' Often non-rabbit-savvy receptionists will inform you to fast your rabbit the night before the operation, but {{bad|''this is very dangerous for your rabbit.''}} Cats and dogs should be fasted before a surgery to prevent aspiration from [[vomiting]], but rabbits are unable to vomit, and fasting them early increases the likelihood of [[GI stasis]] after the operation and a slower recovery.<ref name="rabbitshealth">Richardson, V.C.G. (2000). {{amazon|id=063205221X|name=''Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases''.}}</ref> Be sure to tell the veterinarian that the receptionist informed you otherwise, and if the veterinarian does not disagree with the receptionist’s recommendation, {{bad|''find a new veterinarian.''}}<br/><br/>MediRabbit notes,<ref>MediRabbit. (n.d.). Pre-anesthetic preparations of the rabbit. Retrieved 27 Sep 2018 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Surgery/Anesthesia/Pre/anes_pre_en.htm</ref><blockquote>Since rabbits are unable to vomit, it is not mandatory to withhold the food and water before a planned surgery. In fact, rabbits, whose accessibility to food is removed over a longer period of time, show an increased tendency of becoming hypoglycemic during surgery or became post-surgical disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract due to dysbiosis. Growth of pathogenic bacteria leads to the development of enterotoxaemia. The rate of recovery is furthermore slowed down in rabbits whose food was taken away hours before surgery. It is nevertheless advised to remove food up to an hour before anesthetic preparations are started. Indeed, some rabbits tend to accumulate food and water in the oral cavity and the oropharynx; withdrawing food one hour prior to surgery will assure that the oral cavity does not contain food rests and that the stomach is not overloaded. Food and water should be available immediately after the rabbit recovers from the anesthesia.</blockquote> HRS notes,<ref>HRS-Anesthesia Protocols for Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Nov 2018 from https://rabbit.org/anesthesia-protocols-for-rabbits/</ref><blockquote>Fasting for more than 1 hour is unnecessary and should be avoided.</blockquote>

=== After the operation ===
During the surgery, an ointment will usually be applied to your rabbit's eyes to keep them lubricated. As a result, they may look gunky when your rabbit returns to you - this is normal and not cause for concern.

At the clinic, rabbits are usually given a shot of antibiotics and painkillers.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/> The rabbit should be allowed to recover in a warm quiet environment and given easy access to food and water. Provide a water bowl for your rabbit even if you usually use a water bottle to decrease the amount of effort needed to drink. A well-hydrated rabbit recovers and feels better more quickly.<ref name="danaopcare"/> If your rabbit was given intravenous or subcutaneous fluids during or after the operation, they may not be thirsty and drink on their own until all the water has been absorbed.

Rabbits may take up to 6-12 hours to recover from the anesthesia used during the surgery. If your rabbit is still lethargic and out of it longer than that, please make sure to inform your veterinarian and keep your rabbit warm and fed until they're stable.

For the first few days, the rabbit should be bedded on a soft surface such as reusable (fabric) {{amazon|id=B003B3W6C8|name=puppy pads}}, towels, fleece blankets, or bedsheets to prevent abrasive bedding materials (e.g. wood shavings) interfering with the wound. Remove any toys that the rabbit can jump on top of to prevent damage to the incision from activity. '''Generally, male rabbits should be on cage rest with limited exercise for about 3 days, and female rabbits should be on cage rest for about 7 days.'''

<div class="note">
'''Please obtain pain medications from your veterinarian for use after the surgery even if they say that it is not needed.''' While your rabbit should get a shot of analgesics after the operation, pain management the next few days after the surgery are critical for a smooth recovery. Rabbits will be sore for one to several days.<ref name="danaopcare">Krempels, D. (2011). Pre- and Post-operative care of Rabbits. Retrieved 18 Dec 2019 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/opcare.html.</ref> Common analgesics include meloxicam (Metacam, Meloxidyl), buprenorphine, or tramadol.
</div>

Most rabbits will not need an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) after the surgery, but rabbits that are persistent in bothering their surgical site will need to have the area protected. See [[First aid for rabbits#E-collars]] for recommendations and options.

Symptoms that may be observed while your rabbit is recovering:
* Redness is normal for a day or two unless it is the angry red of an infection. If there is also an accompanying bad smell, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* If you find any large amounts of blood or pus, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* If the incision opens, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* Incisions weeping a little bit of clear fluid is normal.
* Rabbits recently neutered may have slightly swollen testicles - this volume should go down with time.

Some rabbits will still be very uncomfortable after they are given some pain medication - if they have not eaten or drank anything on their own in over 8 hours, try lightly tap their nose with long stalks of vegetables to tempt them to bite and eat the greens out of anger. If that does not create any response, please [[Syringe_feeding|force feed]] 10-20cc of Critical Care or a pellet mash so that they have something in their stomachs. Call and update your veterinarian with the situation at the earliest opportunity - they may want to prescribe a higher dose of pain medications and provide motility drugs for [[stasis]] as well.

<div class="bad">
'''Keep recently neutered males away from intact females for at least 8 weeks.''' They can still have viable sperm in their tubes and impregnate the female.
</div>

=== Extra resources ===
See the links below for more information about pre- and post-op care.
* Special Bunny. [https://www.specialbunny.org/bunny-rabbit-spay-neuter-aftercare Spaying, Neutering & Aftercare for Rabbits]
* Kinenchen. [http://imgur.com/a/3SemI Quick Tips for Before and After Surgery.]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/opcare.html Pre- and Post-operative care of Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D. [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/educ/Post-opCareofRabbits.pdf Post-operative care of Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/faq-spaying-and-neutering/ FAQ: Spaying and Neutering > What's the proper pre- and post-operative care?]
* CottonTails Rabbit & Guinea Pig Rescue. [https://cottontails-rescue.org.uk/health/neutering/ NEUTERING – a study]
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. [https://www.houserabbitga.com/spay-neuter-rabbit-post-opp Spay & Neuter Post-Op Care]
* Colorado House Rabbit Society. [https://coloradohrs.org/care-rabbit-spaying-neutering/ Care of Your Rabbit After Spaying or Neutering]
* Cristina Forbes. [http://www.morfz.com/spay.html Rabbit Spay/Neuter Preparations]
* Bearsted Veterinary Surgery. [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/6/6d/Rabbit%2BSpay%2BPost%2BOperative%2BCare.pdf Rabbit Spay Post Operative Care Sheet]
* East Bay SPCA. [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/3/36/RABBIT_SPAY_AND_NEUTER_POST-OP.pdf Rabbit Spay and Neuter Post-Operative Care Instructions]

== Surgical techniques ==
The following resources include some detailed descriptions and examples of the procedures used to spay and neuter rabbits.

=== Neuter ===
* Angela Lennox, DVM, DABVP, [https://www.dvm360.com/view/comparing-elective-neutering-techniques-proceedings Comparing elective neutering techniques (Proceedings)]
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag, Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Uro_gen_diseases/castration/Castra/Castration.htm Male reproductive tract and orchidectomy (castration surgery)] {{graphic}}
* Long Beach Animal Hospital, [http://www.lbah.com/word/neuter-rabbit/ Neuter- Rabbit] {{graphic}}

The following are some recorded procedures of veterinarians neutering rabbits:
* YouTube, Greg Martinez DVM, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mseGXQlN4lE Dr Greg castrates a male rabbit] {{graphic}}

=== Spay ===
* Merle E. Olson and Jim Bruce, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1680421/?page=3 Ovariectomy, Ovariohysterectomy and Orchidectomy in Rodents and Rabbits]
* Matthew S. Johnston, VMD, Diplomate ABVP (Avian), [http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/sites/default/files/sites/cliniciansbrief.com/files/7-8.pdf Rabbit Ovariohysterectomy] {{graphic}}
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag, Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Uro_gen_diseases/castration/Spay/Steril_en.html Female reproductive tract and ovariohysterectomy (spay surgery)] {{graphic}}
* Long Beach Animal Hospital, [http://www.lbah.com/word/spay-rabbit/ Spay- Rabbit] {{graphic}}

The following are some recorded procedures of veterinarians spaying rabbits:
* YouTube, FastUpOnRabbitCare
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MclMPs4vJCY Ovariohysterectomy (Spay) Part 1: Preparation] {{graphic}}
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdA0x9SmReY Ovariohysterectomy (Spay) Part 2] {{graphic}}
* YouTube, sheltervet, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTWqyHGA-mE Rabbit Spay] {{graphic}}

== Complications ==
[[File:AlternativeE-Collar1.jpg|right|thumb|x250px|Some vets will use a E-Collar after a spay or neuter. Most rabbits do not like them. Here is an alternative that you can try. Make sure to ask a vet before using.]]

Some male rabbits may have undescended testicles, called '''cryptorchidism'''. Testes in rabbits normally descend by 12 weeks of age, and it is considered abnormal if they have not descended by the time they reach 16 weeks old.<ref name="wildprocrypto">Wildpro. (n.d.). Cryptorchidism in Bears and Lagomorphs. Retrieved 28 Jan 2019 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/Miscellaneous/Cryptorchidism_Bears.htm</ref> A rabbit with cryptorchidism will require a surgical procedure similar to a spay through the abdomen, and neutering is recommended due to the increased risk of development of testicular cancer.<ref name="wildprocrypto"/>

Stories about rabbits with cryptorchidism:
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0exyFgev7oce45UY8zp2pP9i5Pjn1UPjtQ8WHqneF6u2dkfEvK5M7eqhiyKGMh1PWl Albert's story]

Potential complications that can arise after a spay can include the following:<ref name="saepm">Lesa Longley, Saunders Solutions in Veterinary Practice: Small Animal Exotic Pet Medicine, 2010.</ref>
* Opening of the wound due to self-trauma or excessive activity.
* Seroma (a pocket of fluid) formation.
* Hemorrhage (ruptured blood vessel).
* Infection.
[[Gastrointestinal stasis]] — especially if the GI tract is handled roughly or excessively.
* Reaction to suture material.
* [[Hepatic lipidosis]] (fatty liver disease) — associated with the fasting of obese individuals during the procedure and recovery period.

General surgical mistakes can also occur, especially based on the experience of the operating veterinarian with rabbits. Rabbits may have retained reproductive tissues or incomplete spays entirely.{{right-image|file=Isabunna-IHRS.jpg|caption="Isabunna (aka Izzy) came to rescue already spayed. She recently presented with excess drinking (like 1 quart of water daily!). During her work up we discovered a surprise mummified fetus." Images & text posted by [https://www.facebook.com/IndianaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/pfbid081GLDBBUzAPcQExYSpoBvMdEUyzoZT3LUhShsxCkkGYx7Ctkbqy7XwMSwC7gaBXgl Indiana House Rabbit Society]}}

The following are some stories about rare complications in rabbit neuter surgeries:
* Chieh Hsu. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160954633513809/ Rabbit required a second spay due to aggression from a small piece of ovary left from original low-cost spay surgery.]
* House Rabbit Resource Network. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitResource/posts/pfbid0EcDTE17tyweFpUB51BcY6A733CLseRPoTyk3UkjEaYNjcfAGKpjDmEFFFG8yxdmzl Clover's story - adhesions developed around her bladder and colon after her spay surgery]
* Tiny Paws Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/Tinypawsrabbitrescue/posts/3140755802804685 Big bunny Chapman's story - his scrotal sac formed a hematoma; common in bigger rabbits due to excess swelling]
* Gainesville Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/gvillerabbitrescue/posts/pfbid0u1FqYDFMx5UfwRemzZtiNqp8B9rXEqpKHu2SAiVGT3KpwPwk7PgKJFtZ7GasDXERl Aggressive rabbit required a second spay because original surgery only removed uterus and not the ovaries.]
* True Hearts for Healing Paws Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/trueheartsforhealingpaws/posts/141785878404748 Macadamia's story with adhesions that wrapped around her colon] {{RIP}}
* The Pipsqueakery. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/824709527540477/photos/a.825416554136441/2505326559478757/ Kaylee's story where uterine cells began growing on organs in her abdominal cavity and binding her intestines together which caused them to stop digesting.]
* u/Arehc_89. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6metsl/i_spayed_my_bun_and_there_was_a_complication_with/ Bladder was discovered to be attached to the uterus during spay]
* Alison Giese. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/alison.giese.5/posts/pfbid02c3i7xzr1TkKvy4gu7QVUpExn3ZiakGM2k7og1TuwJ24kFrscGMEP9EM7FhXzSgkWl Rabbit with escalating hormonal behavior required an additional surgery to remove testicular tissue left over from the original neuter years ago.]
* David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman et al. (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270888816_Colonic_obstruction_following_OVH_in_rabbits Colonic Obstruction Following Ovariohysterectomy in Rabbits: 3 Cases]
* Kyle Eslinger. (2014). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/complications-of-a-spay/ Complications of a Spay]

== Further reading ==
The following articles include general information about spaying and neutering rabbits, covering most of the topics above.

* Kinenchen. (2014). [http://imgur.com/a/Vglh5 Why should I spay or neuter my rabbit?]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/spaying-and-neutering Spaying / Neutering]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://sandiegorabbits.org/education/getting-your-rabbit-spayed-neutered Get Your Rabbit Spayed/Neutered]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/neutering-castration-and-spaying/ Neutering – Castration and Spaying]
* Petcoach. [https://www.petcoach.co/article/spaying-and-neutering/ Spaying and Neutering Rabbits: Why, When, and How and Post-Operative Care]
* Susan Brown, DVM. (2011). [https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951376 Neutering Rabbits is Best]
* Astrid Kruse, DVM. [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/why-spay-your-rabbit/ Why Spay Your Rabbit?]
* William A. Mandel, DVM. (2004). [http://www.ohare.org/images/harelines/v8n3.pdf Harelines:] Rabbit Spay FAQ’s {{pdf}}
* Amie Espie. (2000). [https://rabbit.org/care/spay-neuter/ Spay-Neuter is a Win-Win]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t89-neutering-spaying-castration Neutering (Spaying & Castration)]
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/neutering-spaying-rabbits Why do I need to have my rabbits neutered?]

== See also ==
* [[Bonding]]
* [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]]
* [[Uterine cancer]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Reproductive issues]]

Bonding rabbits together

2026-04-28T19:19:04Z

Malikethbun: Updated guidance for male sterility according to MV’s TRM3.

{{FAQ|[[Bonding FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are highly social animals and ideally should be kept in pairs. However, a single rabbit is possible given that the owner be prepared to devote significant time to interact with the rabbit and provide companionship.<ref name="rm&s">Emma Keeble, Anna Meredith, et al., ''Rabbit Medicine & Surgery'', 2006.</ref> Additionally, while highly social, rabbits are also territorial and have a dominant-submissive social hierarchical nature, meaning an owner cannot expect any two rabbits to get along upon meeting. '''Bonding rabbits''' is the process of dating that allows rabbits to trust each other to live, sleep, eat, and play together without vicious territorial fighting and often takes a couple weeks to months.

== Should I get another rabbit? ==
[[File:RabbitAloneReport1.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Short article on "Vets warn that pet rabbits are experiencing “frustration” and fear” because they are being kept away from their own kind." - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/pets/11125965/Pet-rabbits-kept-alone-feel-frustration-and-fear-vets-warn.html telegraph.co.uk] ]]

One of the main considerations before obtaining an additional rabbit is '''to be able to financially support more rabbits''' and make sure you have the ability to <b>appropriately house rabbits separately in a safe manner</b> for an extended period of time. While food, care, and litter bills will only incrementally increase, veterinary bills can make a sharp dent in your pocket and should be something that you will be prepared for, especially with [[Deciding_on_a_rabbit#Which_breed?|certain breeds]] that may be predisposed to health issues. Rabbits will also likely take weeks to months to get along, and appropriately sized [[housing]] should be available to both rabbits during this process.

Please note that while rabbits are considered social animals, they will most likely be <b>very territorial</b> with any new rabbit entering the space, which is why rabbits must be properly bonded. This process may take a couple weeks to months before the rabbits can co-exist peacefully. Both rabbits should be spayed/neutered to maximize the likelihood of bond success and stability.

Owners should be prepared for the fact that getting another rabbit requires <b>learning how to care for a rabbit with a different personality and inclinations</b> than your current one. While your current rabbit may be a perfect angel, the new rabbit may have completely different behaviors. Care adjustments may involve home re-arrangement, additional rabbit-proofing measures, and overall changes in your current rabbit care routine.

If you are able to comfortably support additional rabbits, finding a suitable bunny friend for your single rabbit is rarely a bad idea. As [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/21uehr/should_i_get_my_little_bunsa_a_friend/cggl6vz /u/speakstruth] says,

<blockquote>My theory on rabbit friends (or really any pet friends) is like this. There are 24 hours in the day. Of those 24 hours, you will probably be sleeping for 8 hours (average) and working/school for 8 hours. Assuming that you spend every second of the remaining 8 hours actively interacting with your rabbit (and even if you really really really want to do this, it's impossible to while still maintaining other aspects of life), it still spends 16 hours alone every day. Sounds a little lonely doesn't it? Especially when you consider that a rabbit will be sleeping for at least part of the time that you're able to interact with it and awake during the night when you're sleeping.
<p>However, I'm not saying that a single rabbit is unhappy, just that it's easier to be happy with a friend.</p></blockquote>

Additional benefits of bonding rabbits include the following:<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Marit Emilie Buseth & Richard Saunders, [Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Behaviour-Health-Emilie-Buseth/dp/1780641907/wabbi-20]</ref>
* Exhibit less stereotyped and aggressive behavior.
* Have the opportunity to satisfy needs and behaviors that cannot be found in solitude.
* Nervous rabbits can increase in confidence when supplied with a rabbit partner.

<div class="bad">
Please do not think that having "playdates" with other rabbits is sufficient or proper. Rabbits will be either very viciously territorial or bond tightly in small groups, and it is cruel to separate bonded rabbits as they may mourn the loss of their partner(s). Please see [[Bonding FAQ]] for more details.
</div>

Some considerations when deciding on a bunny friend for your rabbit:
* '''Age''': To avoid the dangers of the [https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Bonding_FAQ#My_two_bunnies_used_to_be_happily_bonded,_but_now_they_are_constantly_fighting._What_happened? baby bond phenomena], any rabbits being considered for bonding should be an adult (i.e., post-puberty) and be at least one month post-spay/neuter to maximize the likelihood of bond success and stability. While actual age does not matter to the success of a bonding, it is important to consider the age difference because rabbits will go through a rough period of mourning upon the [[loss]] of a bonded mate. The activity level of a young rabbit may also not be compatible with the activity level of an older elderly rabbit. As a result, it is best to keep the rabbits' ages within a few years of each other.
* '''Size''': The size of the rabbits does not specifically matter when attempting a bonding. A giant Flemish can be happily bonded to a small Netherland Dwarf. The most important consideration to a successful bonding is that the rabbits' personalities work well with each other and that they are introduced properly.<ref name="qrabbit"/> However, do be cautious that the larger rabbit does not seriously injure the smaller rabbit if the bond is not going smoothly.

<div class="note"> '''The rabbit you want may not be compatible with your current rabbit.''' If circumstances do not allow you to test their compatibility beforehand, you must be prepared for the possibility that your rabbits may not bond and therefore need separate housing accommodations permanently to maintain each rabbit's safety.
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=single_rabbits.jpeg|caption=Two incompatible rabbits who cannot share a living space together safely.|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=adricat elvira barry snuggle.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit happily snuggling with her boyfriend.|width=x200}}
</div>

The following links contain information to help you properly decide whether or not to get another rabbit to bond.
* British Veterinary Association. (2020). [https://www.bva.co.uk/media/3285/bva-bvzs-and-bsava-policy-position-on-housing-pet-rabbits-in-compatible-pairs-or-groups-exec-summary-jan-2020.pdf BVA, BVZS and BSAVA policy position on housing pet rabbits in compatible pairs or groups] {{pdf}}
* Nadene Stapleton. (2016). [https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/stranger-danger-the-importance-and-perils-of-companionship-in-rabbits Stranger danger: the importance and perils of companionship in rabbits]
* Kinenchen. (2014). [http://imgur.com/a/HT9GQ What's so special about relationships between rabbits?]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-should-i-get-a-second-rabbit/ FAQ: Should I Get a Second Rabbit]
* Anne McBride. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14584-enrichment-the-single-rabbit-issue Enrichment & The Single Rabbit Issue]
* Amy Espie. (1996). [http://rabbit.org/the-case-for-rabbits-in-the-plural/ The Case for Rabbits in the Plural]
* Rhonda Miller and Stacey Shirer. (2002). [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/1b/The_Carrot_Connection_June_2002.pdf The Carrot Connection]: ''To Bond or not to Bond… What was the Question?''. {{pdf}}
* House Rabbit Society. (1995). [http://rabbit.org/are-two-rabbits-right-for-you-2/ Are Two Rabbits Right For You?]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z6FZYdSre2U|caption=Howcast. (2013). Should I Get a Friend for My Rabbit?}}
</div>

== Preparations for a bonding ==
{{right-image|file=BondingGuide.jpeg|caption=German bonding guidelines for neutered males with intact females. Green should work well, yellow may or may not work, and red is not recommended.}}
It is considerably easier for two rabbits to bond if they have '''both been spayed and neutered'''. [[Spaying and neutering]] drastically reduces any aggressive and territorial behaviors as well as prevent any accidental babies if they are of opposite sexes. When unaltered, rabbits will be trying to get along through hormonal and uncontrollable urges, while after altering, the rabbits will be working through personalities and temperament.<ref name="sdbond"/>

<div class="note">'''While it is not impossible to bond intact rabbits, their hormonal behaviors work against them, and rabbits can often end up with serious injuries during territorial spats.''' As a result, we would not recommend bonding unrelated rabbits with physical dates until both have been neutered for at least 4 weeks.
* u/themx292. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/trnu59/baby_rabbit_attacked_by_another_rabbit_need_help/ Baby rabbit attacked by older rabbits] {{Graphic}}
* u/NinjaMidget76. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qjz9m4/my_rabbit_killed_another_bunny/ My rabbit killed another bunny.] {{RIP}} {{Graphic}}
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
If your current rabbit has '''not been''' spayed or neutered, '''do not''' obtain another intact rabbit of the opposite sex to bond. '''You will end up with [[baby]] rabbits if you do not keep them separated 24/7.''' It only takes one successful three-second attempt.
</div>

If your rabbit has been recently altered, wait '''at least a month''' before trying to bond. This is for a newly spayed female from fighting off a male due to being uncomfortable from her new surgery and for any residual hormones to dissipate.<ref name="sdbond"/><ref name="mcrs">Minnesota Companion Rabbit Society, [http://mn.companionrabbit.org/rabbit/care/behavior/bonding.html Bunny Bonding Basics]</ref> Males can be considered sterile 8 weeks after the operation.<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref>

If you obtained your second rabbit from a source other than a shelter or private rescue that health checks all their intakes with a veterinarian before adoption, consider '''quarantining''' the new rabbit until it has had a health exam at a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]]. Many rabbits can be carriers of highly contagious diseases such as [[pasteurella]], fur [[mites]], [[fleas]], intestinal parasites, and more.

=== How should I house the rabbits? ===

Make sure to have two '''separate but nearby''' areas in your household to house the rabbits '''within sight and smell but out of physical reach''' while they are learning to get along. Owners often use bricks, small weights, or heavy stone pavers to keep exercise pens apart so that rabbits can't move them close together to bite.

'''You cannot immediately house most rabbits together upon first greeting as rabbits are incredibly territorial in familiar spaces even after getting neutered.''' However, once the two rabbits get along, they should be able to happily share a single space as well as litter boxes and food and water bowls.

If one rabbit is usually free-roam, you can move them to using a large exercise pen instead to make territory and belonging swapping easier for bonding purposes. If you would like to swap free-roam times with only a single pen between the two, make sure to double fence the enclosure so that rabbits cannot bite each other's noses and cause injuries. Be forewarned that rabbits at this stage will likely be very poor with their litter habits and mark and pee along territory lines until they are more comfortable with each other.

== Bunny dating ==
{{right-image|file=Kambrii lucian izzy speeddate.jpg|caption=Two rabbits that were a perfect match during a speed date at the local rabbit rescue.}}
Many people do not realize that the majority of rabbit rescues offer "bunny dating" services.<ref name="hrsgame">House Rabbit Society, Julie Smith, PhD, [http://rabbit.org/all-in-the-wonderful-game-one-chapters-approach-to-matchmaking/ All in the Wonderful Game: One Chapter's Approach to Matchmaking.]</ref> The rabbit experts examine the interactions between potential partners to find the best match as opposed to just trying to bond two rabbits without knowing their preferences. Some agencies offer "speed dating", while others will let you bring your bunny to the shelter multiple times or even overnight. Having the rescue as a resource when the two bonding candidates are having issues at home can make the process much, much easier. In order to participate, your rabbit must be spayed or neutered.

While any two rabbits can grow to like each other, sometimes, it is not worth the stress and the effort. Efforts have shown that '''altered male-female pairings''' usually have the best of luck and are the most stable.<ref name="rm&s"/> The San Diego House Rabbit Society writes,<ref name="sdbond"/>
<blockquote>Usually the males appear to be dominant at first with their excessive mounting. The female will put up with this for a short while, but will usually assert her dominance by mounting the male or nipping him to show she is the one in charge. At this point, the male usually backs down and they start on the road to friendship.</blockquote>

Same-sex pairing will require at least one submissive rabbit and some more patience.<ref name="sdbond">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/companion.php#bondingbasics Bunny Bonding Basics]</ref> Chances of success are typically higher if the pairs have grown up as litter mates.<ref name="rm&s"/>

Some '''good signs''' for a first bunny date are the following:
* Indifference by not perceiving the other rabbit as a threat. Rabbits may lay in separate corners of the room or eat in each other's presence.
* Grooming.
* Cuddling.

Rabbits that show the above signs will usually have an easy bonding and learn to live together in at most a couple of weeks.

Some '''neutral signs''' in a first bunny date:
* Humping. Mounting can mean "it is important to me to appear to be the rabbit in control" or it can be an invitation to chase, mount, and be the boss.<ref name="hrsgame"/>
* Nipping and minor chasing.

Some '''not-so-good signs''' in a first bunny date:
* Fighting and other dangerous aggression. Fighting is usually an instantly, purposely vicious attack. Rabbits sometimes attack the other rabbit's face, underside or genital area.<ref name="sdbond"/>
* Excessive chasing.

Rabbits that show the above signs will usually be a very tough bond. Expect bonding efforts to possibly go on for months or years.

While your rabbit may not find its perfect partner in the first five or so dates, it may find one in the ninth or tenth. It can be a combination of finding the right rabbit and also learning how to properly communicate to others its interest.<ref name="hrsgame"/>

The following are some experiences with sample bunny dates.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=z8aqqPbpUiM|caption=Tyler Rugge. (2022). My Rabbit Chooses a New Partner! *Bunny Speed Dating*}}
{{youtube|id=rN6MVoTC35U|caption=BondingBunnies AllThingsRabbit. (2019). Beginning of Bunny Bonding: Speed Dating}}
{{youtube|id=SSw14omEcqE|caption=BondingBunnies AllThingsRabbit. (2019). Bonding Process: Speed Dating Day 2}}
{{youtube|id=njQZsiNd36E|caption=BondingBunnies AllThingsRabbit. (2019). Speed Dating: Day 3 ADOPTION DAY}}
{{youtube|id=sWzAVakP4lk|caption=NuggetBuns. (2013). Bunny Speed Dating with Nugget}}
{{youtube|id=AzSHDn3PCE4|caption=larabbits. (2011). Gelato Goes Speed Dating}}
</div>

* Pavement Piece. (2012). [http://pavementpieces.com/bunnies-find-love-through-speed-dating/ Bunnies find love through speed dating]
* Avoision. (2009). [http://avoision.com/2009/11/06/bunny_rabbit_speed_dating_part.php Bunny Rabbit Speed Dating, Part 1: Baxter Visits Red Door Animal Shelter]

== Bonding basics ==
{{right-image|file=RSPCA_BondingRabbits.png|caption=Bonding information from [https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/rabbits/company/bonding the RSPCA.]}}
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=LdXvcmPFdSE|caption=Jessica Sosnoski. (2022). Bunny Bonding Methods Explained: Comparing US and UK approaches}}
</div>

=== Where should I hold bonding dates? ===

The most essential factor in successful bunny dating is '''bonding in a neutral area.''' This means an area where neither rabbit has been in before. Common areas include large boxes, bathrooms, bath tubs, shower areas, laundry rooms, tables, and kitchens. If this is not possible, introducing the female to the male on his territory is more likely to be successful than the reverse.<ref name="torm"/>

<div class="txt-warning">Do not place your bunnies together and just leave them to "fight it out." <b>This is not safe and can stress and terrorize the less dominant rabbit.</b> Rabbits can inflict serious wounds on each other including but not limited to ripped ears, bitten eyes and noses, and other skin-breaking bites that can develop into abscesses. If there is a large size difference, the larger rabbit can easily cause fatal injuries on the smaller. A few examples:
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02muZFqC39wgjjVcEM1LFcFvxFB9cm6uJzi71MM4UvPgBoaWh7DDhKyCifZPujuzg8l A giant unneutered rabbit escaped his housing and fought with another rabbit, causing a deep wound on his cheek exposing muscles and roots of his whiskers] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Run-Away Orphanage. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbitrunaway/posts/4341756289220450 Injuries between two unneutered male rabbits placed together] {{Graphic}}
* u/NinjaMidget76. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qjz9m4/my_rabbit_killed_another_bunny/ My rabbit killed another bunny.] {{RIP}} {{Graphic}}
* BUNS Santa Barbara. (2019). [https://www.instagram.com/bunssb/p/BxCCWuulvxJ/ Corallane's graphic abscess injuries] {{Graphic}}
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue. (2016). [https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/baby-rabbit-rescued-after-being-terrorized-pen-mate/ Baby Rabbit Rescued After Being Terrorized for Weeks by Pen Mate in a Filthy Cage]</div>

{{right-image|file=Adricat elvira barry moosh microbonding.jpg|caption=Three rabbits in a micro-bonding space made with an exercise pen.}}
There is debate on the size of the neutral territory to begin with. Some say it is ideal to have neutral territory with plenty of room to escape and hiding places to retreat into.<ref name="torm">Frances Harcourt-Brown, {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''}}, 2002.</ref> Others say that it is best to start in very small areas such as a litter box to begin bonding and to slowly work up to larger and larger areas. '''Please understand that there is no one perfect way of bonding rabbits.''' What might work for some rabbits may not work for others. Generally, seek to minimize injuries and increase trust between rabbits.

=== What kind of safe bonding exercises can I do without physical contact between the rabbits? ===

The following are strategies to use to '''acclimate the bunnies''' to each other so that territorial marking and nipping will slowly discontinue:
* House rabbits side-by-side with a 6-inch minimum gap between their enclosures to prevents nipping injuries through the bars.
* Switch litter boxes and toys between rabbits regularly to encourage the sharing of belongings. You can manually deposit the other rabbit's poo and pee stained bedding into the litter box of the first rabbit or vice versa if switching litter boxes is not possible. If possible, switch entire enclosures to encourage the sharing of territory.
* {{right-image|file=Jadeycakes alice stuffed wolf.jpg|caption=A rabbit with her stuffed animal buddy.}} Obtain multiple stuffed animals and rub a different one all over each rabbit. Try to get the rabbits to chin the stuffed animals as to get the strongest scent on the toy. Place the other rabbit's stuffed animal with each rabbit in its housing enclosure. If the rabbits do not pee on, nip, excessively chin, hump, or do other undesirable behaviors with the stuffed animal, there may be less aggression when they meet face-to-face.
* Hug and carry one rabbit to get its smell on your shirt and then hang the shirt over the other rabbit's housing enclosure. As a continuation, similar to the other tip above, place the shirt with one rabbit's scent onto the floor and place the other rabbit onto the shirt to see how it reacts. You can get an idea whether one rabbit likes the other if it reacts positively by licking, grooming the shirt, or if it starts acting negatively by attacking and lunging at the shirt.

=== What kind of techniques can I use during physical bonding dates? ===

<div class="note">If any of the rabbits you are trying to bond have not been neutered, we do not recommend proceeding with the physical steps below due to risk of injury from hormonal territorial behaviors. However, you can continue with the steps above to get the rabbits used to each other scents and increase the likelihood of non-violent dates when you proceed with face-to-face bonding.</div>

Here are some videos of different bonding techniques:

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=ZwUitn_VKuo|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2022). Bunny Bonding - Use of Sound and Pressure}}
{{youtube|id=RxKmlck7yjw|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2021). Stress Free Bunny Bonding}}
{{youtube|id=q-QdIqFXrCE|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bunny Bonding Techniques #1: The Smoosh}}
{{youtube|id=w7Lac4hKlTE|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bonding Tips & Tricks #1.5: The Smoosh Part 2}}
{{youtube|id=7ci75wnUfgk|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bunny Bonding Techniques #2: Face to Face Work}}
{{youtube|id=XFVQaC9fUCY|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bunny Bonding Techniques #3: Extended Session Part 1}}
{{youtube|id=kl6ZLL6vEdA|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bunny Bonding Techniques #4: Extended Session 2}}
{{youtube|id=kR3lyhR6BSw|caption=Special Bunny. (2013). Bunny Bonding Techniques #6: Creating a Shared Space}}
</div>

Always try to start and end bonding sessions on a positive note. If negative behavior such as circling or biting occurs, smoosh them together and cross-pet them for several minutes, then end the session, and put them back in their respective pens. Do not ever let your bunnies fight or it can traumatize one rabbit from associating with other rabbits.

=== How do I react to negative bonding behaviors? ===

Some behaviors that you may see and how to react:
* '''Biting.''' Nipping the fur is acceptable, but biting hard enough to break the skin should be stopped either by startling the rabbits with a loud noise or by separating the rabbits by placing gloved hands, a broom, a plate, or a pan in between the two.
* '''Chasing.''' Minor chasing by one rabbit is acceptable unless it turns into a circling behavior where both rabbits are trying to bite each other. Stop the chasing if it goes on longer than a couple of seconds or the chased rabbit is getting excessively stressed, and immediately halt the behavior if it looks like circling behavior. Consider making the bonding area smaller so that they do not have room to chase each other and give them back more space when it seems like the behavior is under control. Minor chasing can still be normal even in fully bonded pairs, but there should be no additional fighting for hierarchy, and the rabbits are still happy the share possessions and cuddle with each other.
* '''Grunting, thumping, unhappy postures.''' Leave the rabbits alone unless they look like they're going to injure each other. Posturing is harmless, and lets them work out their issues on their own.
* '''Humping.''' If the humping rabbit mounts the wrong way -- butt over humpee's head -- push the rabbit off or remount them at the proper end. The humping rabbit can get severely injured if the bottom rabbit decides to bite back. If the humping rabbit mounts correctly, let them hump for 5-10 seconds, and then gently push the rabbit off. Stop the humping immediately, however, if the bottom rabbit seems agitated or looks like they want to fight back.
* '''Lack of grooming.''' Some bunny bonds are just not groomers. It can be normal to have no grooming or one-sided grooming as long as both rabbits are satisfied with their arrangement while sharing food and territory and do not end up chasing and nipping out of irritation.

=== How can I tell if my rabbits are properly bonded? ===

To double check if a bond is finalized, sleep near your bonded rabbits overnight and make sure that they do not get any serious scuffles for over 12+ hours. If you feel that you can trust them to behave without your supervision, then it is safe to say that the rabbits are bonded and can share their space and belongings going on.

== Stress bonding ==
Stress bonding entails creating a situation for the rabbits where they will cuddle together in comfort against the frightful environment and consequently learn that being friends is not that bad. Stress bonding teaches rabbits to trust each other. '''Like any other type of bonding, your mileage may vary.''' Some rabbits will react well to bonding over stress while others may become more aggressive towards each other.

Common stress bonding techniques include the following:<ref name="qrabbit">The Quintessential Rabbit, Bonding Bunnies: Because Most Everybunny is Happier with a Friend!. Accessed Apr 2013.</ref>
* Placing the rabbits together in a carrier or large box, basket, or bucket and placing them in a neutral area after doing one of the following: {{right-image|file=Heyoz laundry stress bond trio.jpg|caption=Three rabbits placed together in a laundry basket for stress bonding.}}
** Go for a '''rough car ride''' together. Make plenty of sudden starts, stops, bumps, and turns. This should be done with a driver and another person that can supervise the bunny carrier in case of fights.
** Be '''shaken and rocked''' by hand gently to simulate a bumpy ride.
** Be placed on top of a '''running washing machine or dryer''' to shake the container as well as provide foreign rumbling sounds.
** Having a '''vacuum''' run around them to stress them with the loud noise.
* Putting the rabbits in an '''empty bathtub''' to interact. Not only is it neutral as most rabbits do not spend any time in the bathroom, but slippery surface induces stress as well as make it hard for rabbits to run and fight each other. However, do be cautious of injuries due to slipping if your rabbits do not find the hard smooth surface a fighting deterrent.
* Dabbing some '''smushed banana, soft fruit, other sweet sticky substance''' on each rabbit's nose. The sensation will cause the rabbit to fervently try to groom off the substance as well as throw off its sense of smell. It may also have the benefit of having the other rabbit lick it off, tricking the bunny with the substance on its nose that the other is grooming it. The rabbits will be less likely to attack either other because they will be too busy grooming themselves.

<div class="note">As a final reminder, please use your own best judgement and comfort level when using stress bonding techniques.</div>

== Bonding 3+ rabbits ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth quad bathtub bonding towel.jpg|caption=Bonding two pairs of rabbits together in a bathtub with a towel.}}
Bonding three or more rabbits can be a very different task than bonding just two rabbits together. While it is possible for rabbits of all sexes to live peacefully together, often, two boys with one girl are the easiest bonds.


<div class="note">Please be aware that introducing new rabbits can break up any existing bonds if it was not very strong. You may end up with different groups or single rabbits as a result. For example, an attempt at a trio can end up with a different pair and a single or even three single rabbits. Be prepared for the latter to happen before you decide to bring more than two rabbits into a household.</div>

The following links contain more information about bonding multiple rabbits.

* Margo DeMello. (2012). [http://rabbit.org/introducing-rabbits-in-a-group-situation/ Introducing Rabbits in a Group Situation].
* Sky-O. (2011). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?317003-Do-you-want-to-bond-a-trio-Read-this-first Do you want to bond a trio? Read this first]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organisation. (2011). [http://ontariorabbits.org/behaviour/bonding Bonding] ''(search for "Bonding Trios")''
* Miriam's Bunnies. (2005). [http://www.mybunnies.com/bonding.htm My Secrets to Bonding My Bunnies]

Here are experiences of people who have tried to bond more than two rabbits together.
* u/deltadelta199. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/user/deltadelta199/comments/sjtpjc/how_i_bonded_my_rabbits/ How I bonded my rabbits]
* Fiona Campbell. (2015). [https://ficampbell.com/2015/06/20/bonding-a-trio-of-rabbits/ Bonding a trio of rabbits]
* u/nataliecforbes. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17yw24/how_i_bonded_my_all_male_trio_3/ How I bonded my all male trio :3]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=cbykQmzNr3Q|Erin's Ark. (2022). Bonding A Bunny Group🐰 *2 new furry friends!*}}
{{youtube|id=ppoNFSkGEk|Pet Rabbit World. (2022). Rabbit Bonding - How To Bond Three Rabbits and Stop Rabbits From Fighting}}
{{youtube|id=KdYr7Im3zpU|caption=Bun Tea Thyme. (2021). [Day 1]Bonding my FOUR rabbits!..This is how it went}}
{{youtube|id=dXFkoouXQBQ|caption=MayTheBunsBeWithYou. (2021). Rabbit bonding journey (quad bonding)}}
{{youtube|id=y06Lz6RDy8M|caption=mypamperedpets. (2020). How I Successfully Bonded FIVE Rabbits!}}
{{youtube|id=x1nN8n0t4M0|caption=Kat_esque. (2020). HOW TO BOND RABBITS | Bonding my all male trio}}
</div>

Below are useful discussions and experiences about the topic.
* /r/rabbits. (2012). [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/ydkik/considering_a_trio/ Considering a trio]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/111909/Default.aspx Bonding groups (3+)]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/group-living/ Group Living]
* BinkyBunny. (2010). [http://binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/105586/Default.aspx#117495 Deirdra & Lint/tooth & Nail update]
* House Rabbit Society. (2009). [http://rabbit.org/sanctuary-group-living/ Sanctuary Group Living]
* BinkyBunny. (2007). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/10722/Default.aspx Bonding a Trio]

== Difficulties in bonding ==

'''When your rabbits are fighting.''' Some rabbits may display aggressive behaviors such as boxing, biting, chasing, circling, and growling to establish their hierarchy. The key to bonding bunnies that try to repeatedly fight with each other is to not allow the bunnies to escalate their anger by interrupting them with a loud sound like a vacuum or clapping at the initial display of aggression. However, when the rabbits' anger is aroused, such deterrents will usually not have any effect, and you will need to use a towel, colander, or broom to separate them if they are attached to each other. {{bad|Do not use your bare hands -- if you do, you will be asking for a skin-breaking bite.}} {{amazon|id=B00209QLM0|name=Gloves}} may slightly protect your hands, but you will still likely feel a very hard chomp through the layers. While your rabbits may not intentionally mean to bite you, rabbits have a [[Eyes|poor vision]] in front of them and will not hesitate to try to get to the other bunny if your hand is in the way.

<div class="note">
If you find your rabbits fighting too much and giving each other serious injuries even after stress bonding, they may not be a good match, especially if the new rabbit was obtained without speed dating the existing rabbit(s). In this case, it would be best to keep them physically separate in separate housing indefinitely so that they are not further detrimentally stressed and do not get any further injuries. Your rabbits will still socially benefit from seeing and smelling the other rabbit while housed nearby even if they are not fully bonded.
</div>

'''Lack of neutral areas.''' If one or more of your rabbits are free-roam, it can be difficult to find an area where no rabbits have been in. Some ideas include bath tubs, showers, walk-in closets, giant furniture boxes, and garages. However, if none of those are easily accessible, you can also simulate a semi-neutral area by putting freshly laundered blankets or towels on the floor and using an exercise pen that has been wiped down with vinegar to remove any lingering scents.

<b>Bond suddenly breaking.</b> Please see the FAQ question [[Bonding_FAQ#My_two_bunnies_used_to_be_happily_bonded%2C_but_now_they_are_constantly_fighting._What_happened%3F|"My two bunnies used to be happily bonded, but now they are constantly fighting. What happened?"]] for more details.

The following links contain more information about dealing with difficulties in bonding.
* Margo DeMello, Ph.D. (2013). [http://rabbit.org/will-they-ever-be-friends/ Will They Ever Be Friends?]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/bonding-when-the-going-gets-rough/ Bonding When the Going Gets Tough]
* Carol Weaver. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-6/fear-into-play.html Turning Fear Into Play]

== Bonding consultation services ==
If you are having difficulty bonding your rabbits, usually rescues will help with bonding rabbits if one of the rabbits was adopted from them.

The following are some bonding services that may offer physical or virtual consultations if you are struggling to bond your rabbits on your own:
* United States
** [https://center.rabbit.org/classes/ House Rabbit Society] (virtual) - California
** [https://www.friendsofhrn.org/bondingconsultations House Rabbit Network] (virtual) - Massachusetts
** [https://hoolibuns.com/bonding-services Hoolibuns] (virtual, in-person) - San Francisco Bay Area, California
** [https://www.badassbunnyrescuer.com/services Badass Bunny Rescuer] (virtual, in-person) - New York City, New York
** [https://www.theeducatedrabbit.com/rabbit-consultations.html The Educated Rabbit] (in-person) - Southern California
** [https://www.bunchiaburrow.com/burrow-retreat Bun Chia Burrow] (in-person) - Long Beach, California
** [https://friendsofrabbits.org/private-bonding Friends of Rabbits] (in-person) - Washington DC Metropolitan area
** [https://hrschicago.org/bonding/ House Rabbit Society of Chicago] (in-person) - Chicago, Illinois
** [https://www.peppersplacebunnyboarding.com/bonding Pepper's Place Bunny Boarding and Bonding] (in-person) - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* United Kingdom
** [https://www.babybluebeebunnies.com/bonding.html Baby Blue Bee Bunnies] (in-person) - South Lanarkshire
** [https://belovedrabbits.org/bonding/ Beloved Rabbits] (in-person) - Scotland
* Singapore
** [https://themoonbunny.co/products/bonding-consult The Moon Bunny] (in-person)

== Experiences ==
Below are links containing owner experiences with rabbit bondings.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Fh4Nw0vviks|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2022). Bonding Rabbits STRESS FREE In A Week Using Desensitisation Method}}
</div>

* u/Bunnies_R_The_Best. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5wqef/successful_rabbit_bonding_story/ Successful rabbit bonding story]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2014). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/bonding-bao-bao-and-luna/ Bonding Bao Bao and Luna]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [https://bunnyapproved.com/bonding-our-free-range-house-rabbits/ Bonding Our Free Range House Rabbits]
* u/Eddyling. (2012). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/11pdtx/territorial_rabbit_bonding_any_inspiring_stories/c6oki2q/ Comment on Territorial Rabbit Bonding; Any Inspiring Stories While I Wait For My Two Buns To Stop Hating Each Other?]
* Bunny Approved. (2012). [https://bunnyapproved.com/bonding-bunnies/ Bonding Bunnies]

== Further reading ==
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pairing-up-rabbits-bonding/ Pairing up Rabbits (Bonding)]
* BinkyBunny.com. [https://binkybunny.com/infocategory/bonding/ Bonding Information]
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits. [https://www.townofimaginationforrabbits.com/rabbit-bonding-guide Rabbit Bonding Guide]
* Margo DeMello. [https://rabbit.org/behavior/bonding-rabbits-faq/ Bonding Rabbits FAQ]
* Bandoliers and Bunnies. (2014). [http://bandoliersnbunnies.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/bunny-bonding-blues-micro-space-bonding/ Bunny Bonding Blues – Micro Space Bonding]
* Suzanne Smith. (2001). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/love-match-a-guide-to-bonding-your-rabbits/ Love Match: A Guide to Bonding Your Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Haven. [http://therabbithaven.org/bonding-finding-a-friend-for-your-rabbit Bonding: Finding a Friend for Your Rabbit]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organisation. [http://ontariorabbits.org/behaviour/bonding Bonding]
* Minnesota House Rabbit Society. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a3c4ad9c027d8fa4032d804/t/5a3d950e24a694675559b196/1513985296336/Bunny-Bonding-FINAL.pdf Bunny Bonding Basics] {{pdf}}
* Cottontails Rescue. [https://cottontails-rescue.org.uk/information-resource-centre/health-and-welfare/bonding-bunnies/ BONDING Bunnies – how to match your rabbit]
* bunnymama.com, [http://www.bunnymama.com/general-bonding-information/ General Bonding Information]
* Caroline Charland. [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/f/f3/BondedForLife.pdf Bonded For Life] {{pdf}}

== See also ==
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Spaying and neutering rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]

Toys and games

2026-03-10T21:23:30Z

Malikethbun: /* Digging toys */

{{#seo:
|description=Toy & Game info for rabbits: Chewing toys, Monthly subscription boxes, Digging toys, Throwing toys, Climbing toys, Burrowing toys, Puzzles, Interactive games, Homemade projects, Online rabbit toy stores, and other information.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/thumb/9/93/DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg/800px-DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg
}}
__TOC__
Rabbit toys come in many varieties, and different rabbits prefer different types depending on their individual personalities. Many rabbits enjoy purchased toys, but they can also prefer simple things around the house like paper towel tubes or cardboard boxes. The lists below can help you find a nice surprise gift for your rabbit to celebrate a special occasion.

A newer mini-study found that by supplying your rabbit with enrichment toys (balls, boxes, or tunnels) can help reduce their stress level by almost 50 per cent.<ref name="rabbitstress1">Amy Johnson. (2016). [http://vnonline.co.uk/vn/news/14551/Enrichment-cuts-rabbits ''Enrichment cuts rabbits’ stress levels by half.'']</ref>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z-1faBh7DIs|caption=What Kinds of Toys Do Rabbits Like?}}
</div>

== Chewing toys ==
Often, rabbits will chew on furniture to explore the world through taste and texture, to build up strong muscles of the jaw, and because it is fun.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). {{amazon|id=1780641907|name=''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care''}}</ref> Chewing toys can help [[Bunny-proofing|prevent destruction]] of your property by your rabbits and also have the benefit of wearing down your rabbit's incisor teeth. These toys can also be thrown. Chew toys should also be edible toys to prevent poisoning.

{{right-image|file=BunnyTreats-Toys1.png|caption=Bunny Treats & Toys page on [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-treats-toys/ pinterest.]}}

* '''Toilet paper rolls''' with all the toilet paper and glue removed. You can also stuff the tube with hay, pellets, and vegetables to make it a puzzle feeder.

* <b>Cardboard boxes</b> - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** {{right-image|file=BaoBao cottontail cottage.jpg|caption=Rabbit playing on top of a Cottontail Cottage with ramp.}} Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/159 Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B08J8G74T2|name=Furhaven Multi-Level Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B093B6V8WR|name=SVY Cozy Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B08FC73W87|name=Navaris Modular Cardboard Cat House}}

* '''Paper bags''' filled with hay and treats.

* Untreated '''willow''' and '''wicker''' objects - e.g. {{amazon|id=B002ZSIHFA|name=sticks}}, {{amazon|id=B003XV5E9U|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B003N2EX5A|name=huts}}, and {{amazon|id=B002H3BLCY|name=tunnels}} {{bad|We do not recommend repurposing furniture and crafting supplies that aren't meant to be consumed by animals.}}
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/ElvisParsleyStore The Willow Store by Elvis Parsley]

* Fresh or dried untreated '''lumber''' and '''branches'''. {{right-image|file=Talyad sapphire applebranch munch.jpg|caption=A French Lop rabbit munching on fresh apple tree branches.}}
** {{bad|Make sure to avoid sticks from cherry, peach, apricot, plum, redwood, and other single-seeded fruit trees which are all poisonous. Cedar is also dangerous due to its aromatic oils.}} However, the House Rabbit Society notes that toxic branches such peach and apricot branches are safe after a month or more of drying after cutting.<ref>House Rabbit Society. (2013). Chewing. Retrieved 08 Mar 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-chewing/</ref>
** Collect branches from plants that are not near road pollution and have not been treated with pesticides. You may wish to freeze branches before giving them to your rabbits to kill any bugs or wash them in the shower.
** Safe options include the following: <ref>kanin.org. (n.d.). Rabbit-safe branches and twigs. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20191130032320/http://kanin.org/node/190</ref><ref>Camilla Bergstrøm. (n.d.). Feeding the house rabbit: twigs and branches. Retrieved from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Branch/Branch_en.htm</ref><ref>Dr. Sari Kanfer and Alexandra Logsdon. (n.d.). Rabbits Need Dental Care Too. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024159/http://www.mybunny.org/info/dental-care/</ref><ref>Z. Princz et al. (n.d.). Application of Gnawing Sticks in Rabbit Housing. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20220813220727/http://www.wrs.upv.es/files/journals/wrs0715029036.pdf</ref><ref>Happy Rabbit Toys. (n.d.). FAQ. Retrieved Mar 14 2020 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200202175844/http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/faq/</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:250px;-moz-column-width:250px;-webkit-column-width:250px;">
* Alder (''Alnus spp.'')
* Apple (''Malus domestica'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus spp.'')
* Aspen (''Populus adenopoda, Populus grandidentata, Populus sieboldii, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides)
* Beech (''Fagus spp.'')
* Berries (''Rubus spp.'')
* Blackcurrant (''Ribes nigrum'')
* Black elder (''Sambucus nigra'')
* Birch (''Betula spp.'')
** European white birch (''Betula pendula'')
* Common oak (''Qercus robur'')
* European larch (''Larix decidua'')
* Gooseberry (''Ribes uva-crispa, Ribes grossularia'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus spp.'')
* Juniper (''Juniperus spp.'')
* Little-leaf linden (''Tilia cordata'')
* Lemon (''Citrus × limon'')
* Maple (''Acer spp.'')
* Oak (''Quercus spp.'') - without bark only
* Orange (''Citrus × sinensis'')
* Pear (''Pyrus spp.'')
* Pine (''Pinus'') - kiln-dried only to remove phenols
* Poplar (''Populus spp.'')
** Black poplar (''Populus nigra'')
* Redcurrant (''Ribes rubrum'')
* Rose (''Rosa'')
* Rowan (''Sorbus spp.'')
* Spruce (''Picea spp.'')
** Norway spruce (''Picea abies'')
* White buckeye (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
* White locust (''Robinia pseudoacacia'')
* White mulberry (''Morus alba'')
* Willow (''Salix spp.'') - all willow species are safe
** Corkscrew willow (''Salix matsudana'')
** Goat willow / Pussy willow (''Salix caprea'')
** White willow (''Salix alba'')
** Weeping willow (''Salix babylonica'')
</div>

* '''Phone books''' with the plastic outer cover removed.

* Dried out {{amazon|id=B0746SYBWK|name='''pine cones'''}}.

* '''Grass''' and <b>straw</b> objects - {{amazon|id=B08341TYXV|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B08CT3ZFPK|name=mats}}, {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}, {{amazon|id=B001L43MFE|name=bungalows}}, {{amazon|id=B008HRLLAG|name=tunnels}}, etc.

* {{amazon|id=B000HHO26E|name=Super Pet Rabbit Large Tropical Fiddle Sticks Hideout}}
* {{amazon|id=B007JUX6FA|name=Rosewood Small Animal Activity Toy Bunny Fun Tree Boredom Breaker}}
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/products/activity-zone-rabbit-toy-original Original Activity Zone Rabbit Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

<div class="bad> A few warnings about specific chew toys:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Houdini1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06XC4MX7D|name=Atomic Nut Ball}}' can become dangerous with time. Houdini injured himself on his chewed wooden ball. Picture by SarahJ.}}
{{post-image|file=ToyWarningBunnyBrigadeInc3.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B07S77DMVJ|name=VCZONE Rabbit Chew Toys}}' can become very dangerous. Luckily the Bunny Brigade Inc. noticed this before they were given to the foster pair Tommy & Kayla. Picture by Bunny Brigade Inc.}}
{{post-image|file=QuikoFitnessFoodballCarrot.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06W5CDTHP|name=Quiko Fitness Foodball Carrot|uk=true}}' can become dangerous when used. Flossie got her head trapped. Picture by HelenK.}}
</div>
</div>

== Digging toys ==
Female rabbits tend to love digging as they are usually the ones to do the tunneling for burrows in the wild.<ref>Wildpro, The Mammal Society, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174037/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/MiscellaneousContents/Mammal_Society/15Oryctolagus_cuniculus.htm THE RABBIT Oryctolagus cuniculus]</ref> Digging can also help wear out a bunny's nails, to a minimal degree (they still will need regular nail trims).

{{right-image|file=Luna dig.jpg|caption=Rabbit digging on a seagrass mat.}}
* Carpet scraps - Be careful if you already have carpet in your place. This may end up backfiring as your rabbits may not be able to understand that only certain locations of carpet are appropriate to dig in.
* Grass objects - {{amazon|id=B0009YD810|name=mats}} and {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}
* Straw mats.
* Sisal mats.
* Jeans, towels, or blankets held under a heavy object or tied to something solid to prevent motion when digging.
** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p8bwbb/fleece_digging_corner/ Example fleece digging corner]
* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. {{note|Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.}}
* Paper bag, plastic hamper or tub, litter box, or cardboard box filled with hay, clean and safe soil, litter, or ripped newspaper.
* Phone books with the plastic outer cover removed.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Carrot Play Patch]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/hoppy-trails-picnic-mat Hoppy Trails Picnic Mat]
* BunnyRabbitToys
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/170334521/digger-bunny-sandbox-system Digger Bunny Sandbox System]
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114391957/bunny-rabbit-sisal-digging-box Bunny Rabbit Sisal Digging Box]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-digging-box Digging box with sisal rope]

If you are filling your own dig box with materials, please use rabbit-safe materials such as shredded paper, {{amazon|id=B07M846T98|name=plastic ball pit balls}}, plain soil, straw, hay, and other rabbit-safe litter alternatives.

<div class="bad">
'''Sand is dangerous for rabbits''' due to dust and silicates, and should never be used. Sand is a respiratory hazard and can get lodged in genital folds (of both males and females) and cause irritation as well as infections if not cleaned out. It can irritate their eyes and cause scarring if it gets in the eyes while playing and can be dangerous if ingested while grooming.
* Facebook (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/play-sand-can-cause-serious-harm-to-rabbits-although-this-documents-only-one-per/593351697487399/ Post from New Jersey House Rabbit Society]
</div>

Below are resources to DIY instructions for digging toys.
* Rabbit Ramblings. [http://bunyaboy.blogspot.com/2011/08/rabbit-ramblings-retraction-important.html Rabbit Ramblings Retraction - Important Modification to Bunny Care item]
* Bunnies Urgently Needing Shelter. [http://www.bunssb.org/buns-newsletter/september-2013/make-mat/ Make a Mat]

Some links to read for more information on the digging behavior of bunnies have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior.php#digs Rabbit Digs]

== Throwing toys ==
Some rabbits like throwing and tossing objects with their mouths. Others like the noise that they can make. Many of the chewing toys listed above can also be thrown if they are a small enough size.

{{note|Please supervise your rabbit with any new toys, and take them away if they are not meant to be chewed or ingested (e.g. plastic, rubber, etc.)}}

* {{amazon|id=B0002DJ9T8|name=Balls with bells in the middle}}.
* Connected {{amazon|id=B000BWY314|name=jar rings}}.
* {{right-image|file=Totallyplatypus josephine stackingcups back.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit with some baby stack-up cups on her back.}} {{amazon|id=B000V2Y5BW|name=Baby-safe keys}}, {{amazon|id=B001ABZGU2|name=teething rings}}, [{{amazon|id=B007EB8PHS|name=teething toys}}, {{amazon|id=B00005C5H4|name=stack-up cups}}, {{amazon|id=B07M9233QG|name=stacking rings}} and other toys made of hard plastic and wood such as parrot-safe foot toys.
* Car keys.
* Empty soup cans.
* Slinkies ({{amazon|id=B071D4G6G8|name=plastic}}, not metal).
* Toilet paper rolls with all the toilet paper and glue removed.
* Plastic birthday party toys such as plastic [{{amazon|id=B0002RIZO4|name=maracas}} and {{amazon|id=B002J0MAO8|name=tambourines}}.
* Large rubber balls.
* Empty salt cartons, toilet paper and paper towel rolls.
* {{amazon|id=B00CMMIT98|name=Mini shopping carts}}
* Carrot Play Patch at [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Bobby's Bunny Boutique]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114304543/toss-n-chew-sisal-rope-toy Toss n Chew Sisal Rope Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-throw-toys Rabbit throw toys] and [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-mobiles mobiles]
** {{amazon|id=B00ZAN2TOW|name=Bundora's Box Rabbit Chew and Throw Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNL9ZEO|name=Workout Gym Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Four)}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNKO2ZC|name=Fruit Basket Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Three)}}
* therabbithouse.com, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2014/10/28/slotted-cardboard-rabbit-toys/ Slotted Cardboard Balls]
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/fling-toys Fling Toys]

== Climbing toys ==

{{right-image|file=HappyRabbitsToys-ActivityZoneRabbitToy.jpg|caption=One of the many types of Activity Zone Rabbit Tables/Toys found at [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/search.php?search_query=+Activity+Zone+Rabbit&x=0&y=0 Happy Rabbit Toys].}}
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket cat tree.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit on the top level of an {{amazon|id=B003BYQ1GY|name=Armarkat cat tree}}.}}
{{right-image|file=NBCastle.jpg|caption=Rabbit exploring a castle. Castles from [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com Napoleon Bunnyparte].}}
Some rabbits like hopping on top of objects to get a higher point of view of their territory.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}} (US)
** [https://www.bunnyrabbitshop.com/ BunnyRabbitShop] (US)
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/activity-zones Activity Zones] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations] (US)
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles] (Canada/US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods] (UK)
** [https://cncathome.com.au/ CNC at Home] (Australia)

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Low cat trees with multiple platforms - Try not to purchase a tree over 2 feet tall as rabbits are more likely to injure themselves falling from heights compared to cats. Trees suitable for kittens are great.
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVL6K|name=TRIXIE Baza Cat Tree}}
** {{amazon|id=B0028FCYUE|name=TRIXIE Isaba Cat Tree}}

== Burrowing toys ==
{{right-image|file=BaoBao sleeping condo.jpg|caption=Rabbit sleeping in a cat condo.}} Rabbits are natural burrowers that dig to create underground warrens. You can also stuff paper into these tunnels to make them for fun for a rabbit to dig out.

<div class="bad><b>Be mindful when choosing toys for your rabbits based on their head and body sizes.</b> A few warnings about specific burrowing & housing products:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=ECRR Housing Danger.jpg|caption=A rabbit ended up stuck in a carrot cut-out on their house when spooked and suffered significant swelling in his midsection. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1171960018309125&set=a.551439337027866 East Coast Rabbit Rescue]}}

{{post-image|file=CampNibblerMonicaStuck1.jpg|caption=Monica was stuck in her hiding house bought from 'Pets at Home' in the UK. She had to be extracted at the vets office. Picture © and used with direct permission from [http://www.campnibble.com/ Camp Nibble.]}}
</div>
</div>

* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/SAKRETE-8-in-x-48-in-Concrete-Form-Tube-65470075/100321209#.UoWIcLWJD4w Cardboard concrete molds and forms.] Be sure to remove wax coating inside tube.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}}
** BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys?section_id=24468392 Rabbit House]
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/activity-zones-1/ Activity Zones]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations]
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles]

* Cat tunnels, condos, and boxes.
** {{amazon|id=B001B41TOK|name=SmartyKat Crackle Chute Cat Toy Collapsible Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B001SI08U0|name=TRIXIE Play Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUWC|name=Hagen Living World Pet Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUUY|name=Hagen Living World Tent for Pets, Blue/Red}}
** {{amazon|id=B081YDTQDD|name=Niteangel Foldable Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07D9CTB4M|name=Tunnel Bed with Cushion Tube}}
** {{amazon|id=B07CWJ8QRN|name=Amazon Basics Collapsible Cat House with Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07HLS586K|name=Furhaven Pet House, Large}}

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/ Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** [https://rabbittreasures.com/ Rabbit Treasures]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Edible tunnels
** [https://store.binkybunny.com/triangle-folding-tunnel-kp-9-p226.aspx Triangle Folding Tunnel]
** {{amazon|id=B001BSBGVC|name=Oxbow Timothy Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B005DL7GNK|name=Living World Chew-nels}}

* Large paper bags laid on its side.
* Blankets and towels strategically placed to create a hideout.
* Setting up furniture with narrow running spaces.

== Puzzles ==
The following toys can provide mental stimulation for your rabbit and teach them problem-solving skills. Also look into [[Training|clicker training]] for more ideas.

* {{amazon|id=B004HYW9B8|name=Hagen Living World Teach N Treat Toy}} <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=0D-k3aqpmws|caption=Teach 'n treat pet puzzle feeder (17:02)}}{{youtube|id=m1R8A25f52A&feature=related|caption=Sunny teach n treat (1:20)}}</div>
* Food dispensing balls and tubes
** {{amazon|id=B0018CG40O|name=MultiVet SlimCat Interactive Toy and Food Dispenser}}<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=ZwhECjDNfQ4|caption=Bunnies playing with food dispenser ball toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003H44R5K|name=Premier Pet Products FUNKitty Egg-cersizer Cat Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B06XXKWBCP|name=Niteangel Treat Ball}}
** {{amazon|id=B0009586P2|name=Trixie Snack Ball, 7cm}}
** {{amazon|id=B003ARUKTG|name=Smarter Toys IQ Treat Ball Dog Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003TOO5QO|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Snack Roll for Cats}}
** {{amazon|id=B0F8PZCNM2|name=Large Rabbit Foraging Toy with Bell}} [[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=4164433383801149 video]]
** You can also make your own using a plastic bottle and cutting small holes to allow pellets to fall through. See [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/19quup/free_rabbit_toy/ this post] for an example.
* [http://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas Bunny Approved DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* {{amazon|id=B0054VEWB8|name=TRIXIE Rabbit Snack Board}}
* {{amazon|id=B0057G1WT0|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Solitaire Game for Cats}}
* {{amazon|id=B0054Q9TMA|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Flip Board, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003TOKTEG|name=TRIXIE Mad Scientist for Dogs, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003DQJQ1C|name=Zanies Wood Interactive Puzzles Dog Toy}}
* {{amazon|id=B0038WP1YC|name=Ethical Pet Seek-A-Treat Shuffle Bone Dog Puzzle}}

== Interactive games ==
See the links below for more information about games you can play with your pet. Also consider [[Training|clicker training and luring]] to teach interesting tricks to your rabbit!

* John B. Miller. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-1/games-rabbits-play.html Games Rabbits Play]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_playing.php Playing with Your Pet Bunny]
* BunnyHugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/a-to-z/rabbit-behaviour/playtime.html Exercise and playtime for rabbits]
* Bunniez. (2007). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny-Games-How-To-Have-Fun-With-Your-Rabbit Bunny Games! How To Have Fun With Your Rabbit]

== Homemade toy projects ==
{{right-image|file=HowToGiveRabbitsPineConesv1 1.jpg|caption=Pine Cone Recipe by [https://www.nhcrabbitrescue.org/ New Hanover County Rabbit Rescue.]}}
See the links below for some homemade toys.
* BudgetBunny. [http://www.budgetbunny.ca/category/rabbit-toys/ DIY Toys]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/category/rabbit-toys-enrichment/ Toys & Enrichment]
* Sharon Lloyd. [http://www.morfz.com/santabuntree.html Edible Christmas Tree for Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/more-tips-on-building-box-toys/ More Tips on Building Box Toys]
* Best4Bunny. (2017). [https://best4bunny.com/easy-make-rabbit-toys-bunnies-will-love Easy to make rabbit toys, that your bunnies will love!]
* Rabbits United. [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?303726-Rabbit-toy-making-and-enrichment-activities. Rabbit toy making and enrichment activities.]
* Bunny Approved.com. [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-furniture-ideas-for-rabbits/ Indoor Furniture Ideas for Rabbits]
* Bunny Approved.com. [https://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas/ DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* The Fluffy Group. [https://www.facebook.com/thefluffygroup/photos/a.901791316538796.1073741829.898734490177812/969994523051808/?type=1 Instructions for a DIY bunny house]
* BunnyProof.com. [http://bunnyproof.com/how-to/how-to-make-a-digging-box-for-your-rabbit How to make a digging box for your rabbit]
* rabbits.rmt. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKpda_sgYqx/ Cardboard DIY rabbit toys]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2020). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/harvesting-weeping-willow-for-the-bunnies/ Harvesting weeping willow for the bunnies]
* binky_bonny. (2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/B7tevGTlI3g/ Do It Yourself Origami Bunny Tunnel]
* u/WickandFable. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p4ex96/enrichment_for_baseboardliking_rabbits/ Enrichment for Baseboard-liking Rabbits]
* Oxbow. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/make-your-own-diy-pet-safe-dyes How to Make Your Own DIY Pet-Safe Dyes]
* RSPCA. (2017). [https://youtu.be/OT8D4deRyKU?si=AArifJTZQMRENKs6 DIY Cardboard Hay Ball Toy]

== Monthly subscription & gift boxes ==
{{right-image|file=HappyBunnyBox1a.jpg|caption=Mia checking out her first Happy Bunny Box! Picture by /u/MeddlinQ.}}
{{right-image|file=Bunnys-furr-and-feathers_review2014.jpg|caption=Bunny's Furr and Feathers subscription box review [http://subscriptionboxmania.weebly.com/blog/category/bunnys-furr-and-feathers/ by Kelli & Sharon], February 2014}}
Subscription services geared towards pets are not very common yet, but here is a list of some rabbit-based monthly subscription boxes you can sign up for! Some of them will ship internationally.

<b>United States</b>
* [https://bunniebox.com/ BunnieBox.com]
* [https://www.bunnyfunbox.com/ Bunny FunBox]
* [https://www.bunboxsociety.com/ Bun Box Society]

'''United Kingdom'''
* Barks & Bunnies, [http://www.barksandbunnies.co.uk/collections/rabbit-giftbox Rabbit Gift Box]
* [https://bunniesthatlunch.com/ Bunnies That Lunch] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunniesthatlunch/ Facebook]
* Bunny Box, [https://getbunnybox.com/bunny-box/ The Box]
* Happy Bunny Club, [http://www.happybunnyclub.com/ Bunny Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/HappyBunnyClub/ Facebook]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/rabbit-subs-box-landing-page/ Rabbit Subscription Box]

'''Australia'''
* Bunificent, [https://bunificent.com/products/bunificent-box Bunificent Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunificent/ Facebook].

'''Singapore'''
* Feed My Paws, [https://www.feedmypaws.com/products/feed-my-paws-subscription-club-subscription-box-for-rabbits-guinea-pigs-1 Feed My Paws Subscription Club: Subscription Box for Rabbits & Guinea Pigs! (Bi-monthly)]

== Online rabbit toy stores ==
Below are reputable online bunny toy stores where you can find many unique rabbit-safe toys that might not be available in your local area. Be aware that these stores may be located in various countries, so check to make sure they ship internationally.

=== Australia ===
* [https://www.BlessTheirCottontails.com.au/ Bless Their Cottontails]
* [https://mosukibunnyshop.ecwid.com/ MoSuKi Bunny Shop]
* [https://www.teacupnethies.com.au/rabbit-accessories/ Teacup Nethies]

=== Canada ===
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/ Hop Online]
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/ Napoleon Bunnyparte] (also ships to US)
* [http://store.rabbitrescue.ca/ The Rabbit Rescue Store]

=== Germany ===
* [https://www.bunny-love.de/ Bunny Love]

=== Lithuania ===
* [https://asaswood.com/collections/rabbit AsasWood]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods]
* [https://cosyscastles.com/ Cosy's Castles]
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/ Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories]
* [https://www.happyhenryshomes.co.uk/ Happy Henry's Homes]
* [https://hop-inn.co.uk/ Hop Inn]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/toys-for-rabbits/ Toys for Rabbits]
* [https://thebunnyboxco.com/ The Bunny Box Co.]

=== United States ===
* [http://www.binkybunny.com/STORE/tabid/163/Default.aspx BinkyBunny]
* [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/ Bunny Bunch Boutique]
* [http://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys BunnyRabbitToys]
* [http://www.funnybunnytoyco.com/page/page/3763517.htm Funny Bunny Toy Company]
* [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/ Happy Rabbit Toys]
* Leith Petwerks Inc., [http://www.petwerks.com/toys.aspx Toys]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
* [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/natural-toys-and-chews-for-rabbits Natural Toys and Chews]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/habitat-and-grooming-accessories-for-rabbits Habitats and Accessories for Rabbits]
* [https://www.tokihut.com/ Tokihut]

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/recommended-toys Recommended Rabbit Toys]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/22/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Toy Test]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/budgettoys.asp Free Rabbit Toys]
* House Rabbit Network, Mallory Mohring, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/toys.shtml Rabbit Toys]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/fungames.pdf Fun and Games with Your Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-toys/ FAQ: Toys]
* House Rabbit Society, Margo DeMello, Ph.D., [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-6/chew-stick.html More Than Just a Chew Stick]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/besttoy.html Finding the Best Toy for Your Rabbit]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/toysforbuns.htm Toys for Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Charity, Carolina James, [http://web.archive.org/web/20021226212820/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/toys.html Favorite Rabbit Toys]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/toys.html Adventures in Toyland]
* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/designing-rabbit-playground/ Designing a Rabbit Playground]
* Laura Tyler, [http://www.morfz.com/ashytyler.html Ashy Tyler's Toys]
* RabbitScout, [http://rabbitscout.com/toys-for-bunnies-to-play-with Safe toys for bunnies to play with]

== See also ==
* [[Bunny-proofing]]
* [[Gifts for rabbit lovers]]
* [[Training a rabbit]]
* [[Walking a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Toys and games

2026-03-10T21:22:08Z

Malikethbun: /* Digging toys */

{{#seo:
|description=Toy & Game info for rabbits: Chewing toys, Monthly subscription boxes, Digging toys, Throwing toys, Climbing toys, Burrowing toys, Puzzles, Interactive games, Homemade projects, Online rabbit toy stores, and other information.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/thumb/9/93/DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg/800px-DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg
}}
__TOC__
Rabbit toys come in many varieties, and different rabbits prefer different types depending on their individual personalities. Many rabbits enjoy purchased toys, but they can also prefer simple things around the house like paper towel tubes or cardboard boxes. The lists below can help you find a nice surprise gift for your rabbit to celebrate a special occasion.

A newer mini-study found that by supplying your rabbit with enrichment toys (balls, boxes, or tunnels) can help reduce their stress level by almost 50 per cent.<ref name="rabbitstress1">Amy Johnson. (2016). [http://vnonline.co.uk/vn/news/14551/Enrichment-cuts-rabbits ''Enrichment cuts rabbits’ stress levels by half.'']</ref>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z-1faBh7DIs|caption=What Kinds of Toys Do Rabbits Like?}}
</div>

== Chewing toys ==
Often, rabbits will chew on furniture to explore the world through taste and texture, to build up strong muscles of the jaw, and because it is fun.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). {{amazon|id=1780641907|name=''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care''}}</ref> Chewing toys can help [[Bunny-proofing|prevent destruction]] of your property by your rabbits and also have the benefit of wearing down your rabbit's incisor teeth. These toys can also be thrown. Chew toys should also be edible toys to prevent poisoning.

{{right-image|file=BunnyTreats-Toys1.png|caption=Bunny Treats & Toys page on [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-treats-toys/ pinterest.]}}

* '''Toilet paper rolls''' with all the toilet paper and glue removed. You can also stuff the tube with hay, pellets, and vegetables to make it a puzzle feeder.

* <b>Cardboard boxes</b> - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** {{right-image|file=BaoBao cottontail cottage.jpg|caption=Rabbit playing on top of a Cottontail Cottage with ramp.}} Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/159 Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B08J8G74T2|name=Furhaven Multi-Level Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B093B6V8WR|name=SVY Cozy Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B08FC73W87|name=Navaris Modular Cardboard Cat House}}

* '''Paper bags''' filled with hay and treats.

* Untreated '''willow''' and '''wicker''' objects - e.g. {{amazon|id=B002ZSIHFA|name=sticks}}, {{amazon|id=B003XV5E9U|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B003N2EX5A|name=huts}}, and {{amazon|id=B002H3BLCY|name=tunnels}} {{bad|We do not recommend repurposing furniture and crafting supplies that aren't meant to be consumed by animals.}}
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/ElvisParsleyStore The Willow Store by Elvis Parsley]

* Fresh or dried untreated '''lumber''' and '''branches'''. {{right-image|file=Talyad sapphire applebranch munch.jpg|caption=A French Lop rabbit munching on fresh apple tree branches.}}
** {{bad|Make sure to avoid sticks from cherry, peach, apricot, plum, redwood, and other single-seeded fruit trees which are all poisonous. Cedar is also dangerous due to its aromatic oils.}} However, the House Rabbit Society notes that toxic branches such peach and apricot branches are safe after a month or more of drying after cutting.<ref>House Rabbit Society. (2013). Chewing. Retrieved 08 Mar 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-chewing/</ref>
** Collect branches from plants that are not near road pollution and have not been treated with pesticides. You may wish to freeze branches before giving them to your rabbits to kill any bugs or wash them in the shower.
** Safe options include the following: <ref>kanin.org. (n.d.). Rabbit-safe branches and twigs. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20191130032320/http://kanin.org/node/190</ref><ref>Camilla Bergstrøm. (n.d.). Feeding the house rabbit: twigs and branches. Retrieved from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Branch/Branch_en.htm</ref><ref>Dr. Sari Kanfer and Alexandra Logsdon. (n.d.). Rabbits Need Dental Care Too. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024159/http://www.mybunny.org/info/dental-care/</ref><ref>Z. Princz et al. (n.d.). Application of Gnawing Sticks in Rabbit Housing. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20220813220727/http://www.wrs.upv.es/files/journals/wrs0715029036.pdf</ref><ref>Happy Rabbit Toys. (n.d.). FAQ. Retrieved Mar 14 2020 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200202175844/http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/faq/</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:250px;-moz-column-width:250px;-webkit-column-width:250px;">
* Alder (''Alnus spp.'')
* Apple (''Malus domestica'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus spp.'')
* Aspen (''Populus adenopoda, Populus grandidentata, Populus sieboldii, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides)
* Beech (''Fagus spp.'')
* Berries (''Rubus spp.'')
* Blackcurrant (''Ribes nigrum'')
* Black elder (''Sambucus nigra'')
* Birch (''Betula spp.'')
** European white birch (''Betula pendula'')
* Common oak (''Qercus robur'')
* European larch (''Larix decidua'')
* Gooseberry (''Ribes uva-crispa, Ribes grossularia'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus spp.'')
* Juniper (''Juniperus spp.'')
* Little-leaf linden (''Tilia cordata'')
* Lemon (''Citrus × limon'')
* Maple (''Acer spp.'')
* Oak (''Quercus spp.'') - without bark only
* Orange (''Citrus × sinensis'')
* Pear (''Pyrus spp.'')
* Pine (''Pinus'') - kiln-dried only to remove phenols
* Poplar (''Populus spp.'')
** Black poplar (''Populus nigra'')
* Redcurrant (''Ribes rubrum'')
* Rose (''Rosa'')
* Rowan (''Sorbus spp.'')
* Spruce (''Picea spp.'')
** Norway spruce (''Picea abies'')
* White buckeye (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
* White locust (''Robinia pseudoacacia'')
* White mulberry (''Morus alba'')
* Willow (''Salix spp.'') - all willow species are safe
** Corkscrew willow (''Salix matsudana'')
** Goat willow / Pussy willow (''Salix caprea'')
** White willow (''Salix alba'')
** Weeping willow (''Salix babylonica'')
</div>

* '''Phone books''' with the plastic outer cover removed.

* Dried out {{amazon|id=B0746SYBWK|name='''pine cones'''}}.

* '''Grass''' and <b>straw</b> objects - {{amazon|id=B08341TYXV|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B08CT3ZFPK|name=mats}}, {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}, {{amazon|id=B001L43MFE|name=bungalows}}, {{amazon|id=B008HRLLAG|name=tunnels}}, etc.

* {{amazon|id=B000HHO26E|name=Super Pet Rabbit Large Tropical Fiddle Sticks Hideout}}
* {{amazon|id=B007JUX6FA|name=Rosewood Small Animal Activity Toy Bunny Fun Tree Boredom Breaker}}
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/products/activity-zone-rabbit-toy-original Original Activity Zone Rabbit Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

<div class="bad> A few warnings about specific chew toys:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Houdini1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06XC4MX7D|name=Atomic Nut Ball}}' can become dangerous with time. Houdini injured himself on his chewed wooden ball. Picture by SarahJ.}}
{{post-image|file=ToyWarningBunnyBrigadeInc3.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B07S77DMVJ|name=VCZONE Rabbit Chew Toys}}' can become very dangerous. Luckily the Bunny Brigade Inc. noticed this before they were given to the foster pair Tommy & Kayla. Picture by Bunny Brigade Inc.}}
{{post-image|file=QuikoFitnessFoodballCarrot.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06W5CDTHP|name=Quiko Fitness Foodball Carrot|uk=true}}' can become dangerous when used. Flossie got her head trapped. Picture by HelenK.}}
</div>
</div>

== Digging toys ==
Female rabbits tend to love digging as they are usually the ones to do the tunneling for burrows in the wild.<ref>Wildpro, The Mammal Society, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174037/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/MiscellaneousContents/Mammal_Society/15Oryctolagus_cuniculus.htm THE RABBIT Oryctolagus cuniculus]</ref> Digging can also help wear out a bunny's nails, to a minimal degree (they still will need regular nail trims).

{{right-image|file=Luna dig.jpg|caption=Rabbit digging on a seagrass mat.}}
* Carpet scraps - Be careful if you already have carpet in your place. This may end up backfiring as your rabbits may not be able to understand that only certain locations of carpet are appropriate to dig in.
* Grass objects - {{amazon|id=B0009YD810|name=mats}} and {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}
* Straw mats.
* Sisal mats.
* Jeans, towels, or blankets held under a heavy object or tied to something solid to prevent motion when digging.
** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p8bwbb/fleece_digging_corner/ Example fleece digging corner]
* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. {{note|Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.}}
* Paper bag, plastic hamper or tub, litter box, or cardboard box filled with hay, soil, litter, or ripped newspaper.
* Phone books with the plastic outer cover removed.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Carrot Play Patch]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/hoppy-trails-picnic-mat Hoppy Trails Picnic Mat]
* BunnyRabbitToys
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/170334521/digger-bunny-sandbox-system Digger Bunny Sandbox System]
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114391957/bunny-rabbit-sisal-digging-box Bunny Rabbit Sisal Digging Box]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-digging-box Digging box with sisal rope]

If you are filling your own dig box with materials, please use rabbit-safe materials such as shredded paper, {{amazon|id=B07M846T98|name=plastic ball pit balls}}, plain soil, straw, hay, and other rabbit-safe litter alternatives.

<div class="bad">
'''Sand is dangerous for rabbits''' due to dust and silicates, and should never be used. Sand is a respiratory hazard and can get lodged in genital folds (of both males and females) and cause irritation as well as infections if not cleaned out. It can irritate their eyes and cause scarring if it gets in the eyes while playing and can be dangerous if ingested while grooming.
* Facebook (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/play-sand-can-cause-serious-harm-to-rabbits-although-this-documents-only-one-per/593351697487399/ Post from New Jersey House Rabbit Society]
</div>

Below are resources to DIY instructions for digging toys.
* Rabbit Ramblings. [http://bunyaboy.blogspot.com/2011/08/rabbit-ramblings-retraction-important.html Rabbit Ramblings Retraction - Important Modification to Bunny Care item]
* Bunnies Urgently Needing Shelter. [http://www.bunssb.org/buns-newsletter/september-2013/make-mat/ Make a Mat]

Some links to read for more information on the digging behavior of bunnies have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior.php#digs Rabbit Digs]

== Throwing toys ==
Some rabbits like throwing and tossing objects with their mouths. Others like the noise that they can make. Many of the chewing toys listed above can also be thrown if they are a small enough size.

{{note|Please supervise your rabbit with any new toys, and take them away if they are not meant to be chewed or ingested (e.g. plastic, rubber, etc.)}}

* {{amazon|id=B0002DJ9T8|name=Balls with bells in the middle}}.
* Connected {{amazon|id=B000BWY314|name=jar rings}}.
* {{right-image|file=Totallyplatypus josephine stackingcups back.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit with some baby stack-up cups on her back.}} {{amazon|id=B000V2Y5BW|name=Baby-safe keys}}, {{amazon|id=B001ABZGU2|name=teething rings}}, [{{amazon|id=B007EB8PHS|name=teething toys}}, {{amazon|id=B00005C5H4|name=stack-up cups}}, {{amazon|id=B07M9233QG|name=stacking rings}} and other toys made of hard plastic and wood such as parrot-safe foot toys.
* Car keys.
* Empty soup cans.
* Slinkies ({{amazon|id=B071D4G6G8|name=plastic}}, not metal).
* Toilet paper rolls with all the toilet paper and glue removed.
* Plastic birthday party toys such as plastic [{{amazon|id=B0002RIZO4|name=maracas}} and {{amazon|id=B002J0MAO8|name=tambourines}}.
* Large rubber balls.
* Empty salt cartons, toilet paper and paper towel rolls.
* {{amazon|id=B00CMMIT98|name=Mini shopping carts}}
* Carrot Play Patch at [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Bobby's Bunny Boutique]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114304543/toss-n-chew-sisal-rope-toy Toss n Chew Sisal Rope Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-throw-toys Rabbit throw toys] and [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-mobiles mobiles]
** {{amazon|id=B00ZAN2TOW|name=Bundora's Box Rabbit Chew and Throw Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNL9ZEO|name=Workout Gym Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Four)}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNKO2ZC|name=Fruit Basket Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Three)}}
* therabbithouse.com, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2014/10/28/slotted-cardboard-rabbit-toys/ Slotted Cardboard Balls]
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/fling-toys Fling Toys]

== Climbing toys ==

{{right-image|file=HappyRabbitsToys-ActivityZoneRabbitToy.jpg|caption=One of the many types of Activity Zone Rabbit Tables/Toys found at [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/search.php?search_query=+Activity+Zone+Rabbit&x=0&y=0 Happy Rabbit Toys].}}
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket cat tree.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit on the top level of an {{amazon|id=B003BYQ1GY|name=Armarkat cat tree}}.}}
{{right-image|file=NBCastle.jpg|caption=Rabbit exploring a castle. Castles from [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com Napoleon Bunnyparte].}}
Some rabbits like hopping on top of objects to get a higher point of view of their territory.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}} (US)
** [https://www.bunnyrabbitshop.com/ BunnyRabbitShop] (US)
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/activity-zones Activity Zones] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations] (US)
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles] (Canada/US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods] (UK)
** [https://cncathome.com.au/ CNC at Home] (Australia)

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Low cat trees with multiple platforms - Try not to purchase a tree over 2 feet tall as rabbits are more likely to injure themselves falling from heights compared to cats. Trees suitable for kittens are great.
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVL6K|name=TRIXIE Baza Cat Tree}}
** {{amazon|id=B0028FCYUE|name=TRIXIE Isaba Cat Tree}}

== Burrowing toys ==
{{right-image|file=BaoBao sleeping condo.jpg|caption=Rabbit sleeping in a cat condo.}} Rabbits are natural burrowers that dig to create underground warrens. You can also stuff paper into these tunnels to make them for fun for a rabbit to dig out.

<div class="bad><b>Be mindful when choosing toys for your rabbits based on their head and body sizes.</b> A few warnings about specific burrowing & housing products:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=ECRR Housing Danger.jpg|caption=A rabbit ended up stuck in a carrot cut-out on their house when spooked and suffered significant swelling in his midsection. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1171960018309125&set=a.551439337027866 East Coast Rabbit Rescue]}}

{{post-image|file=CampNibblerMonicaStuck1.jpg|caption=Monica was stuck in her hiding house bought from 'Pets at Home' in the UK. She had to be extracted at the vets office. Picture © and used with direct permission from [http://www.campnibble.com/ Camp Nibble.]}}
</div>
</div>

* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/SAKRETE-8-in-x-48-in-Concrete-Form-Tube-65470075/100321209#.UoWIcLWJD4w Cardboard concrete molds and forms.] Be sure to remove wax coating inside tube.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}}
** BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys?section_id=24468392 Rabbit House]
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/activity-zones-1/ Activity Zones]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations]
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles]

* Cat tunnels, condos, and boxes.
** {{amazon|id=B001B41TOK|name=SmartyKat Crackle Chute Cat Toy Collapsible Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B001SI08U0|name=TRIXIE Play Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUWC|name=Hagen Living World Pet Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUUY|name=Hagen Living World Tent for Pets, Blue/Red}}
** {{amazon|id=B081YDTQDD|name=Niteangel Foldable Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07D9CTB4M|name=Tunnel Bed with Cushion Tube}}
** {{amazon|id=B07CWJ8QRN|name=Amazon Basics Collapsible Cat House with Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07HLS586K|name=Furhaven Pet House, Large}}

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/ Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** [https://rabbittreasures.com/ Rabbit Treasures]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Edible tunnels
** [https://store.binkybunny.com/triangle-folding-tunnel-kp-9-p226.aspx Triangle Folding Tunnel]
** {{amazon|id=B001BSBGVC|name=Oxbow Timothy Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B005DL7GNK|name=Living World Chew-nels}}

* Large paper bags laid on its side.
* Blankets and towels strategically placed to create a hideout.
* Setting up furniture with narrow running spaces.

== Puzzles ==
The following toys can provide mental stimulation for your rabbit and teach them problem-solving skills. Also look into [[Training|clicker training]] for more ideas.

* {{amazon|id=B004HYW9B8|name=Hagen Living World Teach N Treat Toy}} <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=0D-k3aqpmws|caption=Teach 'n treat pet puzzle feeder (17:02)}}{{youtube|id=m1R8A25f52A&feature=related|caption=Sunny teach n treat (1:20)}}</div>
* Food dispensing balls and tubes
** {{amazon|id=B0018CG40O|name=MultiVet SlimCat Interactive Toy and Food Dispenser}}<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=ZwhECjDNfQ4|caption=Bunnies playing with food dispenser ball toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003H44R5K|name=Premier Pet Products FUNKitty Egg-cersizer Cat Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B06XXKWBCP|name=Niteangel Treat Ball}}
** {{amazon|id=B0009586P2|name=Trixie Snack Ball, 7cm}}
** {{amazon|id=B003ARUKTG|name=Smarter Toys IQ Treat Ball Dog Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003TOO5QO|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Snack Roll for Cats}}
** {{amazon|id=B0F8PZCNM2|name=Large Rabbit Foraging Toy with Bell}} [[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=4164433383801149 video]]
** You can also make your own using a plastic bottle and cutting small holes to allow pellets to fall through. See [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/19quup/free_rabbit_toy/ this post] for an example.
* [http://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas Bunny Approved DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* {{amazon|id=B0054VEWB8|name=TRIXIE Rabbit Snack Board}}
* {{amazon|id=B0057G1WT0|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Solitaire Game for Cats}}
* {{amazon|id=B0054Q9TMA|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Flip Board, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003TOKTEG|name=TRIXIE Mad Scientist for Dogs, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003DQJQ1C|name=Zanies Wood Interactive Puzzles Dog Toy}}
* {{amazon|id=B0038WP1YC|name=Ethical Pet Seek-A-Treat Shuffle Bone Dog Puzzle}}

== Interactive games ==
See the links below for more information about games you can play with your pet. Also consider [[Training|clicker training and luring]] to teach interesting tricks to your rabbit!

* John B. Miller. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-1/games-rabbits-play.html Games Rabbits Play]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_playing.php Playing with Your Pet Bunny]
* BunnyHugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/a-to-z/rabbit-behaviour/playtime.html Exercise and playtime for rabbits]
* Bunniez. (2007). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny-Games-How-To-Have-Fun-With-Your-Rabbit Bunny Games! How To Have Fun With Your Rabbit]

== Homemade toy projects ==
{{right-image|file=HowToGiveRabbitsPineConesv1 1.jpg|caption=Pine Cone Recipe by [https://www.nhcrabbitrescue.org/ New Hanover County Rabbit Rescue.]}}
See the links below for some homemade toys.
* BudgetBunny. [http://www.budgetbunny.ca/category/rabbit-toys/ DIY Toys]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/category/rabbit-toys-enrichment/ Toys & Enrichment]
* Sharon Lloyd. [http://www.morfz.com/santabuntree.html Edible Christmas Tree for Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/more-tips-on-building-box-toys/ More Tips on Building Box Toys]
* Best4Bunny. (2017). [https://best4bunny.com/easy-make-rabbit-toys-bunnies-will-love Easy to make rabbit toys, that your bunnies will love!]
* Rabbits United. [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?303726-Rabbit-toy-making-and-enrichment-activities. Rabbit toy making and enrichment activities.]
* Bunny Approved.com. [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-furniture-ideas-for-rabbits/ Indoor Furniture Ideas for Rabbits]
* Bunny Approved.com. [https://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas/ DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* The Fluffy Group. [https://www.facebook.com/thefluffygroup/photos/a.901791316538796.1073741829.898734490177812/969994523051808/?type=1 Instructions for a DIY bunny house]
* BunnyProof.com. [http://bunnyproof.com/how-to/how-to-make-a-digging-box-for-your-rabbit How to make a digging box for your rabbit]
* rabbits.rmt. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKpda_sgYqx/ Cardboard DIY rabbit toys]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2020). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/harvesting-weeping-willow-for-the-bunnies/ Harvesting weeping willow for the bunnies]
* binky_bonny. (2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/B7tevGTlI3g/ Do It Yourself Origami Bunny Tunnel]
* u/WickandFable. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p4ex96/enrichment_for_baseboardliking_rabbits/ Enrichment for Baseboard-liking Rabbits]
* Oxbow. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/make-your-own-diy-pet-safe-dyes How to Make Your Own DIY Pet-Safe Dyes]
* RSPCA. (2017). [https://youtu.be/OT8D4deRyKU?si=AArifJTZQMRENKs6 DIY Cardboard Hay Ball Toy]

== Monthly subscription & gift boxes ==
{{right-image|file=HappyBunnyBox1a.jpg|caption=Mia checking out her first Happy Bunny Box! Picture by /u/MeddlinQ.}}
{{right-image|file=Bunnys-furr-and-feathers_review2014.jpg|caption=Bunny's Furr and Feathers subscription box review [http://subscriptionboxmania.weebly.com/blog/category/bunnys-furr-and-feathers/ by Kelli & Sharon], February 2014}}
Subscription services geared towards pets are not very common yet, but here is a list of some rabbit-based monthly subscription boxes you can sign up for! Some of them will ship internationally.

<b>United States</b>
* [https://bunniebox.com/ BunnieBox.com]
* [https://www.bunnyfunbox.com/ Bunny FunBox]
* [https://www.bunboxsociety.com/ Bun Box Society]

'''United Kingdom'''
* Barks & Bunnies, [http://www.barksandbunnies.co.uk/collections/rabbit-giftbox Rabbit Gift Box]
* [https://bunniesthatlunch.com/ Bunnies That Lunch] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunniesthatlunch/ Facebook]
* Bunny Box, [https://getbunnybox.com/bunny-box/ The Box]
* Happy Bunny Club, [http://www.happybunnyclub.com/ Bunny Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/HappyBunnyClub/ Facebook]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/rabbit-subs-box-landing-page/ Rabbit Subscription Box]

'''Australia'''
* Bunificent, [https://bunificent.com/products/bunificent-box Bunificent Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunificent/ Facebook].

'''Singapore'''
* Feed My Paws, [https://www.feedmypaws.com/products/feed-my-paws-subscription-club-subscription-box-for-rabbits-guinea-pigs-1 Feed My Paws Subscription Club: Subscription Box for Rabbits & Guinea Pigs! (Bi-monthly)]

== Online rabbit toy stores ==
Below are reputable online bunny toy stores where you can find many unique rabbit-safe toys that might not be available in your local area. Be aware that these stores may be located in various countries, so check to make sure they ship internationally.

=== Australia ===
* [https://www.BlessTheirCottontails.com.au/ Bless Their Cottontails]
* [https://mosukibunnyshop.ecwid.com/ MoSuKi Bunny Shop]
* [https://www.teacupnethies.com.au/rabbit-accessories/ Teacup Nethies]

=== Canada ===
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/ Hop Online]
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/ Napoleon Bunnyparte] (also ships to US)
* [http://store.rabbitrescue.ca/ The Rabbit Rescue Store]

=== Germany ===
* [https://www.bunny-love.de/ Bunny Love]

=== Lithuania ===
* [https://asaswood.com/collections/rabbit AsasWood]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods]
* [https://cosyscastles.com/ Cosy's Castles]
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/ Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories]
* [https://www.happyhenryshomes.co.uk/ Happy Henry's Homes]
* [https://hop-inn.co.uk/ Hop Inn]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/toys-for-rabbits/ Toys for Rabbits]
* [https://thebunnyboxco.com/ The Bunny Box Co.]

=== United States ===
* [http://www.binkybunny.com/STORE/tabid/163/Default.aspx BinkyBunny]
* [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/ Bunny Bunch Boutique]
* [http://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys BunnyRabbitToys]
* [http://www.funnybunnytoyco.com/page/page/3763517.htm Funny Bunny Toy Company]
* [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/ Happy Rabbit Toys]
* Leith Petwerks Inc., [http://www.petwerks.com/toys.aspx Toys]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
* [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/natural-toys-and-chews-for-rabbits Natural Toys and Chews]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/habitat-and-grooming-accessories-for-rabbits Habitats and Accessories for Rabbits]
* [https://www.tokihut.com/ Tokihut]

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/recommended-toys Recommended Rabbit Toys]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/22/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Toy Test]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/budgettoys.asp Free Rabbit Toys]
* House Rabbit Network, Mallory Mohring, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/toys.shtml Rabbit Toys]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/fungames.pdf Fun and Games with Your Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-toys/ FAQ: Toys]
* House Rabbit Society, Margo DeMello, Ph.D., [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-6/chew-stick.html More Than Just a Chew Stick]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/besttoy.html Finding the Best Toy for Your Rabbit]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/toysforbuns.htm Toys for Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Charity, Carolina James, [http://web.archive.org/web/20021226212820/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/toys.html Favorite Rabbit Toys]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/toys.html Adventures in Toyland]
* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/designing-rabbit-playground/ Designing a Rabbit Playground]
* Laura Tyler, [http://www.morfz.com/ashytyler.html Ashy Tyler's Toys]
* RabbitScout, [http://rabbitscout.com/toys-for-bunnies-to-play-with Safe toys for bunnies to play with]

== See also ==
* [[Bunny-proofing]]
* [[Gifts for rabbit lovers]]
* [[Training a rabbit]]
* [[Walking a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Useful books on rabbits

2025-12-14T18:24:12Z

Malikethbun: Removed inaccurate and outdated book

__TOC__
The following are great books to have in any rabbit owner or enthusiast's library.

== General ==
* {{amazon|id=0940920182|name='''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit (5th ed.)'''}} by Marinell Harriman (2013)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Since its first edition in 1985, and in its subsequent printings since that time, House Rabbit Handbook is the definitive source book for care and behavior information about our beloved house rabbits. Based on Harriman’s 25+ years of experience with rescued rabbits, as well as the combined experiences of dozens of House Rabbit Society fosterers and educators, House Rabbit Handbook remains the single most important must-have on every rabbit-lover’s book shelf.

Topics included are: choosing a rabbit, handling, housing setups, bunny proofing, exercise, toys, house training, behavior, bonding, diet, and medical care. As in previous editions, caregivers across the continent have shared their recent discoveries and insights.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1780641907|name='''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care'''}} by Marit Emilie Buseth and Richard Saunders (2015)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Developed from the successful Norwegian book ''Den Store Kaninboka'' (''The Big Book of Rabbits'') this book covers all aspects of rabbit behaviour, welfare, health and husbandry, with updated and expanded content now also made relevant to veterinarians. The focus is on explaining normal behaviour as a basis for describing optimal welfare, with an emphasis on rabbits in the domestic setting. Information regarding wild and laboratory rabbits is also included to show how behaviours such as socialisation, learning and communication can differ depending on environment. Health matters relating to welfare such as nutrition and oral health are also covered in detail, and case studies from around the world give this valuable resource an international perspective.
</div>
* {{amazon|id=0470430648|name='''Rabbits For Dummies'''}} by Connie Isbell and Audrey Pavia (2009)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Your hands-on guide to being a responsible rabbit owner.

Want to raise a happy, healthy bunny? This practical guide gives you everything you need to know to successfully adopt, nurture, live with, and love a rabbit. From choosing a rabbit and preparing its home to training, healthcare, and having fun with your bunny, you get a wealth of expert tips that will have your rabbit (and you) hopping with joy!

Jump into bunny basics -- decide whether a rabbit is the right pet for you, discover the different breeds, and find out the best places to adopt your bunny

Take care of creature comforts -- from housing and grooming to feeding and healthcare, provide the best care for your friend

Practice bunny "psychology" -- understand bunny body language and sounds, handle behavior issues, and train your bunny to do tricks and use the litter box

Enjoy the wonderful world of rabbits -- play games with your bunny, join clubs and organizations, show your rabbit, and make traveling with bunny easy

Open the book and find:

* Informative photos and illustrations
* Detailed breed descriptions
* How to think like a rabbit
* Tips for handling bad bunny behavior
* The latest on organic cuisine and homegrown feeding options
* Games to play with your rabbit
* How to live with an indoor bunny (which is recommended!)
* Ten signs that require emergency action
* A bunch of bunny resources -- from rescue groups to registries to Web sites
</div>

* {{amazon|id=0764142534|name='''The Rabbit Handbook (Barron's Pet Handbooks)'''}} by Karen Parker D.V.M. (2009)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Advice on care of rabbits covers caging, correct feeding, spaying and neutering, litter training, health care, which includes warm-weather concerns, and much more. Barron's popular and highly detailed series of " Pet Handbooks " are written for dedicated pet owners seeking comprehensive information on the care of their chosen pets. Titles in the series cover a wide range of animals and breeds. These books present advice on finding a reliable breeder or seller, information on the animal's origins and traits, and detailed recommendations regarding dietary needs, housing, and health care, as well as all other major aspects related to keeping a healthy and thriving pet. Barron's " Pet Handbooks " are filled with color photos, and many titles include line art and at-a-glance sidebar information.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1595801162|name='''A House Rabbit Primer, 2nd Edition: Understanding and Caring for Your Companion Rabbit'''}} by Lucile C. Moore (2022)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
''A House Rabbit Primer: Understanding and Caring for Your Companion Rabbit, 2nd Edition'' is a brand new, up-to-date edition of the critically acclaimed handbook covering all aspects of rabbit care for both new and experienced pet rabbit owners.

Author Lucile C. Moore, Ph.D., provides pet rabbit owners with valuable information about the total care of their pet. Part one tells owners just what to expect from their new member of the family and gives detailed information on how to house, feed, and train a rabbit. Part two contains a comprehensive medical section, updated for the second edition.

''House Rabbit Primer, 2nd Edition'' has been expanded to include more photos, new stories and care hints from experienced rabbit caretakers, and additional information on healthy rabbit diets. This new edition also features more detailed instructions on how to groom pet rabbits, as well as suggestions on how to care for special needs rabbits. In addition to up-to-date information on many rabbit diseases, there are tips on creating a first-aid kit for rabbits as well as providing emergency care.

With more and more pet owners choosing to keep their rabbits indoors full time, this second edition of the guide beloved by rabbit owners around the world lays out practical information for making rabbits a healthy part of any family.
</div>

* [http://www.petrabbitworld.com/order_book.html '''The Wonderful World of Pet Rabbits'''] by Christine Carter (2006)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
''The Wonderful World of Pet Rabbits'' is our first and only, proudly Australian, fully comprehensive rabbit care book!

If you love your bunnies, want to understand more about their behaviour and do right by them with housing, feeding, breeding, health issues and so on – this much needed resource at hand is ideal for everyone.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1860541828|name='''Rabbitlopaedia: A Complete Guide to Rabbit Care'''}} by Meg Brown and Virginia Richardson (2003)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
A mine of information on every aspect of rabbit care, written jointly by a rabbit expert and a veterinarian.
</div>

== Behavior ==
* {{amazon|id=0285635506|name='''Why Does My Rabbit . . . ?'''}} by Anne McBride (2003)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Rabbits are popular domesticated pets, but many develop problems because of living conditions that do not allow them to follow their behavioral instincts. This guide to troubleshooting rabbit behavior clues owners in to the history of the domesticated rabbit and describes how rabbits live and breed. Common problems among rabbit owners are discussed, as are probable causes for irregular behavior, including instincts that make rabbits behave in certain ways. Both hutch and house rabbits, as well as troubles specific to each, are covered.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1789180120|name='''Behavioural Problems In Rabbits'''}} by Dr Guen Bradbury (2018)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Guen Bradbury is the UK's leading expert in rabbit behavior. In this book for vets and devoted owners, she walks through where rabbit behavior problems come from, and what you can do about them. As well as the husbandry issues covered by other books, this one includes behavior problems that stem from medical issues and group dynamics. This book covers setting up the perfect rabbit environment, and has quick-reference "Action Sheets" in the back - One page quick explanations of best practice. Well worth a read.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=0954350022|name='''Understanding Your Rabbit's Habits'''}} by Tamsin Stone (2011)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Rabbits are wonderful animals, but sometimes their behaviour can be a bit of a puzzle.

After reading this book you'll be able to:

* recognise rabbit body language so you can tell how your rabbit is feeling
* understand the motivations behind your rabbit's behaviour
* create an environment that supports your rabbit's behavioural needs
</div>

== Health ==
* {{amazon|id=0595281370|name=Rabbit Health in the 21st Century Second Edition: A Guide for Bunny Parents}} by Kathryn Smith (2003)
* {{amazon|id=0359967272|name=Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing (3rd ed., revised)}} by Lucile Moore (2019)
* {{amazon|id=159580031X|name=When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods}} by Lucile Moore and Kathy Smith (2008)
* {{amazon|id=1905319495|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine (BSAVA British Small Animal Veterinary Association) (2nd ed.)}} by Anne Meredith and Brigitte Lord (2014)
* {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}} by Molly Varga Smith BVetMed CertZooMed DZooMed (Mammalian) MRCVS (2022)
* {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery (3rd ed.)}} by Katherine Quesenberry DVM MPH Diplomate ABVP and James W. Carpenter MS DVM Dipl ACZM (2011)
* {{amazon|id=090521496X|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine and Surgery (BSAVA British Small Animal Veterinary Association) (2nd ed.)}} edited by Anna Meredith and Paul Flecknell (2006)
* {{amazon|id=1405115149|name=Notes on Rabbit Internal Medicine}} by Richard A. Saunders and Ron Rees Davies (2005)
* {{amazon|id=190531941X|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging}} by Frances Harcourt-Brown and John Chitty (2014)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/rabbit-nutrition.html Rabbit Nutrition] by Virginia Richardson (1999)
* [http://shop.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/product/foraging-for-rabbits-by-twigs-way/ Foraging for rabbits] by Twigs Way (2014)
* {{amazon|id=039751588X|name=Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Dog, Cat, & Rabbit(2nd ed.)}} by Steven E. Crow and Sally O. Walshaw (2007)
* [http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208764/PDF Domestic Rabbits: Diseases and Parasites] by the United States Department of Agriculture (1976)

== History and stories ==
* {{amazon|id=0978622618|name=Rabbits: Gentle Hearts, Valiant Spirits}} by Marie Mead, Nancy Laroche, and Dr. Michael W. Fox (2011)
* {{amazon|id=1590560442|name=Stories Rabbits Tell: A Natural and Cultural History of a Misunderstood Creature}} by Susan E. Davis and Margo Demello (2003)
* {{amazon|id=1585972754|name=Domestic Rabbits & Their Histories: Breeds of the World}} by Bob D. Whitman (2004)
* [http://www.medirabbit.com/Books/hare_about_house.PDF A Hare About the House] by Cecil S. Webb (2001)
* {{amazon|id=0198576110|name=The European Rabbit: History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer}} by HV Thompson and CM King (1994)
* {{amazon|id=002573900X|name=The Private Life of the Rabbit: An Account of the Life History and Social Behavior of the Wild Rabbit}} by RM Lockley (1974)
* {{amazon|id=1873580630|name=Rabbits and Hares}} by Anne McBride (2003)

== Miscellaneous ==
* {{amazon|id=0595310621|name=The Relaxed Rabbit: Massage for Your Pet Bunny}} by Chandra Beal (2004)

== Additional listings ==
The following sites also contain reading lists for rabbit owners and lovers that may be more often updated.

* House Rabbit Society, [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209201328/https://rabbit.org/textbooks-and-reference-materials-for-the-practitioner/ Textbooks and Reference Materials for the Practitioner]
* Rabbit News & Awareness, [http://www.rabbitawareness.co.uk/recommended-reading-list/ Recommended Reading List]

== See also ==
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]

[[Category:Resources]]

Vegetables

2025-11-06T04:07:08Z

Malikethbun: /* Non-leafy greens */

{{#seo:
|image=https://wabbitwiki.com/images/7/7e/Sneakydragon_lionlop_veggies.jpg
}}
Fresh vegetables should usually make up approximately 10% of your adult rabbit's [[diet]]. '''[[Hay]] should consist of 80% of your rabbit's diet.''' Vegetables provide additional nutrients and different textures and tastes -- an enriching experience for your rabbit. Wet vegetables are also a good source of water if your bunny does not drink very much from his water bowl or bottle.
__TOC__
== How much vegetables should I feed my rabbit? ==
For '''baby rabbits''', vegetables should only be fed to after '''12 weeks of age''' and introduced one at a time in quantities under 1/2 oz.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-diet/ FAQ: Diet]</ref> Exceptions may apply if the baby rabbit has already been introduced to those specific vegetables while living and [[weaning]] from their mother as their digestive system is already used to the food. The age minimum is important as baby rabbit digestive systems do not finish developing until around 8 weeks of age, and an upset stomach can easily cause [[diarrhea]] or fatal [[enteritis]] that requires emergency veterinary care in a baby rabbit.

For '''adult rabbits''', a good rule of thumb is approximately '''one cup of packed greens for every two pounds of rabbit'''.<ref name="hrsveg"/> You may decide to feed more or less but keep an eye out for any change in litter habits and behavior. We would recommend regularly feeding at least three (3) types of vegetables per meal and rotate the choices weekly to keep their diet interesting and vary their nutrition.
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon lionlop veggies.jpg|caption=A lionlop rabbit eating some parsley and lettuce.}}

Generally, rabbits are good at self-regulating when given a giant pile of fresh dark greens, and no lasting harm will be done if you offer more than the recommended amount. Too many vegetables for some rabbits may cause runny stools, [[diarrhea]], or even [[stasis]], especially for rabbits with [[megacolon]]. These rabbits should have their greens portioned strictly. Smaller dark [[poop|poops]] can also indicate that the rabbit should eat more hay for more fiber in their diet. <span class="red">Remember that you should not feed too many sugar-loaded vegetables like carrots, and these should be strictly rationed as treats.</span>

<div class="note">
Some types of vegetables may cause diarrhea or stomach upset for specific rabbits. '''If you are introducing new greens to a rabbit, introduce only one type one day.''' This way you can easily tell if the food will not agree with your bun. Wait 24 hours to make sure there are no soft stools or gas problems before adding another vegetable to your rabbit's diet. If the droppings are soft or the rabbits are gassy, discontinue the culprit vegetable for that particular rabbit to prevent more serious [[stasis]] issues.
</div>

Be aware that '''every rabbit is different''', and it is up to you to find the right balance for a healthy bunny. Some rabbits may not react well with greens at all, especially rabbits that may suffer from [[megacolon]], and can thrive on a pellet/hay only diet.<ref>Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/greenspellets.pdf Greens and Pellets: Finding the Right Balance]</ref>

'''Serve your vegetables wet''' to increase your rabbit's intake of liquid. It will help keep their GI contents moving.

<div class="bad">
'''''Do not serve your bunny spoiled vegetables.''''' If you wouldn't eat it yourself, don't feed it to your rabbit. Rabbits can be even more sensitive to spoiled food than humans.
</div>

== Rabbit-safe vegetables ==
Care should be taken when feeding some of these as some vegetables may cause issues in some rabbits. Vegetables with a high water content can cause diarrhea and runny stool. Other vegetables contain higher amounts of sugar and so should be fed in moderation and best as a treat.

There are vegetables and flowers that a bunny should not eat and are covered in [[#Vegetables to Avoid|Vegetables to Avoid]]. Detailed nutrition for rabbit-safe vegetables can be found at [[Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Data]].

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage to my rabbit? ===
Some vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage can cause issues in humans -- however, this concern does not extend to rabbits. As the House Rabbit Society writes,<ref name="hrsveg"/>
<blockquote>
A rabbit’s GI tract is not the same as a human’s and many of the foods that may cause gas in a human do not cause gas in a rabbit...

There has also been discussion about feeding vegetables that are goitrogenic in humans (causing a goiter) more notoriously those in the broccoli/cabbage family. One study done on rabbits indicated that it would take several weeks of exclusively feeding huge quantities of these foods to see any abnormalities in the blood. This is so far removed from normal feeding instructions for rabbits that there is no cause for concern in feeding these nutritious foods.
</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding higher calcium vegetables like kale and dandelions to rabbits? ===
{{right-image|file=Kinenchen brock eating kale.jpg|caption=A Flemish Giant rabbit eating a piece of kale.}}
When fed in moderation, rabbits will not get a significant amount of calcium from fresh vegetables compared to [[pellets]].

As Dr. Frances Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/media/collections/diet/amount-of-food-that-provides-rda-of-calcium/kale/view</ref>
<blockquote>Kale sometimes has a bad reputation for rabbits because of its calcium content (approximately 1.3%). However it is 85% water, which means that a rabbit can eat a lot of it without eating a lot of calcium. This picture shows 265g kale, which is the amount that would provide 500mg. It is more than most rabbits would eat in a day.{{post-image|file=Hb-kale.jpeg|caption=256g of kale with 500mg of calcium}}</blockquote>

Dr. Leah Postman writes,<ref>Leah Postman, DVM. (n.d.). Calcium Metabolism in Rabbits. Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.bunnybunch.org/wp-content/uploads/CALCIUM-METABOLISM-IN-RABBITS.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>The other potentially significant source of calcium in rabbits' diets is fresh greens. Although many people worry about the greens noted for high calcium content -- kale, spinach, collards -- I do not. All fresh greens are about 70% to 85% water, which greatly dilutes all nutrients. To eliminate the potential to misrepresent nutrient content due to variability in water content, it is essential to compare calcium content on a dry matter basis, which is how the nutrient requirements are expressed on labels and in tables.

For example, kale, which many recommend avoiding by virtue of its calcium content, has 1.6% calcium on a dry weight basis. In other words, dehydrated kale has roughly three times the NRC recommended calcium content. However, the fresh bunch of kale is mostly water, so the calcium content drops dramatically, to 0.24% when fed fresh. If you were to feed a medium-sized (5 pound) bunny 1/4 cup (about 60 grams) of a pellet meeting NRC recommendations, he would consume about 0.30 grams of calcium. To obtain a similar quantity of calcium from kale, the bun would have to eat over 4 ounces (130 grams) of kale. That is a sizable pile of kale -- about as much as you could stuff in a half gallon milk carton.

Similarly, dandelion greens, have a calcium level of 1.6% on a dry matter basis. But since our bunnies eat them fresh, they are only getting 0.20% calcium. Again, we see that even for greens with a relatively high calcium content, the calcium level of the leaves the bun is munching is actually quite low.</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables with higher amounts of oxalic acid like parsley, mustard greens and spinach to rabbits? ===

When fed in moderation, these vegetables are not a concern as a regular part of a healthy rabbit's diet.

From Dr. Susan Brown,<ref>Susan Brown, DVM. (2012). Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet. Retrieved 25 Mar 2024 from https://www.vin.com/vetzinsight/default.aspx?pId=756&id=5262547</ref>
<blockquote>The amount of oxalic acid within each plant can vary significantly due to several factors including the composition of the soil the plant grew in, the time of year and the age of the plant. Most of the fresh vegetables we feed rabbits have a low to zero level of oxalic acid, but a few - most notably parsley, mustard greens and spinach - have relatively high levels. (Note that kale, which is often implicated as a high oxalate food, is actually low in oxalates.) The toxicity of oxalic acid comes with feeding large quantities of foods high in this chemical and can result in tingling of the skin and mouth, and over time damage to the kidneys. These foods are nutritious and do not need to be excluded from the diet if you feed them appropriately.</blockquote>

However, rabbits with established [[Bladder_sludge_and_stones|urinary tract disease]] will want to avoid these vegetables as it may play a part in the development of stones in the urinary tract. Excess oxalates in the diet can coalesce and form calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys and urinary bladder.

=== Leafy greens ===
Leafy greens should make up approximately 75% of the fresh vegetables fed daily.<ref name="hrsveg"/>

The following list contains leafy greens known to be safe to for rabbits to eat.<ref name="hrsveg"/><ref name="lagoveg">Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/salad.pdf The Perfect Salad]</ref><ref>Barbi Brown, [http://www.barbibrownsbunnies.com/nutrition.htm NUTRITION]</ref><ref name="adopta"/><ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Lamb's quarters is easily foraged for rabbits or other small pets. Retrieved 19 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/lamb-s-quarters-is-easily-foraged-for-rabbits-or-other-small-pets</ref><ref name="mediveggies">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Veg/Veg_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 2: Vegetables]</ref><ref>Rise and Shine Rabbitry, [http://riseandshinerabbitry.com/2012/02/26/safe-food-list-for-rabbits/ Safe Food List for Rabbits]</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Arugula (''Eruca sativa'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Beets tops/greens (''Beta vulgaris'')
* Bok choy / Pak choi / Pak choy (''Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis'')
* Borage leaves (''Borago officinalis'')
* Cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') - Too much can cause enlargement of the thyroid and digestive problems.<ref name="mediveggies"/>
** Red cabbage (''Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra'')
** Savoy cabbage (''Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. sabauda L.'')
* Carrot tops (''Daucus carota'')
* Cassava greens (''Manihot esculenta'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2016). Cassava leaves and foliage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/528</ref> - has a high protein content like alfalfa; feed sparingly.
* Chicory greens (''Cichorium intybus'')
** Witloof / French endive / Belgian endive
* Collard greens (''Brassica oleracea var. Acephala'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cucumber leaves (''Cucumis sativus'')
* Dandelion greens (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Dill leaves (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Endive (''Cichorium endivia'')
** Escarole (''Cichorium endivia var. latifolia)
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'') - leafy tops and base
* Fenugreek (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'')
* Gai choy / Gai choi / Mustard greens / Kai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Goutweed (''Aegodopium podograria'')
* Kai lan / Gai lan (''Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra'')
* Kale (''Brassica oleracea var. acephala'')
* Komatsuna / Mustard spinach (''Brassica rapa var. perviridis or komatsuna'')<ref>YouTube, marshmallow0219, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN3_oFz2LxA 小松菜を食べるももさんMomo eats Komatsuna leaves]</ref>
* Lamb's quarters / White goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lettuce (''Lactuca sativa'')
** Butterhead lettuce
** Cos lettuce
** Frisee lettuce
** Green leaf lettuce
** Red leaf lettuce
** Romaine lettuce
** Lollo rosso lettuce
** Lollo lettuce
* Mache / corn salad (''Valerianella locusta'')
* Mint (''Mentha'' spp.) - <span class="bad">some plants in the '''mint family''' ''Lamiaceae'' may be [[toxic]]</span>
** Apple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Chocolate mint (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Orange mint (''Mentha citrata'')
** Peppermint leaves (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Pineapple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Spearmint (''Mentha spicata'')
* Mustard greens (''Brassica juncea'')
* Napa cabbage / Pe tsai (''Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis'')
* New Zealand spinach (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'')<ref> Robert, H.G. (1927). ''Raising Rabbits For Fur, Meat And Profit.'' Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=1Cx8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&lpg=PT6</ref>
* On choy / Water spinach / Kangkong / Kangkung / River spinach / Water morning glory / Water convolvulus (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref>Samkol, P. (2009). Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'') as a feed resource for growing rabbits. Retrieved 27 April 2016 from http://mekarn.org/msc2003-05/theses05/samkollitrev.pdf</ref>
* Parsley (''Petroselinum crispum'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Purslane is a good choice for small pets. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/purslane-is-a-good-choice-for-small-pets</ref>
* Raspberry leaves (''Rubus spp.'')
* Radicchio (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Radish tops and sprouts (''Raphanus sativus'')
** Oriental radish / Daikon (''Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus'')
* Rucola / Rucculo salad (''Eruca sativa'')
* Rutabaga greens (''Brassica napobrassica'')
* Spinach (''Spinacia oleracea'')
* Spring greens
* Sprouts
** Alfalfa sprouts (''Medicago sativa'')
** Lentil sprouts
** Pea sprouts (''Pisum sativum'')
** Mung bean sprouts (''Vigna radiata'')
* Sweet potato vines (''Ipomoea batatas'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2017). Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/551</ref> - <span class="bad">'''Not regular potato greens!''' Regular potato greens are in the nightshade family and [[toxic]].</span>
* Swiss Chard (''Beta vulgaris cicla'')
* Thistles [bull, milk, sow]<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Wild thistles provide healthy benefits for house rabbits and other herbivores. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/wild-thistles-provide-healthy-benefits-for-house-rabbits-and-other-herbivores</ref>
* Turnip greens (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
* Watercress
* Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref> Feedipedia. (2013). Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/136</ref>
* Wheatgrass (''Poa spp.'')
* Yu Choy
</div>

=== Non-leafy greens ===
The remaining 25% of your rabbits vegetable intake may come from non-leafy greens, around 1 tbsp per 2 lb of bun.

The following are some known rabbit-safe foods in this category.<ref name="hrsveg">House Rabbit Society, Susan A. Brown, DVM, [http://rabbit.org/suggested-vegetables-and-fruits-for-a-rabbit-diet/ Suggested Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet]. Accessed 21 Sep 2015.</ref><ref name="lagoveg"/><ref name="adopta">
Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/abcvegi.html ABC's of Rabbit Safe Vegetables & Fruits]</ref><ref name="mediveggies"/><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/node/187 Rabbit-safe vegetables]</ref><ref>Save A Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/safe-foods-for-rabbits Safe fruit, vegetables, herbs and plants suitable for rabbits]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Artichoke leaves
* Asparagus (''Asparagus officinalis'')
* Beets (''Beta vulgaris'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Bell peppers / Sweet peppers (''Capsicum annuum'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Broccoflower
* Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea var. italica'')
* Broccolini (''Brassica oleracea var. italica x alboglabra'')
* Brussels sprouts (''Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera'')
* Caraway
* Carrots (''Daucus carota'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'')
* Celery (''Apium graveolens'') - cut in 1" pieces due to concern about choking on the strings or having them wrap around teeth; high in water content.
* Celeriac (''Apium graveolens'') - celery root.
* Chinese pea pods (the flat kind without large peas)
* Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus'') - high in water content.
* Garden pea pods (''Pisum sativum'') - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Globe artichoke / French artichoke (''Cynara scolymus'')
* Green beans - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Kohlrabi (''Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes'') - high in water content; feed as a treat.
* Okra (''Abelmoschus esculentus'')
* Peas / Mangetout - high in protein; feed as a treat. <span class="bad">'''Not''' the decorative sweet pea.</span>
** Green peas - <span class="bad">Do not feed dried peas as they may cause a '''fatal digestive blockage'''.</span>
** Snow peas <ref>RSPCA Victoria. (n.d.). Rabbit care. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.rspcavic.org/health-and-behaviour/rabbits/</ref>
** Sugar snap peas <ref>The Rabbit House. (2012). 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers — Flowers. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/</ref>
* Parsnip (''Pastinaca sativa'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Pumpkin (''Cucurbita pepo'') - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Radish (''Raphanus sativus'')
* Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'') [summer or winter: acorn, yellow summer / straightneck, crookneck, zucchini/courgette] - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Tomato (''Lycopersicon esculentum'') - high in water content; feed as a treat. <span class="bad">Feed ripe fruit only, unripe tomatoes and all tomato greens are '''toxic'''.
* Turnip (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
</div>

=== Edible flowers and plants ===
These plants and flowers can also be used to spice up a rabbit's veggies. Rabbits have more taste buds than humans and will appreciate food that actually tastes strong.<ref name="mediherb">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Herbs/herbs_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 3: Fresh herbs]</ref> You can also grow them fresh indoors in a pot if you'd like. If you pick them from outdoors, make sure they have not come in contact with cat, dog, or fox feces or treated with pesticides and chemicals.

{{right-image|file=RS foraging 2022-04.jpg|caption=An upside down hanging basket used to protect the base of a plantain plant in a garden from over-consumption by the bunny. You can also use tent pegs to hold down the basket if the rabbit will move it around.}}

Below is a list of known rabbit-safe flowers and plants.<ref name="mediherb"/><ref name="rnanh">Lucile Moore, [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Edition/dp/1626463999/ Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing, 2e]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/?q=node/191 Safe herbs]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034133/http://kanin.org/node/189 Rabbit-safe plants (grass/flowers)]</ref><ref>MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Flow/flower_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 5: Flowers]</ref><ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/ 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers – Annuals]</ref><ref>I Must Garden, [http://www.imustgarden.com/plants-rabbits-eat Plants Rabbits Will Eat]</ref><ref>www.rabbitnutrition.co.uk, [http://rabbitnutrition.co.uk/page1.html Rabbits...naturally]</ref><ref>3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue, Inc., [http://www.3bunnies.org/non_toxic_plants.htm Non Toxic Plants]</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/wild-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits Favourite wild plants to pick for rabbits]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/more-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits More plants to pick for rabbits ]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px;">
* Alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'')
* Apple (''Malus spp.'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus excelsior'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Borage (''Borago officinalis'')
* Buchan weed (''Hirschfeldia incana'')
* Burdock (''Articum minus'')
* Brambles (''Rubus'' spp.) - includes raspberries and blackberries.
* Broad-leaved dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Caraway (''Carum carvi'')
* Cat's Ear (''Hypochoeris glabra'')
* Chamomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'')
* Chickweeds / starweeds / starworts (''Stellaria media'')
* Chervil (''Anthriscus cerefolium'')
* Clover / trefoil (''Trifolium'' spp.) - specifically, white clover (''Trifolium repens'') and red clover (''Trifolium pratense'')
* Cockscomb (''Celosia argenta cristata'')
* Comfrey (''Symphytum officinale'')
* Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Common snapdragon (''Antirrhinum majus'')
* Common zinnia (''Zinnia elegans'')
* Coltsfoot (''Tussilago farfara'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cornflower / Bachelors button (''Centaurea cyanus'')
* Cosmos (''Cosmos bipinnatus'')
* Cow parsley (''Anthriscus sylvestris'')
* Curled dock (''Rumex cripus'')
* Daisy / Common daisy / English daisy (''Bellis perennis'')
* Dame's rocket (''Hesperis matronalis'')
* Dandelion (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Daylily (''Hemerocallis spp.'')
* Dead Nettle (''Lamium album'')
* Dill (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgaris'')
* Field maple (''Acer campestre'')
* Flatweed (''Hypochoeris radicata'')
* Fireweed / Rosebay willowherb / Great willow-herb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Garden cress (''Lepidium sativum'')
* Garden nasturtium / Indian cress (''Tropaeolum majus'')
* Garden Verbena (''Verbena x hybrida'')
* Geum / Avens (''Geum spp.'')
* Gillyflower / stock (''Matthiola incana'')
* Gladiolus (''Gladiolus spp.'')
* Goat willow (''Salix caprea'')
* Goldenrod (''Solidago spp.'')
* Greater plantain / Broadleaf plantain (''Plantago major'')
* Ground elder (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'')
* Goutweed (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus avellana'')
* Hibiscus (''Malvaceae spp.'')
* Hogweed (''Heracleum spondyleum'')
* Hollyhock (''Alcea spp.'')
* Hyssop (''Hyssopus officinalis'')
* Impatiens (''Impatiens walleriana'')
* Irish moss (''Sagina subulata'')
* Jasmine (''Jasminum sambac'')
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Knotweed / smartweek / hogweed / wireweed / lady's thumb (''Polygonum aviculare'')
* Lady's mantle (''Alchemilla mollis'')
* Lady's smock (''Cardamine pratensis'')
* Lamb's quarter / fat hen / goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lavender (''Lavendula spp.'')
* Lemon balm (''Melissa officinalis'')
* Lovage (''Levisticum officianle'')
* Mallow (''Malva spp.'') - specifically, common mallow (''Malva sylvestris'')
* Milk thistle / lady's thistle / holy thistle / St. Mary's thistle (''Caduus marianus'' L.)
* Moss-rose (''Portulaca grandiflora'')
* Mustard (''Sinapis spp.'')
* Mustard greens / Kai choi / Gai choy / Gai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Nasturtium (''Tropaeolum spp.'')
* Nettle (''Urtica urens'') - feed dried or wilted to reduce sting, but rabbits generally have no trouble eating fresh either.
* New England aster (''Aster novae-angliae'')
* Oregano (''Origanum vulgare'')
* Orchid (''Phalenopsis, Sophrontitis, Oncidium, Cattleya spp.'')
* Oxeye daisy / Marguerite (''Leucanthemum vulgare'')
* Pansy (''Viola × wittrockiana'')
* Peppermint (''Mentha × piperita'')
* Petunia (''Petunia x hybrida'')
* Plantain / ribwort (''Plantago'' spp.) - specifically, broad-leafed plantains (''P. major'') and narrow-leafed plantains (''P. lanceolata'')
* Pot marigold (Calendula) (''Calendula officinalis'')
* Prickly lettuce (''Lactuca serriola'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')
* Ribbon plant / Spider plant (''Chlorophytum comosum'')
* Ribwort / Narrow-leaved plantain (''Plantago lanceolata'')
* Rose (''Rosa spp.'')
* Rosebay willowherb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Rosemary (''Rosmarinus officinalis'')
* Sage (''Salvia spp.'')
* Salad burnet / Small burnet (''Sanguisorba minor'')
* Sand rocket / Lincon weed (''Diplotaxis tenuifolia'')
* Shepherd's purse / caseweed / shovelweed (''Capsella bursapastoris'')
* Snow / Sugarsnap peas (''Pisum sativum'')
* Sow thistle / milk thistle (''Sonchus oleraceus'')
* Sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'')
* Sweet Cicely (''Myrrhis odorata'')
* Tall morning glory (''Ipomoea purpurea'') - seeds are [[toxic]]
* Tarragon (''Artemisia dracunculus'')
* Thyme (''Thymus spp.'')
* Turnip weed (''Rapistrum rugosum'')
* Treasure flower (''Gazania rigens'')
* Viola (''Violaceae spp.'')
* Vetch (''Vicia spp.'')
* Wallflower (''Erysimum spp.'')
* Weeping willow
* Wild lettuce (''Lactuca satigna'')
* Wild pansy / Heartsease (''Viola tricolor'')
* Wild strawberries (''Fragaria'' spp.)
* Wild turnip (''Brassica tournefortii'')
* Wishbone flower (''Torenia'' spp.)
* Wood cranesbill / Woodland geranium (''Geranium sylvaticum'')
* Woodland Goosefoot (''Chenopodium standleyanum'')<ref>Illinois Wildflowers, [http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wd_goosefoot.htm Woodland Goosefoot]</ref>
* Yarrow (''Achillea millefolium'')
</div>

== Vegetables to avoid ==
{{Main|[[Toxic plants]]}}
Like any other animal, rabbits should not eat certain plants. Our main [[Toxic plants]] article will address the plants that should be kept out of a rabbit's reach. ''Always check that list first before feeding your rabbit anything new.''

<div class="bad">
The ones listed below should be avoided for various reasons.

* Bamboo shoots - many species contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Chocolate - poisonous to most pets.
* Coffee plants - contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Corn - rabbits cannot digest corn hulls, and they are just the right size to block the small intestine if not chewed properly.
* Diatomaceous earth - made from finely ground shells, and when ingested or breathed in, can act like razor blades; do not use in litter or food.
* Iceberg lettuce - safe for rabbits to eat, but low in nutrients and higher in water content than other darker lettuces. Large amounts can cause diarrhea.
* Garlic and onions - immunosuppressive, see [[Diet FAQ#Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?|Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?]] for details.
* Raw anasazi, broad, common, lima, black, fava, horse, runner, garden, pinto, navy, kidney, soy beans and sprouts - contains high amounts of lectins which can damage intestinal walls and reduce nutrient absorption, but are destroyed by cooking and reduced by soaking, sprouting, or fermenting.<ref name="ynotdiet">Y-Not Bunnies, [http://www.y-notbunnies.com/diet_and_information.htm Diet and Information]</ref><ref>Raw Evolution, [http://rawevolution.wordpress.com/what-not-to-sprout/ What not to sprout]</ref><ref>The Kitchen Physician, Carolyn Swicegood, [http://www.landofvos.com/articles/sprouts.html Sprouting for Healthier Birds]</ref>
* Raw potatoes - high in starches and contain a toxic alkaloid called solanine before being cooked.
</div>

== How should I store my bunny vegetables? ==
Vegetables tend to spoil easily and can be a hassle to prepare everyday. There are several products on the market that can help you store prepped vegetables for your rabbit in the fridge for longer periods of time than a normal food container or plastic produce bags.

<div class="blue">
Some storage products that may help you include the following:

* {{amazon|id=B000OUY2QO|name=Prepworks by Progressive Lettuce Keeper - 4.7 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B003QP2WJ8|name=Prepworks by Progressive Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Keeper - 1.9 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B004S67V2C|name=Progressive Collapsible Produce Keeper}}
* {{amazon|id=B00TO8X0BA|name=OXO Good Grips GreenSaver Produce Keeper - Large (4.7 Quart)}}
* {{amazon|id=B01BD165SK|name=Rubbermaid FreshWorks 17.3 Cup Large Produce Saver, Green}}
* {{amazon|id=B000WEIICG|name=Rubbermaid Produce Saver Food Storage Container, 14-Cup}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* RabbitsOnline.net. [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/quick-list-rabbit-safe-foods.49434/ QUICK LIST: Rabbit-Safe Foods]
* bunloaf. [https://shop.bunloaf.com/safe-plants-for-rabbits Foraging & Gardening for Rabbits - Safe herbs, garden plants, and wildflowers for bunnies]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. [http://www.indianahrs.org/rabbit-care/greens-vegetables.aspx Greens and Vegetables]
* House Rabbit Society. [https://rabbit.org/natural-nutrition-part-ii-pellets-and-veggies-2/ Natural Nutrition Part II: Pellets and Veggies] (bottom half)
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/vegetables Vegetables]
* Rabbit Welfare Fund. [http://www.bobtailsrescue.org.uk/docs/RWF_Healthy%20eating%20for%20your%20rabbit%20(Oct%202006).pdf Going Green - Healthy Eating for Your Rabbit]
* Nicole Morgan. (2013). [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BwX_kcLhvS-2UnZ0ekE4dXc0cTQ FRESH PLANTS! (A Feeding Guide)].

== See also==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Treats]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Relationships with rabbits

2025-10-11T21:10:34Z

Malikethbun: /* Chickens & roosters */

Rabbits are very social creatures. Although rabbits may be a prey species, with care and supervision, owners can have multi-species households with children while owning a pet rabbit.

== Children ==
Under close supervision, children and rabbits can interact well. However, rabbits should not be added to a family purely for child entertainment, and the adults in the household should ultimately be the ones responsible for the rabbit's care and health, not any minors.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=KIdsAndBunniesTheRabbitSanctuary.jpg|caption=Kids & Bunnies info gfx by The Rabbit Sanctuary.}}
</div>
{{right-image|file=NalaAndMeredith.jpg|caption=Here is Nala playing with Meredith. Photo by [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10154193061713809/ PattiZ.]}}
{{right-image|file=BabbyAndRabbit1B.jpg|caption=Baby & rabbit getting along. Photo by [https://www.reddit.com/user/goatcheesebandit /u/goatcheesebandit]}}

Below are pages with more information about rabbits and children.
* Small Animal Resources. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/smallanimalresources/posts/1848663568669095 Introducing Kids and Pets]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/prepare.php#child Raising a Rabbit-Friendly Child]
* Carolyn Mixon. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-children-and-rabbits/ Children and Rabbits]
* Bill and Amy Harriman. (2012). [https://rabbit.org/bringing-baby-home/ Bringing Baby Home (Babies and Rabbits)]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14562-children-rabbits Children & Rabbits]
* P.A. Smith. [https://myhouserabbit.com/new-to-rabbits/children-and-pet-rabbits/ Children and Pet Rabbits]
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/children-and-rabbits Should I buy a rabbit for my child?]
* House Rabbit Society. (1995). [https://rabbit.org/kids-programs/ Kids' Programs]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=EZOvUKyeR6A|caption=Are Rabbits Good Pets for Children?}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
Here are some anecdotes about obtaining a rabbit for a child that did not end well.
* The Rabbit Haven. (2014). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/photos/a.496499893711179/836788503015648/ Story of Joseph the Easter bunny with his broken leg] {{graphic}}
* Fuzzy-rabbit. [http://www.fuzzy-rabbit.com/kidsandrabbits.htm A story of introducing a new bunny into a family household - as told to fuzzy-rabbit]
</div>

== Rabbits ==
{{Main|[[Bonding rabbits together]]}}
See our [[Bonding rabbits together]] article for more thorough information about how to bond your rabbit with one or more other rabbits.

== Cats ==
Cats and rabbits in the same household can be compatible, but they should generally be physically kept separate when unsupervised. Note that some animals may need to be permanently separate at all times for both animals' safety (e.g. rabbits aggressively chasing cats or vice versa). Positive intentions (such as play) between cats and rabbits may not lead to safe behaviors, notably between adolescents of either species. A lively teenage cat can put dangerous claws in a rabbit when trying to play. Very young and small bunnies should not be paired with a full-grown cat. Big rabbits can bully a lighter weight cat.

Solid doors and full-height barriers are best to separate cats and rabbits if necessary because cats are such great climbers and jumpers and can often still stick their paws and claws through most cages and pens. The stress of a cat consistently harassing a rabbit can also lead to dangers such as [[GI stasis]].

<div class="blue">
Some cat- and rabbit-proof gates with narrow bars available on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B0C3M5QL4X|name=AIKSSOO 55" Extra Tall Cat Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
* {{amazon|id=B0CCJN2SP6|name=COMOMY 71" Extra Tall Pet Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
</div>

<div class="note">
Cats of all ages should have their <b>claws trimmed regularly</b> to decrease the chance of injury. Cat <b>scratches and bites can be incredibly dangerous</b> to rabbits due to amount of bacteria in cat saliva and their use of dirty litter boxes. [[Abscesses]] are common in rabbits with small scratches and can easily lead to a fatal infection if not promptly and appropriately treated.

* u/Crazy_Bunny_Lady3471 (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m6duxe/rabbits_and_other_animals/ 2 rabbits relinquished to the shelter were previously attacked by cats in the same household. Both bunnies survived but required stitches and intense wound care]
* u/Difficult-Tax-3628. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vta0v8/bunny_may_not_survive_dont_know_what_to_do/ Rabbit at emergency hospital because a cat scratched rabbit's eye and bit her ear]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/7431134020260160 Eevie's abscess from a cat scratch] {{graphic}}
* Romeo's Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/romeosrabbitrescue/posts/4811327768904091 Rambo's story of multiple injuries including a huge facial abscess suspected from an attack by a cat or other predator] {{graphic}}
* Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/AAORabbitRescue/posts/5041977259215624 Jon Snow's story of being attacked by a cat and developing an abscess on his intestines]
* Blizzard and Butterscotch's Love Story Plus Freya. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/blizzardandbutterscotch/posts/123083592745190 Butterscotch grew an ear abscess after being scratched by a cat]
* The Unusual Pet Vets . (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/3605521152821485 7-week baby rabbit with multiple abscesses suspected from a cat bite] {{graphic}}
* The Rabbit Haven. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/posts/2463543903673425 Baby rabbits injured by cats]
* u/zekepitt. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8gpliu/update_please_help_my_rabbit_has_been_attacked_by/ Rabbit passed away after being attacked and badly injured by a cat] {{RIP}}
* u/mcghi1pn. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5hi00t/rabbit_eye_scratch/ Rabbit had an infected eye from a cat scratch]
* Bebette’s Bunny Rescue. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DH16rVCy86e/?igsh=bjdqb2owbXo3eDJ2 Young rabbit passes away after being bitten by a cat] {{RIP}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
<b>Please try to prevent the sharing of litter boxes between cats and rabbits, especially if your cat goes outdoors and/or eats raw meat.</b> Infected cat feces can transmit [[toxoplasmosis]], [[giardia]], and [[cryptosporidiosis]] to rabbits; all of which can be fatal within a few days.<ref name="catsgopets">Go Pets America, Inc. (2007). Internal Parasites in Rabbits. Retrieved 19 August, 2015, from http://www.gopetsamerica.com/small-animals/rabbit/internal-parasites-rabbits.aspx</ref> While rabbits may not directly ingest cat feces, rabbits can contract the parasites in households with cats by jumping in a cat's litter box, stepping in infected cat feces, and then ingesting the parasite when cleaning their feet. Additionally, most cat litter is unsafe for rabbits, and accidental ingestion can cause [[bloat|fatal blockages]] in rabbits.

* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Cat food should also be kept out of reach of rabbits. You can place cat food bowls on high tables, counters, or cat trees to prevent a rabbit from snacking in their bowl. Rabbits that dislike slick flooring like tile and hardwood can also be dissuaded from eating cat food if the bowl is placed in these areas. See [[Diet FAQ#Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?|Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?]] for more details.

The following links have been provided for more information about cats and rabbits living together.
* Amy Ramnaraine. (2017). [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-and-cats/ Rabbits & Cats]
* Amy Shapiro. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-11/cats-and-rabbits.html Cats and Rabbits]
* [http://catmeetsbunny.blogspot.com/ Cat Meets Bunny] - a blog that shares stories of people who are slowly integrating their rabbits and cats into one peaceful, happy, multi-species household
* Cats & Rabbits & More. [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cats___rabbits_together Cats & Rabbits Together]
* Diana_S. (2010). [http://www.catforum.com/forum/37-behavior/133563-cats-bunnies.html Cats and Bunnies]

== Dogs ==
{{right-image|file=MN-SNAP-RabbitsAndDogs1.jpg|caption="Can rabbits and dogs be friends?" Info sheet by the Minnesota Spay Neuter Assistance Program, [https://www.facebook.com/MinnesotaSpayNeuterAssistanceProgram/photos/a.10150234173615425.451563.409998735424/10156214928865425/?type=3&theater source.]}}
While it is possible for rabbits and dogs to co-exist in the same household, there are considerations to take into account when an owner wishes to introduce their animals. Generally, most dogs that are accepting and tolerant of cats are often comfortable around rabbits. Also, dogs that have not been allowed many opportunities to chase animals outside and are trained to remain calm during distractions are the least likely to antagonize a house rabbit.

<b>Good training with basic obedience is imperative!</b> If the dog is getting too rambunctious, owners need the ability to call their dog off the bunny or have them sit-stay or down-stay.

Younger and smaller rabbits tend to be higher energy than adult and larger rabbits. Dogs have relatively poor eyesight, but they have an excellent perception of quick movement; energetic bunnies will entice the dog to chase them because their quick haphazard movements are similar to that of prey. Bunnies that are calmer and lazier are much less likely to be chased. It is recommended that the bunny condo or habitat is kept in a common area where the dog can see, smell, and hear the bunnies first for a few days to a few weeks before they are let out together. If you decide to keep the dog on a leash, it is imperative to keep slack in the leash. If you pull on the dog's leash and collar, it will stress and frustrate the dog and lead to aggression.

'''How to tell if your dog is ready to meet the bunny:''' If the dog is completely ignoring the bunnies when they are in their habitat, then you can bring the dog in when the bunnies are already settled outside of their pen. Do not introduce the dog when the bunnies have just been let out of their pen and are doing excited binkies and zooming around. Ask the dog to sit-stay or down-stay and give him treats to staying. Once the dog stops staring at the rabbit, you can release the dog and let him sniff the rabbits while on leash. Do not pull on the leash unless you are concerned for anyone's safety. Ideally, you want the animals to ignore each other, so treat and praise them for doing so.

<div class="note">
For your rabbit's safety, please keep dogs and rabbits <b>completely separate with at least 3 types of dog-proof barriers</b> (e.g. gates, closed doors, crates, cages) when you are not around to supervise. A playful dog can easily accidentally fatally injure a rabbit.

Please keep your dog's food out of reach of your rabbit(s). See [[Diet FAQ#Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?|Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?]] for more details.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=_S65oELNcwM|caption="Introducing your rabbit companion to a canine companion." Presented by Shannon McCauley with Best Friends Training & House Rabbit Resources Network}}
</div>

The following links have been provided for more information about rabbits and dogs living together.
* Dog Breed Info Center, [http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/petreliability.htm Rating Dog Breeds in Reliability with Non-Canine Pets.] Of course each dog will react differently to rabbits. This page gives a "basic overall rating" for most breeds of domestic dogs.
* Kate McGinley. (1999). [http://www.rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/dogs.pdf Choosing a Rabbit-Friendly Dog]
* Amy Shapiro. (1989). [http://rabbit.org/when-fido-met-thumper-dogs-and-rabbits-2/ When Fido Met Thumper (Dogs and Rabbits)]
* Jessica Pearlman. (2007). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/can-dogs-rabbits-live-together-happily-ever-after/ Can Dogs & Rabbits Live Together Happily Ever After]
* Bunniez. (2008). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny---Puppy-Relations--Can-Rabbits-and-Dogs-be-friends Bunny - Puppy Relations, Can Rabbits and Dogs be friends?]
* Andrew Massaro. (2009). [http://ezinearticles.com/?Introducing-Rabbits-to-Dogs&id=3058078 Introducing Rabbits to Dogs]

Below are some links of peoples' experiences with rabbits and dogs coexisting.
* [http://dogmeetsbunny.blogspot.com/ Dog Meets Bunny]
* House Rabbit Society Facebook group. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10157997841448809/ Does anyone have house bunny's and dogs that get along?]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society Group Page. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/SanDiegoHRS/permalink/3374709405889258/ Bunnies and dogs question]

<div class="bad">
The following are some warning stories about accidents with dogs and rabbits:

* u/Crazy_Bunny_Lady3471 (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m6duxe/rabbits_and_other_animals/ 7 rabbits relinquished to the shelter were previously attacked by dogs in the same household. All 7 required surgical intervention -- 4 died within 24 hours, 1 died 3 weeks later due to infection.] {{RIP}}
* Miffy&Mikka. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/reel/687814987387512 Newly adopted 6-month-old border collie puppy escaped containment by a single gate while the owner was out for 2 hours and caused fatal heart attacks to two rabbits. {{RIP}}]
* u/Important-Load-356. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1koel2p/when_does_gi_stasis_get_better/ Lop rabbit got in a scuffle with OP's dog. Dog punctured the rabbit's mouth and gave her a concussion.]
* Clement Rabbit Rescue. (2024). [https://www.instagram.com/p/C-8TWffK1m7/?igsh=MXJmZ2NiejN4Y3Njeg== Weeks-old lop rabbit, Delphine, experienced a lumbar spinal injury that paralyzed her hind legs after a dog picked her up and shook her.] {{graphic}}
* u/Imaginary-Deal5720. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/197vyua/tips_on_grieving/ 6-year-old lionhead rabbit was fatally injured by a German Shephard that escaped.] {{RIP}}
* u/Creative_Recover. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/parrots/comments/197c5ov/birds_and_cats_dont_mix_cats_will_eat_your_pet/ki1i5ay/ A young Staffordshire Bull Terrier left unsupervised around 30+ rabbits free roaming eventually attacked them all fatally with two other dachshunds in the household when owner went out to shop one day.] {{RIP}}
* u/ugliDumpling. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/18z6wer/anyone_with_a_rabbit_thats_experienced_a_hip/ Flemish Giant chased by dog and ended up with a hairline fracture on pelvis and luxated hip.]
* u/Fairyaliencreature. (2024). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/18ykjlx/dog_attack_on_gizmo/ Rabbit attacked by a dog after meeting for less than a minute and ended up with 6 broken ribs and more injuries.] {{graphic}}
* u/ComicalAccountName. (2023). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/13udilm/i_dont_know_what_to_do_the_person_we_hired_to_pet/ Hired petsitter unexpectedly brought their dog without permission, and the dog broke the fence and got to the rabbits.] {{RIP}}
* u/GlumQuantity1876. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/13d0ycy/dog_killed_my_bunny/ Puppy escaped into the yard while rabbit was using it.] {{RIP}}
* u/nananutellacrepes. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/11q1hdt/1_year_after_my_beloved_rabbit_passed_away/ Puppy got into a fabric exercise pen where rabbit was being kept.] {{RIP}}
* u/Alex-gecko-lover. (2022). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zm228i/i_already_miss_her_so_much_explanation_we_were/ Dogs that were being pet-sat broke into rabbit cage and scared one to death.] {{RIP}}
* u/LizardsHaveCulture. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zhtg7z/one_of_my_rabbits_was_mauled_by_a_dog/ One of my rabbits was mauled by a dog.] {{RIP}}
* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/353778186814169 Rabbit was dumped at shelter after a dog bit off her ears.] {{graphic}}
* u/TheDeathstr1ke. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/st15k8/rip_i_lost_my_sweet_little_babies_sunday/ Unsupervised dogs broke into rabbit cages.] {{RIP}}
* u/Beginning-Damage7259. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qmbtnc/bunny_was_attacked_by_my_dog/ Unsupervised dog broke into and destroyed rabbit exercise pen and attacked rabbit.] {{graphic}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/3286092841475448 Rabbit "donated" to rescue after suffering a serious dog attack.] {{graphic}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2976601225757946 A new pitbull mix with two rabbits.] {{RIP}}
* u/nicyoung87. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/f0204x/3_days_ago_i_lost_my_little_boy_i_came_home_what/ Dog played too rough with rabbit while unsupervised together.] {{RIP}}
* u/jalynncx. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/en7ztu/dog_killed_my_bunny/ Rabbit was taken outside for exercise while his area was cleaned and household pitbull mix ran out and attacked the rabbit.] {{RIP}}
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/photos/a.112459649112/10157893414204113/ Duncan's story of getting his ears chewed off by a dog.] {{graphic}}
* u/baesil12. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/9ngirk/my_dog_killed_my_rabbit_and_i_am_beyond_devastated/ Dog killed rabbit while unsupervised together and owner was out of the house.] {{RIP}}
* u/Knitkicks. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5ads02/i_feel_sick_bun_injured_right_before_my_eyes/ Dog snapped at rabbit with no warning.]
* u/MyRabbitElla. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2xj5ir/today_my_beautiful_bunny_ella_was_almost_killed/ Dog almost got to accidentally unsecured rabbit when unsupervised.]
* u/aznbimbo. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3f5u13/im_the_worst_bunny_owner_ever/ Unsecured dog that was being pet-sat tried to attack running rabbit.]
</div>

== Guinea pigs ==
{{right-image|file=RWAF-RabbitAndGuineaPigs1.jpg|caption=Infographic from RWAF about keeping rabbits and guinea pigs together in the same housing.}}
A <b>guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'')</b>, also called a <b>cavy</b> or <b>domestic guinea pig</b>, is an animal with similar housing, dietary, and health needs as rabbits. However, it is generally not advisable to keep rabbits and guinea pigs together in the same enclosure for the following reasons:<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref><ref name="rwaf">RWAF FB Page (September 2019). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRWAF/photos/a.339355202147/10157589281862148/?type=3&theater ''The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund: Rabbits and guinea pigs can live together''.]</ref>

* Rabbits are often much larger and bully guinea pigs and injure them through kicking or biting. The guinea pig should have an escape area that only it can access.
* Rabbits may mount the guinea pig, causing stress and possible injury.
* Rabbits can harbour ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' in their nasal passages, which is not capable of inducing disease in rabbits but potentially pathogenic to guinea pigs.
* Guinea pigs have a requirement for high levels of vitamin C as they cannot produce it in their bodies like rabbits. If fed a rabbit diet, sufficient levels may not be provided for the guinea pig.

There are some rabbits and guinea pigs who have appeared to form a strong pair bond. If kept together, the size difference should be kept to a minimum.<ref name="rm&s"/> Stable solo rabbit/solo guinea pig pairs should not be separated after the fact.

However, rabbits and guinea pigs are fine in the same overall household. They should be kept out of direct contact and housed out of sneezing distance (e.g. in different rooms or rabbits on the floor and guinea pigs on a high table).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:RabbitsAndGuineaPigs_WhyTheyShouldNotLiveTogether.jpg|center|thumb|Rabbits and Guinea Pigs: Why They Should Not Live Together. Cheat sheet by The Guinea Pig Community.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:PiggiesBest4Bunny.jpg|center|thumb|Best4bunnies Guinea Pigs & Rabbits infogfx.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:SunshineCavies-Rabbits.jpg|center|thumb|Rabbit & cavie infogfx by Sunshine Cavies.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Speak-up-for-guinea-pigs1.jpg|center|thumb|We may look cute together, but.... Speak Up 4 Guinea Pigs|x300px]]</div>
</div>

The following links have been provided for more information about guinea pigs and rabbits living together.

* Cavy Cages. [http://www.guineapigcages.com/rabbits.htm Rabbits & Other Pets: Guinea Pigs with Rabbits? NOT a Good Idea.]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t86-guinea-pigs-rabbits-why-not-to-co-habitate Guinea Pigs & Rabbits: Why Not To Co-habitate!]
* RSPCA. [http://www.rspca.org.uk/allaboutanimals/pets/rabbits/company/rabbitsandguineapigs Keeping rabbits and guinea pigs together]
* Goddard Veterinary Group. [https://www.goddardvetgroup.co.uk/why-keeping-a-rabbit-and-guinea-pig-together-is-not-a-good-idea/ Why keeping a rabbit and guinea pig together is not a good idea…]
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/guinea-pigs-and-rabbits Can I keep a rabbit and guinea pig together?]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/mi/FAST/bunniesandpiggies.html Can Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Be Housed Together]

== Birds ==
'''Birds should never interact or live in the same room as rabbits.''' The following concerns make cohabitation incompatible:

* Most birds need free roaming for a significant part of the day, and rabbits often are in pens/free roaming with no roofs/ceilings which makes free roaming birds in same room very difficult to do safely, as they should never have any opportunities to interact.
* Rabbit skin is incredibly delicate and prone to abscesses. Birds can easily hurt rabbits with their very sharp talons and beaks.
* Birds are also incredibly fragile, and rabbits tends to be significantly larger than birds and can easily injure them (sometimes fatally).
* Birds create a ton of dust, which causes the disease “Bird Fancier’s Lung”. Rabbits have very delicate respiratory systems and are very at risk of developing this complication.
* Many species of bird are loud and excessively vocal which could frighten and/or stress out rabbits (especially considering their sensitive ears).
* Some species of birds are neophobic, meaning they are easily startled by new or unexpected things, which can sometimes result in medical emergency or even death in the bird. Rabbits’ unpredictable zoomies and binkies could be problematic for this reason.
* Birds have a different sleeping schedule than rabbits (birds need 12+ hours of night time sleep and they tend to be light sleepers— sleep quality is very important for some species of birds, especially parrots).
* Birds eat seeds, which can be incredibly unhealthy (causing obesity and/or upset stomach) or even dangerous if the rabbit were to ingest scattered seeds fallen in and around the bird’s area.
* Rabbits are susceptible to Coccidia infections, and birds tend to be Coccidia carriers and shedders, including while asymptomatic (rabbits can still catch Coccidia from an asymptomatic bird). Biannual or annual fecal testing is advised for birds for this reason. They can be non-shedding carriers; they only transmit if the parasite is detectable.
* Rabbits often carry some amount of Pasteurella which is not at all safe for birds.

== Ferrets ==
{{bad|Ferrets are <b>not recommended</b> as pets in the same household as rabbits.}}
{{right-image|file=RabbitMauledByFerret1a.jpg|caption=This rabbit was attacked and severely mauled by a ferret. {{blur}}|class=blur}}

Ferrets are a domesticated form of the European polecat. They are obligate carnivores and need to hunt and eat as often as every 4-6 hours. A ferret's main use was for hunting rabbits, rodents, and moles, and they are still used for hunting in some countries.

<blockquote>Absolutely Not! Ferrets are innate hunters and will kill/ possibly eat the rabbit. Ferrets still have a great deal of their wild instincts in them, different from dogs, and will invariably go for the kill, given the opportunity. They eat meat, not greens, and so long as you have yours caged with your bunny, then one or the other is going to wind up hurt or dead. - [http://myferretpet.com/2014/05/do-ferrets-eat-rabbits-can-ferrets-and.html My Ferret Pet]</blockquote>

<blockquote>While ferrets make great, loving pets for the right people, they are never to be fully trusted. They are mischievous animals who always keep their owners on guard. This can be an endearing trait to some, but dangerous if you have prey animals in the house. There is no one specific way to ferret-proof a home because ferrets constantly test their boundaries and incessantly work to find ways into everything they are kept out of. - [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/ferrets.shtml Ashley Hentz]</blockquote>

* My Ferret Pet. (2018). [http://myferretpet.com/2014/05/do-ferrets-eat-rabbits-can-ferrets-and.html Can Ferrets and Rabbits Get Along?]
* Ashley Hentz. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/living-with-rabbits-and-ferrets/ Living With Rabbits and Ferrets]

== Chickens & roosters ==
{{right-image|file=RabbitsChickensRoosters-EastCoastRabbitRescue1A.jpg|caption=Graphic images of rabbits that had been forced to live in the same cage with chickens and roosters. They were forced to compete for food. {{blur}} Image source: [https://www.gofundme.com/save-the-dying-barn-bunnies East Coast Rabbit Rescue]|class=blur}}

{{bad|Chickens and roosters are <b>not recommended</b> to live in the same area as rabbits.}} Chickens and roosters are omnivores and will eat meat. In the wild, they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects and even animals as large as lizards, small snakes or young mice.<ref name="chickenmeat1">Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs. Retrieved 9 Sep 2018 from http://gworrell.freeyellow.com/chickenfaq.html .</ref>

Several diseases are also transmissible between the species. As Dr. Jacquie Jacob from the University of Kentucky writes,<ref name="chickenmeat2"> Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky. (n.d.). Interactions of Chickens in Small and Backyard Poultry Flocks with Other Species. Retrieved 13 May 2022 from https://ohio4h.org/sites/ohio4h/files/imce/animal_science/Poultry/Interactions%20of%20Chickens%20in%20Small%20and%20Backyard%20Poultry%20Flocks%20with%20Other%20Species%20-%20eXtension.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>Chickens and rabbits have several diseases in common. For example, often <I>Pasteurella multocida</i> is endemic in rabbit colonies. An infection of <I>P. multocida</i> can be a problem in rabbit production and is associated with respiratory symptoms that are commonly referred to as "snuffles." <i>P. multocida</i> infection of chickens can result in an outbreak of fowl cholera. Also, there is a chicken cholera that rabbits can contract.</blockquote>

<i>Salmonella</i> can also be transmitted between chickens and rabbits. While both species can be infected with [[coccidiosis]], coccidia strains are highly host- and site-specific, although they can still transmit the disease through cross-contamination of feces.

When rabbits and chickens/roosters are kept together, and they have to compete for food, the following can happen:

<blockquote>Recently we were called to a tiny barn area where about 30+ rabbits were trapped and been EATEN ALIVE by about 30 chickens and roosters!! The birds attacked the rabbits every day, killing all their babies, plucking their eyes out, and pecking their malnourished bodies until every rabbit became absolutely filled with horrifying abscesses while wallowing in filth. Wounds so gaping, necrotic, half-eaten, and extensive they defy the imagination. By the time we were able to get permission to take them away already 8 had died. Then one died on route to the facility, and another during emergency surgery. - [https://www.gofundme.com/save-the-dying-barn-bunnies East Coast Rabbit Rescue]</blockquote>

The following are a few rescued and injured rabbits that were housed with aggressive chickens and resulted in lifelong injuries:

* Georgia House Rabbit Society. [https://archive.ph/KfzTf Heat Miser - was housed outdoors with chickens; an eye was removed after repeat infections from getting pecked]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2719387118146026 Tilt - was housed in an enclosure with too many rabbits and chickens and developed a severe ear infection that resulted in lifelong head tilt.] {{graphic}}
* Special Bunny. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/specialbunnyrescue/videos/273027760046275/ Cooper - rescued from a chicken coop from roommates that pecked and injured his eye]
* Special Bunny. [https://specialbunny.org/jimmy/ Jimmy - rescued from a chicken coop with a broken back and multiple pecking injuries]

== Further reading ==
* Best Friends Animal Society, [http://www.bestfriends.org/theanimals/pdfs/bunnies/rabbitrelationships.pdf Rabbit Relationships]

Here are some sites with more information about bonding your rabbit with other animals.

* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-companion-animals.html What Animals Get Along with Rabbits?]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/bonding.html Bonding]
* Wisconsin Humane Society, [http://www.wihumane.org/education/WisconsinHumaneSociety-ABuddyforYourRabbit.aspx Buddies for Your Bunny]
* Margie Wilson, [http://www.petplace.com/small-mammals/introducing-your-rabbit-to-other-family-pets/page1.aspx Introducing Your Rabbit to Other Family Pets]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/animals.pdf Rabbits and Other Animals]
* Small Animal Channel.com, Laura Doering, [http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/rabbit-interaction/rabbits-and-pets.aspx Rabbits And Other Pets]
* Small pet site, Rahul C Pareek, [https://smallpetsite.com/what-animals-get-along-with-rabbits List of 30 animals and their relationship with Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Bonding rabbits together]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]

Relationships with rabbits

2025-10-11T21:04:59Z

Malikethbun: /* Birds */Overhauled and revamped the birds section to have updated information and standards in agreement to current cohabitation guidelines, taking health and wellbeing of all animals into consideration.

Rabbits are very social creatures. Although rabbits may be a prey species, with care and supervision, owners can have multi-species households with children while owning a pet rabbit.

== Children ==
Under close supervision, children and rabbits can interact well. However, rabbits should not be added to a family purely for child entertainment, and the adults in the household should ultimately be the ones responsible for the rabbit's care and health, not any minors.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=KIdsAndBunniesTheRabbitSanctuary.jpg|caption=Kids & Bunnies info gfx by The Rabbit Sanctuary.}}
</div>
{{right-image|file=NalaAndMeredith.jpg|caption=Here is Nala playing with Meredith. Photo by [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10154193061713809/ PattiZ.]}}
{{right-image|file=BabbyAndRabbit1B.jpg|caption=Baby & rabbit getting along. Photo by [https://www.reddit.com/user/goatcheesebandit /u/goatcheesebandit]}}

Below are pages with more information about rabbits and children.
* Small Animal Resources. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/smallanimalresources/posts/1848663568669095 Introducing Kids and Pets]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/prepare.php#child Raising a Rabbit-Friendly Child]
* Carolyn Mixon. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-children-and-rabbits/ Children and Rabbits]
* Bill and Amy Harriman. (2012). [https://rabbit.org/bringing-baby-home/ Bringing Baby Home (Babies and Rabbits)]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14562-children-rabbits Children & Rabbits]
* P.A. Smith. [https://myhouserabbit.com/new-to-rabbits/children-and-pet-rabbits/ Children and Pet Rabbits]
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/children-and-rabbits Should I buy a rabbit for my child?]
* House Rabbit Society. (1995). [https://rabbit.org/kids-programs/ Kids' Programs]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=EZOvUKyeR6A|caption=Are Rabbits Good Pets for Children?}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
Here are some anecdotes about obtaining a rabbit for a child that did not end well.
* The Rabbit Haven. (2014). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/photos/a.496499893711179/836788503015648/ Story of Joseph the Easter bunny with his broken leg] {{graphic}}
* Fuzzy-rabbit. [http://www.fuzzy-rabbit.com/kidsandrabbits.htm A story of introducing a new bunny into a family household - as told to fuzzy-rabbit]
</div>

== Rabbits ==
{{Main|[[Bonding rabbits together]]}}
See our [[Bonding rabbits together]] article for more thorough information about how to bond your rabbit with one or more other rabbits.

== Cats ==
Cats and rabbits in the same household can be compatible, but they should generally be physically kept separate when unsupervised. Note that some animals may need to be permanently separate at all times for both animals' safety (e.g. rabbits aggressively chasing cats or vice versa). Positive intentions (such as play) between cats and rabbits may not lead to safe behaviors, notably between adolescents of either species. A lively teenage cat can put dangerous claws in a rabbit when trying to play. Very young and small bunnies should not be paired with a full-grown cat. Big rabbits can bully a lighter weight cat.

Solid doors and full-height barriers are best to separate cats and rabbits if necessary because cats are such great climbers and jumpers and can often still stick their paws and claws through most cages and pens. The stress of a cat consistently harassing a rabbit can also lead to dangers such as [[GI stasis]].

<div class="blue">
Some cat- and rabbit-proof gates with narrow bars available on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B0C3M5QL4X|name=AIKSSOO 55" Extra Tall Cat Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
* {{amazon|id=B0CCJN2SP6|name=COMOMY 71" Extra Tall Pet Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
</div>

<div class="note">
Cats of all ages should have their <b>claws trimmed regularly</b> to decrease the chance of injury. Cat <b>scratches and bites can be incredibly dangerous</b> to rabbits due to amount of bacteria in cat saliva and their use of dirty litter boxes. [[Abscesses]] are common in rabbits with small scratches and can easily lead to a fatal infection if not promptly and appropriately treated.

* u/Crazy_Bunny_Lady3471 (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m6duxe/rabbits_and_other_animals/ 2 rabbits relinquished to the shelter were previously attacked by cats in the same household. Both bunnies survived but required stitches and intense wound care]
* u/Difficult-Tax-3628. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vta0v8/bunny_may_not_survive_dont_know_what_to_do/ Rabbit at emergency hospital because a cat scratched rabbit's eye and bit her ear]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/7431134020260160 Eevie's abscess from a cat scratch] {{graphic}}
* Romeo's Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/romeosrabbitrescue/posts/4811327768904091 Rambo's story of multiple injuries including a huge facial abscess suspected from an attack by a cat or other predator] {{graphic}}
* Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/AAORabbitRescue/posts/5041977259215624 Jon Snow's story of being attacked by a cat and developing an abscess on his intestines]
* Blizzard and Butterscotch's Love Story Plus Freya. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/blizzardandbutterscotch/posts/123083592745190 Butterscotch grew an ear abscess after being scratched by a cat]
* The Unusual Pet Vets . (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/3605521152821485 7-week baby rabbit with multiple abscesses suspected from a cat bite] {{graphic}}
* The Rabbit Haven. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/posts/2463543903673425 Baby rabbits injured by cats]
* u/zekepitt. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8gpliu/update_please_help_my_rabbit_has_been_attacked_by/ Rabbit passed away after being attacked and badly injured by a cat] {{RIP}}
* u/mcghi1pn. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5hi00t/rabbit_eye_scratch/ Rabbit had an infected eye from a cat scratch]
* Bebette’s Bunny Rescue. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DH16rVCy86e/?igsh=bjdqb2owbXo3eDJ2 Young rabbit passes away after being bitten by a cat] {{RIP}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
<b>Please try to prevent the sharing of litter boxes between cats and rabbits, especially if your cat goes outdoors and/or eats raw meat.</b> Infected cat feces can transmit [[toxoplasmosis]], [[giardia]], and [[cryptosporidiosis]] to rabbits; all of which can be fatal within a few days.<ref name="catsgopets">Go Pets America, Inc. (2007). Internal Parasites in Rabbits. Retrieved 19 August, 2015, from http://www.gopetsamerica.com/small-animals/rabbit/internal-parasites-rabbits.aspx</ref> While rabbits may not directly ingest cat feces, rabbits can contract the parasites in households with cats by jumping in a cat's litter box, stepping in infected cat feces, and then ingesting the parasite when cleaning their feet. Additionally, most cat litter is unsafe for rabbits, and accidental ingestion can cause [[bloat|fatal blockages]] in rabbits.

* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Cat food should also be kept out of reach of rabbits. You can place cat food bowls on high tables, counters, or cat trees to prevent a rabbit from snacking in their bowl. Rabbits that dislike slick flooring like tile and hardwood can also be dissuaded from eating cat food if the bowl is placed in these areas. See [[Diet FAQ#Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?|Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?]] for more details.

The following links have been provided for more information about cats and rabbits living together.
* Amy Ramnaraine. (2017). [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-and-cats/ Rabbits & Cats]
* Amy Shapiro. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-11/cats-and-rabbits.html Cats and Rabbits]
* [http://catmeetsbunny.blogspot.com/ Cat Meets Bunny] - a blog that shares stories of people who are slowly integrating their rabbits and cats into one peaceful, happy, multi-species household
* Cats & Rabbits & More. [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cats___rabbits_together Cats & Rabbits Together]
* Diana_S. (2010). [http://www.catforum.com/forum/37-behavior/133563-cats-bunnies.html Cats and Bunnies]

== Dogs ==
{{right-image|file=MN-SNAP-RabbitsAndDogs1.jpg|caption="Can rabbits and dogs be friends?" Info sheet by the Minnesota Spay Neuter Assistance Program, [https://www.facebook.com/MinnesotaSpayNeuterAssistanceProgram/photos/a.10150234173615425.451563.409998735424/10156214928865425/?type=3&theater source.]}}
While it is possible for rabbits and dogs to co-exist in the same household, there are considerations to take into account when an owner wishes to introduce their animals. Generally, most dogs that are accepting and tolerant of cats are often comfortable around rabbits. Also, dogs that have not been allowed many opportunities to chase animals outside and are trained to remain calm during distractions are the least likely to antagonize a house rabbit.

<b>Good training with basic obedience is imperative!</b> If the dog is getting too rambunctious, owners need the ability to call their dog off the bunny or have them sit-stay or down-stay.

Younger and smaller rabbits tend to be higher energy than adult and larger rabbits. Dogs have relatively poor eyesight, but they have an excellent perception of quick movement; energetic bunnies will entice the dog to chase them because their quick haphazard movements are similar to that of prey. Bunnies that are calmer and lazier are much less likely to be chased. It is recommended that the bunny condo or habitat is kept in a common area where the dog can see, smell, and hear the bunnies first for a few days to a few weeks before they are let out together. If you decide to keep the dog on a leash, it is imperative to keep slack in the leash. If you pull on the dog's leash and collar, it will stress and frustrate the dog and lead to aggression.

'''How to tell if your dog is ready to meet the bunny:''' If the dog is completely ignoring the bunnies when they are in their habitat, then you can bring the dog in when the bunnies are already settled outside of their pen. Do not introduce the dog when the bunnies have just been let out of their pen and are doing excited binkies and zooming around. Ask the dog to sit-stay or down-stay and give him treats to staying. Once the dog stops staring at the rabbit, you can release the dog and let him sniff the rabbits while on leash. Do not pull on the leash unless you are concerned for anyone's safety. Ideally, you want the animals to ignore each other, so treat and praise them for doing so.

<div class="note">
For your rabbit's safety, please keep dogs and rabbits <b>completely separate with at least 3 types of dog-proof barriers</b> (e.g. gates, closed doors, crates, cages) when you are not around to supervise. A playful dog can easily accidentally fatally injure a rabbit.

Please keep your dog's food out of reach of your rabbit(s). See [[Diet FAQ#Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?|Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food?]] for more details.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=_S65oELNcwM|caption="Introducing your rabbit companion to a canine companion." Presented by Shannon McCauley with Best Friends Training & House Rabbit Resources Network}}
</div>

The following links have been provided for more information about rabbits and dogs living together.
* Dog Breed Info Center, [http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/petreliability.htm Rating Dog Breeds in Reliability with Non-Canine Pets.] Of course each dog will react differently to rabbits. This page gives a "basic overall rating" for most breeds of domestic dogs.
* Kate McGinley. (1999). [http://www.rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/dogs.pdf Choosing a Rabbit-Friendly Dog]
* Amy Shapiro. (1989). [http://rabbit.org/when-fido-met-thumper-dogs-and-rabbits-2/ When Fido Met Thumper (Dogs and Rabbits)]
* Jessica Pearlman. (2007). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/can-dogs-rabbits-live-together-happily-ever-after/ Can Dogs & Rabbits Live Together Happily Ever After]
* Bunniez. (2008). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny---Puppy-Relations--Can-Rabbits-and-Dogs-be-friends Bunny - Puppy Relations, Can Rabbits and Dogs be friends?]
* Andrew Massaro. (2009). [http://ezinearticles.com/?Introducing-Rabbits-to-Dogs&id=3058078 Introducing Rabbits to Dogs]

Below are some links of peoples' experiences with rabbits and dogs coexisting.
* [http://dogmeetsbunny.blogspot.com/ Dog Meets Bunny]
* House Rabbit Society Facebook group. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10157997841448809/ Does anyone have house bunny's and dogs that get along?]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society Group Page. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/SanDiegoHRS/permalink/3374709405889258/ Bunnies and dogs question]

<div class="bad">
The following are some warning stories about accidents with dogs and rabbits:

* u/Crazy_Bunny_Lady3471 (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m6duxe/rabbits_and_other_animals/ 7 rabbits relinquished to the shelter were previously attacked by dogs in the same household. All 7 required surgical intervention -- 4 died within 24 hours, 1 died 3 weeks later due to infection.] {{RIP}}
* Miffy&Mikka. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/reel/687814987387512 Newly adopted 6-month-old border collie puppy escaped containment by a single gate while the owner was out for 2 hours and caused fatal heart attacks to two rabbits. {{RIP}}]
* u/Important-Load-356. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1koel2p/when_does_gi_stasis_get_better/ Lop rabbit got in a scuffle with OP's dog. Dog punctured the rabbit's mouth and gave her a concussion.]
* Clement Rabbit Rescue. (2024). [https://www.instagram.com/p/C-8TWffK1m7/?igsh=MXJmZ2NiejN4Y3Njeg== Weeks-old lop rabbit, Delphine, experienced a lumbar spinal injury that paralyzed her hind legs after a dog picked her up and shook her.] {{graphic}}
* u/Imaginary-Deal5720. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/197vyua/tips_on_grieving/ 6-year-old lionhead rabbit was fatally injured by a German Shephard that escaped.] {{RIP}}
* u/Creative_Recover. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/parrots/comments/197c5ov/birds_and_cats_dont_mix_cats_will_eat_your_pet/ki1i5ay/ A young Staffordshire Bull Terrier left unsupervised around 30+ rabbits free roaming eventually attacked them all fatally with two other dachshunds in the household when owner went out to shop one day.] {{RIP}}
* u/ugliDumpling. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/18z6wer/anyone_with_a_rabbit_thats_experienced_a_hip/ Flemish Giant chased by dog and ended up with a hairline fracture on pelvis and luxated hip.]
* u/Fairyaliencreature. (2024). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/18ykjlx/dog_attack_on_gizmo/ Rabbit attacked by a dog after meeting for less than a minute and ended up with 6 broken ribs and more injuries.] {{graphic}}
* u/ComicalAccountName. (2023). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/13udilm/i_dont_know_what_to_do_the_person_we_hired_to_pet/ Hired petsitter unexpectedly brought their dog without permission, and the dog broke the fence and got to the rabbits.] {{RIP}}
* u/GlumQuantity1876. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/13d0ycy/dog_killed_my_bunny/ Puppy escaped into the yard while rabbit was using it.] {{RIP}}
* u/nananutellacrepes. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/11q1hdt/1_year_after_my_beloved_rabbit_passed_away/ Puppy got into a fabric exercise pen where rabbit was being kept.] {{RIP}}
* u/Alex-gecko-lover. (2022). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zm228i/i_already_miss_her_so_much_explanation_we_were/ Dogs that were being pet-sat broke into rabbit cage and scared one to death.] {{RIP}}
* u/LizardsHaveCulture. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zhtg7z/one_of_my_rabbits_was_mauled_by_a_dog/ One of my rabbits was mauled by a dog.] {{RIP}}
* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/353778186814169 Rabbit was dumped at shelter after a dog bit off her ears.] {{graphic}}
* u/TheDeathstr1ke. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/st15k8/rip_i_lost_my_sweet_little_babies_sunday/ Unsupervised dogs broke into rabbit cages.] {{RIP}}
* u/Beginning-Damage7259. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qmbtnc/bunny_was_attacked_by_my_dog/ Unsupervised dog broke into and destroyed rabbit exercise pen and attacked rabbit.] {{graphic}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/3286092841475448 Rabbit "donated" to rescue after suffering a serious dog attack.] {{graphic}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2976601225757946 A new pitbull mix with two rabbits.] {{RIP}}
* u/nicyoung87. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/f0204x/3_days_ago_i_lost_my_little_boy_i_came_home_what/ Dog played too rough with rabbit while unsupervised together.] {{RIP}}
* u/jalynncx. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/en7ztu/dog_killed_my_bunny/ Rabbit was taken outside for exercise while his area was cleaned and household pitbull mix ran out and attacked the rabbit.] {{RIP}}
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/photos/a.112459649112/10157893414204113/ Duncan's story of getting his ears chewed off by a dog.] {{graphic}}
* u/baesil12. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/9ngirk/my_dog_killed_my_rabbit_and_i_am_beyond_devastated/ Dog killed rabbit while unsupervised together and owner was out of the house.] {{RIP}}
* u/Knitkicks. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5ads02/i_feel_sick_bun_injured_right_before_my_eyes/ Dog snapped at rabbit with no warning.]
* u/MyRabbitElla. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2xj5ir/today_my_beautiful_bunny_ella_was_almost_killed/ Dog almost got to accidentally unsecured rabbit when unsupervised.]
* u/aznbimbo. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3f5u13/im_the_worst_bunny_owner_ever/ Unsecured dog that was being pet-sat tried to attack running rabbit.]
</div>

== Guinea pigs ==
{{right-image|file=RWAF-RabbitAndGuineaPigs1.jpg|caption=Infographic from RWAF about keeping rabbits and guinea pigs together in the same housing.}}
A <b>guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'')</b>, also called a <b>cavy</b> or <b>domestic guinea pig</b>, is an animal with similar housing, dietary, and health needs as rabbits. However, it is generally not advisable to keep rabbits and guinea pigs together in the same enclosure for the following reasons:<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref><ref name="rwaf">RWAF FB Page (September 2019). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRWAF/photos/a.339355202147/10157589281862148/?type=3&theater ''The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund: Rabbits and guinea pigs can live together''.]</ref>

* Rabbits are often much larger and bully guinea pigs and injure them through kicking or biting. The guinea pig should have an escape area that only it can access.
* Rabbits may mount the guinea pig, causing stress and possible injury.
* Rabbits can harbour ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' in their nasal passages, which is not capable of inducing disease in rabbits but potentially pathogenic to guinea pigs.
* Guinea pigs have a requirement for high levels of vitamin C as they cannot produce it in their bodies like rabbits. If fed a rabbit diet, sufficient levels may not be provided for the guinea pig.

There are some rabbits and guinea pigs who have appeared to form a strong pair bond. If kept together, the size difference should be kept to a minimum.<ref name="rm&s"/> Stable solo rabbit/solo guinea pig pairs should not be separated after the fact.

However, rabbits and guinea pigs are fine in the same overall household. They should be kept out of direct contact and housed out of sneezing distance (e.g. in different rooms or rabbits on the floor and guinea pigs on a high table).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:RabbitsAndGuineaPigs_WhyTheyShouldNotLiveTogether.jpg|center|thumb|Rabbits and Guinea Pigs: Why They Should Not Live Together. Cheat sheet by The Guinea Pig Community.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:PiggiesBest4Bunny.jpg|center|thumb|Best4bunnies Guinea Pigs & Rabbits infogfx.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:SunshineCavies-Rabbits.jpg|center|thumb|Rabbit & cavie infogfx by Sunshine Cavies.|x300px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Speak-up-for-guinea-pigs1.jpg|center|thumb|We may look cute together, but.... Speak Up 4 Guinea Pigs|x300px]]</div>
</div>

The following links have been provided for more information about guinea pigs and rabbits living together.

* Cavy Cages. [http://www.guineapigcages.com/rabbits.htm Rabbits & Other Pets: Guinea Pigs with Rabbits? NOT a Good Idea.]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t86-guinea-pigs-rabbits-why-not-to-co-habitate Guinea Pigs & Rabbits: Why Not To Co-habitate!]
* RSPCA. [http://www.rspca.org.uk/allaboutanimals/pets/rabbits/company/rabbitsandguineapigs Keeping rabbits and guinea pigs together]
* Goddard Veterinary Group. [https://www.goddardvetgroup.co.uk/why-keeping-a-rabbit-and-guinea-pig-together-is-not-a-good-idea/ Why keeping a rabbit and guinea pig together is not a good idea…]
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/guinea-pigs-and-rabbits Can I keep a rabbit and guinea pig together?]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/mi/FAST/bunniesandpiggies.html Can Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Be Housed Together]

== Birds ==
'''Birds should never interact or live in the same room as rabbits.''' The following concerns make cohabitation incompatible:

* Most birds need free roaming for a significant part of the day, and rabbits often are in pens/free roaming with no roofs/ceilings which makes free roaming birds in same room very difficult to do safely, as they should never have any opportunities to interact.
* Rabbit skin is incredibly delicate and prone to abscesses. Birds can easily hurt rabbits with their very sharp talons and beaks.
* Birds are also incredibly fragile, and rabbits tends to be significantly larger than birds and can easily injure them (sometimes fatally).
* Birds create a ton of dust, which causes the disease “Bird Fancier’s Lung”. Rabbits have very delicate respiratory systems and are very at risk of developing this complication.
* Many species of bird are loud and excessively vocal which could frighten and/or stress out rabbits (especially considering their sensitive ears).
* Some species of birds are neophobic, meaning they are easily startled by new or unexpected things, which can sometimes result in medical emergency or even death in the bird. Rabbits’ unpredictable zoomies and binkies could be problematic for this reason.
* Birds have a different sleeping schedule than rabbits (birds need 12+ hours of night time sleep and they tend to be light sleepers— sleep quality is very important for some species of birds, especially parrots).
* Birds eat seeds, which can be incredibly unhealthy (causing obesity and/or upset stomach) or even dangerous if the rabbit were to ingest scattered seeds fallen in and around the bird’s area.
* Rabbits are susceptible to Coccidia infections, and birds tend to be Coccidia carriers and shedders, including while asymptomatic (rabbits can still catch Coccidia from an asymptomatic bird). Biannual or annual fecal testing is advised for birds for this reason. They can be non-shedding carriers; they only transmit if the parasite is detectable.
* Rabbits often carry some amount of Pasteurella which is not at all safe for birds.

== Ferrets ==
{{bad|Ferrets are <b>not recommended</b> as pets in the same household as rabbits.}}
{{right-image|file=RabbitMauledByFerret1a.jpg|caption=This rabbit was attacked and severely mauled by a ferret. {{blur}}|class=blur}}

Ferrets are a domesticated form of the European polecat. They are obligate carnivores and need to hunt and eat as often as every 4-6 hours. A ferret's main use was for hunting rabbits, rodents, and moles, and they are still used for hunting in some countries.

<blockquote>Absolutely Not! Ferrets are innate hunters and will kill/ possibly eat the rabbit. Ferrets still have a great deal of their wild instincts in them, different from dogs, and will invariably go for the kill, given the opportunity. They eat meat, not greens, and so long as you have yours caged with your bunny, then one or the other is going to wind up hurt or dead. - [http://myferretpet.com/2014/05/do-ferrets-eat-rabbits-can-ferrets-and.html My Ferret Pet]</blockquote>

<blockquote>While ferrets make great, loving pets for the right people, they are never to be fully trusted. They are mischievous animals who always keep their owners on guard. This can be an endearing trait to some, but dangerous if you have prey animals in the house. There is no one specific way to ferret-proof a home because ferrets constantly test their boundaries and incessantly work to find ways into everything they are kept out of. - [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/ferrets.shtml Ashley Hentz]</blockquote>

* My Ferret Pet. (2018). [http://myferretpet.com/2014/05/do-ferrets-eat-rabbits-can-ferrets-and.html Can Ferrets and Rabbits Get Along?]
* Ashley Hentz. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/living-with-rabbits-and-ferrets/ Living With Rabbits and Ferrets]

== Chickens & roosters ==
{{right-image|file=RabbitsChickensRoosters-EastCoastRabbitRescue1A.jpg|caption=Graphic images of rabbits that had been forced to live in the same cage with chickens and roosters. They were forced to compete for food. {{blur}} Image source: [https://www.gofundme.com/save-the-dying-barn-bunnies East Coast Rabbit Rescue]|class=blur}}

{{bad|Chickens and roosters are <b>not recommended</b> to live in the same area as rabbits.}} Chickens and roosters are omnivores and will eat meat. In the wild, they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects and even animals as large as lizards, small snakes or young mice.<ref name="chickenmeat1">Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs. Retrieved 9 Sep 2018 from http://gworrell.freeyellow.com/chickenfaq.html .</ref>

Several diseases are also transmissible between the species. As Dr. Jacquie Jacob from the University of Kentucky writes,<ref name="chickenmeat2"> Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky. (n.d.). Interactions of Chickens in Small and Backyard Poultry Flocks with Other Species. Retrieved 13 May 2022 from https://ohio4h.org/sites/ohio4h/files/imce/animal_science/Poultry/Interactions%20of%20Chickens%20in%20Small%20and%20Backyard%20Poultry%20Flocks%20with%20Other%20Species%20-%20eXtension.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>Chickens and rabbits have several diseases in common. For example, often <I>Pasteurella multocida</i> is endemic in rabbit colonies. An infection of <I>P. multocida</i> can be a problem in rabbit production and is associated with respiratory symptoms that are commonly referred to as "snuffles." <i>P. multocida</i> infection of chickens can result in an outbreak of fowl cholera. Also, there is a chicken cholera that rabbits can contract.</blockquote>

<i>Salmonella</i> can also be transmitted between chickens and rabbits. While both species can be infected with [[coccidiosis]], coccidia strains are highly host- and site-specific, although they can still transmit the disease through cross-contamination of feces.

When rabbits and chickens or roosters are kept together, and they have to compete for food, the following can happen:

<blockquote>Recently we were called to a tiny barn area where about 30+ rabbits were trapped and been EATEN ALIVE by about 30 chickens and roosters!! The birds attacked the rabbits every day, killing all their babies, plucking their eyes out, and pecking their malnourished bodies until every rabbit became absolutely filled with horrifying abscesses while wallowing in filth. Wounds so gaping, necrotic, half-eaten, and extensive they defy the imagination. By the time we were able to get permission to take them away already 8 had died. Then one died on route to the facility, and another during emergency surgery. - [https://www.gofundme.com/save-the-dying-barn-bunnies East Coast Rabbit Rescue]</blockquote>

The following are a few rescued and injured rabbits that were housed with aggressive chickens and resulted in lifelong injuries:

* Georgia House Rabbit Society. [https://archive.ph/KfzTf Heat Miser - was housed outdoors with chickens; an eye was removed after repeat infections from getting pecked]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2719387118146026 Tilt - was housed in an enclosure with too many rabbits and chickens and developed a severe ear infection that resulted in lifelong head tilt.] {{graphic}}
* Special Bunny. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/specialbunnyrescue/videos/273027760046275/ Cooper - rescued from a chicken coop from roommates that pecked and injured his eye]
* Special Bunny. [https://specialbunny.org/jimmy/ Jimmy - rescued from a chicken coop with a broken back and multiple pecking injuries]

== Further reading ==
* Best Friends Animal Society, [http://www.bestfriends.org/theanimals/pdfs/bunnies/rabbitrelationships.pdf Rabbit Relationships]

Here are some sites with more information about bonding your rabbit with other animals.

* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-companion-animals.html What Animals Get Along with Rabbits?]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/bonding.html Bonding]
* Wisconsin Humane Society, [http://www.wihumane.org/education/WisconsinHumaneSociety-ABuddyforYourRabbit.aspx Buddies for Your Bunny]
* Margie Wilson, [http://www.petplace.com/small-mammals/introducing-your-rabbit-to-other-family-pets/page1.aspx Introducing Your Rabbit to Other Family Pets]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/animals.pdf Rabbits and Other Animals]
* Small Animal Channel.com, Laura Doering, [http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/rabbit-interaction/rabbits-and-pets.aspx Rabbits And Other Pets]
* Small pet site, Rahul C Pareek, [https://smallpetsite.com/what-animals-get-along-with-rabbits List of 30 animals and their relationship with Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Bonding rabbits together]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]

Toxic plants

2025-10-10T22:27:12Z

Malikethbun: Added emphasis

__TOC__
This is an attempt at a comprehensive list of known toxic and poisonous plants to rabbits with notes on its toxicity with regards to rabbits. '''A plant ''not'' on this list does NOT mean that it is safe for a rabbit to consume.''' A list of known foods safe for rabbit consumption is located in [[Vegetables]] and [[Treats]].

Toxicity varies and depends on a number of factors, such as the amount ingested, the part of the plant that is eaten, and frequency of ingestion. Drying can also cause an increase or decrease in toxicity or have no effect at all.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:50</sup>

<div class="note">
If you suspect your rabbit has ingested an unsafe plant, please call your vet and/or your local poison control center. If you are in the US, you can also call the [http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/poison-control/ ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center] at 1-888-426-4435 ($95 credit card charge) or [http://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/ Pet Poison Helpline] at 1-855-761-7661 ($75 credit card charge) for 24/7 help. In the UK, you may contact [https://www.animalpoisonline.co.uk/ Animal PoisonLine] at 01202 50 9000 (£35 – £45 credit card charge) for 24/7 veterinary help.

Head to the emergency vet immediately if your rabbit displays any odd changes in eating, pooping, and general behavior. If you suspect your rabbit has eaten a large amount of a poisonous substance and it was a relatively recent action, an emergency vet can force feed activated charcoal to your rabbit to bind toxins in the stomach and prevent damage to the liver.

In general, if no ill effects are observed within 6 hours of the ingestion of a potentially poisonous plant, this is unlikely signs will develop.<ref name="trm2"/>
</div>

== List of toxic plants ==

{|- class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! width=15%|Botanical Name
! width=25%|Common Names
! class="unsortable" width=10%|Toxic Parts
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| ''Abrus precatorius''
| Precatory bean, Precatory pea, Rosary pea, Buddhist rosary bead, Indian bead, Indian licorice, Love bean, Lucky bean, Seminole bead, Weather plant, Prayer bean, Jequirity, Crab's eye, John Crow Bead, Akar Saga, Gidee gidee, Jumbie bead
| seeds
| Contains abrin, a lectin or toxalbumin, and abric acid, a glycoside. Symptoms include severe diarrhea (sometimes bloody), tremors, high heart rate, fever, shock, death.<ref>ASPCA, [http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/poison-control/Plants/precatory-bean.aspx Precatory Bean]</ref> Toxins are released only if the seed is chewed and swallowed. As little as 0.00015% body weight will cause fatality in humans.<ref>University of Pennsylvania, [http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/pprosar.htm ROSARY PEA, PRECATORY BEAN - Abrus precatorius]</ref> It appears that abrin is only very slowly absorbed by the body and, therefore, swift action after ingestion should prevent severe consequences.<ref>The Poison Garden website, [http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/abrus_precatorius.htm Abrus precatorius, jequirity bean, rosary pea]</ref>
|-
| ''Aconitum lycoctonum''
| Wolfsbane, Northern wolfsbane, Lamarck’s wolfsbane, Yellow wolfsbane, Yellow monkshood
| all parts
| Contains alkaloids aconite and aconitine. Ingestion of even a small amount results in severe gastrointestinal upset but it is the effect on the heart, where it causes slowing of the heart rate, which is often the cause of death. Its distinctive taste makes it unpleasant to eat so accidental poisoning is extremely rare but not unknown.<ref>The Poison Garden website, [http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/aconitum_lycoctonum.htm Aconitum lycoctonum, wolfsbane]</ref>
|-
| ''Aconitum napellus''
| Monkshood, True monkshood, Aconite, Wolfsbane, Fuzi, Monk's blood, European monkshood, Tiger's bane, Dog's bane, Soldier's helmet, Old wife's hood, October stormhatt
| all parts
| Contains alkaloids aconite and aconitine. Ingestion of even a small amount results in severe gastrointestinal upset but it is the effect on the heart, where it causes slowing of the heart rate, which is often the cause of death. Its distinctive taste makes it unpleasant to eat so accidental poisoning is extremely rare but not unknown.<ref>The Poison Garden website, [http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/aconitum_napellus.htm Aconitum napellus, monkshood]</ref>
|-
| ''Aconitum'' spp.
| Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Aconite, Monkshood, Wolf's bane, Leopard's bane, Women's bane, Devil's helmet, Blue rocket, "the queen of poisons"
| all parts
| The entire ''Aconitum'' genus of the buttercup family is highly toxic. They contain aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and related alkaloids that are highly toxic cardiotoxins and neurotoxins.<ref>TY Chan, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514874 Aconite poisoning]</ref>
|-
| ''Actaea pachypoda,<br>Actaea alba''
| Doll's Eyes, White baneberry
| all parts
| Contains a toxic glycoside or essential oil, protoanemonin.<ref>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, [http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ACPA Actaea pachypoda Ell.]</ref> Protoanemonin is a GI irritant and diuretic.<ref name="rmsvn">Mary Fraser, Simon Girling, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn-3h3kMFUUC&lpg=PA223&ots=D-WcDKWH27&dq=rabbit%20protoanemonin&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20protoanemonin&f=false Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses]</ref> Consumption causes immediate oral irritation, making ingestion to be unlikely.<ref name="bobjanbane"/>
|-
| ''Actaea rubra''
| Baneberry, Red Baneberry, Western Baneberry, Cohosh, Red Cohosh, Necklaceweed, Snakeberry, Poison de couleuvre
| all parts
| Contains a poisonous essential oil or glycoside (protoanemonin) found in all parts of the plant, but most concentrated in the berries and root. <ref>Utah State University, [http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/htm/baneberry Baneberry]</ref> Protoanemonin is a GI irritant and diuretic.<ref name="rmsvn">Mary Fraser, Simon Girling, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn-3h3kMFUUC&lpg=PA223&ots=D-WcDKWH27&dq=rabbit%20protoanemonin&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20protoanemonin&f=false Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses]</ref> Consumption causes immediate oral irritation, making ingestion to be unlikely. <ref name="bobjanbane"> Bob Janiskee, [http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2010/01/national-park-mystery-plant-5-revealed-it%E2%80%99s-red-baneberry5193 National Park Mystery Plant 5 Revealed: It’s the Red Baneberry]</ref>
|-
| ''Actaea'' spp.
| Baneberry, Bugsbane
| all parts
| See ''Actaea rubra'' and ''Actaea pachypoda'' for details.
|-
| ''Adonis aestivalis''
| Summer pheasant's eye, Summer Adonis
| all parts
| Contains cardiac glycosides. Causes severe hemorrhaging and cardiac failure.<ref>Hobbenaghi, R., et al. (2012). Histopathological Study of Acute Toxicity of Adonis Aestivalis (Summer Pheasant's Eye) in Rabbits. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from https://www.omicsonline.org/histopathological-study-of-acute-toxicity-of-adonis-aestivalis-summer-pheasants-eye-in-rabbits-2161-0681.1000124.php?aid=8439</ref>
|-
| ''Aesculus hippocastanum''
| Horse Chestnut
| flowers, leaves, unripe fruits
|
|-
| ''Aesculus'' spp.
| Buckeye
| seeds, leaves
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Agrostemma gracilis''
| Milias
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Amaranthus retroflexus''
| Red wheat, Redwort, Wild pigweed
| all parts
| Contains oxalic acid that can cause ascites with a lemon-yellow serous fluid.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:50-51</sup> Can be fed in moderate amounts but can be toxic in large amounts.<ref name="rp9">Mcnitt, J.I et al. (2013). {{amazon|id=product/1780640110|name=''Rabbit production''. (9th ed.).}}</ref><sup>:109</sup> Experiment has shown that it does not cause kidney toxicity in rabbits.<ref>Schamber, G., & Misek, A. (1985). Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed): Inability to cause renal toxicosis in rabbits. ''Am J Vet Res, 46''(1):266-7. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3970436</ref> A confirmed toxic oral dose in rabbits is 600 g taken for 5 to 7 days.<ref>Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Amaranthus. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a671dd.htm</ref>
|-
| ''Amaranthus viridis''
| Green amaranthus
| all parts
| Contains oxalic acid that can cause ascites with a lemon-yellow serous fluid.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:51</sup> Can be fed in moderate amounts but can be toxic in large amounts.<ref name="rp9"/><sup>:109</sup>
|-
| ''Aleurites fordii''
| Tung tree
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Allium sativum''
| Garlic
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Allium'' spp.
| Onion
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Aloe barbadensis''
| Aloe vera
| juice
|
|-
| ''Amaryllis'' spp.
| Amaryllis
| bulbs
|
|-
| ''Andromeda polifolia''
| Bog rosemary
| leaves
|
|-
| ''Anemone'' spp.
| Anemone, Windflower
| all parts
| all species mildly toxic
|-
| ''Anemone sylvestris''
| Snowdrop anemone
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Anthurium andreanum''
| Flamingo flower
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Apocynaceae'' spp.
| Periwinkle
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Apocynum'' spp.
| Dogbanes
| leaves and stems
| Symptoms include increased temperature and pulse, dilated pupils, loss of appetite, discolored mucous membranes, cold extremities, and death.
|-
| ''Aquilegia'' spp.
| Columbine
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Arnica montana''
| Leopard's bane, Mountain tobacco, Mountain snuff, Wolf's bane
| roots, flowers
| Contains helenalin. The known lethal dermal dose of arnica resinoid in rabbits is 5g/kg.<ref>Mattilsynet. (2012). Arnica Montana flower extract. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from https://www.mattilsynet.no/kosmetikk/stoffer_i_kosmetikk/risk_profile_arnica_montana_extrac.9867/binary/Risk%20Profile%20Arnica%20montana%20extrac</ref> The known lethal oral dose of helnalin in rabbits is 90 mg/kg.<ref>TGSC Information System. (n.d). helenalin. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1530751.html</ref>
|-
| ''Arum'' spp.
| Black calla
| all parts
| Contains calcium oxalate and other irritants. Can cause swelling and discomfort of the oral cavity in other species.<ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref><sup>:51</sup>
|-
| ''Asarum europaeum''
| Asarabacca, European ginger
|
|
|-
| ''Asclepias eriocarpa''
| California monarch milkweed, Woollypod milkweed, Indian milkweed, Kotolo
| all parts
| Contains a resinoid.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:50</sup> Causes [[head down disease]].
|-
| ''Atropa belladonna''
| Belladonna, Deadly nightshade
| all parts
| Contains tropane alkaloids in varying quantities in different parts of plant. However, rabbits have shown a strong resistance to oral intake of tropane alkaloid containing plants due to effective detoxifying mechanisms.<ref name="atropabelladona-eaemp">The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. (1998). Atropa Belladonna Summary Report. Retrieved 07 May 2019 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/mrl-report/atropa-belladonna-summary-report-committee-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf</ref>
Acute signs of toxicity include dryness of the mouth with difficulty swallowing, thirst, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), dilated eyes (mydriasis), and flushing and dryness of the skin.<ref name="atropabelladona-eaemp"/>
|-
| ''Azalea'' spp.
| Rhododendron
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Begonia'' spp.
| Begonia x tuberhybrida, B. semperflorens-cultorum
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Brassaia actinophylla''
| Australian umbrella tree
| leaves
|
|-
| ''Brugmansia suaveolens''
| Angel trumpet
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Brunfelsia'' spp.
| Yesterday-today-tomorrow
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Bryonia alba''
| Bryony, European White
| all parts
| Highly toxic. Contains an irritant substance and histamine.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:51</sup>
|-
| ''Bryonia dioica''
| White bryony
| juice
|
|-
| ''Buxus sempervirens''
| Boxwood
| leaves
|
|-
| ''Caesalpinia gilliesii''
| Bird of paradise, Peacock flower, Barbados pride, Poinciana, Pride of Barbados, Bird of paradise bush, Desert bird of paradise, Yellow bird of paradise, Barba de chivo, Brazilwood
| all parts
| Contains hydrocyanic acid that can be a GI irritant.<ref>ASPCA. (n.d.). Poinciana. Retrieved 19 April 2016 from http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/poinciana</ref> Oral ingestion of the plant can cause irritation, intense burning, excessive drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, and incoordination.<ref name="aspcabop"/> Rabbit deaths have been reported.<ref name="aspcabop">ASPCA. (n.d.). Bird of Paradise. Retrieved 19 April 2016 from http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/bird-paradise</ref>
|-
| ''Caladium'' spp.
| Caladium
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Calla palustris''
| Bog arum, Wild calla
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Caltha palustris''
| Marsh Marigold
| all parts
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Cannabis'' spp.
| Marijuana
| flowers, stems
| There is currently no evidence of fatal toxicity in rabbits, but they can be negatively impacted with intoxication by smoke or eating the plant.<ref>House Rabbit Society. (2016). Marijuana and Rabbits. Retrieved 07 May 2019 from https://rabbit.org/marijuana-and-rabbits/</ref> THC administered subcutaneously up to a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 13 days to female rabbits did not produce any significant toxicity, except anorexia and some local dermal irritation.<ref>Banarjee, BN, et al. (1976). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1271484 Toxicity of delta9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administered subcutaneously for 13 days to female rabbits.] Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 5, 769–776.</ref>
|-
| ''Cassia occidentalis''
| Coffee senna, Coffee weed, Styptic weed, Wild coffee
| all parts
| Symptoms include stomach and intestinal dysfunction, degeneration of muscle, incoordination with diarrhea, and coffee-colored urine. Affected animals are unable to stand but eat and are alert shortly before death. High blood pressure frequent. Death probably due to high blood pressure causing heart failure.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Celastrus'' spp.
| Bittersweet
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Chelidonium majus''
| Greater Celogine
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Chrysanthemum indicum''
| Chrysanthemum
| leaves, stems
| Contains arteglasin A, which can cause contact dermatitis in humans after extended exposure.<ref>Government of Canada, [http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=124&p_type=all&p_sci=sci&p_x=px Notes on poisoning: Chrysanthemum indicum]</ref> No evidence of specific rabbit toxicity could be found.
|-
| ''Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium'',<br>''Tanacetum cinerariifolium'',<br>''Chrysanthemum coccineum'',<br>''Tanacetum coccineum''
| Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum
| flowers, leaves
| Contains pyrethrins that can be toxic in high concentrations.<ref>Wildpro, [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/PermethrinPyrethrinToxRabbits.htm Permethrin and Pyrethrin Toxicity in Rabbits]</ref> Moderately toxic via oral route with a reported lethal effect in rats in does greater than 430-4000mg/kb, and slightly toxic via dermal route with lethal effects in doses greater than 2000mg/kg.
Symptoms include [[anorexia]], lethargy, twitching, and [[seizures]]. The concentration of pyrethrins is about 0.1 % (dry weight) in leaves and 1-2 % (dry weight) in flowers.<ref>Ting Yang et. al, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324680/ Pyrethrins Protect Pyrethrum Leaves Against Attack by Western Flower Thrips, ''Frankliniella occidentalis'']</ref>
|-
| ''Cicuta douglasii''
| Water hemlock
| all parts
| Toxicity retained when dry, except in hay. Rapid onset of signs, with death in 15 to 30 minutes. Symptoms include drooling, muscular twitching, dilated pupils, violent convulsions, coma, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Cicuta virosa''
| Hemlock
| root, leaves
| Contains a variety of toxic alkaloids.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup> Toxicity retained when dry, except in hay. Rapid onset of signs, with death in 15 to 30 minutes. Symptoms include drooling, muscular twitching, dilated pupils, violent convulsions, coma, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Clematis'' spp.
| Clematis
| all parts
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Clivia miniata''
| Kaffir lily
| roots
|
|-
| ''Codiaeum variegatum''
| Croton
| bark, root, juice
|
|-
| ''Colchicum autumnale''
| Autumn crocus, Meadow Saffron
| bulbs
|
|-
| ''Colocasia'' spp.
| Elephant's ear
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Conium maculatum''
| Poison hemlock
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Convallaria majalis''
| Lily-of-the-valley
| all parts
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Cyclamen persicum''
| Cyclamen
| bulb, rhizomes
|
|-
| ''Cytisus alpinus'',<br>''Laburnum alpinum''
| Scotch laburnum
| all parts
| Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.<ref name="labprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Laburnum. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7b0a3.htm</ref>
|-
| ''Cytisus biflora''
|
| all parts
| Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.<ref name="labprovet"/>
|-
| ''Cytisus purpureus'',<br>''Chamaecytisus purpureus''
| Purple broom
| all parts
| Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.<ref name="labprovet"/>
|-
| ''Cytisus scoparius'',<br>''Sarothamnus scoparius''
| Broom, English broom, Scotch broom, Common broom
| all parts
| Contains alkaloids cytisin, spartein, and scorparin in the flowers and seeds. However, the plant is reported to be extensively grazed by rabbits.<ref>Australian Weeds and Livestock. (n.d.). ''Cytisus scoparius''. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.weeds.mangrovemountain.net/data/Cytisus%20scoparius%20-%20Broom.pdf</ref>
|-
| ''Cytisus laburnum'',<br>''Laburnum anagyroides''
| Golden chain, Common laburnum, Golden rain tree
| all parts
| Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.<ref name="labprovet"/>
|-
| ''Cytisus weldenii''
| Dalmation laburnum
| all parts
| Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.<ref name="labprovet"/>
|-
| ''Daphne'' spp.
| Daphne
| fruits, leaves
| Highly toxic. May cause skin irritation.
|-
| ''Datura stramonium''
| Jimson Weed, Thorn-apple
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Delphinium'' spp.
| Larkspur
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Dianthus'' spp.
| Carnations, Clove pinks
|
|
|-
| ''Dicentra '' spp.
| Bleeding Heart, Staggerweed
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Dieffenbachia''
| Dieffenbachia
| foliage, stems
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Digitalis'' spp.
| Foxglove
| all parts
| Highly toxic. Contains cardiac glycoside (digitalis).<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:51</sup>
|-
| ''Endymion non-scriptus''
| English bluebell
| bulb, flowers, leaves
|
|-
| ''Epipremnum aureum''
| Pothos
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Erysimum cheiranthoides''
| Wormseed wallflower
|
|
|-
| ''Erysimum hieracifolium''
| Wall flower
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Euonymus alata''
| Burning bush
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Euonymus europaeus''
| European spindle tree
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Euphorbia cyparissias''
| Cypress Spurge
| juice, seeds
| Contains alkaloids. Can cause intense local irritation to mucous membranes in other species.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:53</sup>
|-
| ''Euphorbia helioscopia''
| Sun spurge
| juice
|
|-
| ''Euphorbia lathyrus''
| Gopher Purge, Mole plant
| juice
|
|-
| ''Euphorbia milii''
| Crown of Thorns
| berries
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Euphorbia pulcherrima''
| Poinsettia
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Euphorbia'' spp.
| Snow on the mountain
| all parts
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Euphorbia'' spp.
| Spurge
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Euphorbia trigona''
| African milk tree
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Frangula alnus,<br>Rhamnus frangula''
| Alder buckthorn
| bark, unripe fruits
|
|-
| ''Galanthus nivalis''
| Snowdrops
| bulbs
|
|-
| ''Genista germanica''
| German Greenweed
| legumes, seeds
|
|-
| ''Genista tinctoria''
| Dyer's Greenweed
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Hedera helix''
| English ivy, Common ivy
| all parts
| Toxic in high quantities.
|-
| ''Helleborus niger''
| Christmas Rose, Black hellebore
| all parts
| Contains a variety of alkaloids. Known to be poisonous in a range of species.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:51</sup>
|-
| ''Heracleum laciniatum''
| Giant hogweed, Tromsø palm
| juice
|
|-
| ''Hyacinthus'' spp.
| Hyacinth
| all parts
| Toxic in high quantities.
|-
| ''Hydrangea macrophylla''
| Big Leaf Hydrangea, Hortensia
| all parts
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Hyoscyamus niger''
| Black henbane
| all parts
| Highly toxic. Contains anticholinergic. Sees are the most toxic part of the plant.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup>
|-
| ''Ilex'' spp.
| Holly
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Ipomea'' spp.
| Bindweed, Morning glory
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Iris pseudacorus''
| Yellow iris
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Iris'' spp.
| Iris
| juice
| May cause irritation of mucus membrane.
|-
| ''Juglans regia''
| Walnut
| green shell covering the nut
|
|-
| ''Kalanchoe'' spp.
| Kalanchoe, Air-plant, Cathedral-bells
| leaves
| Within hours of ingesting toxic does, symptoms include depression, rapid breathing, teeth grinding, lack of coordination, paralysis, and muscle spasms.<ref name="tmmppa">The Merck Manual Pet Health Edition. (2011). Plants Poisonous to Animals. Retrieved 26 April 2016 from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/pethealth/special_subjects/poisoning/plants_poisonous_to_animals.html</ref>
|-
| ''Kalmia angustifolia''
| Sheep laurel
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Lantana camara''
| Lantana
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Leucojum vernum''
| Spring snowflakes
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Ligustrum'' spp.
| Wild Privet, Common privet
| berries
| Highly toxic. Contains tannins and heteroside.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup> Can be fatal in other species.
|-
| ''Lobelia'' spp.
| Lobelia, Cardinal flower
| all parts
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Lonicera coerulea''
| Sweet berry, Honeysuckle
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Lonicera japonica''
| Perfoliate honeysuckle, Italian woodbine
| berries
|
|-
| ''Lonicera periclymenum''
| Honeysuckle
| berries
|
|-
| ''Lonicera tatarica''
| Tatarian honeysuckle
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Lonicera xylosteum''
| Fly Honeysuckle
| ripe berries
|
|-
| ''Lupinus'' spp.
| Lupine
| seeds
| Contains quinolizidine alkaloids, but most cultivated lupins are of low toxicity.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup>
|-
| ''Lycium chinense''
| Chinese Teaplant
| leaves
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Lycopersicon esculentum''
| Tomato
| leaves, stems
| Contains solanines.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:53</sup>
|-
| ''Maianthemum bifolium''
| May lily
| all parts
| May cause severe gastric problems.
|-
| ''Melia azedarach''
| Chinaberry tree
| fruits
|
|-
| ''Mercurialis perennis''
| Dog's Mercury
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Mirabilis jalapa''
| Four o'clock, Beauty-of-the-night
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Monstera deliciosa''
| Window leafe
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Narcissus poëticus''
| Pheasant's-eye daffodil
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Narcissus pseudonarcissus''
| Daffodil
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Nepeta cataria,<br>Nepeta mussinii,<br>Nepeta x fassenii''
| Catnip
| all parts
| Can cause diarrhea if too much is eaten fresh. May act as mild sedative. Oil is a mild skin irritant.<ref>University of Nebraska - Lincoln, J. J. Zhu, X.-P. Zeng, D. Berkebile, H.-J. Du, Y. Tong, and K. Qian, [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=usdaarsfacpub Efﬁcacy and safety of catnip (Nepeta cataria) as a novel ﬁlth ﬂy repellent]</ref><p>'''Safety Discussions'''</p><ul><li> Rabbits United, [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?66974-catnip&p=1581508&viewfull=1#post1581508 catnip]</li><li>BinkyBunny, [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/107962/Default.aspx Catnip?]</li></ul>
|-
| ''Nicandra physalodes''
| Apple of Peru, Shoofly plant
| all parts
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Nicotiana rustica''
| Sacred Tobacco
| leaves
|
|-
| ''Oenanthe aquatica'',<br>''Oenanthe phellandrium'',<br>''Phellandrium aquaticum''
| Fine-leaved water dropwort, Water fennel, Water dropwort
| all parts
| Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.<ref name="hemprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Hemlock Water Dropwort. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7a3bc.htm</ref>
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.<ref name="hemprovet"/>
|-
| ''Oenanthe crocata''
| Devil's parsnip, Hemlock water dropwort
| all parts
| Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.<ref name="hemprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Hemlock Water Dropwort. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7a3bc.htm</ref>
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.<ref name="hemprovet"/>
|-
| ''Oenanthe fistulosa''
| Tubular water dropwort
| all parts
| Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.<ref name="hemprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Hemlock Water Dropwort. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7a3bc.htm</ref>
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.<ref name="hemprovet"/>
|-
| ''Oenanthe lachenalii''
| Parsley water dropwort
| all parts
| Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.<ref name="hemprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Hemlock Water Dropwort. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7a3bc.htm</ref>
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.<ref name="hemprovet"/>
|-
| ''Ornithogalum nutans''
| Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem
| bulbs
|
|-
| ''Ornithogalum umbellatum''
| Star of Bethlehem
| bulb, flowers
|
|-
| ''Oxytropis sericea''
| Locoweed
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Pachypodium'' spp.
| Pachypodium
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Paeonia'' spp.
| Peony
| flower, seeds
|
|-
| ''Papaver somniferum''
| Opium poppy
| juice, legumes
| Highly toxic. Contains opium alkaloids.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup> Entire plant is toxic even after drying.
|-
| ''Paris quadrifolia''
| Herb paris
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Parthenocissus quinquefolia,<br>Vitis hederacea''
| Virginia creeper
| leaves, unripe fruits
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Perilla frutescens''
| Perilla mint, Shiso, Beefsteak mint, Purple mint, Japanese basil, Wild coleus
| all parts
| Contains perilla ketone, which is known to produce pulmonary edema in some animals.<ref> Extension Master Gardeners of Mecklenburg County, [http://www.mastergardenersmecklenburg.org/perilla-p-frutescens-an-interesting-and-valuable-addition-to-the-garden.html Perilla, ''P. Frutescens'': An Interesting And Valuable Addition To The Garden]</ref>
|-
| ''Persea americana''
| Avocado, Avocado pear, Alligator pear
| all above-ground parts
| Contains persin, a monoglyceride which can cause heart attacks and severe respiratory problems.<ref>The Merck Veterinary Manual. (2013). Avocado. Retrieved 26 April 2016 from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/toxicology/food_hazards/avocado.html</ref><ref name="rnanh">Moore, L. (2013). {{amazon|id=1626463999|name=''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><ref>Sandoval, GV, Medina, DM, Martinez, OG, & Micheloud, JF. (2019); [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30946913 ''Acute heart failure in rabbits by avocado leaf poisoning.''] Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 164:16-9.</ref> Mexican avocados are less toxic than Guatemalan varieties, and post-mortem exams show lung congestion.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:50</sup>

Non-infectious mastitis and agalactia has been observed in lactating rabbits after consumption of bark or leaves, and cardial arrhythmia, submandibular edema, and death have been observed in rabbits after consumption of leaves<ref>Kovalkovičová, N., Šutiaková, I., Pistl, J., & Šutiak, V. (2009). Some food toxic for pets. ''Interdisciplinary Toxicology'', 2(3). doi:10.2478/v10102-009-0012-4</ref>

Stories of toxic consumption:
* Amy Lynne. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10160069061653809/ Endie ate a whole avocado found in the trash] {{RIP}}
* Alison Novosel. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10158623411538809/ Rabbit ate half an avocado] {{RIP}}
|-
| ''Phaseolus coccineus''
| Runner bean, Scarlet runner
| all parts
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Philodendron'' spp.
| Filodendron
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Physalis'' spp.
| Chinese-lantern
| berries, leaves
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Phytolacca americana''
| Pokeweed, Inkberry
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Pieris'' spp.
| Lily-of-the-valley bush
| foliage, juice
| highly toxic
|-
| ''Podocarpus elatum''
| Buddhist pine
| seeds
|
|-
| ''Polygonatum multiflorum''
| Solomon's seal
| all parts
| May cause gastric problems.
|-
| ''Polygonatum odoratum''
| Angular Solomon's seal
| berries
|
|-
| ''Polygonatum verticillatum''
| Whorled Solomon's seal
| all parts
| Can irritate the digestive tract badly.
|-
| ''Pulsatilla vulgaris''
| Pasque flwer
| all parts
| May cause gastric problems.
|-
| ''Ranunculus sceleratus''
| Celery-leaved buttercup
| juice
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Ranunculus'' spp.
| Buttercup
| all parts
| Contains protoaneminin. Causes irritation to mucous membranes including GI tract in other species.<ref name="rnanh3"/>
|-
| ''Rhamnus cathartica''
| Common buckthorn
| bark, unripe fruits
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Rheum'' spp.
| Rhubarb
| leaves
| Contains poisonous amounts of oxalic acid.<ref name="rp9"/><sup>:109</sup>
|-
| ''Ricinus communis''
| Castor bean, Castor oil bush, Castor oil plant, Palma christi
| seeds, oilcakes
| The seeds contain a proteinaceous phytotoxin (ricin) located in the albumen fraction. It is this non-liposoluble fraction of ricin which persists in the oilcake (solid residue left after seeds have been pressed free of their oil).<ref name="rcprovet">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Ricin. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a935fd.htm</ref>

The known lethal oral doses to rabbits are 1 g/kg body weight for seeds, and 2 g/kg body weight for the oilcakes.<ref name="rcprovet"/>
|-
| ''Robinia pseudoacacia''
| Black locust
| bark, leaves, seeds
| Highly toxic
|-
| ''Rumex acetosa''
| Common Sorrel
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Rumex'' spp.
| Dock, Sorrel
| leaves
| Toxic in high quantities.
|-
| ''Sambucus nigra''
| European elder
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Sambucus racemosa''
| Red elderberry
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Sanguinaria canadensis''
| Bloodroot
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Senecio longilobus''
| Threadleaf groundsel
| all parts
| Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.<ref name="nmsuduncan">New Mexico State University, Keith W. Duncan [http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/b-113.pdf Groundsels and Livestock Poisoning]</ref>
|-
| ''Senecio riddellii''
| Riddell’s groundsel
| all parts
| Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.<ref name="nmsuduncan">New Mexico State University, Keith W. Duncan [http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/b-113.pdf Groundsels and Livestock Poisoning]</ref>
|-
| ''Senecio vulgaris''
| Common groundsel
| flowers, leaves
| Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.<ref>S. Aldrich-Markham, [http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/water-and-land/weeds/Brochures/common-groundsel-pnw466.pdf Common Groundsel]</ref>
|-
| ''Skimmia japonica''
| Japanese skimmia
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Solanum capsicastrum''
| False Jerusalem cherry, Winter cherry
| all parts
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum carolinense''
| Carolina horsenettle, Horse nettle, Horse-nettle, Radical weed, Sand brier, Sand briar, Bull nettle, Tread-softly, Apple of Sodom, Devil's tomato, Wild tomato
| all parts
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum dulcamara''
| Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Bittersweet nightshade, Bitter nightshade, Blue bindweed, Amara dulcis, Fellenwort, Felonwood, Poisonberry, Poisonflower, Scarlet berry, Snakeberry, Trailing bittersweet, Trailing nightshade, Violet bloom, Woody nightshade
| all parts
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum nigrum''
| Black nightshade, Duscle, Garden nightshade, Garden huckleberry, Hound's berry, Petty morel, Wonder berry, Small-fruited black nightshade, Popolo
| unripe berries
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum pseudocapsicum''
| Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, Winter cherry
| all parts
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum tuberosum''
| Potato
| unripe fruits, leaves, stems
| Contains solanines.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:52</sup> Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Solanum villosum''
| Red nightshade, Hairy nightshade, Woolly nightshade
| all parts
| Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.<ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Spathiphyllum wallisii''
| Peace lily
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Strelitzia reginae''
| Bird of Paradise, Strelitzia, Crane flower
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Symphoricarpos''
| Snowberry
| berries
|
|-
| ''Syngonium'' spp.
| Arrowhead
|
|
|-
| ''Tagetes'' spp.
| Marigold
| all parts
| May cause skin irritation
|-
| ''Taxus baccata''
| English yew
| foliage, berries
| Contains an alkaloid (taxine) and a heteroside (taxicatoside). Toxicity is maximal in winter and is not reduced by drying. Cut branches that are a few weeks old are more toxic than when fresh. A toxic oral dose in rabbits is 20 g of fresh plant material per kg of body weight.<ref name="provetyew">Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Yew. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a92fa3.htm</ref>

Poisoning is often violent and sudden in its onset with death in several minutes. Symptoms include shaking, labored breathing, collapse and death.<ref name="provetyew"/>

Acute poisoning which appears within several hours to 1 to 3 days is exhibited by excitation, agitation, shaking, depression, abnormally slow breathing, and death.<ref name="provetyew"/>

Non-specific symptoms of yew poisoning includes stomach distension by gas and the inflammation of the mucus in stomach and intestine.<ref name="provetyew"/>
|-
| ''Trollius europaeus''
| Globeflower
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Tulipa gesneriana''
| Tulip
| bulbs
|
|-
| ''Veratrum album''
| White false hellebore
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Viburnum lantana''
| Wayfaring tree
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Viburnum opulus''
| European cranberrybush
| unripe fruit
|
|-
| ''Viburnum'' spp.
| Viburnum
| berries
| mildly toxic
|-
| ''Viscum album''
| Mistletoe
| all parts
|
|-
| ''Wisteria'' spp.
| Wisteria
| seeds, legumes
|
|-
| ''Xanthium'' spp.
| Cocklebur
| seeds and young seedlings
| Symptoms include loss of appetite, depression, nausea, vomiting, weakness, rapid weak pulse, difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, and convulsions. <ref name="tmmppa"/>
|-
| ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''
| Calla Lily
| all parts
| Highly toxic
|}

== Additional resources ==
The following are general resources on looking up the toxicity of a plant:
* Frances Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/plant-toxicity-the-problem-with-lists Plant toxicity- the problem with lists]
* [https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/textResults.cfmm FDA Poisonous Plant Database]
* ASPCA. [http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control Animal Poison Control Center]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/biotoxin/Plant_Toxicity_Lagomorphs.htm Plant Toxicities in Rabbits]

The following are a few toxic plant lists for rabbits, however, they may be overzealous.
* Cindy Fisher. [http://www.allearssac.org/badplants.html Plants Poisonous to Rabbits]
* Cindy Fisher. [http://www.allearssac.org/pdf/poison.pdf Poisonous Plants for Rabbits]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/houseplants.pdf Common House Plants – What is Safe and What Isn't?]
* Camilla Bergstrøm. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Tox/Tox_en.htm Toxic plants]
* Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/poisonous-plants Poisonous Plants]

== See also ==
* [[Mycotoxins]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Vegetables

2025-09-24T21:04:43Z

Malikethbun: Added additional info to notes

{{#seo:
|image=https://wabbitwiki.com/images/7/7e/Sneakydragon_lionlop_veggies.jpg
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Fresh vegetables should usually make up approximately 10% of your adult rabbit's [[diet]]. '''[[Hay]] should consist of 80% of your rabbit's diet.''' Vegetables provide additional nutrients and different textures and tastes -- an enriching experience for your rabbit. Wet vegetables are also a good source of water if your bunny does not drink very much from his water bowl or bottle.
__TOC__
== How much vegetables should I feed my rabbit? ==
For '''baby rabbits''', vegetables should only be fed to after '''12 weeks of age''' and introduced one at a time in quantities under 1/2 oz.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-diet/ FAQ: Diet]</ref> Exceptions may apply if the baby rabbit has already been introduced to those specific vegetables while living and [[weaning]] from their mother as their digestive system is already used to the food. The age minimum is important as baby rabbit digestive systems do not finish developing until around 8 weeks of age, and an upset stomach can easily cause [[diarrhea]] or fatal [[enteritis]] that requires emergency veterinary care in a baby rabbit.

For '''adult rabbits''', a good rule of thumb is approximately '''one cup of packed greens for every two pounds of rabbit'''.<ref name="hrsveg"/> You may decide to feed more or less but keep an eye out for any change in litter habits and behavior. We would recommend regularly feeding at least three (3) types of vegetables per meal and rotate the choices weekly to keep their diet interesting and vary their nutrition.
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon lionlop veggies.jpg|caption=A lionlop rabbit eating some parsley and lettuce.}}

Generally, rabbits are good at self-regulating when given a giant pile of fresh dark greens, and no lasting harm will be done if you offer more than the recommended amount. Too many vegetables for some rabbits may cause runny stools, [[diarrhea]], or even [[stasis]], especially for rabbits with [[megacolon]]. These rabbits should have their greens portioned strictly. Smaller dark [[poop|poops]] can also indicate that the rabbit should eat more hay for more fiber in their diet. <span class="red">Remember that you should not feed too many sugar-loaded vegetables like carrots, and these should be strictly rationed as treats.</span>

<div class="note">
Some types of vegetables may cause diarrhea or stomach upset for specific rabbits. '''If you are introducing new greens to a rabbit, introduce only one type one day.''' This way you can easily tell if the food will not agree with your bun. Wait 24 hours to make sure there are no soft stools or gas problems before adding another vegetable to your rabbit's diet. If the droppings are soft or the rabbits are gassy, discontinue the culprit vegetable for that particular rabbit to prevent more serious [[stasis]] issues.
</div>

Be aware that '''every rabbit is different''', and it is up to you to find the right balance for a healthy bunny. Some rabbits may not react well with greens at all, especially rabbits that may suffer from [[megacolon]], and can thrive on a pellet/hay only diet.<ref>Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/greenspellets.pdf Greens and Pellets: Finding the Right Balance]</ref>

'''Serve your vegetables wet''' to increase your rabbit's intake of liquid. It will help keep their GI contents moving.

<div class="bad">
'''''Do not serve your bunny spoiled vegetables.''''' If you wouldn't eat it yourself, don't feed it to your rabbit. Rabbits can be even more sensitive to spoiled food than humans.
</div>

== Rabbit-safe vegetables ==
Care should be taken when feeding some of these as some vegetables may cause issues in some rabbits. Vegetables with a high water content can cause diarrhea and runny stool. Other vegetables contain higher amounts of sugar and so should be fed in moderation and best as a treat.

There are vegetables and flowers that a bunny should not eat and are covered in [[#Vegetables to Avoid|Vegetables to Avoid]]. Detailed nutrition for rabbit-safe vegetables can be found at [[Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Data]].

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage to my rabbit? ===
Some vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage can cause issues in humans -- however, this concern does not extend to rabbits. As the House Rabbit Society writes,<ref name="hrsveg"/>
<blockquote>
A rabbit’s GI tract is not the same as a human’s and many of the foods that may cause gas in a human do not cause gas in a rabbit...

There has also been discussion about feeding vegetables that are goitrogenic in humans (causing a goiter) more notoriously those in the broccoli/cabbage family. One study done on rabbits indicated that it would take several weeks of exclusively feeding huge quantities of these foods to see any abnormalities in the blood. This is so far removed from normal feeding instructions for rabbits that there is no cause for concern in feeding these nutritious foods.
</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding higher calcium vegetables like kale and dandelions to rabbits? ===
{{right-image|file=Kinenchen brock eating kale.jpg|caption=A Flemish Giant rabbit eating a piece of kale.}}
When fed in moderation, rabbits will not get a significant amount of calcium from fresh vegetables compared to [[pellets]].

As Dr. Frances Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/media/collections/diet/amount-of-food-that-provides-rda-of-calcium/kale/view</ref>
<blockquote>Kale sometimes has a bad reputation for rabbits because of its calcium content (approximately 1.3%). However it is 85% water, which means that a rabbit can eat a lot of it without eating a lot of calcium. This picture shows 265g kale, which is the amount that would provide 500mg. It is more than most rabbits would eat in a day.{{post-image|file=Hb-kale.jpeg|caption=256g of kale with 500mg of calcium}}</blockquote>

Dr. Leah Postman writes,<ref>Leah Postman, DVM. (n.d.). Calcium Metabolism in Rabbits. Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.bunnybunch.org/wp-content/uploads/CALCIUM-METABOLISM-IN-RABBITS.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>The other potentially significant source of calcium in rabbits' diets is fresh greens. Although many people worry about the greens noted for high calcium content -- kale, spinach, collards -- I do not. All fresh greens are about 70% to 85% water, which greatly dilutes all nutrients. To eliminate the potential to misrepresent nutrient content due to variability in water content, it is essential to compare calcium content on a dry matter basis, which is how the nutrient requirements are expressed on labels and in tables.

For example, kale, which many recommend avoiding by virtue of its calcium content, has 1.6% calcium on a dry weight basis. In other words, dehydrated kale has roughly three times the NRC recommended calcium content. However, the fresh bunch of kale is mostly water, so the calcium content drops dramatically, to 0.24% when fed fresh. If you were to feed a medium-sized (5 pound) bunny 1/4 cup (about 60 grams) of a pellet meeting NRC recommendations, he would consume about 0.30 grams of calcium. To obtain a similar quantity of calcium from kale, the bun would have to eat over 4 ounces (130 grams) of kale. That is a sizable pile of kale -- about as much as you could stuff in a half gallon milk carton.

Similarly, dandelion greens, have a calcium level of 1.6% on a dry matter basis. But since our bunnies eat them fresh, they are only getting 0.20% calcium. Again, we see that even for greens with a relatively high calcium content, the calcium level of the leaves the bun is munching is actually quite low.</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables with higher amounts of oxalic acid like parsley, mustard greens and spinach to rabbits? ===

When fed in moderation, these vegetables are not a concern as a regular part of a healthy rabbit's diet.

From Dr. Susan Brown,<ref>Susan Brown, DVM. (2012). Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet. Retrieved 25 Mar 2024 from https://www.vin.com/vetzinsight/default.aspx?pId=756&id=5262547</ref>
<blockquote>The amount of oxalic acid within each plant can vary significantly due to several factors including the composition of the soil the plant grew in, the time of year and the age of the plant. Most of the fresh vegetables we feed rabbits have a low to zero level of oxalic acid, but a few - most notably parsley, mustard greens and spinach - have relatively high levels. (Note that kale, which is often implicated as a high oxalate food, is actually low in oxalates.) The toxicity of oxalic acid comes with feeding large quantities of foods high in this chemical and can result in tingling of the skin and mouth, and over time damage to the kidneys. These foods are nutritious and do not need to be excluded from the diet if you feed them appropriately.</blockquote>

However, rabbits with established [[Bladder_sludge_and_stones|urinary tract disease]] will want to avoid these vegetables as it may play a part in the development of stones in the urinary tract. Excess oxalates in the diet can coalesce and form calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys and urinary bladder.

=== Leafy greens ===
Leafy greens should make up approximately 75% of the fresh vegetables fed daily.<ref name="hrsveg"/>

The following list contains leafy greens known to be safe to for rabbits to eat.<ref name="hrsveg"/><ref name="lagoveg">Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/salad.pdf The Perfect Salad]</ref><ref>Barbi Brown, [http://www.barbibrownsbunnies.com/nutrition.htm NUTRITION]</ref><ref name="adopta"/><ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Lamb's quarters is easily foraged for rabbits or other small pets. Retrieved 19 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/lamb-s-quarters-is-easily-foraged-for-rabbits-or-other-small-pets</ref><ref name="mediveggies">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Veg/Veg_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 2: Vegetables]</ref><ref>Rise and Shine Rabbitry, [http://riseandshinerabbitry.com/2012/02/26/safe-food-list-for-rabbits/ Safe Food List for Rabbits]</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Arugula (''Eruca sativa'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Beets tops/greens (''Beta vulgaris'')
* Bok choy / Pak choi / Pak choy (''Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis'')
* Borage leaves (''Borago officinalis'')
* Cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') - Too much can cause enlargement of the thyroid and digestive problems.<ref name="mediveggies"/>
** Red cabbage (''Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra'')
** Savoy cabbage (''Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. sabauda L.'')
* Carrot tops (''Daucus carota'')
* Cassava greens (''Manihot esculenta'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2016). Cassava leaves and foliage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/528</ref> - has a high protein content like alfalfa; feed sparingly.
* Chicory greens (''Cichorium intybus'')
** Witloof / French endive / Belgian endive
* Collard greens (''Brassica oleracea var. Acephala'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cucumber leaves (''Cucumis sativus'')
* Dandelion greens (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Dill leaves (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Endive (''Cichorium endivia'')
** Escarole (''Cichorium endivia var. latifolia)
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'') - leafy tops and base
* Fenugreek (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'')
* Gai choy / Gai choi / Mustard greens / Kai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Goutweed (''Aegodopium podograria'')
* Kai lan / Gai lan (''Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra'')
* Kale (''Brassica oleracea var. acephala'')
* Komatsuna / Mustard spinach (''Brassica rapa var. perviridis or komatsuna'')<ref>YouTube, marshmallow0219, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN3_oFz2LxA 小松菜を食べるももさんMomo eats Komatsuna leaves]</ref>
* Lamb's quarters / White goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lettuce (''Lactuca sativa'')
** Butterhead lettuce
** Cos lettuce
** Frisee lettuce
** Green leaf lettuce
** Red leaf lettuce
** Romaine lettuce
** Lollo rosso lettuce
** Lollo lettuce
* Mache / corn salad (''Valerianella locusta'')
* Mint (''Mentha'' spp.) - <span class="bad">some plants in the '''mint family''' ''Lamiaceae'' may be [[toxic]]</span>
** Apple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Chocolate mint (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Orange mint (''Mentha citrata'')
** Peppermint leaves (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Pineapple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Spearmint (''Mentha spicata'')
* Mustard greens (''Brassica juncea'')
* Napa cabbage / Pe tsai (''Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis'')
* New Zealand spinach (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'')<ref> Robert, H.G. (1927). ''Raising Rabbits For Fur, Meat And Profit.'' Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=1Cx8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&lpg=PT6</ref>
* On choy / Water spinach / Kangkong / Kangkung / River spinach / Water morning glory / Water convolvulus (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref>Samkol, P. (2009). Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'') as a feed resource for growing rabbits. Retrieved 27 April 2016 from http://mekarn.org/msc2003-05/theses05/samkollitrev.pdf</ref>
* Parsley (''Petroselinum crispum'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Purslane is a good choice for small pets. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/purslane-is-a-good-choice-for-small-pets</ref>
* Raspberry leaves (''Rubus spp.'')
* Radicchio (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Radish tops and sprouts (''Raphanus sativus'')
** Oriental radish / Daikon (''Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus'')
* Rucola / Rucculo salad (''Eruca sativa'')
* Rutabaga greens (''Brassica napobrassica'')
* Spinach (''Spinacia oleracea'')
* Spring greens
* Sprouts
** Alfalfa sprouts (''Medicago sativa'')
** Lentil sprouts
** Pea sprouts (''Pisum sativum'')
** Mung bean sprouts (''Vigna radiata'')
* Sweet potato vines (''Ipomoea batatas'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2017). Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/551</ref> - <span class="bad">'''Not regular potato greens!''' Regular potato greens are in the nightshade family and [[toxic]].</span>
* Swiss Chard (''Beta vulgaris cicla'')
* Thistles [bull, milk, sow]<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Wild thistles provide healthy benefits for house rabbits and other herbivores. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/wild-thistles-provide-healthy-benefits-for-house-rabbits-and-other-herbivores</ref>
* Turnip greens (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
* Watercress
* Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref> Feedipedia. (2013). Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/136</ref>
* Wheatgrass (''Poa spp.'')
* Yu Choy
</div>

=== Non-leafy greens ===
The remaining 25% of your rabbits vegetable intake may come from non-leafy greens, around 1 tbsp per 2 lb of bun.

The following are some known rabbit-safe foods in this category.<ref name="hrsveg">House Rabbit Society, Susan A. Brown, DVM, [http://rabbit.org/suggested-vegetables-and-fruits-for-a-rabbit-diet/ Suggested Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet]. Accessed 21 Sep 2015.</ref><ref name="lagoveg"/><ref name="adopta">
Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/abcvegi.html ABC's of Rabbit Safe Vegetables & Fruits]</ref><ref name="mediveggies"/><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/node/187 Rabbit-safe vegetables]</ref><ref>Save A Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/safe-foods-for-rabbits Safe fruit, vegetables, herbs and plants suitable for rabbits]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Artichoke leaves
* Asparagus (''Asparagus officinalis'')
* Beets (''Beta vulgaris'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Bell peppers / Sweet peppers (''Capsicum annuum'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Broccoflower
* Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea var. italica'')
* Broccolini (''Brassica oleracea var. italica x alboglabra'')
* Brussels sprouts (''Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera'')
* Caraway
* Carrots (''Daucus carota'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'')
* Celery (''Apium graveolens'') - cut in 1" pieces due to concern about choking on the strings or having them wrap around teeth; high in water content.
* Celeriac (''Apium graveolens'') - celery root.
* Chinese pea pods (the flat kind without large peas)
* Courgette
* Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus'') - high in water content.
* Garden pea pods (''Pisum sativum'') - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Globe artichoke / French artichoke (''Cynara scolymus'')
* Green beans - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Kohlrabi (''Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes'') - high in water content; feed as a treat.
* Okra (''Abelmoschus esculentus'')
* Peas / Mangetout - high in protein; feed as a treat. <span class="bad">'''Not''' the decorative sweet pea.</span>
** Green peas - <span class="bad">Do not feed dried peas as they may cause a '''fatal digestive blockage'''.</span>
** Snow peas <ref>RSPCA Victoria. (n.d.). Rabbit care. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.rspcavic.org/health-and-behaviour/rabbits/</ref>
** Sugar snap peas <ref>The Rabbit House. (2012). 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers — Flowers. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/</ref>
* Parsnip (''Pastinaca sativa'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Pumpkin (''Cucurbita pepo'') - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Radish (''Raphanus sativus'')
* Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'') [summer or winter: acorn, yellow summer / straightneck, crookneck, zucchini] - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Tomato (''Lycopersicon esculentum'') - high in water content; feed as a treat. <span class="bad">Feed ripe fruit only, unripe tomatoes and all tomato greens are '''toxic'''.
* Turnip (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
</div>

=== Edible flowers and plants ===
These plants and flowers can also be used to spice up a rabbit's veggies. Rabbits have more taste buds than humans and will appreciate food that actually tastes strong.<ref name="mediherb">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Herbs/herbs_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 3: Fresh herbs]</ref> You can also grow them fresh indoors in a pot if you'd like. If you pick them from outdoors, make sure they have not come in contact with cat, dog, or fox feces or treated with pesticides and chemicals.

{{right-image|file=RS foraging 2022-04.jpg|caption=An upside down hanging basket used to protect the base of a plantain plant in a garden from over-consumption by the bunny. You can also use tent pegs to hold down the basket if the rabbit will move it around.}}

Below is a list of known rabbit-safe flowers and plants.<ref name="mediherb"/><ref name="rnanh">Lucile Moore, [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Edition/dp/1626463999/ Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing, 2e]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/?q=node/191 Safe herbs]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034133/http://kanin.org/node/189 Rabbit-safe plants (grass/flowers)]</ref><ref>MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Flow/flower_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 5: Flowers]</ref><ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/ 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers – Annuals]</ref><ref>I Must Garden, [http://www.imustgarden.com/plants-rabbits-eat Plants Rabbits Will Eat]</ref><ref>www.rabbitnutrition.co.uk, [http://rabbitnutrition.co.uk/page1.html Rabbits...naturally]</ref><ref>3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue, Inc., [http://www.3bunnies.org/non_toxic_plants.htm Non Toxic Plants]</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/wild-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits Favourite wild plants to pick for rabbits]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/more-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits More plants to pick for rabbits ]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px;">
* Alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'')
* Apple (''Malus spp.'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus excelsior'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Borage (''Borago officinalis'')
* Buchan weed (''Hirschfeldia incana'')
* Burdock (''Articum minus'')
* Brambles (''Rubus'' spp.) - includes raspberries and blackberries.
* Broad-leaved dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Caraway (''Carum carvi'')
* Cat's Ear (''Hypochoeris glabra'')
* Chamomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'')
* Chickweeds / starweeds / starworts (''Stellaria media'')
* Chervil (''Anthriscus cerefolium'')
* Clover / trefoil (''Trifolium'' spp.) - specifically, white clover (''Trifolium repens'') and red clover (''Trifolium pratense'')
* Cockscomb (''Celosia argenta cristata'')
* Comfrey (''Symphytum officinale'')
* Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Common snapdragon (''Antirrhinum majus'')
* Common zinnia (''Zinnia elegans'')
* Coltsfoot (''Tussilago farfara'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cornflower / Bachelors button (''Centaurea cyanus'')
* Cosmos (''Cosmos bipinnatus'')
* Cow parsley (''Anthriscus sylvestris'')
* Curled dock (''Rumex cripus'')
* Daisy / Common daisy / English daisy (''Bellis perennis'')
* Dame's rocket (''Hesperis matronalis'')
* Dandelion (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Daylily (''Hemerocallis spp.'')
* Dead Nettle (''Lamium album'')
* Dill (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgaris'')
* Field maple (''Acer campestre'')
* Flatweed (''Hypochoeris radicata'')
* Fireweed / Rosebay willowherb / Great willow-herb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Garden cress (''Lepidium sativum'')
* Garden nasturtium / Indian cress (''Tropaeolum majus'')
* Garden Verbena (''Verbena x hybrida'')
* Geum / Avens (''Geum spp.'')
* Gillyflower / stock (''Matthiola incana'')
* Gladiolus (''Gladiolus spp.'')
* Goat willow (''Salix caprea'')
* Goldenrod (''Solidago spp.'')
* Greater plantain / Broadleaf plantain (''Plantago major'')
* Ground elder (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'')
* Goutweed (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus avellana'')
* Hibiscus (''Malvaceae spp.'')
* Hogweed (''Heracleum spondyleum'')
* Hollyhock (''Alcea spp.'')
* Hyssop (''Hyssopus officinalis'')
* Impatiens (''Impatiens walleriana'')
* Irish moss (''Sagina subulata'')
* Jasmine (''Jasminum sambac'')
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Knotweed / smartweek / hogweed / wireweed / lady's thumb (''Polygonum aviculare'')
* Lady's mantle (''Alchemilla mollis'')
* Lady's smock (''Cardamine pratensis'')
* Lamb's quarter / fat hen / goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lavender (''Lavendula spp.'')
* Lemon balm (''Melissa officinalis'')
* Lovage (''Levisticum officianle'')
* Mallow (''Malva spp.'') - specifically, common mallow (''Malva sylvestris'')
* Milk thistle / lady's thistle / holy thistle / St. Mary's thistle (''Caduus marianus'' L.)
* Moss-rose (''Portulaca grandiflora'')
* Mustard (''Sinapis spp.'')
* Mustard greens / Kai choi / Gai choy / Gai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Nasturtium (''Tropaeolum spp.'')
* Nettle (''Urtica urens'') - feed dried or wilted to reduce sting, but rabbits generally have no trouble eating fresh either.
* New England aster (''Aster novae-angliae'')
* Oregano (''Origanum vulgare'')
* Orchid (''Phalenopsis, Sophrontitis, Oncidium, Cattleya spp.'')
* Oxeye daisy / Marguerite (''Leucanthemum vulgare'')
* Pansy (''Viola × wittrockiana'')
* Peppermint (''Mentha × piperita'')
* Petunia (''Petunia x hybrida'')
* Plantain / ribwort (''Plantago'' spp.) - specifically, broad-leafed plantains (''P. major'') and narrow-leafed plantains (''P. lanceolata'')
* Pot marigold (Calendula) (''Calendula officinalis'')
* Prickly lettuce (''Lactuca serriola'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')
* Ribbon plant / Spider plant (''Chlorophytum comosum'')
* Ribwort / Narrow-leaved plantain (''Plantago lanceolata'')
* Rose (''Rosa spp.'')
* Rosebay willowherb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Rosemary (''Rosmarinus officinalis'')
* Sage (''Salvia spp.'')
* Salad burnet / Small burnet (''Sanguisorba minor'')
* Sand rocket / Lincon weed (''Diplotaxis tenuifolia'')
* Shepherd's purse / caseweed / shovelweed (''Capsella bursapastoris'')
* Snow / Sugarsnap peas (''Pisum sativum'')
* Sow thistle / milk thistle (''Sonchus oleraceus'')
* Sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'')
* Sweet Cicely (''Myrrhis odorata'')
* Tall morning glory (''Ipomoea purpurea'') - seeds are [[toxic]]
* Tarragon (''Artemisia dracunculus'')
* Thyme (''Thymus spp.'')
* Turnip weed (''Rapistrum rugosum'')
* Treasure flower (''Gazania rigens'')
* Viola (''Violaceae spp.'')
* Vetch (''Vicia spp.'')
* Wallflower (''Erysimum spp.'')
* Weeping willow
* Wild lettuce (''Lactuca satigna'')
* Wild pansy / Heartsease (''Viola tricolor'')
* Wild strawberries (''Fragaria'' spp.)
* Wild turnip (''Brassica tournefortii'')
* Wishbone flower (''Torenia'' spp.)
* Wood cranesbill / Woodland geranium (''Geranium sylvaticum'')
* Woodland Goosefoot (''Chenopodium standleyanum'')<ref>Illinois Wildflowers, [http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wd_goosefoot.htm Woodland Goosefoot]</ref>
* Yarrow (''Achillea millefolium'')
</div>

== Vegetables to avoid ==
{{Main|[[Toxic plants]]}}
Like any other animal, rabbits should not eat certain plants. Our main [[Toxic plants]] article will address the plants that should be kept out of a rabbit's reach. ''Always check that list first before feeding your rabbit anything new.''

<div class="bad">
The ones listed below should be avoided for various reasons.

* Bamboo shoots - many species contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Chocolate - poisonous to most pets.
* Coffee plants - contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Corn - rabbits cannot digest corn hulls, and they are just the right size to block the small intestine if not chewed properly.
* Diatomaceous earth - made from finely ground shells, and when ingested or breathed in, can act like razor blades; do not use in litter or food.
* Iceberg lettuce - safe for rabbits to eat, but low in nutrients and higher in water content than other darker lettuces. Large amounts can cause diarrhea.
* Garlic and onions - immunosuppressive, see [[Diet FAQ#Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?|Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?]] for details.
* Raw anasazi, broad, common, lima, black, fava, horse, runner, garden, pinto, navy, kidney, soy beans and sprouts - contains high amounts of lectins which can damage intestinal walls and reduce nutrient absorption, but are destroyed by cooking and reduced by soaking, sprouting, or fermenting.<ref name="ynotdiet">Y-Not Bunnies, [http://www.y-notbunnies.com/diet_and_information.htm Diet and Information]</ref><ref>Raw Evolution, [http://rawevolution.wordpress.com/what-not-to-sprout/ What not to sprout]</ref><ref>The Kitchen Physician, Carolyn Swicegood, [http://www.landofvos.com/articles/sprouts.html Sprouting for Healthier Birds]</ref>
* Raw potatoes - high in starches and contain a toxic alkaloid called solanine before being cooked.
</div>

== How should I store my bunny vegetables? ==
Vegetables tend to spoil easily and can be a hassle to prepare everyday. There are several products on the market that can help you store prepped vegetables for your rabbit in the fridge for longer periods of time than a normal food container or plastic produce bags.

<div class="blue">
Some storage products that may help you include the following:

* {{amazon|id=B000OUY2QO|name=Prepworks by Progressive Lettuce Keeper - 4.7 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B003QP2WJ8|name=Prepworks by Progressive Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Keeper - 1.9 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B004S67V2C|name=Progressive Collapsible Produce Keeper}}
* {{amazon|id=B00TO8X0BA|name=OXO Good Grips GreenSaver Produce Keeper - Large (4.7 Quart)}}
* {{amazon|id=B01BD165SK|name=Rubbermaid FreshWorks 17.3 Cup Large Produce Saver, Green}}
* {{amazon|id=B000WEIICG|name=Rubbermaid Produce Saver Food Storage Container, 14-Cup}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* RabbitsOnline.net. [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/quick-list-rabbit-safe-foods.49434/ QUICK LIST: Rabbit-Safe Foods]
* bunloaf. [https://shop.bunloaf.com/safe-plants-for-rabbits Foraging & Gardening for Rabbits - Safe herbs, garden plants, and wildflowers for bunnies]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. [http://www.indianahrs.org/rabbit-care/greens-vegetables.aspx Greens and Vegetables]
* House Rabbit Society. [https://rabbit.org/natural-nutrition-part-ii-pellets-and-veggies-2/ Natural Nutrition Part II: Pellets and Veggies] (bottom half)
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/vegetables Vegetables]
* Rabbit Welfare Fund. [http://www.bobtailsrescue.org.uk/docs/RWF_Healthy%20eating%20for%20your%20rabbit%20(Oct%202006).pdf Going Green - Healthy Eating for Your Rabbit]
* Nicole Morgan. (2013). [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BwX_kcLhvS-2UnZ0ekE4dXc0cTQ FRESH PLANTS! (A Feeding Guide)].

== See also==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Treats]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Veterinary emergencies

2025-09-13T22:29:21Z

Malikethbun: Edited wording to add clarification

{{#seo:
|description=Veterinary emergencies. What to look for, preparing for a visit to an emergency center, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e3/PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg
}}
__TOC__
{{right-image|file=PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg|caption=In some cases a rabbit may need a CT scan. Here is sweet Pancake (sedated) getting his CT scan for his hydrocephalus and ear problems. Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/Help-Pancake-the-Bunny-636419633088892/ Help Pancake the Bunny.] Here are a few example partial seizure episodes that Pancake sometimes has on [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Neurology/seizure.htm Medirabbit.]}}
Because rabbits are prey animals, they work very hard to hide any signs of illness. As a result, owners often cannot tell when a rabbit is sick until severe symptoms have appeared. Daily interaction with your bunny will help you realize what is normal and irregular.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=fkQtgZMucNY|name=Rohnert Park Animal Services. (2021). Rabbit Health: When to Take Your Rabbit to the Vet - Anne Martin}}
</div>
== Common symptoms ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, make an appointment with your [[vet|rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] as soon as possible or even an emergency veterinary clinic depending on the symptoms. Seemingly minor symptoms can escalate quickly and turn into major emergencies within 24 hours.
</div>
{{right-image|file=WhenYourRabbitIsUnwell.png|caption="Behaviour: When Your Rabbit is Unwell" info-gfx by Tamsin Stone of [http://www.therabbithouse.com/ The Rabbit House.]}}
{{right-image|file=RGS-poster-NC3RS-2021.jpg|caption=[http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/rabbit-grimace-scale Rabbit grimace scale] by NC3RS}}
{{right-image|file=Rabbit Grimace Scale.png|caption=Some general signs of pain in rabbits.}}

=== GI symptoms ===
Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually an emergent situation with rabbits as they need to be eating and processing food constantly to keep their digestive systems working.

* loss of appetite ([[anorexia]]) or changes in eating habits - A good way to test this is to offer an irresistible treat to your bunny such as fruit.
* small to no poop or diarrhea - True diarrhea should not be confused with smashed [[cecals]].
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-gallery-image|file=Diarrhea-Medirabbit-2.jpeg|caption=Photos courtesy of [https://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Bunny_201.pdf Esther van Praag, MediRabbit.com.] {{blur}}}}
</div>
* sitting in a hunched position or pressing stomach against the floor
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Bunnies-and-sunshine-river-bellypress.jpg|caption=River the lop pressing her belly against the sofa in discomfort. [[http://bunnies-and-sunshine.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-tummy-troubles.html source]]}}
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon Luna discomfort.jpg|caption=A rabbit flopping out in discomfort, not in relaxation. She was pressing her belly against the floor and adjusting her feet but did not want move or eat any treats. Her eyes were also squinting in pain.}}
</div>
* loud continuous GI sounds or complete silence in the stomach - You can use a stethoscope or listen with your ear pressed against the stomach.

These symptoms are suggestive of an onset of [[GI stasis]], often a secondary symptom to other health issues. As a result, it is important to take your rabbit to an emergency hospital if possible to rule out quickly fatal issues such as (but not limited to) [[bloat]], [[liver lobe torsion]], or [[gastric ulceration]].

=== Eye symptoms ===
Most abnormal changes with eyes are an emergency, especially to prevent permanent damage.

* eye discharge and inflammation
* squinting and closed eyes {{gallery-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
* cloudy eyes
* protruding and bulging eyes
* exposed third eyelids {{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-lopbulgingeye-202306.jpg|caption=A lop with bulging eyes and their third eyelids exposed when they were handled with pressure on their chest.}}

These symptoms are suggestive of eye injuries, [[conjunctivitis]], [[cataracts]], [[teeth|dental issues]], and other serious issues like [[thymoma]].

=== Respiratory and ear symptoms ===
Because rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths, anything obstructing their ability to intake sufficient oxygen by their noses is an emergent condition.

* increased, shallow, and/or labored breathing (e.g. nasal flaring, heaving sides, wheezing sounds) - For immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy can also ease any congestion.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NJ2FT9rjYmc|name=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2022). Respiratory Distress/Failure in Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=kaeEB7W6iZ4|name=u/Ok_Remove9491. (2021). Rabbit in respiratory distress with heavy breathing and nose flaring}}
{{youtube|id=XnsdygqcufM|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Lop rabbit wheezing from severe nasal infection while eating hay}}
</div>
* chest congestion (may sound like crackling or popping sounds, and a cough may or may not be present)
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)

These symptoms are suggestive of [[heat stroke]], [[snuffles]], [[teeth|dental issues]], or [[thymoma]].

The following are less emergent if your rabbit is otherwise eating and behaving normally, but they should still be seen by a veterinarian soon:

* sneezing, nasal discharge, or watery eyes; matted front paws from wiping nose
* scratching or shaking ears

These symptoms are suggestive of [[head tilt]], [[otitis]], [[mites]], [[snuffles]], or [[teeth|dental issues]].

=== Urinary tract symptoms ===
* sudden loss of litter box habits
* dribbling of urine ([[urinary incontinence]])
* straining to urinate; sitting in litter box for long periods of time. <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=nWoxeIG0V7U|caption=u/xenjaaaaa. (2019). Koda straining to urinate}}</div>
* urine as thick as toothpaste (color may vary)
<div class="inline-image-block>
{{blur-gallery-image|file=InspiringDerrick-knows-no-limitations-bladdersludge1.png|caption=Example of thick bladder sludge in Derrick. {{blur}} Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Inspiring-Derrick-knows-no-limitations/203660033163942 "Inspiring Derrick knows no limitations"]. Used with direct permission from owner.}}
</div>
* streaks of blood in their urine
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-post-image|file=BoldInUrine1a.jpg|caption="This is an example of how fresh blood usually looks in the urine." {{blur}}}}
{{blur-post-image|file=Pee-or-blood3.jpg|caption=While both examples look like blood, only example A has actual blood. {{blur}} Picture used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/ImYourBunnyGraycie/posts/508286246351745 Graycie English Angora.]}}
</div>

These symptoms are suggestive of [[bladder sludge and stones]], [[E. cuniculi]], [[urinary tract infection]], or [[uterine cancer]] in females.

=== General symptoms ===
* fever or [[hypothermia]] - normal rabbit temperatures are 101-103°F / 38-39.6°C
* loud teeth grinding - a sign of pain, different than gentle tooth purring
* irritability or unusual aggression
* listlessness, lethargy, or lack of interest in surroundings

== Extreme emergencies ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, consider it an extreme emergency, and '''locate an [[vet|emergency veterinarian]] immediately.'''<ref name="rh21"/>
</div>

* shallow breathing and/or weak heartbeat
* complete immobility or unresponsiveness
* severe [[diarrhea]] or mucous-covered stools
* complete silence in stomach - this is a sign of full [[stasis]]
* very labored breathing (e.g. head tilted up, bobbing head) - See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] in the section above for additional video examples.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dH-nL0Zhq1M|name=Catnip & Carrots Veterinary Hospital. (2015). Rabbit with increased respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=RW48NF-mC7I|name=NHC Rabbit Rescue of Wilmington. (2020). Domino in respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=bg-WR7LoV4g|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Rabbit diagnosed with thymoma struggling to breathe}}
{{youtube|id=AC0VTzIRto4|name=Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2018). Rabbit gasping for air. NOTE: Unfortunately, if a rabbit is seen already gasping through the mouth, death is usually imminent. Rabbits are obligate nasal breathers and are unable to effectively breathe through their mouth.}}
</div>
* convulsions or [[seizures]]
* any injury resulting in open wounds or possible broken bones - this includes any sort of attack by another animal. If your rabbit is limping or dragging limbs, please immediately put your rabbit on [[cage rest]] to prevent further damage until they can be seen by a veterinarian.
* any symptoms of shock - listlessness, limpness, or abnormal gum coloring (grayer or redder than normal).
* temperatures lower than 100°F/37.7°C or higher than 104°F/40°C ([[hypothermia]])
* not eating for 12 hours, no poop in 12 hours, or increasingly smaller poop
* dehydration - dry tacky mucous membranes and/or delayed skin elasticity<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div>
* gray, mauve, or white mucous membrane color (e.g. check gums and eyelids) - this is a sign of severe anemia or lack of oxygen (hypoxia).<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div>
* loss of balance or [[head tilt]]
* partial or total [[paralysis]]

== How can I keep my rabbit stable until a veterinarian is available? ==
The following are a list of checks to go down from most important to less important, and many are also duplicated from our [[GI stasis#At-home treatment]] section:

# <b>Is my rabbit bleeding?</b> If your rabbit has an open wound, make sure the wound has stopped bleeding. If it is not clotting on its own, use a sterile gauze to apply constant and firm pressure. {{bad|If the bleeding has not stopped after 5 minutes, please proceed to [[vet|an emergency veterinarian]] immediately for a positive prognosis.}}</p><p>See [[First aid for rabbits#Wound care]] for more tips on how to treat wounds at home.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit warm?</b> Hypothermia is one of the biggest killers of rabbits. Use a rectal thermometer to check your rabbit's temperature - it should be between 101-104°F (38.3-40°C).<p>A temperature below 100°F means the rabbit is starting to go into or is already in shock. Rabbits will be very lethargic with decreased responsiveness to stimuli. <u>If you do not have a thermometer on hand, if your rabbit is already lethargic and their ear tips and limbs feel cold, they are likely [[hypothermia|hypothermic]].</u> Immediately start warming up your rabbit with heat support. A heating pad, a plastic bottle full of hot water, a microwaved sock full of rice, or a {{amazon|id=B00008AJH9|name=SnuggleSafe}} disc should be wrapped in a towel to prevent burns. If you do not have any heating accessories, you can microwave a towel or blanket for 30 seconds to temporarily heat it up, or just wrap your rabbit completely in a towel or blanket. {{amazon|id=B0007ZF4Q8|name=Portable hand warmers}} are also extremely useful under towels and blankets and should be moved around the body every 5-10 minutes to warm them up. Note that rabbits that were hypothermic when taken to the veterinarian for initial [[stasis]] treatment have been studied to be 5 times as likely to die or be euthanized compared to rabbits that were of normal body temperature.<ref>Kimberly M Oparil et al. (2019). Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes for rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal tract dysfunction: 117 cases (2014-2016). Retrieved 27 Feb 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336181390_Clinical_characteristics_and_short-term_outcomes_for_rabbits_with_signs_of_gastrointestinal_tract_dysfunction_117_cases_2014-2016</ref></p><p>A very high temperature above 106°F also needs immediate attention. You can cool down your rabbit by putting the rabbit in a breezy area and carefully wetting down the ears, their main thermoregulatory organ.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit hydrated?</b> You can use the skin tent test to check if your rabbit is well hydrated.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div></p><p>Ideally, if your rabbit is visibly dehydrated, warmed [[subcutaneous fluids]] are a great first aid. You should have received a dosage from your veterinarian when you purchased the supplies. Refrain from force feeding any water directly with a large syringe as liquids are easy for rabbits to aspirate and cause more serious issues. If you do not have subcutaneous liquids on hand, giving liquids carefully with a small 1-3 ml syringe. Offer 10-20 ml of liquids slowly orally.</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit breathe easily?</b> See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] for example videos of these symptoms. If your rabbit is in respiratory distress, for immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy (e.g. sitting with them in a steamy bathroom) can also help ease any congestion. If you have received instructions about [[nebulizing]] your rabbit, it may be a good idea to do so with saline.</p><p>{{bad|If you have a rabbit in respiratory distress, it may be a good idea to find any emergency veterinarian within driving distance to get oxygen support as soon as possible because rabbit are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths.}} Rabbits that are already breathing through their mouths for air have a very poor prognosis.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit getting bloated?</b> Bloated rabbit stomachs will feel like an overfilled balloon and become visibly distended. {{bad|If your rabbit is [[Bloat|bloated]], please find your nearest [[vet|emergency veterinary hospital]] and start treatment promptly for the best chance of recovery.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=iVW6Rw5rZzo|caption=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2021). GI Stasis VS Bloat}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit anemic?</b> You can check their gums or flip over their eyelid to check their mucusa is a shade of pink. Rabbits can become anemic from both external and internal bleeding. {{bad|If the mucusa looks white, grey, or mauve, you should seek any kind of [[vet|emergency medical help]] as soon as possible as there is not much that can be done for the condition at home, especially if the bleeding is internal.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit eating well on their own?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of pickiness, give them whatever food (except treats) they are willing to eat in larger amounts until you can see your veterinarian.</p><p>If your rabbit has refused to eat anything in over 8 hours or only eating vegetables and <u>shows no signs of [[bloat|bloating]],</u> [[syringe feeding|'''assist feed''']] 10-20 ml (1 dry Tbsp) of Critical Care, pellet mash, or pumpkin puree to make sure there is food and fiber in their system for calories and to encourage digestive movement until you can reach a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. {{bad|If you are unsure if your rabbit is bloated, it is best to avoid adding more food in the stomach and find your closest [[vet|veterinary clinic]] as soon as possible. Syringe feeding with a bloated stomach can make the issue worse and rupture their stomach from the pressure.}}</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit hop around easily?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of [[head tilt]], limping, or other abnormal and unsteady behavior, it is best to put them on [[cage rest]] to prevent further injuries. For rabbits that are struggling to move at all, a small carrier would be a good containment area until they can see a rabbit-experienced veterinarian.

<div class="note">
While pain control is important for rabbits and their recovery when feeling unwell, we are hesitant to recommend any specific at-home drug treatments to help keep your rabbit stable unless you have direct instructions from your rabbit-experienced veterinarian about usage scenarios and dosages. Many conditions such as [[kidney disease]] and [[Gastric_ulceration|gastric ulcers]] can be dangerously exacerbated if rabbits are given NSAIDs such as meloxicam indiscriminately, especially if dehydrated.
</div>

== How to prepare for a visit to an emergency center ==
[[File:BunnyBondVet.jpg|thumb|right|.]]
To assist the [[vet|emergency veterinarian]], it is helpful to know some things about the rabbit concerned. The following list is paraphrased from Rabbit Advocates and other sources:<ref>Rabbit Advocates. (2000). Useful Tips for a Trip to the Emergency Center. Retrieved 07 Feb 2017 from http://rabbitadvocates.org/careinfo/packet/emer.html</ref>
* A history of illness, including symptoms.
* Treatments given and any reactions.
* Baseline lab work (blood and urine) - obtainable from your regular veterinarian.
* Current normal weight.
* Complete diet including date of when new foods were started and any reactions.
* Normal food and water consumption.
* Normal urine and stool output.
* Neutering status.
* Vaccination status (if relevant).

Here are some more resources about preparing for an emergency visit.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/planningforemergencies.pdf Planning for Emergencies]

== Further reading ==
* Dawson, B. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/dealing-with-medical-emergencies/ Dealing with Medical Emergencies]
* Zooh Corner. (2014). [http://www.mybunny.org/info/emergencies.htm Rabbit Medical Emergencies]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2008). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t78-emergencies-when-your-rabbit-needs-a-vet-now Emergencies: When Your Rabbit Needs A Vet NOW]
* Lathan, L. [http://www.morfz.com/firstaid.html First Aid For Rabbits]
* Petfinder. [https://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/rabbit-sick-reach-vet/ Help! My rabbit is sick and I can't reach my vet!]
* Paul-Murphy, J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20021003192358/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/vet-emergency.html Emergency Medicine and Critical Care for Rabbits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. (2005). [http://www.houserabbit.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/emergenc.htm Rabbit ER : When your rabbit needs to see the vet NOW]
* Rabbitwise, Inc. [http://www.rabbitwise.org/emergencies.html Rabbit 911]

== See also ==
* [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]]
* [[First aid for rabbits]]
* [[First aid kit for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="rh21">Smith, K. (2003). {{amazon|id=0595281370|name=''Rabbit Health in the 21st Century''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Diagnostics]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Veterinary emergencies

2025-09-13T22:27:17Z

Malikethbun: Added content

{{#seo:
|description=Veterinary emergencies. What to look for, preparing for a visit to an emergency center, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e3/PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg
}}
__TOC__
{{right-image|file=PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg|caption=In some cases a rabbit may need a CT scan. Here is sweet Pancake (sedated) getting his CT scan for his hydrocephalus and ear problems. Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/Help-Pancake-the-Bunny-636419633088892/ Help Pancake the Bunny.] Here are a few example partial seizure episodes that Pancake sometimes has on [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Neurology/seizure.htm Medirabbit.]}}
Because rabbits are prey animals, they work very hard to hide any signs of illness. As a result, owners often cannot tell when a rabbit is sick until severe symptoms have appeared. Daily interaction with your bunny will help you realize what is normal and irregular.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=fkQtgZMucNY|name=Rohnert Park Animal Services. (2021). Rabbit Health: When to Take Your Rabbit to the Vet - Anne Martin}}
</div>
== Common symptoms ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, make an appointment with your [[vet|rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] as soon as possible or even an emergency veterinary clinic depending on the symptoms. Seemingly minor symptoms can escalate quickly and turn into major emergencies within 24 hours.
</div>
{{right-image|file=WhenYourRabbitIsUnwell.png|caption="Behaviour: When Your Rabbit is Unwell" info-gfx by Tamsin Stone of [http://www.therabbithouse.com/ The Rabbit House.]}}
{{right-image|file=RGS-poster-NC3RS-2021.jpg|caption=[http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/rabbit-grimace-scale Rabbit grimace scale] by NC3RS}}
{{right-image|file=Rabbit Grimace Scale.png|caption=Some general signs of pain in rabbits.}}

=== GI symptoms ===
Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually an emergent situation with rabbits as they need to be eating and processing food constantly to keep their digestive systems working.

* loss of appetite ([[anorexia]]) or changes in eating habits - A good way to test this is to offer an irresistible treat to your bunny such as fruit.
* small to no poop or diarrhea - True diarrhea should not be confused with smashed [[cecals]].
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-gallery-image|file=Diarrhea-Medirabbit-2.jpeg|caption=Photos courtesy of [https://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Bunny_201.pdf Esther van Praag, MediRabbit.com.] {{blur}}}}
</div>
* sitting in a hunched position or pressing stomach against the floor
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Bunnies-and-sunshine-river-bellypress.jpg|caption=River the lop pressing her belly against the sofa in discomfort. [[http://bunnies-and-sunshine.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-tummy-troubles.html source]]}}
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon Luna discomfort.jpg|caption=A rabbit flopping out in discomfort, not in relaxation. She was pressing her belly against the floor and adjusting her feet but did not want move or eat any treats. Her eyes were also squinting in pain.}}
</div>
* loud continuous GI sounds or complete silence in the stomach - You can use a stethoscope or listen with your ear pressed against the stomach.

These symptoms are suggestive of an onset of [[GI stasis]], often a secondary symptom to other health issues. As a result, it is important to take your rabbit to an emergency hospital if possible to rule out quickly fatal issues such as (but not limited to) [[bloat]], [[liver lobe torsion]], or [[gastric ulceration]].

=== Eye symptoms ===
Most abnormal changes with eyes are an emergency, especially to prevent permanent damage.

* eye discharge and inflammation
* squinting and closed eyes {{gallery-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
* cloudy eyes
* protruding and bulging eyes
* exposed third eyelids {{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-lopbulgingeye-202306.jpg|caption=A lop with bulging eyes and their third eyelids exposed when they were handled with pressure on their chest.}}

These symptoms are suggestive of eye injuries, [[conjunctivitis]], [[cataracts]], [[teeth|dental issues]], and other serious issues like [[thymoma]].

=== Respiratory and ear symptoms ===
Because rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths, anything obstructing their ability to intake sufficient oxygen by their noses is an emergent condition.

* increased, shallow, and/or labored breathing (e.g. nasal flaring, heaving sides, wheezing sounds) - For immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy can also ease any congestion.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NJ2FT9rjYmc|name=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2022). Respiratory Distress/Failure in Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=kaeEB7W6iZ4|name=u/Ok_Remove9491. (2021). Rabbit in respiratory distress with heavy breathing and nose flaring}}
{{youtube|id=XnsdygqcufM|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Lop rabbit wheezing from severe nasal infection while eating hay}}
</div>
* chest congestion (may sound like crackling or popping sounds, and a cough may or may not be present)
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)

These symptoms are suggestive of [[heat stroke]], [[snuffles]], [[teeth|dental issues]], or [[thymoma]].

The following are less emergent if your rabbit is otherwise eating and behaving normally, but they should still be seen by a veterinarian soon:

* sneezing, nasal discharge, or watery eyes; matted front paws from wiping nose
* scratching or shaking ears

These symptoms are suggestive of [[head tilt]], [[otitis]], [[mites]], [[snuffles]], or [[teeth|dental issues]].

=== Urinary tract symptoms ===
* sudden loss of litter box habits
* dribbling of urine ([[urinary incontinence]])
* straining to urinate; sitting in litter box for long periods of time. <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=nWoxeIG0V7U|caption=u/xenjaaaaa. (2019). Koda straining to urinate}}</div>
* urine as a thick white toothpaste
<div class="inline-image-block>
{{blur-gallery-image|file=InspiringDerrick-knows-no-limitations-bladdersludge1.png|caption=Example of thick bladder sludge in Derrick. {{blur}} Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Inspiring-Derrick-knows-no-limitations/203660033163942 "Inspiring Derrick knows no limitations"]. Used with direct permission from owner.}}
</div>
* streaks of blood in their urine
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-post-image|file=BoldInUrine1a.jpg|caption="This is an example of how fresh blood usually looks in the urine." {{blur}}}}
{{blur-post-image|file=Pee-or-blood3.jpg|caption=While both examples look like blood, only example A has actual blood. {{blur}} Picture used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/ImYourBunnyGraycie/posts/508286246351745 Graycie English Angora.]}}
</div>

These symptoms are suggestive of [[bladder sludge and stones]], [[E. cuniculi]], [[urinary tract infection]], or [[uterine cancer]] in females.

=== General symptoms ===
* fever or [[hypothermia]] - normal rabbit temperatures are 101-103°F / 38-39.6°C
* loud teeth grinding - a sign of pain, different than gentle tooth purring
* irritability or unusual aggression
* listlessness, lethargy, or lack of interest in surroundings

== Extreme emergencies ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, consider it an extreme emergency, and '''locate an [[vet|emergency veterinarian]] immediately.'''<ref name="rh21"/>
</div>

* shallow breathing and/or weak heartbeat
* complete immobility or unresponsiveness
* severe [[diarrhea]] or mucous-covered stools
* complete silence in stomach - this is a sign of full [[stasis]]
* very labored breathing (e.g. head tilted up, bobbing head) - See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] in the section above for additional video examples.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dH-nL0Zhq1M|name=Catnip & Carrots Veterinary Hospital. (2015). Rabbit with increased respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=RW48NF-mC7I|name=NHC Rabbit Rescue of Wilmington. (2020). Domino in respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=bg-WR7LoV4g|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Rabbit diagnosed with thymoma struggling to breathe}}
{{youtube|id=AC0VTzIRto4|name=Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2018). Rabbit gasping for air. NOTE: Unfortunately, if a rabbit is seen already gasping through the mouth, death is usually imminent. Rabbits are obligate nasal breathers and are unable to effectively breathe through their mouth.}}
</div>
* convulsions or [[seizures]]
* any injury resulting in open wounds or possible broken bones - this includes any sort of attack by another animal. If your rabbit is limping or dragging limbs, please immediately put your rabbit on [[cage rest]] to prevent further damage until they can be seen by a veterinarian.
* any symptoms of shock - listlessness, limpness, or abnormal gum coloring (grayer or redder than normal).
* temperatures lower than 100°F/37.7°C or higher than 104°F/40°C ([[hypothermia]])
* not eating for 12 hours, no poop in 12 hours, or increasingly smaller poop
* dehydration - dry tacky mucous membranes and/or delayed skin elasticity<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div>
* gray, mauve, or white mucous membrane color (e.g. check gums and eyelids) - this is a sign of severe anemia or lack of oxygen (hypoxia).<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div>
* loss of balance or [[head tilt]]
* partial or total [[paralysis]]

== How can I keep my rabbit stable until a veterinarian is available? ==
The following are a list of checks to go down from most important to less important, and many are also duplicated from our [[GI stasis#At-home treatment]] section:

# <b>Is my rabbit bleeding?</b> If your rabbit has an open wound, make sure the wound has stopped bleeding. If it is not clotting on its own, use a sterile gauze to apply constant and firm pressure. {{bad|If the bleeding has not stopped after 5 minutes, please proceed to [[vet|an emergency veterinarian]] immediately for a positive prognosis.}}</p><p>See [[First aid for rabbits#Wound care]] for more tips on how to treat wounds at home.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit warm?</b> Hypothermia is one of the biggest killers of rabbits. Use a rectal thermometer to check your rabbit's temperature - it should be between 101-104°F (38.3-40°C).<p>A temperature below 100°F means the rabbit is starting to go into or is already in shock. Rabbits will be very lethargic with decreased responsiveness to stimuli. <u>If you do not have a thermometer on hand, if your rabbit is already lethargic and their ear tips and limbs feel cold, they are likely [[hypothermia|hypothermic]].</u> Immediately start warming up your rabbit with heat support. A heating pad, a plastic bottle full of hot water, a microwaved sock full of rice, or a {{amazon|id=B00008AJH9|name=SnuggleSafe}} disc should be wrapped in a towel to prevent burns. If you do not have any heating accessories, you can microwave a towel or blanket for 30 seconds to temporarily heat it up, or just wrap your rabbit completely in a towel or blanket. {{amazon|id=B0007ZF4Q8|name=Portable hand warmers}} are also extremely useful under towels and blankets and should be moved around the body every 5-10 minutes to warm them up. Note that rabbits that were hypothermic when taken to the veterinarian for initial [[stasis]] treatment have been studied to be 5 times as likely to die or be euthanized compared to rabbits that were of normal body temperature.<ref>Kimberly M Oparil et al. (2019). Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes for rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal tract dysfunction: 117 cases (2014-2016). Retrieved 27 Feb 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336181390_Clinical_characteristics_and_short-term_outcomes_for_rabbits_with_signs_of_gastrointestinal_tract_dysfunction_117_cases_2014-2016</ref></p><p>A very high temperature above 106°F also needs immediate attention. You can cool down your rabbit by putting the rabbit in a breezy area and carefully wetting down the ears, their main thermoregulatory organ.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit hydrated?</b> You can use the skin tent test to check if your rabbit is well hydrated.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div></p><p>Ideally, if your rabbit is visibly dehydrated, warmed [[subcutaneous fluids]] are a great first aid. You should have received a dosage from your veterinarian when you purchased the supplies. Refrain from force feeding any water directly with a large syringe as liquids are easy for rabbits to aspirate and cause more serious issues. If you do not have subcutaneous liquids on hand, giving liquids carefully with a small 1-3 ml syringe. Offer 10-20 ml of liquids slowly orally.</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit breathe easily?</b> See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] for example videos of these symptoms. If your rabbit is in respiratory distress, for immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy (e.g. sitting with them in a steamy bathroom) can also help ease any congestion. If you have received instructions about [[nebulizing]] your rabbit, it may be a good idea to do so with saline.</p><p>{{bad|If you have a rabbit in respiratory distress, it may be a good idea to find any emergency veterinarian within driving distance to get oxygen support as soon as possible because rabbit are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths.}} Rabbits that are already breathing through their mouths for air have a very poor prognosis.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit getting bloated?</b> Bloated rabbit stomachs will feel like an overfilled balloon and become visibly distended. {{bad|If your rabbit is [[Bloat|bloated]], please find your nearest [[vet|emergency veterinary hospital]] and start treatment promptly for the best chance of recovery.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=iVW6Rw5rZzo|caption=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2021). GI Stasis VS Bloat}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit anemic?</b> You can check their gums or flip over their eyelid to check their mucusa is a shade of pink. Rabbits can become anemic from both external and internal bleeding. {{bad|If the mucusa looks white, grey, or mauve, you should seek any kind of [[vet|emergency medical help]] as soon as possible as there is not much that can be done for the condition at home, especially if the bleeding is internal.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit eating well on their own?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of pickiness, give them whatever food (except treats) they are willing to eat in larger amounts until you can see your veterinarian.</p><p>If your rabbit has refused to eat anything in over 8 hours or only eating vegetables and <u>shows no signs of [[bloat|bloating]],</u> [[syringe feeding|'''assist feed''']] 10-20 ml (1 dry Tbsp) of Critical Care, pellet mash, or pumpkin puree to make sure there is food and fiber in their system for calories and to encourage digestive movement until you can reach a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. {{bad|If you are unsure if your rabbit is bloated, it is best to avoid adding more food in the stomach and find your closest [[vet|veterinary clinic]] as soon as possible. Syringe feeding with a bloated stomach can make the issue worse and rupture their stomach from the pressure.}}</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit hop around easily?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of [[head tilt]], limping, or other abnormal and unsteady behavior, it is best to put them on [[cage rest]] to prevent further injuries. For rabbits that are struggling to move at all, a small carrier would be a good containment area until they can see a rabbit-experienced veterinarian.

<div class="note">
While pain control is important for rabbits and their recovery when feeling unwell, we are hesitant to recommend any specific at-home drug treatments to help keep your rabbit stable unless you have direct instructions from your rabbit-experienced veterinarian about usage scenarios and dosages. Many conditions such as [[kidney disease]] and [[Gastric_ulceration|gastric ulcers]] can be dangerously exacerbated if rabbits are given NSAIDs such as meloxicam indiscriminately, especially if dehydrated.
</div>

== How to prepare for a visit to an emergency center ==
[[File:BunnyBondVet.jpg|thumb|right|.]]
To assist the [[vet|emergency veterinarian]], it is helpful to know some things about the rabbit concerned. The following list is paraphrased from Rabbit Advocates and other sources:<ref>Rabbit Advocates. (2000). Useful Tips for a Trip to the Emergency Center. Retrieved 07 Feb 2017 from http://rabbitadvocates.org/careinfo/packet/emer.html</ref>
* A history of illness, including symptoms.
* Treatments given and any reactions.
* Baseline lab work (blood and urine) - obtainable from your regular veterinarian.
* Current normal weight.
* Complete diet including date of when new foods were started and any reactions.
* Normal food and water consumption.
* Normal urine and stool output.
* Neutering status.
* Vaccination status (if relevant).

Here are some more resources about preparing for an emergency visit.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/planningforemergencies.pdf Planning for Emergencies]

== Further reading ==
* Dawson, B. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/dealing-with-medical-emergencies/ Dealing with Medical Emergencies]
* Zooh Corner. (2014). [http://www.mybunny.org/info/emergencies.htm Rabbit Medical Emergencies]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2008). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t78-emergencies-when-your-rabbit-needs-a-vet-now Emergencies: When Your Rabbit Needs A Vet NOW]
* Lathan, L. [http://www.morfz.com/firstaid.html First Aid For Rabbits]
* Petfinder. [https://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/rabbit-sick-reach-vet/ Help! My rabbit is sick and I can't reach my vet!]
* Paul-Murphy, J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20021003192358/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/vet-emergency.html Emergency Medicine and Critical Care for Rabbits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. (2005). [http://www.houserabbit.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/emergenc.htm Rabbit ER : When your rabbit needs to see the vet NOW]
* Rabbitwise, Inc. [http://www.rabbitwise.org/emergencies.html Rabbit 911]

== See also ==
* [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]]
* [[First aid for rabbits]]
* [[First aid kit for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="rh21">Smith, K. (2003). {{amazon|id=0595281370|name=''Rabbit Health in the 21st Century''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Diagnostics]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Thymoma

2025-09-13T22:25:47Z

Malikethbun: Added content to “Symptoms”

{{incomplete}}
'''Thymomas''' are tumors that originate from the thymus, a specialized organ of the immune system in the chest cavity.

__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
* Eye bulging (exophthalmus)
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=JL3ynzmzht0|caption=CT. (2022). Positional Exophthalmos}}
{{gallery-image|file=VetstreamLapisEyes1.jpg|caption=A rabbit with bulging eyes due to pressure in their chest. Source: Vetstream Lapis.|class=blur}}
</div>
* Third eye protrusion {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-lopbulgingeye-202306.jpg|caption=A lop with bulging eyes and their third eyelids exposed when they were handled with pressure on their chest.}}
* Swelling of the head, neck, or forelimbs
* Abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea)
* Difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=bg-WR7LoV4g|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Rabbit diagnosed with thymoma struggling to breathe}}
</div>
* Nasal flaring
* Increased respiration rate
* Tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)
* Widespread scaling of the skin (exfoliative dermatitis)
* [[Sebaceous adenitis]]

== Diagnosis ==
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-romeo-thymoma-2022.png|caption=A series of radiographs of a rabbit diagnosed with thymoma from diagnosis (Jul 28) to hospitalization and 2x prednisolone daily treatment (Aug 1) to 2x prednisolone daily (Sep 12) to 1x prednisolone daily (Dec 7). Note the amount of black space in the chest indicating how much lung space the rabbit had.}}

Radiographs and CT scans will diagnose the existence of a chest mass, but a biopsy is necessary to distinguish between a thymoma and thymic lymphoma. Metastases are uncommon in thymoma, although thymic lymphoma is metastatic. Thymic carcinoma has also been suspected in a case involving metastasis to a bone tumor.

== Treatment ==

* <b>Surgery</b>
* <b>Radiation therapy</b> {{right-image|file=Mliang-bella-thymoma-radiation-202303.jpg|caption=A small Netherland Dwarf getting image-guided radiation therapy at UC Davis. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid029fGKSbWfTkUCYWNNvzjpmy32SDhcVttnztUubo7RE6yojNSpr4ZttuiWQz1ewmBml Maurice Liang]}}
* <b>Chemotherapy</b>
* <b>Steroids</b>: most often prednisolone, but sometimes dexamethasone.

The following are more resources on treatment options for rabbits:

* Alyssa Palmer et al. (2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506321000495 Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated]
* La’Toya Latney, DVM. (2016). [https://www.vet.upenn.edu/docs/default-source/penn-annual-conference/pac2016-proceedings/companion-animal-track-3/exotics-oncology---dr-latney.pdf?sfvrsn=c05219ba_3 Exotics Oncology: Special Focus on Updates on Therapies for Rabbits & Ferrets] {{PDF}}
* Clinician's Brief. (2012). [https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/reconsidering-surgery-rabbit-thymoma Surgery: Not Ideal for Rabbit Thymoma?]
* F. Künzel et al. (2012). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267174 Thymomas in rabbits: clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.]
* D. Guzman Sanchez-Migallon et al. (2006). [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thymoma_Guzman_et_al.pdf Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Thymoma in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)] {{pdf}}
* James K. Morrisey and Margaret McEntee. (2005). [http://www.rabbit.org/health/Rabbitthymomas.pdf Therapeutic Options for Thymoma in the Rabbits] {{pdf}}

The following is a list of hospitals that have radiation oncology departments that may be able to treat rabbits for thymomas:

* <b>United Kingdom</b>
** [https://www.ed.ac.uk/vet/services/small-animals/rabbit-exotic-practice Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice at The University of Edinburgh] (Midlothian, Scotland)
* <b>United States</b>
** [https://vcahospitals.com/california-veterinary-specialists-carlsbad/departments/oncology VCA California Veterinary Specialists - Carlsbad] (Carlsbad, California)
** [https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/hospital/small-animal/oncology UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital] (Davis, California)
** [https://www.csuanimalcancercenter.org/ Flint Animal Cancer Center at Colorado State University] (Fort Collins, Colorado)
** [https://wrah.com/radiation-oncology/ Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital] (Wheat Ridge, Colorado) - does not normally take exotics but has worked with Drs. Gardhouse and Swift from [https://evolutionvet.com/ Evolution Veterinary Specialists] for cases
** [https://smallanimal.vethospital.ufl.edu/clinical-services/oncology/ University of Florida Small Animal Hospital] (Gainesville, Florida)
** [https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/oncology Harrington Oncology Service at Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine] (North Grafton, Massachusetts)
** [https://cvm.msu.edu/hospital/services/radiation-oncology Michigan State University Veterinary Medical Center] (East Lansing, Michigan)
** [https://www.redbankvet.com/ Red Bank Veterinary Hospital] (Red Bank, New Jersey)
** [https://www.vet.cornell.edu/hospitals/services/oncology Cornell University Hospital for Animals] (Ithaca, New York)
** [https://www.amcny.org/pet-owners/specialties/oncology/ Animal Medical Center Cancer Institute] (New York, New York)
** [https://hospital.cvm.ncsu.edu/services/small-animals/cancer-oncology/radiation-oncology/ NC State Veterinary Hospital] (Raleigh, North Carolina)
** [https://www.gcvs.com/service/oncology/ Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists] (Houston, Texas)
** [https://hospital.vetmed.wsu.edu/small-animal/cats-and-dogs/oncology/ Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital] (Pullman, Washington)
** [https://uwveterinarycare.wisc.edu/small-animal/cats-and-dogs/oncology/ University of Wisconsin-Madison] (Madison, Wisconsin)

== Experiences ==

* u/No-Butterfly-6353. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m94ohl/update_on_our_rabbit_with_a_thymoma_tw_rip/ Princess survived two years after diagnosis with palliative steroid treatment before succumbing to unrelated heart failure] {{RIP}}
* Luna's House, Inc. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/lunashouse/posts/pfbid0Wb53oZDMEqmku1biY8ndkCP8nn3rtueZ95FBbT49HhoxRzDLv7XKSZvnqq4dzmcBl Homer's story with radiation treatment]
* woodwink3d. (2024). [https://www.instagram.com/p/C6CvdmRPH03/ Sesame's story with radiation treatment]
* Maurice Liang. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid0o9K2QKvKx1iWsML3E6LtTcjNjAunCM9Q1stRHmxLgJtWx86GPE1hf7kia42m3E1Rl Bella's story with radiation treatment], [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid029fGKSbWfTkUCYWNNvzjpmy32SDhcVttnztUubo7RE6yojNSpr4ZttuiWQz1ewmBml treatment update]
* u/WickAndFable. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10sa7ov/has_anyone_had_a_bunny_diagnosed_with_thymoma_or/j8amhev/ Fable's story with steroid treatment] {{RIP}}
* Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/AAORabbitRescue/posts/pfbid02Do3eG7AcV8kSthTQN7AqTrmBA1PrR17bx7w4hu7h9xekcgrBxPaZgtHDm1PUpEUBl Tyrion's story with steroid treatment]
* u/faithanyacordelia. (2021). [https://old.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/rf22iy/another_cassiopeia_post_because_my_vets_dont_know/hocpdrv/ Story of 11yo rabbit with thymoma in remission after radiation treatment]
* Katheryn L. Sullivan Kutil. (2021). [https://cvm.msu.edu/vetschool-tails/msu-magic-palliative-radiation-therapy-nanny-unicorn-rabbit A Little MSU Magic: Palliative Radiation Therapy for Nanny, the Unicorn Rabbit]
* Devin Roktya. (2021). [https://news.wsu.edu/news/2021/09/24/rabbit-travels-from-seattle-for-life-saving-treatment/ Rabbit travels from Seattle for life‑saving treatment]
* Tallulah Rabbit & Friends. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/binky.flop.thump/posts/pfbid02RYDQ3Th3DhNLy7NXYd7KgUkSXxmBfJiZaQztRXGxNP9NtvqUUGHfXq6MDg7mNjw3l Tallulah's story] {{RIP}}
* Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/specialneedsrspecial/posts/pfbid02cR7zWGo4QoWiSD9YNuCYXKVgYmaNsE1KQwcASeWBk4CLmFP9SqrA6QpCmtbevpZql Jenny's story - 7yo rabbit received radiation therapy for 2 months to shrink the tumor]
* u/rileybun. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/fydn3p/thymoma_in_rabbits/fnfpinl/ Riley's story with radiation treatment]
* u/headpeon. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/f0mxqs/senior_rabbit_with_thymoma/ Ninja's story with steroid treament.] {{RIP}}
* u/X63914. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bs4xbz/today_my_rabbit_thumper_didnt_make_it_through_a/ Thumper's story - passed while under anesthesia to trim molar spurs with diagnosed thymoma] {{RIP}}
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/posts/1720763501530422 Booboo's story - 9yo rabbit received radiation therapy to reduce the size of tumor]
* u/yoyomamma. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2yonpj/update_on_nikki_who_was_diagnosed_with_lymphoma/ Update on Nikki, who was diagnosed with lymphoma in October.]
* Allison Zwingenberger. (2015). [http://mirc.veterinaryradiology.net/storage/ss1/docs/20160807112925339/MIRCdocument.xml Radiographs of a 5-year-old rabbit with respiratory distress diagnosed with a cystic thymoma]
* Allison Zwingenberger. (2015). [http://mirc.veterinaryradiology.net/storage/ss1/docs/20160408085415710/MIRCdocument.xml Radiographs of an 8-year-old rabbit with leukocytosis discovered at wellness examination (27,000) and diagnosed with a lymphocytic-rich thymoma]
* Avian and Exotics Service - Ontario Veterinary College. (2014). [https://www.facebook.com/AEOVCHSC/posts/this-is-pierrot-the-rabbit-pierrot-was-diagnosed-with-thymoma-a-very-common-ches/855629207794185/ Pierrot the rabbit traveled to Michigan from Ontario, Canada, to receive weekly radiation treatment]
* [http://scootiescoop.wordpress.com/ The Scootie Scoop]. (2013).
* RabbitsOnline. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/thymoma-cancer.75044/ Thymoma cancer]
* Rabbit Reporter's Warren. (2012). [http://rabbitreporter.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/general-has-thymoma-too-two-buns-one-pet-store/ General has Thymoma, Too: Two Buns, One Pet Store]
* /somecows/. (2011). [http://somecows.com/thymoma/ Thymoma in Rabbits: Paco’s Story]
* Davida Kobler. (2004). [http://rabbit.org/a-miracle-for-hopnoodle-a-tale-of-thymoma/ A Miracle for Hopnoodle]

== Further reading ==
* Rachel Sibbald. (2020). [https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/thymomas-in-rabbits Thymomas in rabbits]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thym/Thymoma_rab.htm Sebaceous adenitis associated to thymoma in rabbits]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chest-Masses-in-Rabbits-Thymoma.pdf Chest Masses in Rabbits] {{PDF}}
* PetMD. (2010). [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/cancer/c_rb_thymoma_lymphoma#.UQ9LVB3pfg0 Lung Tumors and Lung Cancer in Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. (2006). [http://houserabbit.org/thymomas-in-rabbits/ Thymomas in Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Sebaceous adenitis]]

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Respiratory issues]]
[[Category:Endocrine issues]]

Thymoma

2025-09-13T22:23:46Z

Malikethbun: Added content, corrected typo

{{incomplete}}
'''Thymomas''' are tumors that originate from the thymus, a specialized organ of the immune system in the chest cavity.

__TOC__
== Symptoms ==

* Eye bulging (exophthalmus)
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=JL3ynzmzht0|caption=CT. (2022). Positional Exophthalmos}}
{{gallery-image|file=VetstreamLapisEyes1.jpg|caption=A rabbit with bulging eyes due to pressure in their chest. Source: Vetstream Lapis.|class=blur}}
</div>
* Third eye protrusion {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-lopbulgingeye-202306.jpg|caption=A lop with bulging eyes and their third eyelids exposed when they were handled with pressure on their chest.}}
* Swelling of the head, neck, or forelimbs
* Abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea)
* Difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=bg-WR7LoV4g|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Rabbit diagnosed with thymoma struggling to breathe}}
</div>
* Nasal flaring
* Widespread scaling of the skin (exfoliative dermatitis)
* [[Sebaceous adenitis]]

== Diagnosis ==
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-romeo-thymoma-2022.png|caption=A series of radiographs of a rabbit diagnosed with thymoma from diagnosis (Jul 28) to hospitalization and 2x prednisolone daily treatment (Aug 1) to 2x prednisolone daily (Sep 12) to 1x prednisolone daily (Dec 7). Note the amount of black space in the chest indicating how much lung space the rabbit had.}}

Radiographs and CT scans will diagnose the existence of a chest mass, but a biopsy is necessary to distinguish between a thymoma and thymic lymphoma. Metastases are uncommon in thymoma, although thymic lymphoma is metastatic. Thymic carcinoma has also been suspected in a case involving metastasis to a bone tumor.

== Treatment ==

* <b>Surgery</b>
* <b>Radiation therapy</b> {{right-image|file=Mliang-bella-thymoma-radiation-202303.jpg|caption=A small Netherland Dwarf getting image-guided radiation therapy at UC Davis. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid029fGKSbWfTkUCYWNNvzjpmy32SDhcVttnztUubo7RE6yojNSpr4ZttuiWQz1ewmBml Maurice Liang]}}
* <b>Chemotherapy</b>
* <b>Steroids</b>: most often prednisolone, but sometimes dexamethasone.

The following are more resources on treatment options for rabbits:

* Alyssa Palmer et al. (2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506321000495 Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated]
* La’Toya Latney, DVM. (2016). [https://www.vet.upenn.edu/docs/default-source/penn-annual-conference/pac2016-proceedings/companion-animal-track-3/exotics-oncology---dr-latney.pdf?sfvrsn=c05219ba_3 Exotics Oncology: Special Focus on Updates on Therapies for Rabbits & Ferrets] {{PDF}}
* Clinician's Brief. (2012). [https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/reconsidering-surgery-rabbit-thymoma Surgery: Not Ideal for Rabbit Thymoma?]
* F. Künzel et al. (2012). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267174 Thymomas in rabbits: clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.]
* D. Guzman Sanchez-Migallon et al. (2006). [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thymoma_Guzman_et_al.pdf Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Thymoma in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)] {{pdf}}
* James K. Morrisey and Margaret McEntee. (2005). [http://www.rabbit.org/health/Rabbitthymomas.pdf Therapeutic Options for Thymoma in the Rabbits] {{pdf}}

The following is a list of hospitals that have radiation oncology departments that may be able to treat rabbits for thymomas:

* <b>United Kingdom</b>
** [https://www.ed.ac.uk/vet/services/small-animals/rabbit-exotic-practice Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice at The University of Edinburgh] (Midlothian, Scotland)
* <b>United States</b>
** [https://vcahospitals.com/california-veterinary-specialists-carlsbad/departments/oncology VCA California Veterinary Specialists - Carlsbad] (Carlsbad, California)
** [https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/hospital/small-animal/oncology UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital] (Davis, California)
** [https://www.csuanimalcancercenter.org/ Flint Animal Cancer Center at Colorado State University] (Fort Collins, Colorado)
** [https://wrah.com/radiation-oncology/ Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital] (Wheat Ridge, Colorado) - does not normally take exotics but has worked with Drs. Gardhouse and Swift from [https://evolutionvet.com/ Evolution Veterinary Specialists] for cases
** [https://smallanimal.vethospital.ufl.edu/clinical-services/oncology/ University of Florida Small Animal Hospital] (Gainesville, Florida)
** [https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/oncology Harrington Oncology Service at Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine] (North Grafton, Massachusetts)
** [https://cvm.msu.edu/hospital/services/radiation-oncology Michigan State University Veterinary Medical Center] (East Lansing, Michigan)
** [https://www.redbankvet.com/ Red Bank Veterinary Hospital] (Red Bank, New Jersey)
** [https://www.vet.cornell.edu/hospitals/services/oncology Cornell University Hospital for Animals] (Ithaca, New York)
** [https://www.amcny.org/pet-owners/specialties/oncology/ Animal Medical Center Cancer Institute] (New York, New York)
** [https://hospital.cvm.ncsu.edu/services/small-animals/cancer-oncology/radiation-oncology/ NC State Veterinary Hospital] (Raleigh, North Carolina)
** [https://www.gcvs.com/service/oncology/ Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists] (Houston, Texas)
** [https://hospital.vetmed.wsu.edu/small-animal/cats-and-dogs/oncology/ Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital] (Pullman, Washington)
** [https://uwveterinarycare.wisc.edu/small-animal/cats-and-dogs/oncology/ University of Wisconsin-Madison] (Madison, Wisconsin)

== Experiences ==

* u/No-Butterfly-6353. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1m94ohl/update_on_our_rabbit_with_a_thymoma_tw_rip/ Princess survived two years after diagnosis with palliative steroid treatment before succumbing to unrelated heart failure] {{RIP}}
* Luna's House, Inc. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/lunashouse/posts/pfbid0Wb53oZDMEqmku1biY8ndkCP8nn3rtueZ95FBbT49HhoxRzDLv7XKSZvnqq4dzmcBl Homer's story with radiation treatment]
* woodwink3d. (2024). [https://www.instagram.com/p/C6CvdmRPH03/ Sesame's story with radiation treatment]
* Maurice Liang. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid0o9K2QKvKx1iWsML3E6LtTcjNjAunCM9Q1stRHmxLgJtWx86GPE1hf7kia42m3E1Rl Bella's story with radiation treatment], [https://www.facebook.com/maurice.liang.7/posts/pfbid029fGKSbWfTkUCYWNNvzjpmy32SDhcVttnztUubo7RE6yojNSpr4ZttuiWQz1ewmBml treatment update]
* u/WickAndFable. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10sa7ov/has_anyone_had_a_bunny_diagnosed_with_thymoma_or/j8amhev/ Fable's story with steroid treatment] {{RIP}}
* Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/AAORabbitRescue/posts/pfbid02Do3eG7AcV8kSthTQN7AqTrmBA1PrR17bx7w4hu7h9xekcgrBxPaZgtHDm1PUpEUBl Tyrion's story with steroid treatment]
* u/faithanyacordelia. (2021). [https://old.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/rf22iy/another_cassiopeia_post_because_my_vets_dont_know/hocpdrv/ Story of 11yo rabbit with thymoma in remission after radiation treatment]
* Katheryn L. Sullivan Kutil. (2021). [https://cvm.msu.edu/vetschool-tails/msu-magic-palliative-radiation-therapy-nanny-unicorn-rabbit A Little MSU Magic: Palliative Radiation Therapy for Nanny, the Unicorn Rabbit]
* Devin Roktya. (2021). [https://news.wsu.edu/news/2021/09/24/rabbit-travels-from-seattle-for-life-saving-treatment/ Rabbit travels from Seattle for life‑saving treatment]
* Tallulah Rabbit & Friends. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/binky.flop.thump/posts/pfbid02RYDQ3Th3DhNLy7NXYd7KgUkSXxmBfJiZaQztRXGxNP9NtvqUUGHfXq6MDg7mNjw3l Tallulah's story] {{RIP}}
* Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/specialneedsrspecial/posts/pfbid02cR7zWGo4QoWiSD9YNuCYXKVgYmaNsE1KQwcASeWBk4CLmFP9SqrA6QpCmtbevpZql Jenny's story - 7yo rabbit received radiation therapy for 2 months to shrink the tumor]
* u/rileybun. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/fydn3p/thymoma_in_rabbits/fnfpinl/ Riley's story with radiation treatment]
* u/headpeon. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/f0mxqs/senior_rabbit_with_thymoma/ Ninja's story with steroid treament.] {{RIP}}
* u/X63914. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bs4xbz/today_my_rabbit_thumper_didnt_make_it_through_a/ Thumper's story - passed while under anesthesia to trim molar spurs with diagnosed thymoma] {{RIP}}
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/posts/1720763501530422 Booboo's story - 9yo rabbit received radiation therapy to reduce the size of tumor]
* u/yoyomamma. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2yonpj/update_on_nikki_who_was_diagnosed_with_lymphoma/ Update on Nikki, who was diagnosed with lymphoma in October.]
* Allison Zwingenberger. (2015). [http://mirc.veterinaryradiology.net/storage/ss1/docs/20160807112925339/MIRCdocument.xml Radiographs of a 5-year-old rabbit with respiratory distress diagnosed with a cystic thymoma]
* Allison Zwingenberger. (2015). [http://mirc.veterinaryradiology.net/storage/ss1/docs/20160408085415710/MIRCdocument.xml Radiographs of an 8-year-old rabbit with leukocytosis discovered at wellness examination (27,000) and diagnosed with a lymphocytic-rich thymoma]
* Avian and Exotics Service - Ontario Veterinary College. (2014). [https://www.facebook.com/AEOVCHSC/posts/this-is-pierrot-the-rabbit-pierrot-was-diagnosed-with-thymoma-a-very-common-ches/855629207794185/ Pierrot the rabbit traveled to Michigan from Ontario, Canada, to receive weekly radiation treatment]
* [http://scootiescoop.wordpress.com/ The Scootie Scoop]. (2013).
* RabbitsOnline. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/thymoma-cancer.75044/ Thymoma cancer]
* Rabbit Reporter's Warren. (2012). [http://rabbitreporter.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/general-has-thymoma-too-two-buns-one-pet-store/ General has Thymoma, Too: Two Buns, One Pet Store]
* /somecows/. (2011). [http://somecows.com/thymoma/ Thymoma in Rabbits: Paco’s Story]
* Davida Kobler. (2004). [http://rabbit.org/a-miracle-for-hopnoodle-a-tale-of-thymoma/ A Miracle for Hopnoodle]

== Further reading ==
* Rachel Sibbald. (2020). [https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/thymomas-in-rabbits Thymomas in rabbits]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thym/Thymoma_rab.htm Sebaceous adenitis associated to thymoma in rabbits]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chest-Masses-in-Rabbits-Thymoma.pdf Chest Masses in Rabbits] {{PDF}}
* PetMD. (2010). [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/cancer/c_rb_thymoma_lymphoma#.UQ9LVB3pfg0 Lung Tumors and Lung Cancer in Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. (2006). [http://houserabbit.org/thymomas-in-rabbits/ Thymomas in Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Sebaceous adenitis]]

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Respiratory issues]]
[[Category:Endocrine issues]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-09-13T21:16:49Z

Malikethbun: Corrected formatting of new additions

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include (but are not limited to) the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup><ref name="rof">Marie Mead. Heart Disease in Companion Rabbits: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved 13 Sept 2025 from https://rabbit.org/health/heart-disease/</ref>
* exercise intolerance or decrease in activity level (lethargic or only able to exercise for very brief periods)
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* nasal flaring
* increased respiration rate
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)
* [[anorexia]] or decrease in appetite
* [[weight loss]] or weight gain
* weakness
* abdominal distension (ascites)
* distinctive resting position, with the front portion of the body elevated; propping the upper body up to rest on objects, furniture, or their bonded rabbit partners

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. The use of diuretics is common within the management of CHF, often in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or pimobendan. Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits and Dr. Chloe Block DVM. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1977011509702465 Herman’s HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) diagnosis and plans going forward]

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-09-13T21:12:41Z

Malikethbun: Extensive update to add several additional symptoms

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include (but are not limited to) the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup><ref name="rof">Marie Mead. Heart Disease in Companion Rabbits: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved 13 Sept 2025 from https://rabbit.org/health/heart-disease/</ref>
* exercise intolerance or decrease in activity level (lethargic or only able to exercise for very brief periods)
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* nasal flaring
* increased respiration rate
* tilting head back with the nose lifted upwards without apparent reason (as though looking above towards the sky or ceiling)
* [[anorexia]] or decrease in appetite
* [[weight loss]] or [[weight gain]]
* [[cachexia]]
* weakness
* abdominal distension (ascites)
* distinctive resting position, with the front portion of the body elevated; propping the upper body up to rest on objects, furniture, or their bonded rabbit partners

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. The use of diuretics is common within the management of CHF, often in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or pimobendan. Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits and Dr. Chloe Block DVM. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1977011509702465 Herman’s HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) diagnosis and plans going forward]

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Veterinary emergencies

2025-09-13T20:43:25Z

Malikethbun: /* Respiratory and ear symptoms */

{{#seo:
|description=Veterinary emergencies. What to look for, preparing for a visit to an emergency center, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e3/PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg
}}
__TOC__
{{right-image|file=PancakeGettingHisCTScan1A.jpg|caption=In some cases a rabbit may need a CT scan. Here is sweet Pancake (sedated) getting his CT scan for his hydrocephalus and ear problems. Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/Help-Pancake-the-Bunny-636419633088892/ Help Pancake the Bunny.] Here are a few example partial seizure episodes that Pancake sometimes has on [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Neurology/seizure.htm Medirabbit.]}}
Because rabbits are prey animals, they work very hard to hide any signs of illness. As a result, owners often cannot tell when a rabbit is sick until severe symptoms have appeared. Daily interaction with your bunny will help you realize what is normal and irregular.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=fkQtgZMucNY|name=Rohnert Park Animal Services. (2021). Rabbit Health: When to Take Your Rabbit to the Vet - Anne Martin}}
</div>
== Common symptoms ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, make an appointment with your [[vet|rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] as soon as possible or even an emergency veterinary clinic depending on the symptoms. Seemingly minor symptoms can escalate quickly and turn into major emergencies within 24 hours.
</div>
{{right-image|file=WhenYourRabbitIsUnwell.png|caption="Behaviour: When Your Rabbit is Unwell" info-gfx by Tamsin Stone of [http://www.therabbithouse.com/ The Rabbit House.]}}
{{right-image|file=RGS-poster-NC3RS-2021.jpg|caption=[http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/rabbit-grimace-scale Rabbit grimace scale] by NC3RS}}
{{right-image|file=Rabbit Grimace Scale.png|caption=Some general signs of pain in rabbits.}}

=== GI symptoms ===
Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually an emergent situation with rabbits as they need to be eating and processing food constantly to keep their digestive systems working.

* loss of appetite ([[anorexia]]) or changes in eating habits - A good way to test this is to offer an irresistible treat to your bunny such as fruit.
* small to no poop or diarrhea - True diarrhea should not be confused with smashed [[cecals]].
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-gallery-image|file=Diarrhea-Medirabbit-2.jpeg|caption=Photos courtesy of [https://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Bunny_201.pdf Esther van Praag, MediRabbit.com.] {{blur}}}}
</div>
* sitting in a hunched position or pressing stomach against the floor
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Bunnies-and-sunshine-river-bellypress.jpg|caption=River the lop pressing her belly against the sofa in discomfort. [[http://bunnies-and-sunshine.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-tummy-troubles.html source]]}}
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon Luna discomfort.jpg|caption=A rabbit flopping out in discomfort, not in relaxation. She was pressing her belly against the floor and adjusting her feet but did not want move or eat any treats. Her eyes were also squinting in pain.}}
</div>
* loud continuous GI sounds or complete silence in the stomach - You can use a stethoscope or listen with your ear pressed against the stomach.

These symptoms are suggestive of an onset of [[GI stasis]], often a secondary symptom to other health issues. As a result, it is important to take your rabbit to an emergency hospital if possible to rule out quickly fatal issues such as (but not limited to) [[bloat]], [[liver lobe torsion]], or [[gastric ulceration]].

=== Eye symptoms ===
Most abnormal changes with eyes are an emergency, especially to prevent permanent damage.

* eye discharge and inflammation
* squinting and closed eyes {{gallery-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
* cloudy eyes
* protruding and bulging eyes
* exposed third eyelids {{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-lopbulgingeye-202306.jpg|caption=A lop with bulging eyes and their third eyelids exposed when they were handled with pressure on their chest.}}

These symptoms are suggestive of eye injuries, [[conjunctivitis]], [[cataracts]], [[teeth|dental issues]], and other serious issues like [[thymoma]].

=== Respiratory and ear symptoms ===
Because rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths, anything obstructing their ability to intake sufficient oxygen by their noses is an emergent condition.

* increased, shallow, and/or labored breathing (e.g. nasal flaring, heaving sides, wheezing sounds) - For immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy can also ease any congestion.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NJ2FT9rjYmc|name=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2022). Respiratory Distress/Failure in Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=kaeEB7W6iZ4|name=u/Ok_Remove9491. (2021). Rabbit in respiratory distress with heavy breathing and nose flaring}}
{{youtube|id=XnsdygqcufM|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Lop rabbit wheezing from severe nasal infection while eating hay}}
</div>
* chest congestion

These symptoms are suggestive of [[heat stroke]], [[snuffles]], [[teeth|dental issues]], or [[thymoma]].

The following are less emergent if your rabbit is otherwise eating and behaving normally, but they should still be seen by a veterinarian soon:

* sneezing, nasal discharge, or watery eyes; matted front paws from wiping nose
* scratching or shaking ears

These symptoms are suggestive of [[head tilt]], [[otitis]], [[mites]], [[snuffles]], or [[teeth|dental issues]].

=== Urinary tract symptoms ===
* sudden loss of litter box habits
* dribbling of urine ([[urinary incontinence]])
* straining to urinate; sitting in litter box for long periods of time. <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=nWoxeIG0V7U|caption=u/xenjaaaaa. (2019). Koda straining to urinate}}</div>
* urine as a thick white toothpaste
<div class="inline-image-block>
{{blur-gallery-image|file=InspiringDerrick-knows-no-limitations-bladdersludge1.png|caption=Example of thick bladder sludge in Derrick. {{blur}} Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Inspiring-Derrick-knows-no-limitations/203660033163942 "Inspiring Derrick knows no limitations"]. Used with direct permission from owner.}}
</div>
* streaks of blood in their urine
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{blur-post-image|file=BoldInUrine1a.jpg|caption="This is an example of how fresh blood usually looks in the urine." {{blur}}}}
{{blur-post-image|file=Pee-or-blood3.jpg|caption=While both examples look like blood, only example A has actual blood. {{blur}} Picture used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/ImYourBunnyGraycie/posts/508286246351745 Graycie English Angora.]}}
</div>

These symptoms are suggestive of [[bladder sludge and stones]], [[E. cuniculi]], [[urinary tract infection]], or [[uterine cancer]] in females.

=== General symptoms ===
* fever or [[hypothermia]] - normal rabbit temperatures are 101-103°F / 38-39.6°C
* loud teeth grinding - a sign of pain, different than gentle tooth purring
* irritability or unusual aggression
* listlessness, lethargy, or lack of interest in surroundings

== Extreme emergencies ==
<div class="bad">
If your rabbit shows any of the following symptoms, consider it an extreme emergency, and '''locate an [[vet|emergency veterinarian]] immediately.'''<ref name="rh21"/>
</div>

* shallow breathing and/or weak heartbeat
* complete immobility or unresponsiveness
* severe [[diarrhea]] or mucous-covered stools
* complete silence in stomach - this is a sign of full [[stasis]]
* very labored breathing (e.g. head tilted up, bobbing head) - See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] in the section above for additional video examples.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dH-nL0Zhq1M|name=Catnip & Carrots Veterinary Hospital. (2015). Rabbit with increased respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=RW48NF-mC7I|name=NHC Rabbit Rescue of Wilmington. (2020). Domino in respiratory distress}}
{{youtube|id=bg-WR7LoV4g|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2022). Rabbit diagnosed with thymoma struggling to breathe}}
{{youtube|id=AC0VTzIRto4|name=Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2018). Rabbit gasping for air. NOTE: Unfortunately, if a rabbit is seen already gasping through the mouth, death is usually imminent. Rabbits are obligate nasal breathers and are unable to effectively breathe through their mouth.}}
</div>
* convulsions or [[seizures]]
* any injury resulting in open wounds or possible broken bones - this includes any sort of attack by another animal. If your rabbit is limping or dragging limbs, please immediately put your rabbit on [[cage rest]] to prevent further damage until they can be seen by a veterinarian.
* any symptoms of shock - listlessness, limpness, or abnormal gum coloring (grayer or redder than normal).
* temperatures lower than 100°F/37.7°C or higher than 104°F/40°C ([[hypothermia]])
* not eating for 12 hours, no poop in 12 hours, or increasingly smaller poop
* dehydration - dry tacky mucous membranes and/or delayed skin elasticity<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div>
* gray, mauve, or white mucous membrane color (e.g. check gums and eyelids) - this is a sign of severe anemia or lack of oxygen (hypoxia).<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div>
* loss of balance or [[head tilt]]
* partial or total [[paralysis]]

== How can I keep my rabbit stable until a veterinarian is available? ==
The following are a list of checks to go down from most important to less important, and many are also duplicated from our [[GI stasis#At-home treatment]] section:

# <b>Is my rabbit bleeding?</b> If your rabbit has an open wound, make sure the wound has stopped bleeding. If it is not clotting on its own, use a sterile gauze to apply constant and firm pressure. {{bad|If the bleeding has not stopped after 5 minutes, please proceed to [[vet|an emergency veterinarian]] immediately for a positive prognosis.}}</p><p>See [[First aid for rabbits#Wound care]] for more tips on how to treat wounds at home.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit warm?</b> Hypothermia is one of the biggest killers of rabbits. Use a rectal thermometer to check your rabbit's temperature - it should be between 101-104°F (38.3-40°C).<p>A temperature below 100°F means the rabbit is starting to go into or is already in shock. Rabbits will be very lethargic with decreased responsiveness to stimuli. <u>If you do not have a thermometer on hand, if your rabbit is already lethargic and their ear tips and limbs feel cold, they are likely [[hypothermia|hypothermic]].</u> Immediately start warming up your rabbit with heat support. A heating pad, a plastic bottle full of hot water, a microwaved sock full of rice, or a {{amazon|id=B00008AJH9|name=SnuggleSafe}} disc should be wrapped in a towel to prevent burns. If you do not have any heating accessories, you can microwave a towel or blanket for 30 seconds to temporarily heat it up, or just wrap your rabbit completely in a towel or blanket. {{amazon|id=B0007ZF4Q8|name=Portable hand warmers}} are also extremely useful under towels and blankets and should be moved around the body every 5-10 minutes to warm them up. Note that rabbits that were hypothermic when taken to the veterinarian for initial [[stasis]] treatment have been studied to be 5 times as likely to die or be euthanized compared to rabbits that were of normal body temperature.<ref>Kimberly M Oparil et al. (2019). Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes for rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal tract dysfunction: 117 cases (2014-2016). Retrieved 27 Feb 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336181390_Clinical_characteristics_and_short-term_outcomes_for_rabbits_with_signs_of_gastrointestinal_tract_dysfunction_117_cases_2014-2016</ref></p><p>A very high temperature above 106°F also needs immediate attention. You can cool down your rabbit by putting the rabbit in a breezy area and carefully wetting down the ears, their main thermoregulatory organ.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit hydrated?</b> You can use the skin tent test to check if your rabbit is well hydrated.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=33tZBNoCfYA|name=Elizabeth Vickridge. (2016). Home Care Series 2. Checking your rabbits hydration}}</div></p><p>Ideally, if your rabbit is visibly dehydrated, warmed [[subcutaneous fluids]] are a great first aid. You should have received a dosage from your veterinarian when you purchased the supplies. Refrain from force feeding any water directly with a large syringe as liquids are easy for rabbits to aspirate and cause more serious issues. If you do not have subcutaneous liquids on hand, giving liquids carefully with a small 1-3 ml syringe. Offer 10-20 ml of liquids slowly orally.</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit breathe easily?</b> See [[#Respiratory and ear symptoms]] for example videos of these symptoms. If your rabbit is in respiratory distress, for immediate relief, please check their nose for any external physical obstructions like dried mucus and gently clean it off. Increasing the humidity with a humidifier or giving some steam therapy (e.g. sitting with them in a steamy bathroom) can also help ease any congestion. If you have received instructions about [[nebulizing]] your rabbit, it may be a good idea to do so with saline.</p><p>{{bad|If you have a rabbit in respiratory distress, it may be a good idea to find any emergency veterinarian within driving distance to get oxygen support as soon as possible because rabbit are obligate nasal breathers, meaning they can only breathe through their noses and not their mouths.}} Rabbits that are already breathing through their mouths for air have a very poor prognosis.</p>
# <b>Is my rabbit getting bloated?</b> Bloated rabbit stomachs will feel like an overfilled balloon and become visibly distended. {{bad|If your rabbit is [[Bloat|bloated]], please find your nearest [[vet|emergency veterinary hospital]] and start treatment promptly for the best chance of recovery.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=iVW6Rw5rZzo|caption=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2021). GI Stasis VS Bloat}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit anemic?</b> You can check their gums or flip over their eyelid to check their mucusa is a shade of pink. Rabbits can become anemic from both external and internal bleeding. {{bad|If the mucusa looks white, grey, or mauve, you should seek any kind of [[vet|emergency medical help]] as soon as possible as there is not much that can be done for the condition at home, especially if the bleeding is internal.}} Keep your rabbit warm and hydrated in the meantime to the best of your ability.<div class="inline-image-block">{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon teddy healthy eyelid.jpg|caption=The red eyelid of a healthy rabbit. {{blur}}|class=blur}}{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon cinnabun anemic eyelid.jpg|caption=The eyelid of a severely anemic rabbit. He was rushed to the veterinarian 2 hours later and found with a PCV (packed cell volume) of 16%. Normal PCV in the rabbit is 30% to 50%. {{blur}}|class=blur}}</div></p>
# <b>Is my rabbit eating well on their own?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of pickiness, give them whatever food (except treats) they are willing to eat in larger amounts until you can see your veterinarian.</p><p>If your rabbit has refused to eat anything in over 8 hours or only eating vegetables and <u>shows no signs of [[bloat|bloating]],</u> [[syringe feeding|'''assist feed''']] 10-20 ml (1 dry Tbsp) of Critical Care, pellet mash, or pumpkin puree to make sure there is food and fiber in their system for calories and to encourage digestive movement until you can reach a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. {{bad|If you are unsure if your rabbit is bloated, it is best to avoid adding more food in the stomach and find your closest [[vet|veterinary clinic]] as soon as possible. Syringe feeding with a bloated stomach can make the issue worse and rupture their stomach from the pressure.}}</p>
# <b>Can my rabbit hop around easily?</b> If your rabbit is showing signs of [[head tilt]], limping, or other abnormal and unsteady behavior, it is best to put them on [[cage rest]] to prevent further injuries. For rabbits that are struggling to move at all, a small carrier would be a good containment area until they can see a rabbit-experienced veterinarian.

<div class="note">
While pain control is important for rabbits and their recovery when feeling unwell, we are hesitant to recommend any specific at-home drug treatments to help keep your rabbit stable unless you have direct instructions from your rabbit-experienced veterinarian about usage scenarios and dosages. Many conditions such as [[kidney disease]] and [[Gastric_ulceration|gastric ulcers]] can be dangerously exacerbated if rabbits are given NSAIDs such as meloxicam indiscriminately, especially if dehydrated.
</div>

== How to prepare for a visit to an emergency center ==
[[File:BunnyBondVet.jpg|thumb|right|.]]
To assist the [[vet|emergency veterinarian]], it is helpful to know some things about the rabbit concerned. The following list is paraphrased from Rabbit Advocates and other sources:<ref>Rabbit Advocates. (2000). Useful Tips for a Trip to the Emergency Center. Retrieved 07 Feb 2017 from http://rabbitadvocates.org/careinfo/packet/emer.html</ref>
* A history of illness, including symptoms.
* Treatments given and any reactions.
* Baseline lab work (blood and urine) - obtainable from your regular veterinarian.
* Current normal weight.
* Complete diet including date of when new foods were started and any reactions.
* Normal food and water consumption.
* Normal urine and stool output.
* Neutering status.
* Vaccination status (if relevant).

Here are some more resources about preparing for an emergency visit.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/planningforemergencies.pdf Planning for Emergencies]

== Further reading ==
* Dawson, B. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/dealing-with-medical-emergencies/ Dealing with Medical Emergencies]
* Zooh Corner. (2014). [http://www.mybunny.org/info/emergencies.htm Rabbit Medical Emergencies]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2008). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t78-emergencies-when-your-rabbit-needs-a-vet-now Emergencies: When Your Rabbit Needs A Vet NOW]
* Lathan, L. [http://www.morfz.com/firstaid.html First Aid For Rabbits]
* Petfinder. [https://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/rabbit-sick-reach-vet/ Help! My rabbit is sick and I can't reach my vet!]
* Paul-Murphy, J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20021003192358/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/vet-emergency.html Emergency Medicine and Critical Care for Rabbits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. (2005). [http://www.houserabbit.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/emergenc.htm Rabbit ER : When your rabbit needs to see the vet NOW]
* Rabbitwise, Inc. [http://www.rabbitwise.org/emergencies.html Rabbit 911]

== See also ==
* [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]]
* [[First aid for rabbits]]
* [[First aid kit for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="rh21">Smith, K. (2003). {{amazon|id=0595281370|name=''Rabbit Health in the 21st Century''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Diagnostics]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease

2025-09-08T22:07:46Z

Malikethbun: Added article

__TOC__
{{right-image|file=GA1308.jpg|caption="This transmission electron micrograph shows rabbit calicivirus isolated from the liver of an infected rabbit." - [http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/tag/laboratory/i/2009/rabbit-calicivirus/ source]}}

'''Rabbit haemorrhagic disease''' or '''rabbit hemorrhagic disease''' (RHD) is a highly contagious disease that mainly affects rabbits of the ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' species but has also been confirmed to affect various species of cottontails (''Sylvilagus'' spp.) and hares (''Lepus'' spp.). RHD is also known as rabbit '''viral haemorrhagic disease''' or '''viral hemorrhagic disease''' (VHD), '''rabbit calicivirus disease''' (RCD), '''rabbit calici-virus disease''' (RCVD), and '''viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits''' (VHDR).

It is caused by the '''rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus''' or '''rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus''' (RHDV), also known as '''rabbit calicivirus''' (RCV).

{{right-image|file=RHDV-ClinicalManifestation1.jpg|caption=Clinical manifestations chart for RHDV vs RHDV2.}}
{{right-image|file=VHDV2-FactsSheet_V1-November19th_2015.jpg|caption=VHDV2 - Facts Sheet (V1: November 19th, 2015) created by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154390351006982&set=a.10151168536381982.547280.692591981&type=3 Joe Carey]}}

== How is RHD transmitted? ==
The RHD virus is spread by oral, nasal, and other parenteral transmission. It is present in urine and feces from infected rabbits. The virus can survive for 10-19 months at room temperature outside the host.<ref name="trm2"/>

Specifically, research has shown that the virus can survive the following situations: <ref>US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (n.d.). Recommendations for Disinfectants for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Calicivirus. Retrieved 15 Nov 2020 from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabbit_hemorrhagic_disease.pdf</ref>

* Viable virus has been detected as long as 105 days on cloth at room temperature.
* Viable virus has been found in decaying tissue after 90 days outdoors.
* The virus can survive 1 hour at 50C (122F).
* The virus can remain viable for 22-35 days at 22C (72F).
* The virus remains viable for 3-7 days at 37C (99F).
* It can survive freeze/thaw cycles.

It is thought that wild birds carried the infection from Europe the the wild rabbits in the UK. The disease is also incubated in wild hares that can carry the virus without clinical effect.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:89</sup>

RHD may be transmitted directly from contact with wild rabbits and hares or indirectly through footwear and clothing. Contaminated plants picked from areas grazed by infected rabbits can also be a source of infection.

== How can RHD be disinfected? ==
Effective disinfectants for RHD after 10 minutes of exposure include the following:<ref name="wabio">Washington State Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://agr.wa.gov/departments/animals-livestock-and-pets/animal-health/animal-diseases/rabbit-disease/rabbit-biosecurity</ref><ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/disinfection-options-for-rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease.pdf</ref>
* 1% potassium peroxymonosulfate ({{amazon|id=B0088OKF1E|name=Virkon-S}})
* 1% {{amazon|id=B013KMNCJU|name=sodium hydroxide}}
* 1-2% {{amazon|id=B018REELP0|name=formalin}}
* 1.0-1.4% {{amazon|id=B00CY56QBQ|name=formaldehyde}}
* accelerated hydrogen peroxide (Rescue {{amazon|id=B00EZMPD4W|name=wipes}} or {{amazon|id=B00B9G3ZJM|name=solution}})
* {{amazon|id=B003MCCITE|name=Parvosol}}
* 2% 1-stroke Environ
* Chlorine dioxide at 10 ppm concentration ({{amazon|id=B00UKE9548|name=Sniper}})
* 0.2-0.5% beta-Propiolactone
* 1:10 dilution household bleach
** No-splash & Splash-less versions of bleach <I>will not work,</i> as it does not disinfect. A product meant for disinfection is what fights viruses and bacteria.
** Once diluted, bleach loses efficacy after 24 hours.

Some further resources on preventing and containing RHD:
* Frances Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/infectious-disease/rabbit-haemorrhagic-disease/how-to-deal-with-an-outbreak-of-rhd How to deal with an outbreak of RHD]

== Variants of RHD ==

=== RHDV1 ===
RHDV1 is the original strain of RHD, first discovered in China in 1984. In the UK, this strain seems to have died out and has been replaced by RHDV2.<ref name="hb-rhd">Frances Harcourt-Brown. (2018). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease and its variants (Lagoviruses). Retrieved 05 Mar 2019 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/infectious-disease/rabbit-haemorrhagic-disease</ref>

Baby rabbits can have a natural immunity under 4 weeks of age and develop a life-long immunity if exposed to the disease. They become increasingly susceptible until 6-10 weeks of age.<ref name="hb-rhd"/>

Two [[Vaccinations|vaccines]] against RHD are available in the UK:

* Nobivac Myxo-RHD is the most common vaccine used in the UK that protects rabbits against the original variant of RHD as well as myxomatosis.
* Filavac is effective against both the original variant of RHD and RHDV2.

RHD has a short incubation period of 1-4 days, and the virus replicates in many tissues including the lung, liver, and spleen. Symptoms will generally manifest in three ways:<ref name="hb-rhd"/>

* Peracute: animals will be found dead within a few hours of eating and behaving normally. This is most common.
* Acute: affected animals will show lethargy and a heightened fever (>40οC) with an increased respiratory rate, usually passing away within 12h.
* Subacute: rabbits will show mild or subclinical signs from which they recover and become immune to further RHDV.

=== Non-pathogenic rabbit calicivirus (RCV) ===
It is believed that non-pathogenic strains of RHD (RCV) can be responsible for protecting rabbits by stimulating antibody production. Investigations in Australia and UK have revealed its presence.

=== RHDV2 ===
RHDV2 is a new variant of RHD first discovered in a French rabbitry in 2010 and identified in Italy in 2011 and in the UK in 2013. However, retrospective analysis of samples suggests that the infection has been in the British Isles since 2010.<ref>Westcott, DG, & Choudhury, B. (2015). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2-like variant in Great Britain. The Veterinary record 176(3):74.</ref>

Unlike the original strain of RHD, rabbits under 4 weeks of age have no natural immunity to RHDV2. It also appears to affect hares.

Two [[Vaccinations|vaccines]] against RHDV2 are available in the UK:

* Filavac is effective against both the original variant of RHD and RHDV2.
* Eravac is only effective against RHDV2.

Clinical signs of RHDV2 are the same as RHDV1 except they develop after 3-9 days instead. Subacute or chronic infections are more frequent so more rabbits may survive.

'''Further reading'''

* Le Gall-Reculé, et al. (2013). [https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-44-81 Emergence of a new lagovirus related to ''Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus'']
* Marlier, D, et al. (2014). [http://www.fmv.uliege.be/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-09/rhdv2_2014.pdf Le nouveau variant du virus de la maladie hémorragique virale (le RHDV2) identifié en Région Wallonne]. [PDF in French]

=== RHDV1-K5: Korean strain ===
RHDV1-K5 is a variant of RHD that is more lethal than RHDV1 and appears to have less cross-immunity with non-pathogenic strains. It has been deliberately released in Australia to kill wild rabbits. Vaccination against RHDV1 protects pet rabbits from this disease.

=== European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) ===

European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) affects wild and farmed hares of the species ''Lepus europaeus'' and ''Lepus timidus''. The disease was first reported during the 1980s, and it occurred simultaneously in many European countries.

'''Further reading'''

* Lavazza, A, et al. (1996). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8885705 Susceptibility of hares and rabbits to the European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) under experimental conditions.]

== Europe ==
{{right-image|file=RHD_BiosecurityTexasAnimalHealthCommission.jpg|caption=RHD Biosecurity infogfx by Texas Animal Health Commission}}
All strains of RHD are prevalent throughout Europe.

You can find a map of reported RHD2 cases in the UK at [http://rhd2map.buntools.org.uk/index.php?&p=cases RHD2map UK].

The following are articles with more information about RHD in Europe:

* Hinde, J. (2016). [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jo-hinde/rvhd2_b_11217418.html RVHD2: The UK’s Newest Fatal Rabbit Disease.]
* Pieters, J. (2015). [https://nltimes.nl/2015/12/09/bunny-owners-warned-of-new-hemorrhagic-disease-killing-dutch-rabbits/ Bunny owners warned of new hemorrhagic disease killing Dutch rabbits]
* Dierenkliniek Wilhelminapark. [http://www.dierenkliniekwilhelminapark.nl/dierinfo/konijn/vhs.html VHS of RHD: een virusziekte bij het konijn]. [in Dutch]
* Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1994, 13 (3), 881-891, [http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8926.PDF Control of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits in Poland] by J. GÓRSKI, B. MIZAK and M. CHROBOCIÑSKA

== Australia & New Zealand==
Australia also has a number of variants of RHD.

The following are more articles with information about RHD in Australia.

* Australian Veterinary Association. [https://www.vetvoice.com.au/ec/diseases/rabbit-calicivirus/ Rabbit calicivirus in Australia]
* Journal of Virology, [http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2015/07/03/JVI.01100-15.short Comparative phylodynamics of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in Australia and New Zealand]
* CSIRO. (2022). [https://research.csiro.au/rhdv/what-to-do-if-i-suspect-calicivirus-as-the-cause-of-death-of-my-domestic-rabbit/ Rabbit caliciviruses FAQ > "What to do if I suspect calicivirus as the cause of death of my domestic rabbit?"]
* [https://www.feralscan.org.au/rabbitscan/map.aspx?mapMode=rhdv Rabbit disease tracker for RHDV]

== North and South America ==
The source of infection in past American VHD outbreaks is not known. However, these may not be only outbreaks to have happened in the past. 

The current status of RHD in the US can be found at the [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease-map USDA Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Map Application].

=== Vaccination and news resources ===

* Facebook. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/414749742307886 North Americans RHDV2 Group]
* Facebook. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/rabbithemorrhagicdiseasenewsnetwork Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease News Network]
* [http://rabbitors.info/rhd US RHDV2 vaccination resources] - contains a list of US veterinary clinics that may be offering an RHDV2 vaccine
* [http://rabbitors.info/ca-rhd Canada RHDV2 vaccination resources] - contains a list of Canadian veterinary clinics that may be offering an RHDV2 vaccine
* [http://rabbitors.info/sa-rhd South Africa RHDV2 vaccination resources] - contains a list of South African veterinary clinics that may be offering an RHDV2 vaccine

=== Notable outbreaks ===

====RHDV1====
* Late 1980s to 1991 - Endemic in Mexico: The source of the Mexican outbreak was traced to the importation, through the United States, of 18 metric tons of rabbit meat from the People's Republic of China to a supermarket chain outside Mexico City. Over 110,000 rabbits died or were destroyed.<ref>Gregg, DA et al. (1991). Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits in Mexico: epidemiology and viral characterization. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f7a/2b32ebf1ff11ff874d1e0327876a752cb810.pdf</ref>

* 2000 - Iowa (US): began 9 Mar 2000 in a backyard rabbitry of 27 pet Palominos and California White rabbits in west central Iowa. 25 of the 27 rabbits died by Apr 6, the rest euthanized, and the outbreak was contained to the single premise. The origin of the outbreak is unknown, and no new rabbits had been introduced over the last two years. Aug 1999 was the last time the rabbits had left the farm and returned.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (2014). Rabbit Calicivirus Disease, Iowa, April 2000 Impact Worksheet. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_domestic/ct_rabbitcal</ref><ref name="2000-us-rhd">United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (Calicivirus) in the U.S., 2000–2001. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://aglearn.usda.gov/customcontent/APHIS/Disposal/FAD/images/rabbitHemo.pdf</ref>

* 2001 - Cuba: an outbreak was reported Jan 15 in Havana and Havana City province in an operation that produced rabbits for private consumption.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (2014). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, Cuba, January 2001. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_foreign/ct_rhd_cuba0101</ref>

* 2001 - Utah (US): began 17 Aug 2001 in a rabbitry in Utah County, Utah. 65 of 900 rabbits on the premises had died by Aug 20, and the rest were euthanized.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (2015). Viral Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits, Utah Impact Worksheet, August 28, 2001. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_domestic/ct_vhdr_utah0801</ref> The farm had shipped rabbits to three locations: 3 rabbits to another site in Utah, 3 rabbits to a premise in Yellowstone County, Montana, and 72 rabbits to a location in Mercer County, Illinois. No clinical disease was noted in the second Utah premise; however, both premises were depopulated.<br/><br/>At the Montana site, the rabbits from Utah were euthanized and buried on the property, and the remaining rabbits were placed under quarantine until final test results from the euthanized Utah rabbits was negative. Two other rabbits (not the Utah origin rabbits) from the Montana premises, while in route to a truck for slaughter, had been co–mingled with rabbits that were on their way to the Montana State Fair. These two Montana rabbits were then placed on a truck carrying 3,600 rabbits in route to California through Idaho; all 3,600 rabbits considered to be contacts were euthanized.<ref name="2000-us-rhd"/>

* 2001 - Illinois (US): an outbreak in Mercer County, Illinois, due to receiving 72 rabbits from infected Utah premises.<ref name="2000-us-rhd"/> All rabbits were depopulated (over 3,000<ref>Three Little Ladies Rabbitry. (n.d.). Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease - VHD. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from http://www.threelittleladiesrabbitry.com/vhd.php</ref>).

* 2001 - New York (US): an outbreak was diagnosed Dec 2001 in the Bronx Zoo in New York City. Two rabbits died - one was positive for RHD. Seven other rabbits were euthanized, and the disease was contained.<ref name="2000-us-rhd"/>

* 2004 - Uruguay: an outbreak was reported 28 Dec 2004 among backyard domestic rabbits in suburban areas of the city of Montevideo, and in adjacent areas in the departments of Canelones and San Jose. This was the first report of RHD in Uruguay and South America. 4,689 rabbits were affected on 45 premises, and 2,820 rabbits died. The remaining 1,869 sick rabbits were culled.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (2013). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Uruguay, January 5, 2005 Impact Worksheet. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_archives/ct_rhduruguay010505</ref>

* 2005 - Cuba: an outbreak was reported 21 Jan 2005 in the Havana city and province. 14,450 affected rabbits and 2,362 rabbit deaths were reported by 28 Dec 2004.<ref>(2013). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Cuba , February 1, 2005 Impact Worksheet. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_archives/ct_rhdcuba02012005</ref>

* 2005 - Indiana (US): began 27 May 2005 in a backyard rabbitry in Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Eight of a group of eleven rabbits that were purchased in Kentucky at a flea market died acutely three days later in Indiana following introduction into the herd. The owner had approximately 200 rabbits in total, nearly half of which also subsequently died.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (2013). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, Indiana, June 16, 2005 Impact Worksheet. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_archives/ct_rhdindiana061505</ref>

* 2008 - Maryland (US): Private residence involving 4 mature pet rabbits.<ref name="canada-first-rhd"/>

* 2010 - Minnesota (US): a facility in Pine County, Minnesota, that received donated pet rabbits for use as a food source at a wildlife center reported an outbreak early Feb 2010.<ref name="canada-first-rhd"/> 20 died initially, with more rabbits that were brought in quickly dying rapidly without clinical disease as well. 25 rabbits died or were euthanized, and there was no known further spread. The initial source of the disease is unknown.<ref>TinysMom. (2010). Outbreak of Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease (RVHD) in Pine County, MINNESOTA. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/outbreak-of-rabbit-viral-hemorrhagic-disease-rvhd-in-pine-county-minnesota.52063/</ref>

* 2011 - Manitoba (CA): A 1-year-old grey and white neutered male 2.6-kg lop-eared rabbit was seen at a clinic 30 Mar 2011 and died after seizing and going into cardiac arrest with unsuccessful CPR. The body was submitted for necropsy 31 Mar 2011 at the Manitoba Veterinary Diagnostic Services Laboratory. The lop was purchased from a local pet store in the spring of 2010 and was surrendered to the store from a previous unknown owner. Two other rabbits living at the premises remained in good health and tested negative after regularly sharing a cage and litter box with the affected rabbit. The origin of the disease is unknown, but it is speculated that it may be related to the 2010 Minnesota outbreak due to geographical proximity.<ref name="canada-first-rhd">Embury-Hyatt, C et al. (2012). The first reported case of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in Canada. Retrieved 13 Mar 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418790/</ref>

* 2018 - Pennsylvania (US): The USDA confirms that rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHDV1) was found in two "pet rabbits" that died December 7th in Clover Township, Jefferson County. Farm and Dairy reported that <I>"Rabbit owners who have questions about this disease should contact their veterinarians. Veterinarians who suspect RHD cases should immediately contact the department’s Bureau of Animal Health at 717-787-4250."</i><ref>Farm and Dairy. (2018). Rare rabbit disease confirmed in western Pennsylvania. Retrieved 12 Dec 2018 from https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/rare-rabbit-disease-confirmed-in-western-pennsylvania/527774.html</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Pressroom, Offical news for Pennsylvania state agencies (2018). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Confirmed in Jefferson County. Retrieved 12 Dec 2018 from https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/Agriculture_details.aspx?newsid=762</ref>

====RHDV2====
* 2016 - Three farms near [http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/immediately-notifiable/rabbit-haemorrhagic-disease/eng/1472153866521/1472153917790 Rimouski] (Mont-Joli & Bas-Saint-La), Quebec (Canada): New rabbits were introduced from one farm into another, "small hobby rabbit farms." Start of the outbreak: Aug 13th, 2016. Virus showed 96.2% identity to RHDVb (or RHDV2) isolate (GenBank: KT000337.1) from São Jorge in Azores Islands. [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=20799 Source]

* 2018 - British Columbia (CA): SPCA was contacted about a group of dead rabbits on 18 Feb 2018. Three rabbits were sent to the Animal Health Centre in Abbotsford and confirmed to have RHD. On 27 Feb 2018, reports about an unusual number (12) of dead rabbits [https://www.nanaimobulletin.com/news/a-dozen-dead-rabbits-discovered-today-at-rotary-bowl/ found in the Rotary Bowl in Nanaimo were reported on.] On 2 Mar 2018, [https://www.vicnews.com/news/virus-killing-rabbits-in-mid-island/ Victoria News reports] that rabbit haemorrhagic disease was the cause for the deaths around the Vancouver Island University area. The [https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018FLNR0014-000315# British Columbia Gov't officially] warns people "to take precautions." [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/province-warns-rabbit-owners-about-deadly-virus-on-vancouver-island-1.4560587 CBC News update.] On 17 May 2018, Dr. Jaspinder Komal (Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer, Canadian Food Inspection Agency) filed his 4th and last weekly report with [https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=26087 OIE-WAHIS.] OIE-WAHIS writes about future reporting, "The event cannot be considered resolved, but the situation is sufficiently stable. No more follow-up reports will be sent. Information about this disease will be included in the next six-monthly reports."<br/><br/>25 Oct 2018: The Ministry of Agriculture reported that the last positive case was detected in early May.<blockquote>Since that time, the ministry’s Animal Health Centre has tested 23 rabbits and all have been negative for the disease. No vaccinated animals have contracted the disease, and ministry staff have been hearing that healthy feral European Rabbits have been returning to affected areas.<br/><br/>- [https://www.mycampbellrivernow.com/28406/no-new-cases-of-rabbit-haemorrhagic-disease-says-province/ source]</blockquote>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=FiH5RlS-FfM|name=Dr. Adrian Walton with [https://dewdneyvet.com/ Dewdney Animal Hospital Ltd.] gives a good overview of the RHD outbreak on Vancouver Island. Near Nanaimo, Canada. February/March 2018.}}
</div>

* 2018 - Ohio (US): First RHDV2 case reported in USA. The virus was detected in Medina County, Ohio on 19 Sep 2018 and reported by the Ohio DOA and [https://www.ohiovma.org/news/?p=5182 Ohio Veterinary Medical Association] on 25 Sep 2018. The rabbits were housed in horse stalls and were at the location for many years with no new rabbits introduced. It's currently not categorized as an outbreak and the farm that had the infected rabbit has been quarantined. Currently the source of the virus is unknown.
<blockquote>The rural household had 5 pet rabbits, not bred or shown. "Three animals had previously been found dead in the last couple of weeks, and the fourth was taken to an exotics vet for diagnosis. A postmortem was done, and the alert and knowledgeable veterinarian knew that a check for RVHD was in order. Contact was made with the OH State Veterinarian's office and samples were sent to Plum Island's Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, where testing revealed RHDV2. <br/><br/>- Pamela Alley (Admin), [https://www.facebook.com/groups/414749742307886/?hc_ref=ARR5TewzRcY1c9TtGvwEMCoAZrbG91nNdr7V9G7klbRsx_rO80xo_s_QojH09xdtsSU North Americans RHDV2 Group.] Info from Dr. Summers from the Ohio's Veterinarian's Office (Sep 26th, 2018).</blockquote>
<ul>The [https://www.agri.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/oda/divisions/animal-health/news-and-events/rhd2/!ut/p/z1/rZJJc6MwEIX_SubAEbqDzeK5MbYrict2FodhuaQUkEEpkIhQIDW_foQPU5XNJJXRTep-r0tfP0ghhpSTjhVEMcFJpe9J6t5dztZn5xdT3F4GGOA1Lp3FAueTX84UomMNO9eG9DN6_OAE-Dn9vwbcXnl4fXa7c3Eb2iv3dEz_G1JIM64aVUIiSiZOMsEV5eqE8qJibWmgyImBOetYq5m0BhLOalKZJSWV0mVO-9YkPDdpp2W6LsvcHlybjOWQoI2-63q5aVOPmlMXHXN273jmzJ1lnp_tHdvxh-5ovrm7IgW1bmhLVVBVkNzehMvjgIcfpMf5RYP5yIrGPFYvHd5C1jEJ-P3ELyCVdE8lldaT1OkplWranwYa2Pe9RQrJrIGxVYhOPzUaViOkIpWBh5cD6VLU9D3DUrQK4jc-kGhA3oeAFqcQdYz2EHIh9dpg98XVnOPIBO-7E1ZjGdUw2MPjYxropA7hfNYc_mNUtb0tN_ONZt0QVZqM7wXEL6QQv5JCfJA2dRiGtT-pzRgfnKpb7zfLyTRZdX_WNAqCH38BjZRb2w!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA)] will work with state and federal partners to conduct surveillance of wild rabbits near the location.
<br/><br/>Plum Island's Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory conducted the PCR and ELISA tests and the RHDV2 virus was isolated, twice with ELISA antigen (Ag) detection. [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=28028 OIE-WAHIS]) <br/><br/>29 Sep 2018: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/414749742307886/permalink/534441427005383/ Pamela Alley] posted [[Media:APHISanswer92918.pdf|a Q & A response from the USDA/APHIS]] by Donna Karlsons (USDA/APHIS Public Affairs Specialist). FADDL (Plum Island) found that "The whole genome sequencing indicated that the virus was very similar to the one detected in Canada." [http://news.vin.com/VINNews.aspx?articleId=50247&callshare=1 VIN news service] reported that the virus found in Ohio was first identified in France in 2010.
<br/><br/>12 Oct 2018: Twelve rabbits died at the [https://www.lancastereaglegazette.com/story/news/local/2018/10/15/pneumonia-kills-dozen-rabbits-fairfield-county-fair/1646092002/ Fairfield County Fair] and initially it was thought that the virus had spread to Lancaster, Ohio (210 miles or 338 km). Over 300 rabbits were put under quarantine. The test result found pneumonia... the 12 rabbits were let to die by not giving them antibiotics.</ul>

* 2019 - British Columbia (CA): RHD was found again March 2019 on Vancouver Island and lower mainland, with confirmed cased in Saanich, Parksville, Qualicum, north of Nanaimo, and Vancouver.<ref>British Columbia BC Gov News. (2019). Rabbit virus found for second straight year. Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2019FLNR0033-000607</ref><ref>BC SPCA. (2019). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) found on Vancouver Island for second year. Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://spca.bc.ca/news/rhd/</ref>

* 2019 - Washington (US): The disease was identified in the San Juan Islands in July 2019, on Whidbey Island in November 2019, and Clallam County in December 2019.<ref>Washington State Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease. Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://agr.wa.gov/departments/animals-livestock-and-pets/animal-health/animal-diseases/rabbit-disease</ref> It is suspected that this outbreak may be connected to the ongoing outbreak in British Columbia, Canada.<ref name="wsdafaq">Washington State Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Common Questions about RHD. Retrieved 17 Jan 2020 from https://agr.wa.gov/departments/animals-livestock-and-pets/animal-health/animal-diseases/rabbit-disease/common-questions</ref> Three sites on Orcas Island and one site on San Juan Island with owned domestic rabbits have been confirmed with RHD. Feral domestics have been confirmed sick on Whidbey and Lopez Islands. Positive cases were identified in owned domestic rabbits in a single site in Clallam County.<ref name="wsdafaq"/>

* 2020 - New York (US): In Feb 2020, two out of 11 recently deceased rabbits at the veterinary clinic The Center of Avian and Exotic Medicine tested positive for RHDV2.<ref>The Center of Avian and Exotic Medicine. (2020). Notice of RHDV2. Retrieved 08 Mar 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/118992974783598/posts/3381968995152630/</ref> The clinic quickly quarantined the one remaining rabbit on the premise and suspended all rabbit intakes at the clinic temporarily. A final total of 13 rabbits died, and no further RHDV deaths associated with the clinic have been reported since 6 Mar 2020.<ref>World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). Follow-up report No. 7. Retrieved 16 Apr 2020 from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33541</ref><ref name="oie33736">World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). Follow-up report No. 8. Retrieved 16 Apr 2020 from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33736</ref> There are no known links from the New York outbreak to outbreak events in Washington.<ref>World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). Follow-up report No. 7. Retrieved 11 Apr 2020 from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33623</ref>

* 2020 - New Mexico (US): Since Mar 2020, RHDV2 has been confirmed in domestic rabbits in Chaves, Cibola, Curry, Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Lincoln, McKinley, Santa Fe, Torrance, and Valencia Counties.<ref>New Mexico Livestock Board. (2020). What's New? Retrieved 11 Apr 2020 from https://www.nmlbonline.com/news</ref> Wild black-tailed jackrabbits (''Lepus californicus'') and desert cottontails (''Sylvilagus audubonii'') have also been confirmed to be dying from RHDV2 throughout southern New Mexico in Apr 2020.<ref>New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. (2020). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Cause for Rabbit Mortality. Retrieved 11 Apr 2020 from http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease-cause-for-rabbit-mortality/</ref><ref>World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). Follow-up report No. 9. Retrieved 16 Apr 2020 from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33901</ref> There are no links from the New Mexico outbreak to outbreak events in Washington and New York.<ref name="oie33736"/>

* 2020 - Arizona (US): Since Apr 2020, the Arizona Department of Agriculture has confirmed two separate cases of RHDV2 in domestic rabbits in Cochise County and wild jackrabbits and cottontails in Navajo County.<ref>Arizona Department of Agriculture. (2020). Rabbit Disease Confirmed in Arizona. Retrieved 11 Apr 2020 from https://agriculture.az.gov/sites/default/files/AZDA%20press%20release%20Rabbit%20Virus%204-2020.pdf</ref><ref name="oie33971">World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). Follow-up report No. 10. Retrieved 16 Apr 2020 from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33971</ref>

* 2020 - Texas (US): In Apr 2020, RHDV2 has been confirmed in domestic rabbits in Hockley County, Hockley, Texas.<ref name="oie33971"/> Since then, it has been confirmed in domestic rabbits in El Paso, Hamilton, Hockley, Kimble, Lampasas, Lubbock, Midland, and Tom Green counties. <ref>Texas Animal Health Commission. (2021). Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Confirmed in Tom Green County. Retrieved 17 Feb 2022 from https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2021/2021-04-09_RHD.pdf</ref>

* 2020 - Colorado (US): The first cases of RHDV2 in the state were detected in Apr 2020. Since then, positive cases in wild and domestic rabbits have been found all over the state. A map of current cases can be found on the Colorado Department of Agriculture website [https://ag.colorado.gov/animals/livestock-health/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease-virus-rhdv2 here].

==== Novel calicivirus variant ====
* 2001 - Michigan (US): acute fatalities of the Michigan rabbit calicivirus (MRCV) began 01 Jan 2001 and continued over a 3-week period at a privately owned New Zealand White rabbitry in Michigan. Before this episode, the farm had operated for 1.5 years without disease. Approximately 200 rabbits were kept in a closed barn, and no new rabbits had been acquired in the past 18 months. 65 rabbits died over about 3 weeks.<ref>Bergin, IL et al. (2009). Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA. Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044539/</ref> Because the MRCV genome is unique among the lagoviruses and no later outbreaks were reported nor was it identified again, MRCV could be considered an ‘attempt’ at emergence by a new RHDV-like virus.<ref>Capucci, L et al. (2017). Increased pathogenicity in rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (RHDV2). Retrieved 16 Apr 2018 from http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/180/17/426.2</ref>

== Further reading ==
* United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (2020). [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/rhdv-cleaning-guidance.pdf RHDV Cleaning Guidance]
* House Rabbit Society. (2021). [https://rabbit.org/rhdv/ Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV)]
* House Rabbit Society. (2020). [https://rabbit.org/rhdv-shelter-sop/ For Shelters/Rescues: RHDV – Recommended Rabbit Standard Operating Procedures for Shelters/Rescue Facilities due to Emergence of RHDV2]
* United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (2013). [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/sop/sop_rhd_e-e.pdf Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Standard Operating Procedures: Overview of Etiology and Ecology] [PDF]
* Washington State Veterinary Medical Association (2018). [https://wsvma.org/2018/04/06/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease-serotype-rhdv2-reported-in-british-columbia/ Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease serotype RHDV2 reported in British Columbia.]
* Iowa State University. (2016). [http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabbit_hemorrhagic_disease.pdf Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease: Viral Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits, Rabbit Calicivirus Disease.] [PDF]
* Dr. Frances Harcourt-Brown. (2018). [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/owners/frequently-asked-questions/FAQRHD RHD and RHDV2]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/rabbit-vhd/ Rabbit Viral Haemorrhagic Disease (RVHD)]
* Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé, et al. (2013). [http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/44/1/81 Emergence of a new lagovirus related to Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus]
* California Department of Food & Agriculture. (2022). [https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_Health/pdfs/RabbitHemorrhagicDisease.pdf Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease.] - [https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/RHD.html CDFA RHD Alert page.]

The following are experiences with RHD:

* RHD2Diary - Experiences I'd rather not be having. [https://rhd2diary.wordpress.com/blog/ A diary of my experiences with RHD2.]

== See also ==
* [[Myxomatosis]]
* [[RHDV2 regulations in the US]]
* [[Vaccinations]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Special needs rabbits

2025-09-04T20:13:01Z

Malikethbun: Added resources on Urine Scald (taken from Urine Scald page)

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|description=Resources & links for special needs rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/d/d4/AngelDolly1.jpg
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{{right-image|file=AngelDolly1.jpg|caption=Dolly in one of her wheelchairs. Unfortunately she passed away in September 2014. Her picture is (c) and used with direct permission from her parents. You can [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit find more information about Dolly here.]}}
{{right-image|file=LilacsWheelChair1.jpg|caption=Lilac's cart is loosly based on Sharon's cart but has been modified because both of Lilac's back legs are splayed directly out. [https://www.motionrc.com/products/dubro-micro-sport-wheels-3-2-pack Source for wheels.] Images are (c) and used with direct permission from TiffanyB.}}

== Blind rabbits ==
The following contain more information about blind rabbit care.
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/blindness.html Blindness in Rabbits]
* Bunny Eats Design. (2014). [http://bunnyeatsdesign.com/2014/10/21/10-tips-blind-rabbit/ Tofu Tuesday: 10 tips for looking after a blind rabbit]
* Joanna Campbell. [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/blind-rabbit-care/ Do Blind Rabbits Need Special Care?]
* Lucile Moore & Kathy Smith. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E82PBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false ''When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods'' > Loss of Sight]
* Kathy Smith. (2003). [[Media:Kathysmith-blindness.pdf|Blindness ]] [PDF]

Below are some more discussions about caring for blind rabbits.
* BinkyBunny. (2017). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/caring-for-a-blind-rabbitae-2/ Caring for a blind rabbit?]
* u/amberlynns. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ii986/anyone_with_blind_bunny_experience/cugvh6o/ Caring for Bandit the blind bunny]
* BinkyBunny. (2009). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/thoughts-and-suggestions-for-chuckae-update-videos/ Thoughts and suggestions for Chuck? Update-videos!!]
* BinkyBunny. (2010). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/tashi-the-blind-bunny/ Tashi the Blind Bunny]

== Deaf rabbits ==
Below are some useful articles for owners of rabbits that are deaf or hard-of-hearing.
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, Harelines, Volume 2 Number 1, Cindy Scheel, [http://www.ohare.org/vol2_1.htm#deaf How can you be deaf with ears like That?]

Here are some useful discussions about deaf bunnies:
* Rabbits Online, [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f14/calling-those-deaf-bunnies-24674/ Calling those with deaf bunnies...]
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157606540581290/ Deaf bunny – exchange of experience?]
* Bunspace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=4789 Symptoms of deafness]

== Physically-disabled rabbits ==
Supplies:
* Underpads, Peepads, and Training Pads: [https://www.ezwhelp.com/ EZwhelp], [http://www.allegromedical.com/ Allegro Medical], [http://www.peapodmats.com Peapod Mats], [http://protectivebedding.com/reusable-waterproof-underpad.html?gclid=CMC3scaTwM4CFYM6gQodbyoF_Q Protective Bedding]...

The following are some more resources that may be helpful with treating urine scald, which is especially common in disabled bunnies:
* Pam H. (2016). [[Media:Preventing_Urine_Scald_with_Disabled_Bunnies.pdf|Preventing Urine Scald with Disabled Bunnies]] [PDF]
* Audrey Libouton. [http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Antibiotics/cream/antibiotic_cream.htm Cream that helps treat urine burn in rabbits]

Some case studies about lame rabbits and the decision to amputate a limb or not:
* Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/case-of-the-month/to-amputate-or-not-to-amputate A lame rabbit]. Published Sep 2015.

More Diaper Information:

<blockquote>"Healthy rabbits do not need to wear a diaper at all. Rabbits are very clean animals, they will use a litter box once trained. Bunnies who are not neutered or spayed will territory mark with their poo pellets. Every now again a poop may not make it into the litter box, a simple sweep with a dust pan and broom is all it takes to clean it up." - <I>[http://www.sunshinecavies.com/2017/03/diapers-for-rabbits.html Sunshine Cavies]</i></blockquote>

* Sunshine Cavies blog, by Kaitlen Rose, [http://www.sunshinecavies.com/2017/03/diapers-for-rabbits.html Diapers for Rabbits?]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:BunnyDiapers1.png|thumb|Diapers should only be used in rare cases on some disabled rabbits. See your rabbit-savvy vet about this! Oliver wearing one of many designs of diapers from [https://bunnydiapers.com/ BunnyDiapers.com.]|x250px]]</div>
</div>

== Carts ==
Please check in with your rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] for their opinion on carts for your specific disabled rabbits before proceeding with purchase or creation. Some veterinarians prefer not to recommend them due to orthopedic reasons.

Information and examples of where to obtain carts and wheelchairs along with custom DIY examples and plans for carts and wheelchairs for your rabbit:
* Dolly - A Little Disabled Rabbit. [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit/posts/497152333749353 Wheelchair plans]
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/wheelchairs.html Wheelchairs]
* Instructables. [https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-a-Cat-Wheelchair/ How to Make a Cat Wheelchair]

* [https://crispys3dprinting.com/ Crispys3DPrinting]
* Dogs To Go. [https://www.dogstogo.net/products/ Products]
* K9 Carts. [https://www.k9carts.com/ Wheelchairs]
* Doggon' Wheels. [https://doggon.com/rear-wheel-carts-1 Rear support wheelchairs]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Y_EIC3D0T24|caption=Walkin' Pets. (2022). Disabled rabbit in a Walkin' Wheels pet wheelchair}}
{{youtube|id=sRSHQAvC9XY|caption=Bunny Creations. (2021). how to make a cart for your disabled rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=8mq0JBQOjJI|caption=stewj34. (2010). Jellybean getting into his wheels and harness and go exploring.. An example of a custom PVC DIY cart and harness.}}
{{youtube|id=Vnl31iTaJSY||caption=[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=425226125751108 Live Freely Sanctuary.] (2021). A very good video of Desi's DIY hammocks & carts}}
{{youtube|id=J2ZOjPea5h8|caption=Dancing Rabbit. (2015). 12 yr old Ebony (spondylosis) trying her new wheels outside!}}
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Sharons'sRabbitCartAll.jpg|caption=The original cart plans from Sharon. [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit/photos/pcb.497152333749353/497151670416086/?type=3&theater Source.] Image is (c) and used with direct permission from Sharon.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Marie'sCart1.jpg|caption=Marie had a fractured spine and lived 3.5 more years a happy girl free of pain. She was full of spunk until 24 hours before she passed.}}
{{gallery-image|file=ShelleySchnieppThraen-cart1a.jpg|caption=Example of a DIY PVC based hammock cart.}}
{{gallery-image|file=ButtercupCartD.jpg|caption=Buttercup's cart made with PVC and old toy truck wheels.}}
</div>

A few experiences:

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1681051228917083 Rabbit zooming in a wheelchair]

== Tripod rabbits ==
Tripod rabbits are bunnies that have had a limb amputated for various reasons.

The following are some more resources about limb loss in rabbits:
* DisabledRabbits.com, [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/limb-loss.html Limb Loss in Rabbits]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=bVcJl2bitec|caption=Dancing Rabbit. (2017). Avery, two weeks after hind leg amputation, hanging out with his girl Jewel. You can find a video of the leg before his amputation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfGsuBnXf08 here.]}}
</div>

Here are some stories about rabbits that have had a limb amputated.
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6505243519515886 A leg amputation for Archie due to severely broken bones after a fight with brother] {{Graphic}}
* Ohana Animal Hospital. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2219034834980790&id=1753925368158408 Bun Bun's story]
* Rabbit Rescue & Rehab. (2019). [https://www.rabbitrescueandrehab.org/blaze-s-story Blaze, the Brave Bunny Rescued From a Magic Show] - [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRescueRehab/posts/2152620284751156 video update]
* House Rabbit Society. (2016). [https://rabbit.org/meet-kevin/ Meet Kevin!]
* House Rabbit Society. (2014). [https://rabbit.org/video-of-the-day-clarence-the-three-legged-rabbit/ Video of the Day: Clarence the Three Legged Rabbit]
* Ellie Hulse. (2014). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/three-legs-no-problem/ Three Legs - No Problem!]
* Tripawds. (2012). [https://tripawds.com/2012/08/20/the-miracle-of-clyde-the-three-legged-senior-tripawd-rabbit/ The Miracle of Clyde the Three-legged Senior Tripawd Rabbit]
* Melissa K. Bevington. (2010). [https://rabbit.org/kennys-story-adjusting-to-life-with-three-legs/ Kenny's Story: Adjusting to life with three legs]
* Bibble's Bunny Sanctuary. [https://sites.google.com/site/bibblesbunnysanctuary/rabbit-health/special-needs-bunnies-1 three legged bunnies]

The following are some discussions about tripod bunnies.
* BinkyBunny.com. (2011). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/115154/Default.aspx Tripod Bunnies]
* Bunspace. (2008). [http://www.bunspace.com/groups/topic?tid=442 Tripod Rabbits]
* Rabbits United. (2013). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?403930-Please-meet-my-tripod-foster-bunny Please meet my tripod foster bunny.......]
* r/rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ds6z2/flemish_giant_advice_needed/ Flemish Giant advice needed]

The following are some tripod bunny pages.
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/TobyTrefoil/ Toby Trefoil, the Tripod bunny]

== Hydrotherapy ==
{{right-image|file=HydrotherapyPumbaAtHydro-Paws1.jpg|caption=Here is Pumba during another one of his swim and physio sessions. "Tonight we did some physio on the bodyboard to encourage movement." - [https://www.facebook.com/hydropaw/posts/1706744699577122 Source Hydro-paws.]}}
{{right-image|file=BigglesSwimming.png|caption=Biggles working with his hydrotherapist, Tom Nowicki, at HipDog. [http://www.rabbitcare.org/swimming.htm NY HRS]}}

In some cases, rabbits can do very well with hydrotherapy. These facilities are specifically designed for small animals and the staff is expertly trained to deal with rabbits in and around water. {{warn|Please do not submerge your rabbit in a pool or large body of water without veterinary instruction or supervision.}}

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=j-Uoz9O-VJA|caption=Delilah at her 6th session of hydrotherapy at [https://www.facebook.com/topdoghydrotherapy/posts/1042195525885880 Top Dog Hydrotherapy.] Here she is working on the treadmill for possible osteoarthritis in her hind legs and lumbar spine region.}}
{{youtube|id=rfVK28Dl6Ew|caption=Example video of Heidi during her 19th hydrotherapy session. Treefern74 has [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDn6HYWlYHq8VcSP-FQkIsw a number of videos showing Heidi during different sessions.]}}
</div>

More information on hydrotherapy for rabbits:

* Barbara Rainey. (2003). [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/37007168/2003-rabbit-rescue-rehab NYC Metro Rabbit News, Fall 2003,] "Swimming to Success"

== Online communities ==
Below are some online communities geared towards special needs rabbits that you can join.
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/HelpforHeadTiltHoppers/ Help for Head Tilt Hoppers] (public group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/201759429869484/ Disabled Rabbits] (private group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/547897018681987/ Disabled Rabbits Rescues Only -NO BREEDERS] (private group)

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/ DisabledRabbits.com]
* Cats & Rabbits & More, Lucile Moore, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/the_special_world_of_special_needs/ The Special World of Special Needs]
* Lucile Moore & Kathy Smith, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/educ/SpecialCare.pdf When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/special.html Special Needs Rabbits & Other Animals]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/critically-ill.html Caring for the Chronically Ill]

The following are videos of some disabled rabbits:
{{youtube|id=2r0Kz774piw|caption=CVM bunnies}}

Below are related link collections.
* Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://catsandrabbitsandmore.com/disabled_rabbits Disabled Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Elderly rabbits]]
* [[Urinary incontinence]]

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]

Papillomatosis

2025-08-13T20:35:44Z

Malikethbun: Added resource from Colorado Parks & Wildlife

{{incomplete}}
'''Papillomatosis''' is a disorder characterized by the development of small, wart-like growths ('''papillomas'''). There are two papilloma viruses that can affect rabbits: Shope papilloma virus and oral papilloma virus.

== Shope papilloma virus ==
'''Shope papilloma virus''', also known as '''cottontail rabbit papilloma virus''' or '''cottontail cutaneous papilloma virus''', causes a benign disease in [[wild|cottontails]] but may cause malignant tumors resembling squamous cell carcinomas in the European rabbit.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:467</sup> The disease occurs in the wild population of cottontails in the eastern USA and in domestic rabbits in some American commercial units.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:467</sup>
{{right-image|file=Cottontail shope papilloma virus.jpeg|caption=A wild cottontail with Shope papilloma virus.}}

=== Symptoms ===
Rabbits with Shope papilloma virus will have raised, red, and rough lesions (usually circular) in the upper half on the body including neck and shoulders, but especially on eyelids and ears.<ref name="petmdheadtumor"/> The lesions may occasionally be found on rabbit feet as well.<ref name="petmdheadtumor"/>

=== Causes ===
This virus is often spread by biting insects like mosquitoes and [[ticks]].<ref name="petmdheadtumor">PetMD. (n.d.). Head Tumors and Cancer in Rabbits. Retrieved 1 April 2016 from http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/viral/c_rb_shope_papilloma_virus</ref>

=== Treatment ===
Surgical removal should be considered as they may eventually become carcinomas.<ref name="ea1">Jepson, L. (2009). {{amazon|id=0702028738|name=''Exotic animal medicine: A quick reference guide''. (1st ed.).}}</ref>

=== Extra resources ===
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Viral_diseases/Pap/Papilloma.htm Do horned rabbits really exist ? - Papillomatosis] {{Graphic}}
* Vetlexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/treat/lapis/freeform/papillomatosis Papillomatosis]
* Vetlexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/treat/lapis/bug/shope-fibroma-virus Shope fibroma virus]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/viral/c_rb_shope_papilloma_virus Head Tumors and Cancer in Rabbits]

== Oral papilloma virus ==
'''Oral papillomatosis''' is manifested by wart-like growths on the back of the tongue and on other parts of the oral mucosa. The virus is transmitted in oral secretions containing sloughed cells from the warts, and the papillomas grow slowly over a period of 6 to 9 months.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:467</sup>

Young rabbits are most susceptible.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:467</sup> The animals become immune, at which point the base of the papilloma becomes inflamed, causing sloughing of the tumour, ulcer formation and finally re-epithelialization. <ref name="trm2"/><sup>:467</sup> Oral papillomas of rabbits are not known to undergo carcinomatous transformation.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:467</sup>

=== Extra resources ===
* Vetlexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/treat/lapis/freeform/oral-papillomatosis Oral papillomatosis]
* University of Missouri - Comparative Medicine Program and IDEXX-BioAnalytics. [https://dora.missouri.edu/rabbits/rabbit-oral-papilloma-virus/ Rabbit Oral Papilloma Virus] {{graphic}}
* Oathall Veterinary Group Ltd. [https://oathall-vets.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7892d40b-8d11-4900-8492-1870f2c04f6d Oral papilloma] {{pdf}}
* Robert J. Parsons & John G. Kidd. (1943). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135334/ Oral Papillomatosis of Rabbits: A Virus Disease]
* Colorado Parks & Wildlife. [https://cpw.state.co.us/species/cottontail-rabbits Cottontail Rabbits: Rabbit Papillomas]

== See also ==
* [[Ticks]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Sore hocks

2025-08-05T15:21:52Z

Malikethbun: Added content

__TOC__
'''Sore hocks''' or '''ulcerative pododermatitis''' is a condition in rabbits characterized by ulcerated, infected areas of skin usually on the rear limbs but can also affect the front feet. Sore hocks is a painful condition and can be irreversible depending on severity.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

== Causes ==
[[File:SoreHocksStLouis1.jpg|right|thumb|Extreme sore hocks example caused by the rabbit living in a wire bottom cage. {{blur}} Source: [https://www.facebook.com/StLouisHouseRabbit/posts/10158477954537810 St. Louis HRS]|200px|class=blur]]

Rabbits normally bear weight on their hind digits during locomotion in a '''digitigrade stance'''. At rest, weight is born in the area between the hind claws and hock, or a plantigrade stance. Rabbits do not have foot pads but instead rely on a covering of thick fur (guard hairs) on the bottom of the feet, combined with a compliant surface, to protect the feet.<ref name="ferretsrabbits">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref>

[[File:ShishkoCaramelaSock5.jpg|right|thumb|Caramela (left) & Shishko (right) both use pet socks to protect their sore hocks. Shishko has sore hocks occasionally and Caramela "was found outside on the street with deeply infected abscesses, holes and fractures on her feet and paws. She gets feet procedures which include flushing, cleaning and medicating her abscesses, plus pain med injections twice a month. All under anesthesia." Their vet found the socks on
[http://Trixie.de Trixie.de], other places to try would be PetSmart.com or worldwide on EBay.com. Image (c) & used with direct permission from LinaZ.|200px]]

Any '''condition''' that disrupts normal digitigrade locomotion or cushioning of the plantar aspect of the feet may lead to the formation of pressure sores on the feet.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Oglesbee, B. (2011). {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Small Mammal''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> Such conditions can include the following:
* Decreased weight bearing on other feet.
* Constant pressure applied to skin and soft tissues pressed between the bones of the feet and a hard surface.
* Improper [[Housing|flooring]] such as wire cages, hard surfaces, or soiled or damp bedding.<ref name="currentherapy"/>
* Lack of [[exercise]] in combination with small cages or [[housing]].
* Underlying conditions such as [[obesity]], [[urine scald]], and spinal [[arthritis]].
* Regular clipping or shaving of the thick, protective fur on the heels of a rabbit.
* History of [[fur loss]] on the bottom of the feet.
* Reluctance to move due to pain causing long sedentary periods.
* Pus-causing bacteria from infections such as ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''[[Pasteurella]] multocida''.<ref name="currentherapy">Mitchell, M. A., & Tully, T. N. (2016). ''Current therapy in exotic pet practice''. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqc_CwAAQBAJ</ref>
* Regular thumping and stamping by nervous, stressed rabbits.
* Trauma or puncture wounds to the heels.
* Some [[breeds]], especially New Zealand White, normally lose fur on the ventral aspect of the hock with age.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> This may be a normal finding or may predispose to sore hocks.

{{right-image|file=Sandals-CalgaryAvian&ExoticPetClinic1.jpg|caption=Dr. Materi and Dr. Decibels, from [https://www.facebook.com/calgarypetvet/posts/1190712747645536 Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic,] created a custom little sandal from a pool noodle.}}

Sore hocks are often found in rabbits housed in wire cages or hutches as well as house rabbits housed on hard floors or carpeting.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Large rabbits such as Flemish Giants and angoras, rabbits with shortened guard hairs on their feet like Rexes, and obese, emaciated, or pregnant rabbits are more vulnerable to sore hocks.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/><ref name="currentherapy"/>

== Diagnosis ==
{{right-image|file=PRPSS.jpg|caption=The PRPSS (pet rabbit pododermatitis scoring system) "was developed for clinical assessment of hock lesions. A macroscopic description of pododermatitis lesion from zero to six is based on the degree of pododermatitis present. Modified from Mancinelli et al, 2014." - [http://www.vetsonline.com/publications/veterinary-times/archives/n-45-08/pododermatitis-in-rabbits-an-under-recognised-problem.html source]}}
* '''Early, asymptomatic disease (Grade I)'''. Hair loss on the bottom of the feet or hocks.
* '''Mild disease (Grade II)'''. Redness and swelling with overlying skin intact.
* '''Moderate disease (Grade III)'''. Ulceration and scab formation.
* '''Severe disease (Grade IV)'''. Abscess and inflammation of tendons or deeper tissues.
* '''Severe, often irreversible disease (Grade V)'''. Bone infection along with joint and tendon swelling leading to abnormal stance and gait.

== Treatment and prevention ==
Depending on the severity of the case, nursing care can include the following:
* For early stages of the disease, Grade I and II, caging on soft, dry bedding may be effective. Clean hay, shavings, shredded paper, towels, and blankets over padded surface that can be completely cleaned and dried works well.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>
* More severe symptoms may require frequent removal of the dead tissue and flushing of the wound along with frequent bandage changes long-term antibiotics and pain control.
* In rabbits with severe wounds, activity should be restricted until adequate healing has taken place.
* In the long term, activity should be encouraged as prolonged inactivity can cause or exacerbate sore hocks.

Medication that may be prescribed include the following:
* '''Antibiotics.''' If an infection has already set in, a [[culture & sensitivity test]] is recommended for ideal antibiotic choice. Depending on severity, long-term antibiotic treatment may be necessary, on the order of 4-6 weeks minimum to several months.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Broad-spectrum oral antibiotics used to treat the condition include ''enrofloxacin'' (Baytril), ''marbofloxacin'' (Zeniquin), and ''trimethoprim-sulfa'' (Tribrissen, Septra, Bactrim, Cotrim, Sulfatrim).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> If anaerobic infections are suspected, oral drug treatments include ''chloramphenicol'' (Chloromycetin, CHPC) or ''azithromycin'' (Zithromax) which can be used either alone or combined with ''metronidazole'' (Flagyl).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Be careful with '''prolonged high-dose metronidazole''' as it can be potentially toxic to the vestibular system.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}} For injection drugs, treatments include ''penicillin'', ''penicillin G benzathine'', or ''penicillin G procaine''.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Remember, '''penicillin-type drugs''' should never be prescribed as an oral drug as it can cause fatal enteric [[dysbiosis]] and [[enterotoxemia]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}}
* '''Acute pain management'''. Drugs may include ''butorphanol'' (Stadol, Torbutrol, Torbugesic), ''buprenorphine'' (Buprenex), ''hydromorphone'' (Dilaudid-HP), ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox), or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).
* '''Long-term pain management.''' NSAIDs are the drug of choice and common choices include ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox) or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).

The following are some suggestions that can be used to keep sore hocks from developing:<ref>Harriman, M. (1994). Foot Problems. Retrieved 7 March 2016 from http://rabbit.org/foot-problems/</ref>
* Keep rabbits on '''soft, dry surfaces''' and not linoleum, hardwood, or cement. See [[Housing]] for more ideas. Egg-crate foam or plastic bubble wrap underneath bedding can help evenly distribute pressure on your rabbit's hock.<ref>DisabledRabbits.com. (n.d.). Sore Hocks. Retrieved 25 Nov 2019 from http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html</ref>
* '''Check''' feet daily. See [[Wellness Check]] for more checks to do regularly.
* Apply '''cooled tea bags (compress)''' to hocks to toughen calluses.
* Use '''soft and absorbent [[litter]]''' such as Carefresh or Cat Country on the bottom topped with a large scoop of Carefresh (paper pulp litter).
* In an outdoor playpen, '''line''' the floor with with 6 inches of soft, clean, short-cut, yellow straw.
* Keep toenails '''clipped''' short. See [[Grooming]] for more details.
* '''Disinfect''' cages regularly.

The following are some additional resources that can help your bunny's sore hocks:

* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/HabitatsforSpecificNeeds.aspx Habitats for Specific needs]

== Experiences ==
Below are some experiences with sore hocks.
* Mini Lop Hop. (2012). [http://minilophop.wordpress.com/tag/sore-hocks/ Sore Hocks]
* Lisa Bruce. [https://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/sore_hocks Sore Hocks (pododermatitis) in Rabbits]
* Helicopter Ears. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004011/http://helicopter-ears.org/2016/04/07/the-sore-hocks-nightmare/ "The sore hocks nightmare."]

== Further reading ==
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html Sore Hocks]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Mechanical/Pod/Socks_rabbit.pdf Rabbit socks for pododermatitis or foot wounds] [PDF]
* One Two Hop. [https://onetwohop.com/ Rabbit socks] for sore hocks.
* PetMD. [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/skin/c_rb_ulcerative_pododermatitis Sore Hocks in Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/sorehocks.html Treating Sore Hocks in Your Companion Rabbit]
* The Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/rabbits/noninfectious-diseases-of-rabbits?query=sore%20hocks#v3306928 Ulcerative Pododermatitis] on "Noninfectious Diseases of Rabbits" page.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Skin issues]]

Sore hocks

2025-08-05T15:13:49Z

Malikethbun: /* Causes */

__TOC__
'''Sore hocks''' or '''ulcerative pododermatitis''' is a condition in rabbits characterized by ulcerated, infected areas of skin usually on the rear limbs but can also affect the front feet. Sore hocks is a painful condition and can be irreversible depending on severity.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

== Causes ==
[[File:SoreHocksStLouis1.jpg|right|thumb|Extreme sore hocks example caused by the rabbit living in a wire bottom cage. {{blur}} Source: [https://www.facebook.com/StLouisHouseRabbit/posts/10158477954537810 St. Louis HRS]|200px|class=blur]]

Rabbits normally bear weight on their hind digits during locomotion in a '''digitigrade stance'''. At rest, weight is born in the area between the hind claws and hock, or a plantigrade stance. Rabbits do not have foot pads but instead rely on a covering of thick fur (guard hairs) on the bottom of the feet, combined with a compliant surface, to protect the feet.<ref name="ferretsrabbits">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref>

[[File:ShishkoCaramelaSock5.jpg|right|thumb|Caramela (left) & Shishko (right) both use pet socks to protect their sore hocks. Shishko has sore hocks occasionally and Caramela "was found outside on the street with deeply infected abscesses, holes and fractures on her feet and paws. She gets feet procedures which include flushing, cleaning and medicating her abscesses, plus pain med injections twice a month. All under anesthesia." Their vet found the socks on
[http://Trixie.de Trixie.de], other places to try would be PetSmart.com or worldwide on EBay.com. Image (c) & used with direct permission from LinaZ.|200px]]

Any '''condition''' that disrupts normal digitigrade locomotion or cushioning of the plantar aspect of the feet may lead to the formation of pressure sores on the feet.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Oglesbee, B. (2011). {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Small Mammal''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> Such conditions can include the following:
* Decreased weight bearing on other feet.
* Constant pressure applied to skin and soft tissues pressed between the bones of the feet and a hard surface.
* Improper [[Housing|flooring]] such as wire cages, hard surfaces, or soiled or damp bedding.<ref name="currentherapy"/>
* Lack of [[exercise]] in combination with small cages or [[housing]].
* Underlying conditions such as [[obesity]], [[urine scald]], and spinal [[arthritis]].
* Regular clipping or shaving of the thick, protective fur on the heels of a rabbit.
* History of [[fur loss]] on the bottom of the feet.
* Reluctance to move due to pain causing long sedentary periods.
* Pus-causing bacteria from infections such as ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''[[Pasteurella]] multocida''.<ref name="currentherapy">Mitchell, M. A., & Tully, T. N. (2016). ''Current therapy in exotic pet practice''. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqc_CwAAQBAJ</ref>
* Regular thumping and stamping by nervous, stressed rabbits.
* Trauma or puncture wounds to the heels.
* Some [[breeds]], especially New Zealand White, normally lose fur on the ventral aspect of the hock with age.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> This may be a normal finding or may predispose to sore hocks.

{{right-image|file=Sandals-CalgaryAvian&ExoticPetClinic1.jpg|caption=Dr. Materi and Dr. Decibels, from [https://www.facebook.com/calgarypetvet/posts/1190712747645536 Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic,] created a custom little sandal from a pool noodle.}}

Sore hocks are often found in rabbits housed in wire cages or hutches as well as house rabbits housed on hard floors or carpeting.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Large rabbits such as Flemish Giants and angoras, rabbits with shortened guard hairs on their feet like Rexes, and obese, emaciated, or pregnant rabbits are more vulnerable to sore hocks.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/><ref name="currentherapy"/>

== Diagnosis ==
{{right-image|file=PRPSS.jpg|caption=The PRPSS (pet rabbit pododermatitis scoring system) "was developed for clinical assessment of hock lesions. A macroscopic description of pododermatitis lesion from zero to six is based on the degree of pododermatitis present. Modified from Mancinelli et al, 2014." - [http://www.vetsonline.com/publications/veterinary-times/archives/n-45-08/pododermatitis-in-rabbits-an-under-recognised-problem.html source]}}
* '''Early, asymptomatic disease (Grade I)'''. Hair loss on the bottom of the feet or hocks.
* '''Mild disease (Grade II)'''. Redness and swelling with overlying skin intact.
* '''Moderate disease (Grade III)'''. Ulceration and scab formation.
* '''Severe disease (Grade IV)'''. Abscess and inflammation of tendons or deeper tissues.
* '''Severe, often irreversible disease (Grade V)'''. Bone infection along with joint and tendon swelling leading to abnormal stance and gait.

== Treatment and prevention ==
Depending on the severity of the case, nursing care can include the following:
* For early stages of the disease, Grade I and II, caging on soft, dry bedding may be effective. Clean hay, shavings, shredded paper, towels, and blankets over padded surface that can be completely cleaned and dried works well.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>
* More severe symptoms may require frequent removal of the dead tissue and flushing of the wound along with frequent bandage changes long-term antibiotics and pain control.
* In rabbits with severe wounds, activity should be restricted until adequate healing has taken place.
* In the long term, activity should be encouraged as prolonged inactivity can cause or exacerbate sore hocks.

Medication that may be prescribed include the following:
* '''Antibiotics.''' If an infection has already set in, a [[culture & sensitivity test]] is recommended for ideal antibiotic choice. Depending on severity, long-term antibiotic treatment may be necessary, on the order of 4-6 weeks minimum to several months.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Broad-spectrum oral antibiotics used to treat the condition include ''enrofloxacin'' (Baytril), ''marbofloxacin'' (Zeniquin), and ''trimethoprim-sulfa'' (Tribrissen, Septra, Bactrim, Cotrim, Sulfatrim).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> If anaerobic infections are suspected, oral drug treatments include ''chloramphenicol'' (Chloromycetin, CHPC) or ''azithromycin'' (Zithromax) which can be used either alone or combined with ''metronidazole'' (Flagyl).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Be careful with '''prolonged high-dose metronidazole''' as it can be potentially toxic to the vestibular system.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}} For injection drugs, treatments include ''penicillin'', ''penicillin G benzathine'', or ''penicillin G procaine''.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Remember, '''penicillin-type drugs''' should never be prescribed as an oral drug as it can cause fatal enteric [[dysbiosis]] and [[enterotoxemia]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}}
* '''Acute pain management'''. Drugs may include ''butorphanol'' (Stadol, Torbutrol, Torbugesic), ''buprenorphine'' (Buprenex), ''hydromorphone'' (Dilaudid-HP), ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox), or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).
* '''Long-term pain management.''' NSAIDs are the drug of choice and common choices include ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox) or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).

The following are some suggestions that can be used to keep sore hocks from developing:<ref>Harriman, M. (1994). Foot Problems. Retrieved 7 March 2016 from http://rabbit.org/foot-problems/</ref>
* Keep rabbits on '''soft, dry surfaces''' and not linoleum, hardwood, or cement. See [[Housing]] for more ideas. Egg-crate foam or plastic bubble wrap underneath bedding can help evenly distribute pressure on your rabbit's hock.<ref>DisabledRabbits.com. (n.d.). Sore Hocks. Retrieved 25 Nov 2019 from http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html</ref>
* '''Check''' feet daily. See [[Wellness Check]] for more checks to do regularly.
* Apply '''cooled tea bags (compress)''' to hocks to toughen calluses.
* Use '''soft and absorbent [[litter]]''' such as Carefresh or Cat Country on the bottom topped with a large scoop of Carefresh (paper pulp litter).
* In an outdoor playpen, '''line''' the floor with with 6 inches of soft, clean, short-cut, yellow straw.
* Keep toenails '''clipped''' short. See [[Grooming]] for more details.
* '''Disinfect''' cages regularly.

The following are some additional resources that can help your bunny's sore hocks:

* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/HabitatsforSpecificNeeds.aspx Habitats for Specific needs]

== Experiences ==
Below are some experiences with sore hocks.
* Mini Lop Hop. (2012). [http://minilophop.wordpress.com/tag/sore-hocks/ Sore Hocks]
* Lisa Bruce. [https://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/sore_hocks Sore Hocks (pododermatitis) in Rabbits]

== Further reading ==
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html Sore Hocks]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Mechanical/Pod/Socks_rabbit.pdf Rabbit socks for pododermatitis or foot wounds] [PDF]
* One Two Hop. [https://onetwohop.com/ Rabbit socks] for sore hocks.
* PetMD. [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/skin/c_rb_ulcerative_pododermatitis Sore Hocks in Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/sorehocks.html Treating Sore Hocks in Your Companion Rabbit]
* The Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/rabbits/noninfectious-diseases-of-rabbits?query=sore%20hocks#v3306928 Ulcerative Pododermatitis] on "Noninfectious Diseases of Rabbits" page.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Skin issues]]

Sore hocks

2025-08-05T15:09:01Z

Malikethbun: Updated broken links

__TOC__
'''Sore hocks''' or '''ulcerative pododermatitis''' is a condition in rabbits characterized by ulcerated, infected areas of skin usually on the rear limbs but can also affect the front feet. Sore hocks is a painful condition and can be irreversible depending on severity.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

== Causes ==
[[File:SoreHocksStLouis1.jpg|right|thumb|Extreme sore hocks example caused by the rabbit living in a wire bottom cage. {{blur}} Source: [https://www.facebook.com/StLouisHouseRabbit/posts/10158477954537810 St. Louis HRS]|200px|class=blur]]
{{right-image|file=MrButtonsShoes2.jpg|caption=Basil Buttons has sore hocks and the nice people at [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194042/https://helicopter-ears.org/ Helicopter Ears] designed and built him some booties. You can find the pattern, materials list, and build intructions on their [https://www.facebook.com/notes/helicopter-ears/button-boots/808311789257263 Mr. Button boots facebook page.] Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004011/http://helicopter-ears.org/2016/04/07/the-sore-hocks-nightmare/ "The sore hocks nightmare."]}}

Rabbits normally bear weight on their hind digits during locomotion in a '''digitigrade stance'''. At rest, weight is born in the area between the hind claws and hock, or a plantigrade stance. Rabbits do not have foot pads but instead rely on a covering of thick fur (guard hairs) on the bottom of the feet, combined with a compliant surface, to protect the feet.<ref name="ferretsrabbits">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref>

[[File:ShishkoCaramelaSock5.jpg|right|thumb|Caramela (left) & Shishko (right) both use pet socks to protect their sore hocks. Shishko has sore hocks occasionally and Caramela "was found outside on the street with deeply infected abscesses, holes and fractures on her feet and paws. She gets feet procedures which include flushing, cleaning and medicating her abscesses, plus pain med injections twice a month. All under anesthesia." Their vet found the socks on
[http://Trixie.de Trixie.de], other places to try would be PetSmart.com or worldwide on EBay.com. Image (c) & used with direct permission from LinaZ.|200px]]

Any '''condition''' that disrupts normal digitigrade locomotion or cushioning of the plantar aspect of the feet may lead to the formation of pressure sores on the feet.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Oglesbee, B. (2011). {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Small Mammal''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> Such conditions can include the following:
* Decreased weight bearing on other feet.
* Constant pressure applied to skin and soft tissues pressed between the bones of the feet and a hard surface.
* Improper [[Housing|flooring]] such as wire cages, hard surfaces, or soiled or damp bedding.<ref name="currentherapy"/>
* Lack of [[exercise]] in combination with small cages or [[housing]].
* Underlying conditions such as [[obesity]], [[urine scald]], and spinal [[arthritis]].
* Regular clipping or shaving of the thick, protective fur on the heels of a rabbit.
* History of [[fur loss]] on the bottom of the feet.
* Reluctance to move due to pain causing long sedentary periods.
* Pus-causing bacteria from infections such as ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''[[Pasteurella]] multocida''.<ref name="currentherapy">Mitchell, M. A., & Tully, T. N. (2016). ''Current therapy in exotic pet practice''. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqc_CwAAQBAJ</ref>
* Regular thumping and stamping by nervous, stressed rabbits.
* Trauma or puncture wounds to the heels.
* Some [[breeds]], especially New Zealand White, normally lose fur on the ventral aspect of the hock with age.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> This may be a normal finding or may predispose to sore hocks.

{{right-image|file=Sandals-CalgaryAvian&ExoticPetClinic1.jpg|caption=Dr. Materi and Dr. Decibels, from [https://www.facebook.com/calgarypetvet/posts/1190712747645536 Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic,] created a custom little sandal from a pool noodle.}}

Sore hocks are often found in rabbits housed in wire cages or hutches as well as house rabbits housed on hard floors or carpeting.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Large rabbits such as Flemish Giants and angoras, rabbits with shortened guard hairs on their feet like Rexes, and obese, emaciated, or pregnant rabbits are more vulnerable to sore hocks.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/><ref name="currentherapy"/>

== Diagnosis ==
{{right-image|file=PRPSS.jpg|caption=The PRPSS (pet rabbit pododermatitis scoring system) "was developed for clinical assessment of hock lesions. A macroscopic description of pododermatitis lesion from zero to six is based on the degree of pododermatitis present. Modified from Mancinelli et al, 2014." - [http://www.vetsonline.com/publications/veterinary-times/archives/n-45-08/pododermatitis-in-rabbits-an-under-recognised-problem.html source]}}
* '''Early, asymptomatic disease (Grade I)'''. Hair loss on the bottom of the feet or hocks.
* '''Mild disease (Grade II)'''. Redness and swelling with overlying skin intact.
* '''Moderate disease (Grade III)'''. Ulceration and scab formation.
* '''Severe disease (Grade IV)'''. Abscess and inflammation of tendons or deeper tissues.
* '''Severe, often irreversible disease (Grade V)'''. Bone infection along with joint and tendon swelling leading to abnormal stance and gait.

== Treatment and prevention ==
Depending on the severity of the case, nursing care can include the following:
* For early stages of the disease, Grade I and II, caging on soft, dry bedding may be effective. Clean hay, shavings, shredded paper, towels, and blankets over padded surface that can be completely cleaned and dried works well.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>
* More severe symptoms may require frequent removal of the dead tissue and flushing of the wound along with frequent bandage changes long-term antibiotics and pain control.
* In rabbits with severe wounds, activity should be restricted until adequate healing has taken place.
* In the long term, activity should be encouraged as prolonged inactivity can cause or exacerbate sore hocks.

Medication that may be prescribed include the following:
* '''Antibiotics.''' If an infection has already set in, a [[culture & sensitivity test]] is recommended for ideal antibiotic choice. Depending on severity, long-term antibiotic treatment may be necessary, on the order of 4-6 weeks minimum to several months.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Broad-spectrum oral antibiotics used to treat the condition include ''enrofloxacin'' (Baytril), ''marbofloxacin'' (Zeniquin), and ''trimethoprim-sulfa'' (Tribrissen, Septra, Bactrim, Cotrim, Sulfatrim).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> If anaerobic infections are suspected, oral drug treatments include ''chloramphenicol'' (Chloromycetin, CHPC) or ''azithromycin'' (Zithromax) which can be used either alone or combined with ''metronidazole'' (Flagyl).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Be careful with '''prolonged high-dose metronidazole''' as it can be potentially toxic to the vestibular system.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}} For injection drugs, treatments include ''penicillin'', ''penicillin G benzathine'', or ''penicillin G procaine''.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Remember, '''penicillin-type drugs''' should never be prescribed as an oral drug as it can cause fatal enteric [[dysbiosis]] and [[enterotoxemia]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}}
* '''Acute pain management'''. Drugs may include ''butorphanol'' (Stadol, Torbutrol, Torbugesic), ''buprenorphine'' (Buprenex), ''hydromorphone'' (Dilaudid-HP), ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox), or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).
* '''Long-term pain management.''' NSAIDs are the drug of choice and common choices include ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox) or ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen).

The following are some suggestions that can be used to keep sore hocks from developing:<ref>Harriman, M. (1994). Foot Problems. Retrieved 7 March 2016 from http://rabbit.org/foot-problems/</ref>
* Keep rabbits on '''soft, dry surfaces''' and not linoleum, hardwood, or cement. See [[Housing]] for more ideas. Egg-crate foam or plastic bubble wrap underneath bedding can help evenly distribute pressure on your rabbit's hock.<ref>DisabledRabbits.com. (n.d.). Sore Hocks. Retrieved 25 Nov 2019 from http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html</ref>
* '''Check''' feet daily. See [[Wellness Check]] for more checks to do regularly.
* Apply '''cooled tea bags (compress)''' to hocks to toughen calluses.
* Use '''soft and absorbent [[litter]]''' such as Carefresh or Cat Country on the bottom topped with a large scoop of Carefresh (paper pulp litter).
* In an outdoor playpen, '''line''' the floor with with 6 inches of soft, clean, short-cut, yellow straw.
* Keep toenails '''clipped''' short. See [[Grooming]] for more details.
* '''Disinfect''' cages regularly.

The following are some additional resources that can help your bunny's sore hocks:

* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/HabitatsforSpecificNeeds.aspx Habitats for Specific needs]

== Experiences ==
Below are some experiences with sore hocks.
* Mini Lop Hop. (2012). [http://minilophop.wordpress.com/tag/sore-hocks/ Sore Hocks]
* Lisa Bruce. [https://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/sore_hocks Sore Hocks (pododermatitis) in Rabbits]

== Further reading ==
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/sore-hocks.html Sore Hocks]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Mechanical/Pod/Socks_rabbit.pdf Rabbit socks for pododermatitis or foot wounds] [PDF]
* One Two Hop. [https://onetwohop.com/ Rabbit socks] for sore hocks.
* PetMD. [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/skin/c_rb_ulcerative_pododermatitis Sore Hocks in Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/sorehocks.html Treating Sore Hocks in Your Companion Rabbit]
* The Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/rabbits/noninfectious-diseases-of-rabbits?query=sore%20hocks#v3306928 Ulcerative Pododermatitis] on "Noninfectious Diseases of Rabbits" page.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Skin issues]]

Toys and games

2025-07-24T15:27:03Z

Malikethbun: Updated wording for recommendations against using sand.

{{#seo:
|description=Toy & Game info for rabbits: Chewing toys, Monthly subscription boxes, Digging toys, Throwing toys, Climbing toys, Burrowing toys, Puzzles, Interactive games, Homemade projects, Online rabbit toy stores, and other information.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/thumb/9/93/DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg/800px-DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg
}}
__TOC__
Rabbit toys come in many varieties, and different rabbits prefer different types depending on their individual personalities. Many rabbits enjoy purchased toys, but they can also prefer simple things around the house like paper towel tubes or cardboard boxes. The lists below can help you find a nice surprise gift for your rabbit to celebrate a special occasion.

A newer mini-study found that by supplying your rabbit with enrichment toys (balls, boxes, or tunnels) can help reduce their stress level by almost 50 per cent.<ref name="rabbitstress1">Amy Johnson. (2016). [http://vnonline.co.uk/vn/news/14551/Enrichment-cuts-rabbits ''Enrichment cuts rabbits’ stress levels by half.'']</ref>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z-1faBh7DIs|caption=What Kinds of Toys Do Rabbits Like?}}
</div>

== Chewing toys ==
Often, rabbits will chew on furniture to explore the world through taste and texture, to build up strong muscles of the jaw, and because it is fun.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). {{amazon|id=1780641907|name=''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care''}}</ref> Chewing toys can help [[Bunny-proofing|prevent destruction]] of your property by your rabbits and also have the benefit of wearing down your rabbit's incisor teeth. These toys can also be thrown. Chew toys should also be edible toys to prevent poisoning.

{{right-image|file=BunnyTreats-Toys1.png|caption=Bunny Treats & Toys page on [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-treats-toys/ pinterest.]}}

* '''Toilet paper rolls''' with all the toilet paper and glue removed. You can also stuff the tube with hay, pellets, and vegetables to make it a puzzle feeder.

* <b>Cardboard boxes</b> - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** {{right-image|file=BaoBao cottontail cottage.jpg|caption=Rabbit playing on top of a Cottontail Cottage with ramp.}} Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/159 Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B08J8G74T2|name=Furhaven Multi-Level Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B093B6V8WR|name=SVY Cozy Cardboard Cat House}}
** {{amazon|id=B08FC73W87|name=Navaris Modular Cardboard Cat House}}

* '''Paper bags''' filled with hay and treats.

* Untreated '''willow''' and '''wicker''' objects - e.g. {{amazon|id=B002ZSIHFA|name=sticks}}, {{amazon|id=B003XV5E9U|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B003N2EX5A|name=huts}}, and {{amazon|id=B002H3BLCY|name=tunnels}} {{bad|We do not recommend repurposing furniture and crafting supplies that aren't meant to be consumed by animals.}}
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/ElvisParsleyStore The Willow Store by Elvis Parsley]

* Fresh or dried untreated '''lumber''' and '''branches'''. {{right-image|file=Talyad sapphire applebranch munch.jpg|caption=A French Lop rabbit munching on fresh apple tree branches.}}
** {{bad|Make sure to avoid sticks from cherry, peach, apricot, plum, redwood, and other single-seeded fruit trees which are all poisonous. Cedar is also dangerous due to its aromatic oils.}} However, the House Rabbit Society notes that toxic branches such peach and apricot branches are safe after a month or more of drying after cutting.<ref>House Rabbit Society. (2013). Chewing. Retrieved 08 Mar 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-chewing/</ref>
** Collect branches from plants that are not near road pollution and have not been treated with pesticides. You may wish to freeze branches before giving them to your rabbits to kill any bugs or wash them in the shower.
** Safe options include the following: <ref>kanin.org. (n.d.). Rabbit-safe branches and twigs. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20191130032320/http://kanin.org/node/190</ref><ref>Camilla Bergstrøm. (n.d.). Feeding the house rabbit: twigs and branches. Retrieved from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Branch/Branch_en.htm</ref><ref>Dr. Sari Kanfer and Alexandra Logsdon. (n.d.). Rabbits Need Dental Care Too. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024159/http://www.mybunny.org/info/dental-care/</ref><ref>Z. Princz et al. (n.d.). Application of Gnawing Sticks in Rabbit Housing. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20220813220727/http://www.wrs.upv.es/files/journals/wrs0715029036.pdf</ref><ref>Happy Rabbit Toys. (n.d.). FAQ. Retrieved Mar 14 2020 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200202175844/http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/faq/</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:250px;-moz-column-width:250px;-webkit-column-width:250px;">
* Alder (''Alnus spp.'')
* Apple (''Malus domestica'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus spp.'')
* Aspen (''Populus adenopoda, Populus grandidentata, Populus sieboldii, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides)
* Beech (''Fagus spp.'')
* Berries (''Rubus spp.'')
* Blackcurrant (''Ribes nigrum'')
* Black elder (''Sambucus nigra'')
* Birch (''Betula spp.'')
** European white birch (''Betula pendula'')
* Common oak (''Qercus robur'')
* European larch (''Larix decidua'')
* Gooseberry (''Ribes uva-crispa, Ribes grossularia'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus spp.'')
* Juniper (''Juniperus spp.'')
* Little-leaf linden (''Tilia cordata'')
* Lemon (''Citrus × limon'')
* Maple (''Acer spp.'')
* Oak (''Quercus spp.'') - without bark only
* Orange (''Citrus × sinensis'')
* Pear (''Pyrus spp.'')
* Pine (''Pinus'') - kiln-dried only to remove phenols
* Poplar (''Populus spp.'')
** Black poplar (''Populus nigra'')
* Redcurrant (''Ribes rubrum'')
* Rose (''Rosa'')
* Rowan (''Sorbus spp.'')
* Spruce (''Picea spp.'')
** Norway spruce (''Picea abies'')
* White buckeye (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
* White locust (''Robinia pseudoacacia'')
* White mulberry (''Morus alba'')
* Willow (''Salix spp.'') - all willow species are safe
** Corkscrew willow (''Salix matsudana'')
** Goat willow / Pussy willow (''Salix caprea'')
** White willow (''Salix alba'')
** Weeping willow (''Salix babylonica'')
</div>

* '''Phone books''' with the plastic outer cover removed.

* Dried out {{amazon|id=B0746SYBWK|name='''pine cones'''}}.

* '''Grass''' and <b>straw</b> objects - {{amazon|id=B08341TYXV|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B08CT3ZFPK|name=mats}}, {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}, {{amazon|id=B001L43MFE|name=bungalows}}, {{amazon|id=B008HRLLAG|name=tunnels}}, etc.

* {{amazon|id=B000HHO26E|name=Super Pet Rabbit Large Tropical Fiddle Sticks Hideout}}
* {{amazon|id=B007JUX6FA|name=Rosewood Small Animal Activity Toy Bunny Fun Tree Boredom Breaker}}
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/products/activity-zone-rabbit-toy-original Original Activity Zone Rabbit Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

<div class="bad> A few warnings about specific chew toys:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Houdini1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06XC4MX7D|name=Atomic Nut Ball}}' can become dangerous with time. Houdini injured himself on his chewed wooden ball. Picture by SarahJ.}}
{{post-image|file=ToyWarningBunnyBrigadeInc3.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B07S77DMVJ|name=VCZONE Rabbit Chew Toys}}' can become very dangerous. Luckily the Bunny Brigade Inc. noticed this before they were given to the foster pair Tommy & Kayla. Picture by Bunny Brigade Inc.}}
{{post-image|file=QuikoFitnessFoodballCarrot.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '{{amazon|id=B06W5CDTHP|name=Quiko Fitness Foodball Carrot|uk=true}}' can become dangerous when used. Flossie got her head trapped. Picture by HelenK.}}
</div>
</div>

== Digging toys ==
Female rabbits tend to love digging as they are usually the ones to do the tunneling for burrows in the wild.<ref>Wildpro, The Mammal Society, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174037/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/MiscellaneousContents/Mammal_Society/15Oryctolagus_cuniculus.htm THE RABBIT Oryctolagus cuniculus]</ref> Digging also wears out a bunny's nails.

{{right-image|file=Luna dig.jpg|caption=Rabbit digging on a seagrass mat.}}
* Carpet scraps - Be careful if you already have carpet in your place. This may end up backfiring as your rabbits may not be able to understand that only certain locations of carpet are appropriate to dig in.
* Grass objects - {{amazon|id=B0009YD810|name=mats}} and {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}
* Straw mats.
* Sisal mats.
* Jeans, towels, or blankets held under a heavy object or tied to something solid to prevent motion when digging.
** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p8bwbb/fleece_digging_corner/ Example fleece digging corner]
* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. {{note|Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.}}
* Paper bag, plastic hamper or tub, litter box, or cardboard box filled with hay, soil, litter, or ripped newspaper.
* Phone books with the plastic outer cover removed.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Carrot Play Patch]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/hoppy-trails-picnic-mat Hoppy Trails Picnic Mat]
* BunnyRabbitToys
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/170334521/digger-bunny-sandbox-system Digger Bunny Sandbox System]
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114391957/bunny-rabbit-sisal-digging-box Bunny Rabbit Sisal Digging Box]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-digging-box Digging box with sisal rope]

If you are filling your own dig box with materials, please use rabbit-safe materials such as shredded paper, {{amazon|id=B07M846T98|name=plastic ball pit balls}}, plain soil, straw, hay, and other rabbit-safe litter alternatives.

<div class="bad">
'''Sand is dangerous for rabbits''' due to dust and silicates, and should never be used. Sand is a respiratory hazard and can get lodged in genital folds (of both males and females) and cause irritation as well as infections if not cleaned out. It can irritate their eyes and cause scarring if it gets in the eyes while playing and can be dangerous if ingested while grooming.
* Facebook (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/play-sand-can-cause-serious-harm-to-rabbits-although-this-documents-only-one-per/593351697487399/ Post from New Jersey House Rabbit Society]
</div>

Below are resources to DIY instructions for digging toys.
* Rabbit Ramblings. [http://bunyaboy.blogspot.com/2011/08/rabbit-ramblings-retraction-important.html Rabbit Ramblings Retraction - Important Modification to Bunny Care item]
* Bunnies Urgently Needing Shelter. [http://www.bunssb.org/buns-newsletter/september-2013/make-mat/ Make a Mat]

Some links to read for more information on the digging behavior of bunnies have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior.php#digs Rabbit Digs]

== Throwing toys ==
Some rabbits like throwing and tossing objects with their mouths. Others like the noise that they can make. Many of the chewing toys listed above can also be thrown if they are a small enough size.

{{note|Please supervise your rabbit with any new toys, and take them away if they are not meant to be chewed or ingested (e.g. plastic, rubber, etc.)}}

* {{amazon|id=B0002DJ9T8|name=Balls with bells in the middle}}.
* Connected {{amazon|id=B000BWY314|name=jar rings}}.
* {{right-image|file=Totallyplatypus josephine stackingcups back.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit with some baby stack-up cups on her back.}} {{amazon|id=B000V2Y5BW|name=Baby-safe keys}}, {{amazon|id=B001ABZGU2|name=teething rings}}, [{{amazon|id=B007EB8PHS|name=teething toys}}, {{amazon|id=B00005C5H4|name=stack-up cups}}, {{amazon|id=B07M9233QG|name=stacking rings}} and other toys made of hard plastic and wood such as parrot-safe foot toys.
* Car keys.
* Empty soup cans.
* Slinkies ({{amazon|id=B071D4G6G8|name=plastic}}, not metal).
* Toilet paper rolls with all the toilet paper and glue removed.
* Plastic birthday party toys such as plastic [{{amazon|id=B0002RIZO4|name=maracas}} and {{amazon|id=B002J0MAO8|name=tambourines}}.
* Large rubber balls.
* Empty salt cartons, toilet paper and paper towel rolls.
* {{amazon|id=B00CMMIT98|name=Mini shopping carts}}
* Carrot Play Patch at [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Bobby's Bunny Boutique]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114304543/toss-n-chew-sisal-rope-toy Toss n Chew Sisal Rope Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-throw-toys Rabbit throw toys] and [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-mobiles mobiles]
** {{amazon|id=B00ZAN2TOW|name=Bundora's Box Rabbit Chew and Throw Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNL9ZEO|name=Workout Gym Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Four)}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNKO2ZC|name=Fruit Basket Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Three)}}
* therabbithouse.com, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2014/10/28/slotted-cardboard-rabbit-toys/ Slotted Cardboard Balls]
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/fling-toys Fling Toys]

== Climbing toys ==

{{right-image|file=HappyRabbitsToys-ActivityZoneRabbitToy.jpg|caption=One of the many types of Activity Zone Rabbit Tables/Toys found at [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/search.php?search_query=+Activity+Zone+Rabbit&x=0&y=0 Happy Rabbit Toys].}}
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket cat tree.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit on the top level of an {{amazon|id=B003BYQ1GY|name=Armarkat cat tree}}.}}
{{right-image|file=NBCastle.jpg|caption=Rabbit exploring a castle. Castles from [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com Napoleon Bunnyparte].}}
Some rabbits like hopping on top of objects to get a higher point of view of their territory.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}} (US)
** [https://www.bunnyrabbitshop.com/ BunnyRabbitShop] (US)
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/activity-zones Activity Zones] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations] (US)
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles] (Canada/US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods] (UK)
** [https://cncathome.com.au/ CNC at Home] (Australia)

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Low cat trees with multiple platforms - Try not to purchase a tree over 2 feet tall as rabbits are more likely to injure themselves falling from heights compared to cats. Trees suitable for kittens are great.
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVL6K|name=TRIXIE Baza Cat Tree}}
** {{amazon|id=B0028FCYUE|name=TRIXIE Isaba Cat Tree}}

== Burrowing toys ==
{{right-image|file=BaoBao sleeping condo.jpg|caption=Rabbit sleeping in a cat condo.}} Rabbits are natural burrowers that dig to create underground warrens. You can also stuff paper into these tunnels to make them for fun for a rabbit to dig out.

* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/SAKRETE-8-in-x-48-in-Concrete-Form-Tube-65470075/100321209#.UoWIcLWJD4w Cardboard concrete molds and forms.] Be sure to remove wax coating inside tube.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}}
** BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys?section_id=24468392 Rabbit House]
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/activity-zones-1/ Activity Zones]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations]
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles]

* Cat tunnels, condos, and boxes.
** {{amazon|id=B001B41TOK|name=SmartyKat Crackle Chute Cat Toy Collapsible Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B001SI08U0|name=TRIXIE Play Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUWC|name=Hagen Living World Pet Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUUY|name=Hagen Living World Tent for Pets, Blue/Red}}
** {{amazon|id=B081YDTQDD|name=Niteangel Foldable Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07D9CTB4M|name=Tunnel Bed with Cushion Tube}}
** {{amazon|id=B07CWJ8QRN|name=Amazon Basics Collapsible Cat House with Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07HLS586K|name=Furhaven Pet House, Large}}

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/ Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** [https://rabbittreasures.com/ Rabbit Treasures]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Edible tunnels
** [https://store.binkybunny.com/triangle-folding-tunnel-kp-9-p226.aspx Triangle Folding Tunnel]
** {{amazon|id=B001BSBGVC|name=Oxbow Timothy Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B005DL7GNK|name=Living World Chew-nels}}

* Large paper bags laid on its side.
* Blankets and towels strategically placed to create a hideout.
* Setting up furniture with narrow running spaces.
* [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-bed Rabbit Bed] is a great addition to your rabbit set up.
=== Warning ===
<div class="bad> A few warnings about specific Burrowing & Housing products:
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=ECRR Housing Danger.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} [https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1171960018309125&set=a.551439337027866 East Coast Rabbit Rescue] relays the following warning: "We were contacted by a concerned rabbit owner who authorized us to share her adverse experience with certain rabbit houses.

According to her, all three of her rabbits had those wooden houses that are widely available for small pets, the ones with shapes cut out on each wall.

One of her rabbits got spooked and attempted to bolt to the back of his enclosure while he was in his wooden house, and he tried to launch himself through one of the wall cut-outs, shaped like a carrot.
It was definitely not large enough for a rabbit and he became stuck just below his ribs.
Fortunately, she was home and witnessed the incident, then ran to his enclosure and had to cut through the wood with scissors to free him.

He subsequently suffered significant swelling in his midsection and was taken directly to the emergency vet.
It is alarming to consider what could have happened if she was not home.

Those wood houses are widely available for rabbits and, regrettably, have proven to be unsafe for them.
Please be careful about the rabbit products that are available."}}

{{post-image|file=CampNibblerMonicaStuck1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} When purchasing toys for your rabbit make sure they are safe! This is Monica stuck in her hidy house bought from 'Pets at Home' in the UK. She had to be extracted at the vets office. Picture © and used with direct permission from [http://www.campnibble.com/ Camp Nibble.]}}
</div>
</div>

== Puzzles ==
The following toys can provide mental stimulation for your rabbit and teach them problem-solving skills. Also look into [[Training|clicker training]] for more ideas.

* {{amazon|id=B004HYW9B8|name=Hagen Living World Teach N Treat Toy}} <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=0D-k3aqpmws|caption=Teach 'n treat pet puzzle feeder (17:02)}}{{youtube|id=m1R8A25f52A&feature=related|caption=Sunny teach n treat (1:20)}}</div>
* Food dispensing balls and tubes
** {{amazon|id=B0018CG40O|name=MultiVet SlimCat Interactive Toy and Food Dispenser}}<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=ZwhECjDNfQ4|caption=Bunnies playing with food dispenser ball toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003H44R5K|name=Premier Pet Products FUNKitty Egg-cersizer Cat Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B0009586P2|name=Trixie Snack Ball, 7cm}}
** {{amazon|id=B003ARUKTG|name=Smarter Toys IQ Treat Ball Dog Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003TOO5QO|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Snack Roll for Cats}}
** You can also make your own using a plastic bottle and cutting small holes to allow pellets to fall through. See [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/19quup/free_rabbit_toy/ this post] for an example.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/boredom-breaker-maze-a-log-treat-challenge/ Boredom Breaker Maze-A-Log Treat Challenge]
* Bunspace Store, [https://bunspace.3dcartstores.com/BunnyIQ-Toys_c_12.html BunnyIQ Toys]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/178600340/kitty-cat-bunny-rabbit-hide-a-treat-toy Kitty Cat / Bunny Rabbit Hide-a-Treat Toy]
* [http://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas Bunny Approved DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* {{amazon|id=B0054VEWB8|name=TRIXIE Snack Board Logic Toy for Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Other Small Pets}}
* {{amazon|id=B0057G1WT0|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Solitaire Game for Cats}}
* {{amazon|id=B00365K2WW|name=TRIXIE Hide-and-Seek Circle}}
* {{amazon|id=B0054Q9TMA|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Flip Board, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003TOKTEG|name=TRIXIE Mad Scientist for Dogs, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003DQJQ1C|name=Zanies Wood Interactive Puzzles Dog Toy}}
* {{amazon|id=B0038WP1YC|name=Ethical Pet Seek-A-Treat Shuffle Bone Dog Puzzle}}
* {{amazon|id=B00EQ344Y0|name=Nina Ottosson Mix Max Treat Puzzle Game for Cats, Easy Level}}
* {{amazon|id=B0043A71PU|name=Kyjen Dog Games}}
* SecondHopePets, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/169788511/treat-game-for-rabbits-boredom-buster Treat Game for Rabbits - Boredom Buster for Bunnies - Clothespin and String]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

== Interactive games ==
See the links below for more information about games you can play with your pet. Also consider [[Training|clicker training and luring]] to teach interesting tricks to your rabbit!

* John B. Miller. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-1/games-rabbits-play.html Games Rabbits Play]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_playing.php Playing with Your Pet Bunny]
* BunnyHugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/a-to-z/rabbit-behaviour/playtime.html Exercise and playtime for rabbits]
* Bunniez. (2007). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny-Games-How-To-Have-Fun-With-Your-Rabbit Bunny Games! How To Have Fun With Your Rabbit]

== Homemade toy projects ==
{{right-image|file=HowToGiveRabbitsPineConesv1 1.jpg|caption=Pine Cone Recipe by [https://www.nhcrabbitrescue.org/ New Hanover County Rabbit Rescue.]}}
See the links below for some homemade toys.
* BudgetBunny. [http://www.budgetbunny.ca/category/rabbit-toys/ DIY Toys]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/category/rabbit-toys-enrichment/ Toys & Enrichment]
* Sharon Lloyd. [http://www.morfz.com/santabuntree.html Edible Christmas Tree for Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/more-tips-on-building-box-toys/ More Tips on Building Box Toys]
* Best4Bunny. (2017). [https://best4bunny.com/easy-make-rabbit-toys-bunnies-will-love Easy to make rabbit toys, that your bunnies will love!]
* Rabbits United. [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?303726-Rabbit-toy-making-and-enrichment-activities. Rabbit toy making and enrichment activities.]
* Bunny Approved.com. [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-furniture-ideas-for-rabbits/ Indoor Furniture Ideas for Rabbits]
* Bunny Approved.com. [https://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas/ DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* The Fluffy Group. [https://www.facebook.com/thefluffygroup/photos/a.901791316538796.1073741829.898734490177812/969994523051808/?type=1 Instructions for a DIY bunny house]
* BunnyProof.com. [http://bunnyproof.com/how-to/how-to-make-a-digging-box-for-your-rabbit How to make a digging box for your rabbit]
* rabbits.rmt. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKpda_sgYqx/ Cardboard DIY rabbit toys]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2020). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/harvesting-weeping-willow-for-the-bunnies/ Harvesting weeping willow for the bunnies]
* binky_bonny. (2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/B7tevGTlI3g/ Do It Yourself Origami Bunny Tunnel]
* u/WickandFable. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p4ex96/enrichment_for_baseboardliking_rabbits/ Enrichment for Baseboard-liking Rabbits]
* Oxbow. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/make-your-own-diy-pet-safe-dyes How to Make Your Own DIY Pet-Safe Dyes]
* RSPCA. (2017). [https://youtu.be/OT8D4deRyKU?si=AArifJTZQMRENKs6 DIY Cardboard Hay Ball Toy]

== Monthly subscription & gift boxes ==
{{right-image|file=HappyBunnyBox1a.jpg|caption=Mia checking out her first Happy Bunny Box! Picture by /u/MeddlinQ.}}
{{right-image|file=Bunnys-furr-and-feathers_review2014.jpg|caption=Bunny's Furr and Feathers subscription box review [http://subscriptionboxmania.weebly.com/blog/category/bunnys-furr-and-feathers/ by Kelli & Sharon], February 2014}}
Subscription services geared towards pets are not very common yet, but here is a list of some rabbit-based monthly subscription boxes you can sign up for! Some of them will ship internationally.

<b>United States</b>
* [https://bunniebox.com/ BunnieBox.com]
* [https://www.bunnyfunbox.com/ Bunny FunBox]
* [https://www.bunboxsociety.com/ Bun Box Society]

'''United Kingdom'''
* Barks & Bunnies, [http://www.barksandbunnies.co.uk/collections/rabbit-giftbox Rabbit Gift Box]
* [https://bunniesthatlunch.com/ Bunnies That Lunch] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunniesthatlunch/ Facebook]
* Bunny Box, [https://getbunnybox.com/bunny-box/ The Box]
* Happy Bunny Club, [http://www.happybunnyclub.com/ Bunny Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/HappyBunnyClub/ Facebook]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/rabbit-subs-box-landing-page/ Rabbit Subscription Box]

'''Australia'''
* Bunificent, [https://bunificent.com/products/bunificent-box Bunificent Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunificent/ Facebook].

'''Singapore'''
* Feed My Paws, [https://www.feedmypaws.com/products/feed-my-paws-subscription-club-subscription-box-for-rabbits-guinea-pigs-1 Feed My Paws Subscription Club: Subscription Box for Rabbits & Guinea Pigs! (Bi-monthly)]

== Online rabbit toy stores ==
Below are reputable online bunny toy stores where you can find many unique rabbit-safe toys that might not be available in your local area. Be aware that these stores may be located in various countries, so check to make sure they ship internationally.

=== Australia ===
* [https://www.BlessTheirCottontails.com.au/ Bless Their Cottontails]
* [https://mosukibunnyshop.ecwid.com/ MoSuKi Bunny Shop]
* [https://www.teacupnethies.com.au/rabbit-accessories/ Teacup Nethies]

=== Canada ===
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/ Hop Online]
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/ Napoleon Bunnyparte] (also ships to US)
* [http://store.rabbitrescue.ca/ The Rabbit Rescue Store]

=== Germany ===
* [https://www.bunny-love.de/ Bunny Love]

=== Lithuania ===
* [https://asaswood.com/collections/rabbit AsasWood]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods]
* [https://cosyscastles.com/ Cosy's Castles]
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/ Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories]
* [https://www.happyhenryshomes.co.uk/ Happy Henry's Homes]
* [https://hop-inn.co.uk/ Hop Inn]
* Just4rabbits, [https://just4rabbits.uk/toys-for-rabbits/ Toys for Rabbits]
* [https://thebunnyboxco.com/ The Bunny Box Co.]

=== United States ===
* [http://www.binkybunny.com/STORE/tabid/163/Default.aspx BinkyBunny]
* [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/ Bunny Bunch Boutique]
* [http://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys BunnyRabbitToys]
* [http://www.funnybunnytoyco.com/page/page/3763517.htm Funny Bunny Toy Company]
* [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/ Happy Rabbit Toys]
* Leith Petwerks Inc., [http://www.petwerks.com/toys.aspx Toys]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
* [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/natural-toys-and-chews-for-rabbits Natural Toys and Chews]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/habitat-and-grooming-accessories-for-rabbits Habitats and Accessories for Rabbits]
* [https://www.tokihut.com/ Tokihut]

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/recommended-toys Recommended Rabbit Toys]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/22/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Toy Test]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/budgettoys.asp Free Rabbit Toys]
* House Rabbit Network, Mallory Mohring, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/toys.shtml Rabbit Toys]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/fungames.pdf Fun and Games with Your Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-toys/ FAQ: Toys]
* House Rabbit Society, Margo DeMello, Ph.D., [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-6/chew-stick.html More Than Just a Chew Stick]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/besttoy.html Finding the Best Toy for Your Rabbit]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/toysforbuns.htm Toys for Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Charity, Carolina James, [http://web.archive.org/web/20021226212820/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/toys.html Favorite Rabbit Toys]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/toys.html Adventures in Toyland]
* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/designing-rabbit-playground/ Designing a Rabbit Playground]
* Laura Tyler, [http://www.morfz.com/ashytyler.html Ashy Tyler's Toys]
* RabbitScout, [http://rabbitscout.com/toys-for-bunnies-to-play-with Safe toys for bunnies to play with]

== See also ==
* [[Bunny-proofing]]
* [[Gifts for rabbit lovers]]
* [[Training a rabbit]]
* [[Walking a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Litter training

2025-07-24T15:07:22Z

Malikethbun: /* Digging in the box */

{{#seo:
|description=Rabbits are generally easily litter trained.
|image=https://wabbitwiki.com/images/b/ba/Sneakydragon_lionhead_litterbox.jpg
}}{{FAQ|[[Litter Training FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are generally easily litter trained. By nature, many rabbits will choose to relieve themselves in the same place. However, do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter boxes and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.
__TOC__
== Litter boxes ==
{{right-image|file=RabbitLitterPanToSmall1A.jpg|caption=Example of a rabbit that has out grown one of the corner litter boxes. Image by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1200497766641597&set=gm.1040934875986729&type=3&theater SeyraW.]}}
There are a large variety of products and options that are appropriate for use with rabbits.

=== How big should the litter box be? ===
{{right-image|file=Underbed Litter Box.jpg|caption=Two 5-lb rabbits in an underbed storage litter box. To learn how to make this specific litter box, see [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ here.]}}
<b>Rectangular cat litter boxes</b> are a pretty standard choice of litter boxes for rabbit owners. These can easily be found for cheap at places like Walmart, [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fs%3FsearchTerm%3Dcat%2520litter%2520pan Target], and Kmart or online at [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=litter+pan Amazon.com] for around $4-8.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Litter-box-example.jpg|caption=A 4.5-lb rabbit in a giant-sized litter box}}
{{gallery-image|file=SmallLitterBox.jpg|caption=It's always a good idea to use a larger litter box! Image by A.L. Mitchell}}
</div>

To decide the minimum '''size''' of cat litter box to get, use the following guide:
* under 5 pounds: {{amazon|id=B00KQIYEJE|name=medium}} - 16"L x 12"W x 4"H
* under 10 pounds: {{amazon|id=B00JOZ444U|name=large}} - 18.5"L x 15"W x 5"H
* over 10 pounds or bonded pairs: {{amazon|id=B0087Y5NKS|name=extra-large}} - 23"L x 18"W x 6.5"H

<div class="note">
Not only is a large litter box more comfortable for your rabbit to use, using a larger litter box than the minimum can also allow you to change the litter box less often as the litter will not be fully used up as quickly.
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon lionhead litterbox.jpg|caption=A little lionhead rabbit in a comfortably sized storage litter box.}}

If you have <b>multiple rabbits</b> that share a litter box, you will want to give them plenty of room -- the bigger the better! A cheap alternative for a large litter box is an {{amazon|id=B002HDJBMQ|name=underbed storage box}} which come in a variety of colors, sizes, and heights. Another idea is to buy a cheap large plastic tote and cut out an entryway in one or more sides. Otherwise, have multiple litter boxes.

You can also use regular appropriately-sized clear storage totes as litter boxes, too, such as [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fsterilite-clear-storage-tote-transparent-with-blue-lid-28qt%2F-%2FA-13794483 this 28 qt clear Sterilite tote].

=== Corner litter boxes ===
Many pet stores carry litter boxes that are specially marketed for rabbits. These litter boxes are typically triangular in shape and are meant to be placed in the corner of a cage or enclosure. Some examples can be found [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=corner+litter+box here]. However, these corner litter boxes are typically only suitable for very small young rabbits and breeds unless you look for a large one.

<div class="blue">
Some large corner litter boxes available:

* {{amazon|id=B000HGB8W6|name=Ware Plastic Scatterless Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo}} - 16"W x 11-1/2"D x 8"H
* {{amazon|id=B000HGB8V2|name=Ware Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo}} - 16.5"W x 10-1/4"D x 8"H
* {{amazon|id=B0002ASBBS|name=Kaytee Rabbit Large Hi-Corner Litter Pan}} - 20"W x 12"D x 9"H
* {{amazon|id=B0018CJZ32|name=SmartCat Corner Litter Box}} - 18"W x 18"D x 8"H
* {{amazon|id=B004N1NAMW|name=Nature's Miracle Advanced High Sided Corner Litter Box}} - 26"W x 23"D x 10"H
</div>
<div class="note">
We would suggest removing the grids of the litter boxes that come with a wire floor as rabbits can break their nails and toes if they jump out badly unless it is absolutely necessary for hygiene. Some fluffy lionhead and angora rabbits may benefit with a wire floor to prevent urine staining and litter sticking to their fur, but most other rabbits do not need it.
</div>

=== Metal litter boxes ===
'''Non-plastic''' litter boxes can be a good choice for rabbits that like to chew and eat the edges of their plastic litter boxes.

<div class="blue">
One idea is to check out restaurant steam pans such as the following:

* {{amazon|id=B000UBI330|name=Stainless Steel Full-Size Anti-Jamming Steam Table Pan - 4" (22 gauge)}} - 21"L x 13"W x 4"H
* {{amazon|id=B001VZ6XP4|name=Winco SPF6 6-Inch Pan, Full}} - 21"L x 13"W x 6"H

as well as stainless steel cat litter boxes:

* {{amazon|id=B0BV92FM72|name=LIHONG Stainless Steel Cat Litter Box}} - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 3.9"H
* {{amazon|id=B075WX7BPD|name=iPrimio Ultimate Stainless Steel Cat XL Litter Box}} - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
* {{amazon|id=B07CTJVKLJ|name=Yangbaga Stainless Steel Litter Box for Cat and Rabbit}} - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
* {{amazon|id=B0D261LNWW|name=Aothey Stainless Steel Litter Box with Metal Lid and Scoop}} - 17.7"L x 13.8"W x 11.8"H
</div>

=== Low-sided litter boxes ===
If you have a '''disabled, elderly, or young bunny''' that doesn't like to or is unable to hop, try low-sided litter boxes or alternatives. You can also cut down an entry way on one side of a regular litter box to accommodate.

<div class="blue">
Some other low-sided litter boxes available for purchase:

* Bingaling Bunnybox, [http://www.bingalingstore.com/geriatric-litterbox/ Geriatric Litterbox] - 1" front
* {{amazon|id=B000TZ1XLQ|name=Replacement Dog Crate Pan by Midwest}} - 1" sides
* {{amazon|id=B01HJON6RI|name=All-Weather Indoor/Outdoor Boot Tray by Stalwart}} - 1.25" sides
* {{amazon|id=B001IPYM9Q|name=Tierra Garden Tidy Tray}} - 2.5" front
* {{amazon|id=B015WE1ZFC|name=Garland Compact Tidy Tray}} - 2.5" front
* {{amazon|id=B07P4Q7CNS|name=Argee Table-Top Potting Tray}} - 2.5" front
* {{amazon|id=B085PH84J9|name=Camco Washing Machine Drain Pan}} - 2.5" sides
* {{amazon|id=B00G7RMCHO|name=Dog Litter Pan by PuppyGoHere}} - 3" front
* {{amazon|id=B083RM7J2D|name=KittyGoHere Senior Cat Litter Box}} - 3" front
* {{amazon|id=B0CNNLQC6Q|name=Low Entry Senior Cat Litter Box}} - 3" front
* {{amazon|id=B001Q9EHM6|name=Lucky Champ Litter Pan}}
* Target, [https://www.target.com/p/under-bed-rolling-kids-storage-brightroom-8482/-/A-93251225 Under Bed Rolling Kids Storage] (don't install the wheels)
</div>

<b>Extra resources:</b>
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/litter-boxes.html Litter box options for arthritic, senior, some 'tripods', disabled, and other rabbits]

=== Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters ===
For rabbits that like to dig, long-haired rabbits that may get litter stuck to their fur, and rabbits that can't stop eating their rabbit-safe litter, it may be a good idea to invest in a litter box setup that prevents access to the litter with a rabbit-safe mesh or grid.

To make your own '''gridded litter box''', you can use material like {{amazon|id=B00114M18S|name=plastic canvas}} or {{amazon|id=B000CSIC14|name=window screening}}. Be careful that the material you use will not rust or corrode due to bunny urine and that you cover or hide all sharp edges. These materials should be placed directly on top of the litter and do not directly support their weight.

<div class="note">
If you decide to use something stiffer and heavy-duty like hardware cloth or egg-crate lighting as the main layer instead, another layer of softer mesh or rubber hole mats linked below or a thick layer of hay should be placed on top for comfort to prevent sore hocks and broken nails and toes from the larger holes.

Please note that some rabbits may not like the texture of the grids - you can cover the entire grid with a thin layer of hay instead to provide some padding or consider using a regular litter box setup without a grid instead if the separation from the litter is not necessary.
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-peanut-2023-12.jpg|caption=A boarded lop rabbit in an exercise pen with a gridded litter box from the owner and an alternative standard litter box in the opposite corner with hay.}}

<div class="blue">
A few commercially available litter boxes with grids:
* {{amazon|id=B083QPH4VT|name=Purina Tidy Cats Breeze XL box}} (don't use the litter that comes with the kit) - 29"L x 20"W
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=yNG0Xhbf5so|caption=The Bunnies' Brigade. (2023). Purina Tidy Cats litter box review for rabbits.}}
</div>
* {{amazon|id=B0002ASCO4|name=Van Ness Pets Large Sifting Cat Litter Box with Frame}} - 19"L x 15"W
* {{amazon|id=B06XNX32K1|name=Pet Mate Arm & Hammer Large Sifting Litter Pan}} - 19"L x 15"W
* {{amazon|id=B085VQ64L3|name=CalPalmy Large Rabbit Litter Box}} - 17.3"L x 13.4"W
* {{amazon|id=B08LR8HKWK|name=Hamiledyi Large Rabbit Litter Box}} - 16.9"L x 13.3"W

Some commercial plastic and mesh mesh mat options:
* BinkyBunny. [https://store.binkybunny.com/collections/supplies/products/litter-box-screen-kit-pre-order-only Litter Box and Screen Kit]
* {{amazon|id=B0721QM73D|name=RUBYHOME rabbit mats}} - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* {{amazon|id=B074WBR847|name=Niteangle rabbit mats}} - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* {{amazon|id=B07GV5J7YY|name=Planet Rabbit cage mat (pack of 6)}} - 15"L x 10"W
* {{amazon|id=B0CBDSP6L1|name=YOUNTHYE interlocking outdoor drainage tiles (pack of 18)}} - 12"L x 12"W

Some DIY gridded litter box setup combinations:
* [http://www.containerstore.com/s/white-stacking-recycling-bin/d?productId=10000537 White Stacking Recycling Bin] from The Container Store with their [http://www.containerstore.com/s/our-basic-stack-basket/d?productId=10006896 Basic Stack Basket]. Example setup by milabuns on Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/p/BLD-a7ngQGo/ here].
* {{amazon|id=product/B002BDU8EW|name=IRIS cat litter box}} with {{amazon|id=product/B00091PNTI|name=Baker's Secret Non-stick Cooling Rack}}. Example from u/FuzzyBinky on Reddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/56999y/update_on_litter_box_for_digging_or_longhaired/ here].
</div>

A few DIY litter box instructions:
* u/BennyBear2121. (2021). [https://old.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/liqg34/wanted_to_share_the_litter_tray_system_that_i/ Wanted to share the litter tray system that I mentioned in a separate post. This does a great job keeping the fresh hay and bunnies from sitting in the soiled bedding below. This is not an original idea and several tutorials can be found on YouTube by searching "DIY rabbit litter box with grate".]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/571123449737780/ BW Litterbox]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ DIY Litter Box Setups]
* Runestonez. (2010). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/the-stormhaven-litter-system-step-by-step-instructions.48510/ The Stormhaven Litter System-Step by Step Instructions] {{bad|''NOTE: Please add another softer layer on top of the egg crate for comfort.''}}
* Haley. (2007). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/litter-box-w-grate-idea.23899/ Litter Box w/Grate Idea]

=== Covered litter boxes ===
In general, we would not recommend covered litter boxes for rabbits as they reduce air circulation and can make it easy to overlook regular cleaning. Build-up of ammonia can cause [[snuffles|respiratory issues]] over time, so it is important to be on top of litter box cleaning if you decide to use a covered litter box for appearance or other reasons.

If you have issues with rabbits kicking out litter or feces or eating outside of their litter box, usually a high-sided litter box can solve most of these issues.

=== Extra resources ===
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/litter-box-set-up-for-rabbits-what-are-the-choices/ Litter Box Set-Ups]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/119865/Default.aspx Litter Box & Hay Rack References]

== Appropriate litter substrate ==
It is important to choose a rabbit-safe material to use in the litter box.
[[File:TestingRabbitLitterProducts.png|thumb|right|300px|Lynn Miller's detailed report of 10 different types of rabbit safe litter products. Everything from wood stove pellets to popular recycled paper products. Things tested were absorbency, order control, and daily use. Includes final grades along with a final thoughts section: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view Testing Rabbit Litter Products.]]]
[[File:AccioInternets harry claiming litter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rabbit claiming a mountain of Carefresh litter.]]

'''Rabbit-safe litters''' include the following:
* paper substrates (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=carefresh Carefresh], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=yesterdays+news Yesterday's News], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=eco+bedding Eco Bedding], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cell-Sorb+Plus Cell-Sorb Plus], shredded newspaper and phone book pages)
* sawdust-compressed pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Feline+Pine Feline Pine], wood stove pellets, pelleted horse bedding)
* straw pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cat+Country+litter Cat Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Critter+Country Critter Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Oxbow+Eco-Straw Oxbow Eco-Straw])
* hardwood chips (e.g. {{amazon|id=B0002DK8PW|name=aspen}})
* coconut husks (e.g. {{amazon|id=B003BLP0MS|name=Kitty's Crumble}})
* hemp litter (e.g. [https://a.co/d/i7xfWWX Eaton Pet and Pasture Hemp Bedding])

<div class="bad">
The following litters are '''not recommended''' for use with rabbits:
* untreated softwood chips (i.e. pine and cedar)
* clay and clumping cat litters
* corn or wheat based litters
* CatWorks litter (manufactured by Absorption Corporation) linked to zinc poisoning, by Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.drexotic.com Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital]<ref name="zinc1">Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/zinc-poisoning/ Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref>

Untreated softwood chips can cause liver  problems,<ref name="hrsliver">House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/litterboxes-and-liver-disease-2/ Litterboxes and Liver Disease]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society, George Flentke, Ph.D., [http://rabbit.org/the-dangers-of-softwood-shavings/ The Dangers of Softwood Shavings]</ref> and the latter two types can cause severe problems when eaten, such as blockages and digestive problems.<ref>Zooh Corner, Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterzinc.htm Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref><ref>Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterliver.htm Litter Boxes, Liver Disease and Your Rabbit]</ref>

In the case of a gridded litter box, using clay and clumping cat litters and corn or wheat based litters <i>may be safe</i> because the rabbit will be unable to ingest the litter <i>as long as the grate is not removed</i>, but for your rabbit's safety, we still do not recommend using these litters if better alternatives are available in your region. Do continue to stay away from untreated softwood chips as litter because it is the aromatic oils that are potentially dangerous, not the consumption.

A few sad stories about owners using inappropriate litters with rabbits:
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Heat-treated and kiln-dried pine chips or compressed pine pellets are safe for rabbits because the treatment and manufacturing process removes the dangerous aromatic oils,<ref>Corinne Fayo, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Pine.html/ The Truth About Pine Shavings]</ref><ref>Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/rabbit-litter.html Rabbit Litter]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society. (n.d.) Litter Training. Retrieved 29 Sep 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/</ref> but it may be dustier compared to hardwood chips.

Make sure that your bunny is not ingesting too much of the litter substrate regardless of type. If you see them doing so, you may wish to invest in a {{amazon|id=B075QFPB5C|name=gridded litter box}} or make your own mesh cover for the litter.

A useful guide from the House Rabbit Society to print out when shopping for litter brands can be found [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf here]. See [[Costs of rabbit ownership#Litter costs]] for a comparison of prices of litter.

Some resources on making your own litter:

* Hamster Hideout. (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220714032844/http://hamsterhideout.com/forum/topic/86596-making-your-own-bedding-from-recycled-paper/ Making your own bedding from recycled paper]

== Preparing your litter box ==
A basic litter box should consist first of a layer of your chosen litter substrate and then a layer of [[hay]] to encourage your rabbit to eat in it. It may sound unsanitary, but rabbits tend to eat and poop and pee at the same time and place. As a result, keeping their food in or near a litter box will help encourage proper litter habits. If you are worried about your rabbit getting sick from trying to eat soiled hay, rabbits will not consume the urine-soaked hay and will dig and eat around it.

While you are litter training, you may also wish to place some of the bunny's poops and urine-soaked paper or hay in a fresh litter box to let them know that the litter box is an acceptable place to potty.

=== How much litter should I put inside? ===
A thin layer of around an inch of most types of litter substrates is sufficient if you change the litter box every day or every other day. If you wish to change the litter box less, put a layer of around 3-4 inches of litter substrate - your will probably be okay for at least 3 days depending on substrate type, but this will depend on the litter habits of your rabbits and how many rabbits are using the single litter box.

The main reason to '''change a litter box''' is due to the odor or lack of litter substrate left to absorb urine. Urine is the main cause of rabbit odor and is used as the main method by rabbits to mark territory. Your rabbit will probably produce mountains of poop but it is not as big of an issue for sanitation as soaked litter.

If your rabbit seems to not use their litter box after a while, it may be because it is '''too dirty'''. Rabbits are meticulous creatures, as you can tell from their grooming habits, and some rabbits will not use dirty litter boxes. Additionally, if urine is in contact with the rabbit's paws too long, it will stain and may even [[urine scald|burn their feet]]. As a result, please make an effort to change your rabbit's litter box regularly.

<div class="note">
For bunny owners that use wood pellet litters, you can make the pellets go much further by pre-expanding the pellets with water before use in a litter box. The absorption efficiency is the same, and you can use even less litter for the same effectiveness!
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Bookman_expanded_pellets.jpeg|caption=A bowl of expanded wooden pellet litter, made from 600cc of pellets and enough to fill an entire large litterbox. See u/bookman796's full image album [https://imgur.com/a/KyUjs here] for instructions.}}
{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon_woodpellet_litterbox.png|caption=A new litter box with pre-expanded wood pellet litter, enough for a week of regular bunny use. See u/sneaky_dragon's full image album of used litter box [https://imgur.com/a/gYD05yE here.]}}
</div>
</div>

=== How can I reduce hay waste? ===
Some may be concerned at the waste of hay by placing it in the litter box. The waste can be usually be reduced by instead placing a [[Hay#Dispensing Hay|hay rack]] near the litter box so that the rabbit can sit in the box and eat. It is less of a concern if you have bought a [[Hay#By the Bale| bale of hay]] for your rabbit. <u>However, please note that some rabbits may enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay racks anyways before consuming any, which would defeat the purpose of the purchase.</u>

Ultimately, it is a good idea to combine the location of the hay feeding and bathroom to encourage proper litter training, and important not to be too stingy with hay wastage. Hay is a very important part of their [[diet]], and inadequate consumption can lead to more serious health problems and expensive vet bills that end up more costly than buying some extra hay.

=== Should I use litter box liners? ===
In general, we do not recommend using plastic litter box liners or disposable pee pads (anywhere in the rabbit’s enclosure— not just in the litter box) as they are environmentally wasteful and can be incredibly dangerous if the rabbit decides to chew on them. Disposable pee pads are made to be absorbent so are extremely risky if your rabbit ingests the padded part, as it will expand in the stomach and can cause a fatal blockage. Please note that even if your rabbit may not have shown interest in chewing on something in the past, that does not mean they never will. Rabbits are very opportunistic creatures and may change preferences at a moment’s notice, including chewing tendencies and behaviors.

If you would like an environmentally friendly and compostable option, using newspaper or magazine pages (only if the rabbit doesn't dig and chew at them) is safe to help make cleaning the bottom easier.

=== Extra resources ===
Some more links to read for more information on setting up a litter box have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php#setup Setting Up Bunny's Litterbox]

== Changing the litter box ==
Typically, the entire litter box is dumped and refreshed when it is time to change the litter.

If you are more proactive, you can go through and scoop out only the wet litter and replace that section. A [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf gridded litter box] can allow you to recoup the most hay and make it easier to pick out the poop and scoop out wet litter.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=example_litterbox_used.jpg|caption=Example of a heavily-used litter box for an adult rabbit after one day.|width=x200}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/zAV0maTgnto||center|C T. (2022). Litter Box Cleaning with Screen|frame}}
</div>

If provided with appropriately sized and number of litter boxes, owners should not need to change litter boxes more than once a day. Most rabbit owners change the litter box once every 2 to 4 days, depending on their set-up, standards, and their rabbit's preferences. Be careful about changing the litter box too often. The rabbit can get the impression that they are not supposed to use the box if they never find their scent there. Note that the need to change the litter box should be distinct from refreshing and refilling hay. If you see that your rabbit's litter box is low on hay, do not wait until you change the litter box to refill it.

<div class="box">
Use <b>vinegar</b> (cheap white grocery store vinegar is sufficient) to wipe down the litter box to dissolve any deposits that rabbit urine leaves. You can dilute this down to 1:1 water:vinegar or use straight full concentration vinegar. Leave it to soak for a while for especially stubborn white stains - you may also need to assist with some manual scrubbing.

This mixture is also useful to help clean surfaces that your bunny has marked. The vinegar will break down the scent to reduce urges to re-mark.
</div>

For owners that live in an apartment or would like to do it indoors, the easiest and tidiest method is to put the entire litter box in a trash bag and then shake it hard to dump out all the litter. Follow up with a quick wipe with a wet paper towel soaked in vinegar. You may also choose to rinse the box in the bathtub, but be careful about cleaning out all the solids in the litter box first or they may clog your drain.

For owners with a yard, you can usually dump the entire litter box contents into a compost pile if you don't use plastic liners, and hose down or power wash the box on the lawn to clean off the rest.

=== What do I do if I have a fly or gnat infestation around my litter box(es)? ===
If you are having issues with flies and gnats around your litter boxes, you will need to clean more regularly and thoroughly to break the life cycle of the bugs.

House flies take about 8 to 20 hours to hatch from fertilized egg to larva and another 7-10 days to grow to a breeding adult.<ref>University of Florida. (2017). house fly. Retrieved 03 Sep 2024 from https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/flies/house_fly.htm</ref> Fungus gnats take about 5-6 days to hatch from fertilized egg to larva and another 15-20 days to grow to breeding adult.<ref>Oklahoma State University. (n.d.). Fungus Gnats. Retrieved 03 Sep 2024 from https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/digital-diagnostics/insects-and-arthropods/fungus-gnats-bradysia-and-sciara/</ref> It is essential to clean often and thoroughly enough that the eggs and larva do not have the opportunity to grow to an adult to breed and lay more eggs in the litter.

Consider using multiple litter boxes to thoroughly disinfect and dry the litter boxes in between cleanings. Wash the litter box with mild detergent, white vinegar, or bleach to kill off any eggs that may be left on the sides after the litter and waste are dumped. Make sure to toss dirty litter outside immediately and do not keep it indoors.

To control adult insects, vacuum any bugs that sit to rest on walls and nearby future and put up {{amazon|id=B09VS6DHBK|name=fly tape}} and larger {{amazon|id=B07KRRJT5J|name=fly traps}} above the litter box and out of your rabbit's reach.

It may take a few weeks of regular cleaning to control the infestation. Make sure to regularly check your rabbit's bottom as well to make sure that it is clean to avoid the additional dangerous risk of [[flystrike]], especially in warm weather.

== Training methods ==
As a note to begin with, before we go into training methods, '''[[Spaying and Neutering| spaying or neutering]]''' your rabbit will go a long way towards consistent litter habits. As Dana Krempels, Ph.D., states,<ref>Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/training.html Training Your Rabbit: Reality 101]</ref> <blockquote>The most important thing to remember is that your rabbit is very unlikely to retain reliable litterbox habits upon reaching sexual maturity unless she is spayed/he is neutered. Sex hormones give a rabbit an uncontrollable desire to mark the territory with urine and specially scented fecal pellets. Spay/neuter will eliminate/greatly reduce this drive, as well as eliminate the risk of uterine/ovarian cancer and unwanted pregnancy in females. And let's not forget the huge relief from endless sexual frustration that spayed/neutered animals enjoy.</blockquote>

Once you have set up a proper litter box, place it in area where the bunny can be '''comfortably confined''' for a couple of days except when let out for [[exercise]] and play. You may place it in any corner of the housing enclosure but be warned that you may need to move it if the bunny decides to pick their own potty corner. Rabbits are rather stubborn, and it tends to be easier to go along with their choice rather than try to adjust them. Reward the rabbit with more and more free space when they pee and poop in the litter box consistently.

{{right-image|file=Baobao peeing.jpg|caption=Rabbit peeing position}}
It is expected that the bunny will have poor litter habits the first few days, but '''clean up''' any messes not in the litter box with a mixture of 1:1 vinegar:water or a pet-friendly enzymatic cleaner like {{amazon|id=B00008437W|name=Nature's Miracle}} to rid of the scent and discourage the urge to re-mark. '''Plain soap and water are not sufficient to clean out all traces of urine scent.''' If you catch the rabbit peeing or pooping outside, try to interrupt them and move the rabbit in the litter box. Reward with [[treat|treats]] whenever you see the rabbit going in the right spot. You may also place some pee-stained papers and poop pellets in the litter box to let them know that it's an acceptable place to potty.

The '''hay''' in or over the litter box should encourage proper litter habits since, disgusting as it may seem to humans, a rabbit will often happily munch on one end and potty from the other at the same time. You can reinforce the behavior by rewarding the rabbit with a healthy [[treats|treat]] when you see them sitting in the litter box.

'''Do not''' get too frustrated with the rabbit if they do not seem to be getting the point. Remember, rabbits do not respond well to physical discipline. They are easily frightened and hurt. Some bunnies may take a while to learn but generally should get better in a week or two. A rabbit at any age can learn proper potty habits given enough time and motivation.

If there are particular problem areas that you can't seem to get your rabbit to stop urinating in, you may need to add another litter box there, cover it with a slick material like a marble tile to make it unattractive for urination, or even remove the problematic surface or block off the area completely.

== Common problems ==
While many times rabbits will litter train themselves easily, other times rabbits will refuse to properly litter train for a variety of reasons.

=== Eliminating outside of the box ===
<div class="note">Do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.</div>

Although rabbits are typically easy to litter train, <b>baby rabbits</b> may have difficulty learning to keep consistent litter habits. Additionally, <b>after puberty</b>, many rabbits may display problem behavior such as spraying and marking outside of the litter box and peeing on beds and couches. The cause for this varies, but in many cases can be solved by [[spaying or neutering]] an intact rabbit.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/litter.html FAQ: Litter Training]</ref><ref>Wikihow.com, [http://www.wikihow.com/Litter-Train-a-Rabbit How to Litter Train a Rabbit]</ref>

If your rabbit is already neutered, <b>angry bunnies</b> may intentionally pee to show their displeasure.<ref>The Language of Lagomorphs, [http://language.rabbitspeak.com/r-e-s-p-e-c-t-is-what-my-bun-demands-of-me/ Offended Rabbits]</ref> The [[Litter_Training_FAQ#My_bunny_pees_.28in_some_location.29._How_do_I_make_it_stop.3F|Litter Training FAQ]] also has more ideas on how to specifically teach your rabbit from peeing in a certain area. If the rabbit has <b>never wanted to use their litter box</b>, consider that it is appropriately sized and placed and experiment with different shapes and litter textures. If your litter box has <b>a grate</b>, many rabbits may not find it comfortable. Consider covering the grate with a layer of thin hay or remove the grate altogether.

If your rabbit has <b>regressed in litter training consistently ever since puberty</b> even after a neutering, it may be worthwhile to run bloodwork to make sure their hormonal levels are within normal range for a neutered rabbit. Retained reproductive tissues, other organs from being [[intersex]], or [[Adrenal|adrenal issues]] can cause abnormal hormonal behavior even after the main reproductive organs have been removed.

Some rabbits like to <b>lounge in their litter boxes</b> and consequently will not use them to poop and pee in. In this instance, try offering other sleeping locations like a cardboard box or a pet bed or provide another litter box that they can properly use to not soil their sleeping location.

If your rabbit has been consistently excellent with litter training, but it has <b>suddenly changed,</b> environmental changes, stress, and medical problems can also cause poor litter habits. The introduction of a new pet (another rabbit, cat, dog, baby, visitor, boyfriend, etc.) can easily cause your rabbit to feel territorial and pee and poop everywhere. The same may occur if you move around furniture too much or move to a new place. However, as the rabbit gets used to the new environment, their litter habits should return to normal. If no stressful or environmental factors can be detected, your rabbit may have a [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI) or another condition that is causing a weak bladder, especially if you see small dribbling spots as they hop. In this case, please take your rabbit to your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] to be properly diagnosed and medicated if necessary.

If the rabbit reliably uses their litter box in their area yet <b>consistently pees</b> in another corner when let free to exercise and play, you may wish to set up another litter box in that corner if properly cleaning up after them does not change their behavior. Like stated before, rabbits are very stubborn, and it may be easier to compromise.

Some rabbits may <b>accidentally eliminate</b> over the side of the litter box, especially if it gets too full of hay. Rabbits typically shuffle back into a corner and lift their tails to urinate, and if the tray is too shallow, the rabbit may miss the edge. To fix this issue, use a litter tray with higher sides or make your own urine guard. One idea is to use a plastic folder as a urine guard. This may also happen with a litterbox that is too small for your rabbit.<ref>allcreaturesrescue.org [http://blog.allcreaturesrescue.org/2008/06/03/rabbit-litter-box-recommendations/ Rabbit litterbox recommendations]</ref>

=== Digging in the box ===
Rabbits have a natural instinct to dig, and this sometimes results in them digging in the litter box and thus flinging hay, litter, and poop everywhere.

Firstly, you can try to redirect their attention with an appropriate digging box - read more in the [[Toys]] article about how to set up a safe space for this behavior. Also make sure that your rabbit has sufficient space and mentally stimulating favored toys in [[Housing|their room or pen]], as bored rabbits will like to make messes to entertain themselves.

There are a few options you can try to prevent messes if your rabbit continues to insist on digging out their litter box.

# A gridded litter box with litter underneath the mesh portion prevents the rabbit from digging out the litter, but the rabbit may continue to dig out the hay on top. See the previous section [[Litter_training#Litter_boxes_for_diggers,_long-haired_rabbits,_and_litter_eaters|Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters]] for more tips and resources on setting one up.
# You can place the litter box in a larger cardboard box to contain the mess and make it easier to clean up.

=== Smelly litter box ===
If your litter box '''smells''', that is often a sign that you should be changing your litter box more frequently. A good litter box should not give off any significant ammonia odor.

If you find that you are changing the litter too often, the following tips may be useful:

* <b>Type of litter.</b> Generally, wood-based litters will absorb more odor and urine than paper-based litters. Pelleted litter will also be more efficient than shavings. The [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view Testing Rabbit Litter Products] comparison slideshow by Lynn Miller can also be useful in deciding on the best litter for your situation.

* <b>Size of litter box.</b> The larger the litter box, the less often you will need to clean it since there will be more litter to soak up urine and its smells.

* <b>Amount of litter.</b> Wood pellets will only need a very thin layer as it is incredibly efficient and will swell as it gets wet. However, if you are using a paper-based litter, you may need to add a thicker layer to extend the use of a litter box safely.

=== Extra resources ===
The following are some additional resources about bad litter box habits.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/behaviour/problem-litter-training.asp Rabbit Behaviour Problem: Bad Litter Box Habits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, Linda Dykes, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/housetrain.htm Help! I can't housetrain my rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

== Further reading ==
* House Rabbit Resource Network, [https://rabbitresource.org/rabbit-care-information-and-resources/housing-for-rabbits/rabbit-litter/ Rabbit Litter Information]
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/litterbox-training Litterbox Training Your Bunny]
* House Rabbit Network, Kathy Smith, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230812234306/https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/the-basics-of-litterbox-training/ The Basics of Litterbox Training]. (2003)
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/for-those-who-want-to-but-cant-2/ Litter Training: for those who want to but can’t]
* House Rabbit Society, Amy Espie, [http://rabbit.org/litterbox-encore/ Litterbox Encore]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php Litterbox Training]
* Precision Pet Products, [http://www.precisionpet.com/RabbitTraining.aspx Rabbit Litter Box Training Guide]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/supplies.pdf Supplies]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/nobodysperfect.pdf Nobody’s Perfect]. (2004)
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-litter-trays.asp Rabbit Litter Training]

Here are some relevant discussions on litter training rabbits.
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600605126649/ BLU Guide: How to litter train]

The following are some relevant videos:
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gP4IaOQsKl4|name=Howcast. (2013). Can Rabbits Be Litter Trained?}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Behavior]]

Poland

2025-07-18T19:37:15Z

Malikethbun: Added a hay source

The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the country of Poland in Europe.
== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
See [[Adoption listings]] for more resources.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!Town/City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.azyl.torun.pl/ Fundacja Azyl Dla Królików (Rabbit Rescue Toruń)] || ul. Agrestowa 22 || Toruń |||| [https://https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/ Facebook Page]
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
See [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]] for more information on how to find the right rabbit-savvy veterinarian for you.

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info}}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://zwierzecy-pasnik.pl/ Zwierzęcy Paśnik] || Lubanów 40, 98-235 Błaszki || +48665777355 || Phone-line open from Mon. to Fri. at 8-16. Email: ziola.michal@gmail.com
|}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Europe]]

Otitis

2025-07-16T15:23:13Z

Malikethbun: /* Further reading */Added content

{{incomplete}}
== Middle ear infections ==
Dr. Lauren Thielen at Texas Avian & Exotic Hospital [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.LaurenThielen/posts/327283568763518 wrote] the following on middle ear infections in rabbits:

<blockquote>
{{post-image|file=EarInfections3.jpg|caption=Middle ear infection example. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.LaurenThielen/posts/327283568763518 source]|width=x225px}}
Do you notice something different about this rabbit? Look at both sides of his lips, see how one looks bigger than the other? I’ll tell you, the “bigger” lip is the normal one! This is often the first sign an owner will notice with a middle ear infection. What is happening all has to do with the facial nerve that runs along the side of the face and crosses over the middle ear. When pus fills up the middle ear the nerve gets compromised, and stops providing innervation to the face. As a result, you can see the contraction of the upper lip (the one that looks smaller) because the nerves can’t supply the lip muscle normally any longer. A CT scan is used to verify this condition, and a variety of surgical and medical managements can be used to treat the infection. However, typically once this nerve is this damaged it will not go back to normal.

Ear infections are a common condition of lop-eared rabbits due to their anatomy. Many rabbits do not show clinical signs until disease is advanced. This common issue, among many other reasons, is why annual wellness exams are so important!
</blockquote>

* John Chitty, BVetMed CertZooMed MRCVS RCVS Advanced Practitioner in Zoological Medicine. (2019). [http://vetpracticetoday.com/vpt-en/catalogs/vpt7-1_rabbits/pdf/complete.pdf Ear-based swellings in rabbits] {{pdf}} {{graphic}}

== Lateral ear canal resection ==

=== Experiences ===
* Friends of Rabbits. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKCs7s5RKOm/ Rescued lop rabbit required lateral ear resections in both ears due to calcification and ruptured ear drums.] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0gpN1abtVzWJVeQgGHvR7KNUEmidSTsCVKsxCgGnWUCDS3Aes2mXsEecV1W1dQhaSl Missy's story to remove an ear abscess and prevent future reoccurence] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid035rshSPo87NLcQbcczJjLFME3Pirc2bkYfSMeU7jKBMgakVCHF8jLBCTSR54HR9H3l Dumpling's story to remove an ear abscess and prevent future reoccurence] {{graphic}}
* u/llotuseater. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17wxmao/enid_has_had_quite_the_journey_to_get_to_where/ Lop rabbit discovered with impaction in her ears with CT scan and treated with LECA surgery]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02FvhwqaLeQLyzbCV5iMDYBzVTSQmpFhSHY3XYQ1Ww9cMKLwAsB1ByC4ixfBmrsrZxl Jafar's story] {{graphic}}
* Highcroft Exotic Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/highcroftexotivets/posts/pfbid02xPc3tmSGyNSQEcSnseEGpSxFGBGQQ21djQYcUYS2jZxcFXvgzZ667A1ySXuQQ28Al Ear disease in rabbits] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/7179799242060307 Mickey's story] {{Graphic}}

== Ear canal ablation ==

=== Extra resources ===
* Vittorio Capello, DVM. (2006). [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Surgery/Ear/ear_surgery.pdf Lateral Ear Canal Resection and Ablation in Pet Rabbits]

=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0J4YCvLH7aZsX6HbgBVRUkM1vrkCNhARB2Hk44QK6gcCxEbNMEWmXMCGUtfo9zrvkl Peanut's story with a partial ear canal ablation]
* Queen Blanco. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/blancobun/posts/1689605674720641 Blanco's pictures after a total ear canal ablation] {{Graphic}}

== Ear stoma surgery ==

=== Extra resources ===
* Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/image/stoma-surgery-for-otitis-externa Stoma surgery for otitis externa] {{graphic}}

=== Experiences ===
* Reddit. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/k3d05h/loomi_had_surgery_to_form_an_ear_stoma_a_few_days/ 8-year-old French Lop underwent ear stoma surgery to address an aural diverticulum] {{graphic}}
* Dr Daniel Calvo Carrasco. (2020). [https://www.vvs.vet/rabbit-otitis-externa-case-study/ 2-year-old lop rabbit with stoma surgery to treat an aural diverticulum (pocket of pus)] {{graphic}}

== Experiences ==
* Pumpkin's Acres Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/pumpkinsacres/posts/pfbid023Jf2fY72xVtGJrbfrVUDMzpBJ1ZVHgxkoLkUifnzMrWRkcsi8nPix3R4bZTLXCH4l Buster's story with a chronic untreated ear infection and abscess]
* Beloved Rabbits. (2020). [https://belovedrabbits.org/rabbit-ear-infection/ Rabbit Ear Infection: Captain Morgan] {{graphic}}

== Further reading ==
* The Unusual Pet Vets. [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/lop-eared-rabbits-and-ear-disease/ Lop-Eared Rabbits and Ear Disease]
* Nadene Stapleton, RVC Exotics and Small Mammals. (2022). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/clinical-connections/rabbit-ear-disease Rabbit Ear Disease]
* E. Mancinelli. (2016). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506316301732 Management of Otitis in Rabbits]
* Vittorio Capello, DVM, DECZM (Small Mammal), DABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal). (2015). [http://www.tokyovets.com/2017rabbitear3.pdf Ear Surgery in Pet Rabbits] {{pdf}}
* Kevin Eatwell. (2013). [https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/treatment-of-otitis-externa-media-and-interna-in-rabbits.pdf Treatment of otitis externa, media and interna in rabbits] {{graphic}}
* Emma Monge DVM, Thomas M. Donnelly BVSc, DipVetPath, DACLAM, DABVP(ECM), DECZM(SM), Thomas Coutant DVM, IPSAV DECZM(Avian), R. Avery Bennett DVM, MS, DACVS, Charly Pignon DVM, DECZM(SM). (2023). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vsu.14017 Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures] {{graphic}}

== See also ==
* [[Ears]]
* [[Head tilt]]

[[Category:Health]]

Otitis

2025-07-16T15:22:01Z

Malikethbun: /* Further reading */

{{incomplete}}
== Middle ear infections ==
Dr. Lauren Thielen at Texas Avian & Exotic Hospital [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.LaurenThielen/posts/327283568763518 wrote] the following on middle ear infections in rabbits:

<blockquote>
{{post-image|file=EarInfections3.jpg|caption=Middle ear infection example. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.LaurenThielen/posts/327283568763518 source]|width=x225px}}
Do you notice something different about this rabbit? Look at both sides of his lips, see how one looks bigger than the other? I’ll tell you, the “bigger” lip is the normal one! This is often the first sign an owner will notice with a middle ear infection. What is happening all has to do with the facial nerve that runs along the side of the face and crosses over the middle ear. When pus fills up the middle ear the nerve gets compromised, and stops providing innervation to the face. As a result, you can see the contraction of the upper lip (the one that looks smaller) because the nerves can’t supply the lip muscle normally any longer. A CT scan is used to verify this condition, and a variety of surgical and medical managements can be used to treat the infection. However, typically once this nerve is this damaged it will not go back to normal.

Ear infections are a common condition of lop-eared rabbits due to their anatomy. Many rabbits do not show clinical signs until disease is advanced. This common issue, among many other reasons, is why annual wellness exams are so important!
</blockquote>

* John Chitty, BVetMed CertZooMed MRCVS RCVS Advanced Practitioner in Zoological Medicine. (2019). [http://vetpracticetoday.com/vpt-en/catalogs/vpt7-1_rabbits/pdf/complete.pdf Ear-based swellings in rabbits] {{pdf}} {{graphic}}

== Lateral ear canal resection ==

=== Experiences ===
* Friends of Rabbits. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKCs7s5RKOm/ Rescued lop rabbit required lateral ear resections in both ears due to calcification and ruptured ear drums.] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0gpN1abtVzWJVeQgGHvR7KNUEmidSTsCVKsxCgGnWUCDS3Aes2mXsEecV1W1dQhaSl Missy's story to remove an ear abscess and prevent future reoccurence] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid035rshSPo87NLcQbcczJjLFME3Pirc2bkYfSMeU7jKBMgakVCHF8jLBCTSR54HR9H3l Dumpling's story to remove an ear abscess and prevent future reoccurence] {{graphic}}
* u/llotuseater. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17wxmao/enid_has_had_quite_the_journey_to_get_to_where/ Lop rabbit discovered with impaction in her ears with CT scan and treated with LECA surgery]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02FvhwqaLeQLyzbCV5iMDYBzVTSQmpFhSHY3XYQ1Ww9cMKLwAsB1ByC4ixfBmrsrZxl Jafar's story] {{graphic}}
* Highcroft Exotic Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/highcroftexotivets/posts/pfbid02xPc3tmSGyNSQEcSnseEGpSxFGBGQQ21djQYcUYS2jZxcFXvgzZ667A1ySXuQQ28Al Ear disease in rabbits] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/7179799242060307 Mickey's story] {{Graphic}}

== Ear canal ablation ==

=== Extra resources ===
* Vittorio Capello, DVM. (2006). [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Surgery/Ear/ear_surgery.pdf Lateral Ear Canal Resection and Ablation in Pet Rabbits]

=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0J4YCvLH7aZsX6HbgBVRUkM1vrkCNhARB2Hk44QK6gcCxEbNMEWmXMCGUtfo9zrvkl Peanut's story with a partial ear canal ablation]
* Queen Blanco. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/blancobun/posts/1689605674720641 Blanco's pictures after a total ear canal ablation] {{Graphic}}

== Ear stoma surgery ==

=== Extra resources ===
* Merck Veterinary Manual. [https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/image/stoma-surgery-for-otitis-externa Stoma surgery for otitis externa] {{graphic}}

=== Experiences ===
* Reddit. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/k3d05h/loomi_had_surgery_to_form_an_ear_stoma_a_few_days/ 8-year-old French Lop underwent ear stoma surgery to address an aural diverticulum] {{graphic}}
* Dr Daniel Calvo Carrasco. (2020). [https://www.vvs.vet/rabbit-otitis-externa-case-study/ 2-year-old lop rabbit with stoma surgery to treat an aural diverticulum (pocket of pus)] {{graphic}}

== Experiences ==
* Pumpkin's Acres Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/pumpkinsacres/posts/pfbid023Jf2fY72xVtGJrbfrVUDMzpBJ1ZVHgxkoLkUifnzMrWRkcsi8nPix3R4bZTLXCH4l Buster's story with a chronic untreated ear infection and abscess]
* Beloved Rabbits. (2020). [https://belovedrabbits.org/rabbit-ear-infection/ Rabbit Ear Infection: Captain Morgan] {{graphic}}

== Further reading ==
* The Unusual Pet Vets. [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/lop-eared-rabbits-and-ear-disease/ Lop-Eared Rabbits and Ear Disease]
* Nadene Stapleton, RVC Exotics and Small Mammals. (2022). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/clinical-connections/rabbit-ear-disease Rabbit Ear Disease]
* E. Mancinelli. (2016). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506316301732 Management of Otitis in Rabbits]
* Vittorio Capello, DVM, DECZM (Small Mammal), DABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal). (2015). [http://www.tokyovets.com/2017rabbitear3.pdf Ear Surgery in Pet Rabbits] {{pdf}}
* Kevin Eatwell. (2013). [https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/treatment-of-otitis-externa-media-and-interna-in-rabbits.pdf Treatment of otitis externa, media and interna in rabbits] {{graphic}}
* Emma Monge, Thomas M. Donnelly, Thomas Coutant, R. Avery Bennett, Charly Pignon. (2023). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vsu.14017 Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures] {{graphic}}

== See also ==
* [[Ears]]
* [[Head tilt]]

[[Category:Health]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-07-15T16:44:41Z

Malikethbun: /* Experiences */Added content

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>
* exercise intolerance
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* [[anorexia]]
* [[weight loss]]

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. The use of diuretics is common within the management of CHF, often in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or pimobendan. Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits and Dr. Chloe Block DVM. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1977011509702465 Herman’s HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) diagnosis and plans going forward]

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Feral and stray rabbits

2025-07-15T02:37:49Z

Malikethbun: /* Catching a stray rabbit */Fixed typo

Feral rabbits are domesticated rabbits that have been abandoned or escaped outdoors and in the rare case have thrived and created a colony. Feral rabbits are different than [[wild]] rabbits that belong in nature. Typically, an abandoned rabbit does not have a high chance of survival due to the lack of survival skills and camouflaging coat. When feral rabbit colonies occur in populated areas, they become a public pest and nuisance and are usually controlled by killing them all. If there is funding, then local rabbit rescues may come into the picture and try to catch and adopt out as many as they can.

== Abandoning rabbits ==
[[File:Feral-rabbits-Nevada.jpg|thumb|right|Feral rabbits at a dump site in Nevada.]]
It is very cruel to abandon rabbits in the streets rather than taking them to a local shelter even with a chance of being put to sleep. Abandoning a rabbit to the wild is '''sentencing him a certain early death''', while there is still a chance to be adopted in a shelter.

* Domestic rabbits are '''not native''' to the Americas. They are descended from the wild European rabbit. Domesticated rabbits will be unable to breed with the local species of rabbits in the Americas and may end up fighting over territory with fatal results.
* White and other brightly colored coats on a domestic rabbit give them '''no way to hide'''. [[Wild rabbits]] have an agouti coat that camouflage into the environment. Letting a white rabbit free is a death sentence.
* A house rabbit does not know how to '''forage''' and does not have a '''warren''' (family group) that [[wild rabbits]] depend on. Warrens live together and have burrows (holes in the ground) that they share and use for warmth and protection. A single rabbit will not be able to build an appropriate shelter; building a burrow takes several rabbits and cannot be completed in an hour. Abandoned rabbits typically stay near where they have been left and are easy prey for cats, dogs, raccoons, and a multitude of other predators. Domestic rabbits will also not know what plants are safe to eat and where to obtain water to drink.
* Domestic rabbits do not know how to '''dodge cars and trucks''' and can easily be run over as unsuspecting road kill.
* A domestic rabbit let loose in an established feral colony can be killed in a fight for territory. An unspayed female rabbit can produce a litter of babies every 30 days and add to the problem. A park full of rabbits is not an idyllic place for a former pet.
* A house rabbit can '''live 8+ years''' in a protected environment. The average [[wild|wild cottontail]] lives only 6 months.
* Putting an unwanted rabbit to sleep is kinder than abandoning him in the streets or outdoors. The rabbit will be '''terrified''' at being left alone outside in the wild with no caretakers and no friends. It is similar having a city person purposely abandoned on a deserted island with no prepared food, water, or survival skills and animals willing to hunt and kill you for food. A painless death is kinder than a prolonged death from starvation, disease, or attack. The rabbit will never find a friend in the wild and cannot mate with [[wild|local cottontails]] because they are a completely different species.
* Lastly, abandoning pets in the streets is most likely an '''animal cruelty offense''' ranging from a misdemeanor to a felony. '''It not kind at all to abandon any sort of pet to the streets or the wild.'''

<div class="bad">
A few graphic stories of domestic rabbits rescued from the streets:

* True Hearts for Healing Paws Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/trueheartsforhealingpaws/posts/pfbid0HjFJnALDU8PdwqKNPCG1k9ubyFDtd7GdQkB1v7jc4SK4UxKH3zRsGpbx7n6Xx3CSl Young rabbit was dumped at the mouth of local canyon, hit by a car, and euthanized due to severe injuries] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/pfbid0svfyeuUTzmmqra96DLVE4i3g9jcbYmTbgLmei84mxJcDVhrWBRUaiH8cWPSqqBRul 3-month-old rabbit was euthanized after rescue due to broken leg from predator attack] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/pfbid022SwcZiNoaDsRmXmycbFV63hGmAEJ12fETV8QMforH16bQj7CF3SaUgn9GsNCCZ59l Dumped rabbit passed shortly after rescue due to sepsis from untreated abscesses] {{RIP}}
* Kaycee Jane. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnypuffs/posts/pfbid0tMhM6zCWwKHk7KbuYBZ91ZMrqa71WRT6uza8dFXv5nNHUf5ii7J3LLwdvjb1z5CNl Rabbit abandoned in wild passed shortly after rescue due to being anemic from hundreds of ticks] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade Inc. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/pfbid02Zq9YNqiZgDecL4BcfJiMYsWHzVNYqCaNueSJKLRKuFkLv9i2tYrxvtwrtjiY3nSl Twix's story - dumped with a fractured hip and broken hock, went into cardiac arrest during surgery] {{RIP}}
* Friends of Unwanted Rabbits. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsofUnwantedRabbits/posts/2474994539300576 Luna's story - a 4 week old rabbit abandoned outside] {{graphic}}
* 10,000 Carrots Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/10000CarrotsRabbitRescue/posts/4371919239532020 Poppy's story]
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/GeorgiaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/3046672812029609 Pongo's story]
* Jason Lewis. (2020). [https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/18225805.rabbit-dies-dumped-cardboard-box-neacroft/ Rabbit dies after being dumped in cardboard box in Neacroft] {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/463280474367512? Two rescued bunnies out of four dumped]
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/posts/2737875576296703 Bryn's story] {{RIP}}
* Great Lakes Rabbit Sanctuary. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/greatlakesrabbit/photos/a.10152029712302875/10157301026737875/ Juniper's story]
* The Rabbit Haven. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/posts/3152966441397831 Dumped rabbit at the side of the freeway]
* Bunny Bunch Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/463280474367512 Pregnant mother and five babies dumped in hot weather]
* San Diego Rabbit Wranglers. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1040650539303484/permalink/2387744247927433/ Dumped pets in a box] {{RIP}}
* Special Bunny. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/specialbunnyrescue/posts/1615491981831538 Kitty's story] {{RIP}}
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/photos/a.500138626737087/1877949478955988/ Dumped bunny with broken back] {{RIP}}
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/GeorgiaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/2055675624462671 André's story]
</div>

Some more relevant scientific studies:

* Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Science. (2018). [https://vetmed.tamu.edu/news/press-releases/researchers-observe-striking-differences-between-brains-of-wild-domesticated-rabbits/ Researchers Observe Striking Differences Between Brains of Wild, Domesticated Rabbits]

== Catching a stray rabbit ==
Do not hesitate to contact your local [[adoption|rabbit rescue]] for volunteers to help you catch a stray domestic rabbit.

A few tips when trying to catch a stray rabbit:

* Do not chase them unless you are trying to herd them into a specific area.
* Set up walls with fencing, bed sheets, exercise pens, and baby gates. Use alleys and narrow spaces in between houses strategically.
* Only set up a Havahart trap if you or a neighbor will constantly be watching it. A trapped rabbit is easy prey to theft, fatal stress and panic, harsh elements, or predators.
* If using a live trap, transfer the rabbit to a secure covered cage or carrier to reduce stress as soon as possible or cover the trap itself with a sheet or blanket to calm the rabbit down.
* Banana, fennel, parsley, apple, and cilantro make good bait for rabbits.
* Nets should only be used under experienced supervision. Bird nets with a wide soft rim and a very long handle work best. Make sure the mesh is fine enough that their limbs will not be caught in the holes. Once the rabbit is caught in the net, immediately secure the rabbit to prevent them from kicking and injuring themselves and transfer to a secure carrier.

The links below have more information on how to catch roaming stray and feral rabbits safely.

* Kathleen Boggs. (2023). [https://sdhrs.uscreen.io/programs/rabbit-wrangling-kathleen-boggs-9f8c46?categoryId=132819 Rabbit Wrangling]
* Mary Ann Maier. (2020). [https://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/how-to-catch-a-stray-bunny/ How to Catch a Stray Bunny]
* Ohio Rabbit Rescue. (2018). [https://www.ohiohouserabbitrescue.org/i-want-to-learn/tips-for-catching-a-stray/ Tips for Catching a Stray]
* Columbus House Rabbit Society. [https://www.columbusrabbit.org/tips-for-catching-a-stray.html Tips for Catching a Stray]
* New Mexico House Rabbit Society. [https://newmexicohrs.org/care/how-to-round-up-a-stray/ How to Round Up a Stray]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/useful-info/stray-rabbits/ Catching a Stray Domestic Rabbit]
* Amy Espie. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-how-to-rescue-a-rabbit-running-loose/ How to Rescue a Rabbit Running Loose]
* Carol Youngclaus. (2008). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rescuing-rascally-rabbits/ Rescuing Rascally Rabbits]

Here are some stories of how others have caught stray rabbits.
* Rabbit Advocates. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=search&v=269621661058314 Facebook video about catching a baby rabbit that squirmed through exercise pen bars]
* Rabbit Advocates. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitAdvocates/posts/10156982749395890 Facebook post about catching Roxy with a live trap]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=344042076150381 Facebook video on catching a group of stray rabbits]
* LiveJournal. (2010). [https://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/5202753.html How to catch a stray rabbit?]
* Kristi Cole. [http://www.ohare.org/vol4_3.htm#search Search and Rescue]

== What do I do when I find a rabbit? ==
First, make sure that it is a domestic breed. See [[Wild rabbits##Is_the_rabbit_I_found_wild_or_domestic?|Wild rabbits]] for more details on how to distinguish a wild cottontail or hare from the domestic breed of rabbit.

<div class="box">
To report a sighting of a lost or stray rabbit, contact your local [[Adoption|rabbit shelter and/or rescue.]] You may also wish to file a report on the [http://www.abandonedrabbits.com Abandoned Rabbits Tracking Map] website for information tracking purposes.
</div>

See the section above for tips on how to catch a stray rabbit.

If you have never had a rabbit before, please take a look at our [[Getting started with a rabbit]] guide for the supplies you will need in the long term if you wish to keep them. Otherwise, please contact your nearest [[Adoption|rabbit rescue or shelter]] for help and guidance. Rabbits may rarely be microchipped - you can visit a local veterinarian or shelter to try to scan for one.

You can also post a notice of a found pet on your local classifieds and put up a few local flyers to find an owner if you suspect the rabbit escaped. Realistically though, most rabbits found, especially in parks, are dumped and abandoned pets. Sites in the US where you can post found pet ads include [https://www.pawboost.com/ Pawboost], [https://craigslist.org/ Craigslist], and [https://nextdoor.com/ NextDoor] among others.

In the meantime, to keep the rabbit safe in your house if you are unprepared, you can use your bathroom, bathtub, a large or extra-large dog crate, or a very large box. If there is slippery tile, put down some bed sheets or towels for traction as rabbits do not have paw pads and will slip and slide on tile and hardwood. Leave a bowl of water, and give a few handfuls of some fresh green [[vegetables]] to the rabbit. If you have no vegetables, you can hand cut a bowl full of lawn grass. If possible, make a trip to the local pet store to buy some [[hay]]. Do not feed copious amounts of carrots - these are actually treats and not a regular part of their [[diet]].

<div class="note">
If you have your own rabbits, please be sure to keep any new rabbits strictly quarantined to prevent transmission of diseases such as parasites, [[rabbit hemorrhagic disease]], and [[myxomatosis]], among many others.
</div>

<div class="bad">
This should generally go without saying, but unless you have veterinary training or have consulted with a rabbit-savvy vet beforehand, <b>please do not self-medicate rescued rabbits,</b> especially with over-the-counter drugs. The results can be fatal.

* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/314663347392320 Rabbit was given a toxic flea medication from a well-meaning rescuer.] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/3685727691511959 Rescued rabbit was overdosed with ivermectin for mange.] {{RIP}}
</div>

=== Extra resources ===

* Rabbit Advocates. [https://rabbitadvocates.org/rescue Found a Pet Rabbit?]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.magichappensrescue.com/StrayRabbitCare Found a stray rabbit?]
* Best Friends Animal Sanctuary. (n.d.). [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0Byp3t2z-wqyUTkRJb3BXQkRUX2FGTmZaOUVsdncyQQ/edit How to Find Homes for Homeless Pets]

== Feral rabbit overpopulation incidents ==

{{note|Please visit https://www.abandonedrabbits.com for the locations of abandoned rabbits colonies and areas affected by RHDV2.}}

'''United States'''
* Spokane, Washington, United States: [https://wkdd.iheart.com/featured/kddmornings/content/2024-10-15-rabbits-have-taken-over-a-washington-state-neighborhood/ Rabbits Have Taken Over A Washington State Neighborhood] (2024-now)
* Azalea Park, Orlando, Florida, United States: [https://people.com/pets/abandoned-pet-bunnies-overrunning-florida-neighborhood/ Abandoned Pet Bunnies Overrunning Florida Neighborhood: 'They're Everywhere You Look'] (2021-now)
* Southern Nevada Adult Health Mental Services Campus, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States: [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/feral-bunnies-are-taking-over-las-vegas Feral Bunnies Are Taking Over Las Vegas] (2015-now).
* Culver, Oregon, United States: [http://www.pressherald.com/2015/01/11/oregon-homeowner-faces-rascally-rabbits/ Oregon homeowner faces rascally rabbits] (2015).
* Mendenhall Valley, Juneau, Alaska, United States: [http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/bunny-task-force-to-combat-feral-rabbit-problem-in-juneau/ ‘Bunny Task Force’ to combat feral-rabbit problem in Juneau] (2015).
* Whidbey Island, Washington, United States: [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hundreds-bunnies-plague-langley-washington-n429186 Hundreds of Bunnies Plague Langley, Washington] (2015).
* Long Beach City College, California, United States: [http://www.rabbit.org/rescue/TrapNeuterReturn.pdf Readin', 'Ritin', and Rabbits] (2011).
* Carson City, Nevada, United States: [http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20070515/NEWS/105150082# Woman worried about feral rabbits] (2007).

'''Canada'''
{{youtube|id=imX2hrkcthE|caption=Megan Wilde. (2023). Beach Bunny Boondoggle: the untold story of Jericho Beach's feral rabbits in Vancouver|align=right}}
* Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada: [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/feral-domestic-rabbits-selkirk-manitoba-1.7319130 Feral domestic rabbits roam free on the streets of Selkirk] (2023-now)
* Royal Bay neighborhood, Colwood, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [https://www.cheknews.ca/colwood-staff-brief-council-on-growing-feral-rabbit-population-in-royal-bay-713194 Colwood staff brief council on growing feral rabbit population in Royal Bay] (2020).
* Helmcken Overpass, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.cheknews.ca/159692-159692/ Helmcken Overpass bunnies’ days are numbered] (2016).
* Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/feral-bunnies-take-over-vancouver-island/48649 Feral bunnies take over Vancouver Island] (2015).
* Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/rabbit-colony-takes-over-garson-neighbourhood-1.2742653 Rabbit colony takes over Garson neighbourhood] (2014).
* University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://communications.uvic.ca/rabbits/qa.php Rabbits @ UVic]; [http://www.uvicrabbitrescue.com/ The Great UVic Rabbit Rescue]; [http://www.earthanimalrights.org/home/uvic_feral_rabbit_rescue_project UVic Feral Rabbit Rescue Project] (2010).
* Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada: [http://tracs-bc.ca/our-work/rabbits/ Rabbits] (2008).
* Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/rabbit-saviour-takes-on-hare-hitman/article795749/ Rabbit saviour takes on hare hitman] (2000).
* Calgary, Alberta, Canada: [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/rabbits-bunnies-feral-lindsay-park-wildlife-calgary-1.5246433 Feral rabbit population booming in Calgary parks] (1990s-now)
* Canmore and Banff, Alberta, Canada: [http://web.archive.org/web/20161109084508/http://canmorebunnies.blogspot.com/ Canmore Rabbits in Sanctuary]; [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/07/17/bunnies-are-still-swarming-canmore-despite-a-cull.html Bunnies are still swarming Canmore despite a cull]; [https://canmore.ca/residents/stewardship-of-the-environment/feral-rabbit-management-program Feral Rabbit Management Program]; [http://www.gocanmore.com/about-canmore-bunnies.html The Canmore bunnies] (1980-now).

'''Australia'''
* Australia: [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/rabbit.pdf Feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)] (1859-now).

== Experiences ==
* kinenchen. (2014). [http://imgur.com/a/faijS Hershey]
* Terry Goerrissen. [https://rabbit.org/journal/5-1/piercecollege.html Pierce College Rabbit Rescue]
* Mary Morrison. [https://rabbit.org/journal/3-7/stray-roundup.html New Mexico Roundup]
* Holly O'Meara. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/making-a-houserabbit.html Making of a House Rabbit]

== Further reading ==
* Holly O'Meara. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-7/stray.html Stray Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Rehoming your rabbit]]
* [[Wild rabbits]]

[[Category:Resources]]

Flystrike

2025-07-15T00:46:24Z

Malikethbun: /* Experiences */

'''Flystrike,''' also known as '''fly strike''' or '''myiasis''', is a potentially fatal disease that is common in the warmer months of the year. It is caused by several types of insects that will lay eggs in the wounded skin of mammals, and the maggots hatching from the eggs then digest living tissue.
[[File:Musca domestica housefly.jpg|thumb|right|x100px|''Musca domestica'', the common house fly.]]

Species that cause flystrike in rabbits include the blowflies (the green bottle flies ''Lucilia sericata'' and the blue bottle flies ''Calliphora'' sp.), the grey flesh fly ''Wohlfahrtia'' sp., the common screwworm fly ''Callitroga'' sp., and from the botfly ''Cuterebra'' sp. (Western hemisphere only, also known as warble fly, wolf worm, and warbles). While not usual, the common house fly (''Musca domestica'') and other flies in the order ''Diptera'' can also cause flystrike when it lays eggs in matted fur coated in feces, and the hatched maggots rapidly move to an infected wound.<ref>The Merck Manual for Pet Health. (n.d.). Flies and Mosquitoes of Horses. Retrieved 19 August 2015 from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/pethealth/horse_disorders_and_diseases/skin_disorders_of_horses/flies_and_mosquitoes_of_horses.html#v3221630</ref>

Eggs are laid and hatch within 24 hours to L1 larvae which are non-pathogenic and cause no symptoms. The molt from L1 to L2 and L3 stages takes 3 days, during which tissue damage can be caused. Clinical signs become obvious at around 4 days post egg-laying.<ref name="trm2nd"/>

Myiasis cause by larvae of the ''Cuterebra'' flies is slightly different because their flystrike is not linked to poor hygiene. Instead of depositing eggs on skin soiled with urine or excrement, females deposit eggs near the entrance to a rabbit burrow or near an outdoor rabbit hutch.<ref>MediRabbit.com, Esther van Praag Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/Cuterebra/Miyasis_botfly.htm Myiasis (botfly) in Rabbits]</ref> Animals become infested when they pass through contaminated areas, and the eggs hatch in response to heat form a nearby host.<ref>Merck Veterinary Manual, [http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/cuterebra_infestation_in_small_animals/overview_of_cuterebra_infestation_in_small_animals.html Overview of ''Cuterebra'' Infestation in Small Animals]</ref>

<B>Risk factors</B> from a recently paper, from Great Britain, published in Preventive Veterinary Medicine.<ref name="GBriskfactors">Rachel Turner, Elena Arsevska, Beth Brant, David A. Singleton, Jenny Newman, PJ-M Noble, Philip H. Jones, Alan D. Radford, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587717307729 Risk factors for cutaneous myiasis (blowfly strike) in pet rabbits in Great Britain based on text-mining veterinary electronic health records.] Preventive Veterinary Medicin, Volume 153, 1 May 2018, Pages 77–83.</ref>

* Rabbits five years of age and over were more than 3.8 times likely to present for blowfly strike.

* Female entire rabbits were at greatest risk, being 3.3 times more likely to be affected than neutered females.

* For every 1 °C rise in predicted environmental temperature, there was a 33% increase in risk of flystrike.

== Flystrike. The Rabbit & Rodent Vet ==
Flystrike by The Rabbit & Rodent Vet.<ref>The Rabbit & Rodent Vet. (2025). Posted on Facebook March 23rd, 2025 from https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid021wUvCsgwn2Ye8cTy9dZtSdFWm4PXfC6d6AKCrrbQ3HzpbPV55LZaYAXQDR9bpgt4l&id=61566923197386</ref> - "⚠️ Flystrike is a risk mainly to rabbits, but can also affect guinea pigs and other species." - [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid021wUvCsgwn2Ye8cTy9dZtSdFWm4PXfC6d6AKCrrbQ3HzpbPV55LZaYAXQDR9bpgt4l&id=61566923197386 The Rabbit & Rodent Vet]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:TheRabbitRodentVetFlyStrike1.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:TheRabbitRodentVetFlyStrike2.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:TheRabbitRodentVetFlyStrike3.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:TheRabbitRodentVetFlyStrike4.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
</div>

== Symptoms ==
The most common site for flystrike in rabbits is the area at the base of the spine, between the tail and the back -- this is a difficult area for rabbits to groom effectively especially if they are overweight or have a flexibility problem. {{blur-right-image|file=SBRR Harecules flystrike.jpeg|caption=A neglected rabbit suffering from flystrike. {{blur}}}}

== Causes ==
* Matted fur - common in lionheads and Angoras.<ref name="trm2nd">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
* [[Urine scald]]
* [[Teeth|Dental disease]] - can cause ineffective grooming and allow mats to form.
* Uneaten [[cecals]]
* Damp and dirty bedding
* Warm temperatures and humidity of 60% or greater.<ref name="trm2nd"/>
* Skin fold [[dermatitis]] due to breed conformation or [[obesity]].
* [[abscesses|Abscessation]] from any cause.

== Treatment and prevention ==
Initial treatment for flystrike involves clipping the fur and cleaning any affected areas. Then, the maggots are manually removed, and the wounds are flushed with a dilute chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine cleanser.<ref name="exam">Jepson, L. (2009). {{amazon|id=0702028738|name=''Exotic animal medicine: A quick reference guide''. (1st ed.).}}</ref> Fentanyl/fluanisone provides sedation and effective analgesia, and drying the area with a hair dryer can bring out any remaining maggots as they are attracted by the heat.<ref name="trm2nd"/>

''Cuterebra'' larvae should be removed via their breathing hole either surgically or by using ivermectin.<ref name="exam"/>

Supportive treatment should be aggressive with therapy for toxic shock and ivermectin or imidacloprid to kill any additional maggots or larvae that cannot be removed.<ref name="exam"/>

The underlying cause of [[poopy butt]] should be addressed as well, and regular inspection of the rabbit's bottom and protection from exposure to flies is important to preventing flystrike.

Topical cyromazine (Rearguard, Novartis) applied as a 6% solution topically every 6 to 10 weeks can be used as a preventative for myiasis.<ref name="exam"/>

== Experiences ==
The following stories are cautionary tales about letting your rabbits live or explore outside.

* RVA Street Bunny Society. (2025). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMGm9S6SG9a/?igsh=M2VrejJ4aTJ6NWNq Abandoned bunny humanly euthanized due to severe and untreatable flystrike infestation.] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* u/Marsha_Cup. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vsyq2g/super_gross_details_in_comments/ Video of a human medical doctor (MD) owner removing botflies from their rabbit] {{graphic}}
* Penny and Wild Smalls of South Florida. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/PennyandWildSOSFL/posts/484651053378292 Bean's story] {{graphic}}
* Friends of Unwanted Rabbits. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsofUnwantedRabbits/posts/2367490246717673 Butterscotch's story] {{Graphic}}
* House Rabbit Resource Network. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitResource/posts/4050570254989562 Mascha's story]
* Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/specialneedsrspecial/posts/2486214788135376 Carl's story] {{Graphic}}
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/GeorgiaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/1991252824238285 Odin's story] {{Graphic}}
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/1827252304029965 Gardenia's story] {{graphic}}
* The Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Arizona. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=10154652837792370 Video of botfly removed from a rabbit] {{graphic}}
* Robin Rysavy. (2015). [http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=a565848c2af19df2110c8eac5&id=88613b4173&e=72d2cca514 The Dangers of Cuterebra in Rabbits] {{Graphic}}
* Alan L. Moyer. (2014). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/why-we-wont-keep-rabbits-outdoors/ Why We Won't Keep Rabbits Outdoors: A personal story]
* World Wide Wounds. (2006). [http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2006/february/Cousquer/Veterinary-Lop-Rabbit-Fly-Strike.html Veterinary care of a giant lop rabbit with severe fly strike] {{graphic}}

== Further reading ==
* Marinell Harriman. (1993). [http://rabbit.org/fly-strike/ Fly Strike]
* Joy Gioia. (2015). [http://rabbit.org/fly-strike-emergency/ Fly-Strike Emergency] {{Graphic}}
* Sonya J. Miller-Smith. [http://www.darwinvets.plus.com/rabbits/flystrike.htm Flystrike in rabbits: the gruesome facts]
* Rabbit Haven. [http://rabbithaven.org/fly-strike/ Fly Strike]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/Flystrikedontgetcaughtout.pdf Flystrike – don't get caught out.]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/leaflet_pdfs/flystrike_sep_05.pdf Flystrike – Is your rabbit at risk!]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/flystrike-in-rabbits Flystrike (myiasis) and how to prevent it]
* Esther van Praag Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/Myiasis/Miyasis_fly.htm Myiasis (fly-strike) in Rabbits] {{Graphic}}
* Esther van Praag Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/Cuterebra/Miyasis_botfly.htm Myiasis (botfly) in Rabbits] {{Graphic}}
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/health/bot-fly-or-cuterebra-cute-a-ree-bra-infestation Bot Fly Infestation]
* Daniel Calvo Carrasco. (2014). [https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/prevention-and-treatment-of-fly-strike-in-rabbits.pdf Prevention and Treatment of Fly Strike in Rabbits] {{PDF}}

The following are some videos of botflies being removed:
* u/MarshaCup. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vsyq2g/super_gross_details_in_comments/ Human doctor removing botflies that they thought were just abscesses.] {{graphic}}
* Hope Animal Hospital. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/257202892778/videos/10153136077327779/ Rabbit had 11 botflies removed.] {{Graphic}}
* YouTube. (2018). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxEg6U-MDu0 Sweet Emily was abandoned and found in the trash with botflies.] {{Graphic}}

Below are libraries with more links to information about flystrike.
* RabbitsOnline.net, [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=12865&forum_id=10 LIBRARY: Rabbit Health > Fly strike]

== See also ==
* [[Hot weather concerns]]
* [[Rabbit poop]]
* [[Weight management]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Virginia

2025-07-13T19:33:10Z

Malikethbun: Added another vet

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Virginia in the United States.

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
{{adoption-info}}

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Email
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Social {{rescue-entry
| name=Bunny Lu Adoptions, Inc.
| link=http://www.bunnylu.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/bunnyluRR/
| email=bunnylurabbitrescue@gmail.com
| city=Waynesboro, VA
| ein=54-1987377}}
{{rescue-entry
| name=HoppyHomes4Bunnies
| link=http://www.HoppyHomes4Bunnies.org
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/p/HoppyHomes4Bunnies-61557292741196/
| email=hoppyhomes4bunnies@gmail.com
| city=Midlothian, VA serving RVA
| ein=93-4359134
}}
{{rescue-entry
| name=House Rabbit Society Maryland/DC/Northern Virginia Chapter
| link=http://www.RabbitsInTheHouse.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/HRSBaltimoreDC/
| phone=(410) 889-4104
| email=rabbitinfo@rabbitsinthehouse.org
| ein=52-2070388}}
{{rescue-entry
| name=RVA Street Bunny Society
| link=http://rva-rabbits.carrd.co/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61563936331340
| phone=(804) 592-6519
| email=rvaanimalhelp@gmail.com
}}
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
{{rabbit-vets-info|na=true|us=true}}

=== Augusta County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://cedarcrestvet.net/ Cedarcrest Animal Clinic] || 121 Ladd Road || Fishersville, VA 22939 || 540-943-7577 || Dr. William Olkowski sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Chesapeake City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://midwayvethospital.com Midway Veterinary Hospital] || 1646 S Military Hwy || Chesapeake, VA 23320 || 757-366-4050 || <ref name="trivet">Triangle Rabbits, [http://www.trianglerabbits.org/health/vet.html Rabbit Veterinary Care in North Carolina and Surrounding Areas]</ref>
|}

=== Fairfax County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!width=40%|Notes
|-
| [http://www.forthuntanimalhospital.com/ Fort Hunt Animal Hospital] || 1900 Elkin Street, Suite 5 || Alexandria, VA 22308 || 703-360-6100 || <ref name="forvets">Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary, [https://www.friendsofrabbits.org/info/display?PageID=17375 Veterinarians]</ref>
|-
| [http://www.hayfieldanimalhospital.com/ Hayfield Animal Hospital] || 7724 Telegraph Road || Alexandria, VA 22315 || 703-971-2127 || Drs. Elizabeth Embree and Jerry Hinn see rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/><br>Makes house calls.
|-
| [http://www.alphaanimalhospital.com/ Alpha Animal Hospital] || 11725 Lee Highway, Suite A-15C || Fairfax, VA 22030 || 703-272-7810 || Dr. Hillary Segl sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [https://pendervet.com/ Pender Veterinary Centre] || 4001 Legato Rd
| Fairfax, VA 22033 || 703-654-3100 || <ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/> Dr. Priscilla Joyner sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|-
| [http://www.seavs.com/ Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services (SEAVS)] || 4105 Rust Rd
| Fairfax, VA 22030 || 703-281-3750 || Drs. Gregory Costanzo,<ref name="aemv">[http://www.aemv.org AEMV Member Veterinarians]</ref> Scott Stahl,<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/> Susan Baley <ref name="seavs">[https://www.seavs.com/veterinarians/ SEAVS Veterinarians]</ref>, Currie Carothers <ref name="seavs"/>, and Aubrey Traina <ref name="seavs"/> see rabbits.
|}

=== Hanover County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.ashlandvethospital.com/ Ashland Veterinary Hospital] || 513 S. Washington Highway || Ashland, VA 23005 || 804-798-8169 || Dr. Jenny Campbell sees rabbits.<ref name="trivet"/>
|}

=== James City County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.jollypond.com/ Jolly Pond Veterinary Hospital] || 3800 Longhill Rd || Williamsburg, VA 23188 || 757-565-6000 || Drs. Richard B. Chance and Bonnie L. Brown<ref name="hrsvet032016"/> see rabbits.<ref name="vrvets"/>
|}

=== Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.loudounvet.com/veterinary-services/exotics.html Animal Medical Centers of Loudoun (Brambleton)] || 42385 Ryan Rd, Suite 112 || Brambleton, VA 20148 || (571) 583-4036 || brambleton@loudounvet.com / Monday–Friday (Closed on weekends)
|-
| [http://www.blueridgevets.com/ Blue Ridge Veterinary Associates] || 120 E Cornwell Ln
| Purcellville, VA 20132 || 540-338-7387 || Dr. Valerie Campbell<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet">House Rabbit Society – Md, DC, & NoVA. (n.d.). Local Vets. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, from http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/?page_id=47</ref> and W. Behm<ref name="rinhvet"/> see rabbits.
|-
| [http://caringhandsvet.com/site/view/203434_AvianExoticPets.pml Caring Hands Animal Hospital (Ashburn)] || 43300 Southern Walk Plaza, Suite #124 || Ashburn, VA 20148 || 703-726-0446 || Dr. Meredith Davis sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|-
| [http://leesburgvet.com/ Leesburg Veterinary Hospital] || 19463 James Monroe Hwy || Leesburg, VA 20175 || 703-777-3313 || Dr. Lauren Kloer sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Lynchburg City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.lynchburgvet.com/ Animal Hospital of Lynchburg] || 1705 Memorial Ave || Lynchburg, VA 24501 || (434) 845-7021 || Drs. Jean Krason and Rick Krason see rabbits.
|}

=== Montgomery County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.companionanimalclinic.biz/ Companion Animal Clinic] || 201 South Hill Dr || Blacksburg, VA 24060 || 540-552-6800 || Dr. Matthew McCormick sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Norfolk City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.friendshipveterinary.com/ Friendship Veterinary Hospital] || 1231 W Little Creek Road || Norfolk, VA 23505 || 757-489-4083 || Dr. Cisco sees rabbits. Last checked Feb 2025.
|}

=== Orange County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.orangevetclinic.com/ Orange Veterinary Clinic] || 13421 James Madison Hwy
| Orange, VA 22960 || 540-672-1600 || Dr. Cook sees rabbits.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.companionanimalclinicva.com Companion Animal Clinic of Gainesville] || 14760 Lee Highway || Gainesville, VA 20155 || 703-754-8387 || Dr. Jackie Schulman sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rithvet">House Rabbit Society - Maryland, Washington DC, and Northern Virginia Chapter, [MD/DC/NoVA Area Rabbit Vets]</ref>
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/healthy-paws VCA Healthy PAWS Medical Center] || 14840 Washington St
| Haymarket, VA 20169 || 703-754-4146 || Dr. Rebecca Verna sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
Her practice includes Acupuncture, Chiropractic, and Chinese Herbs.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|-
| [http://www.ridgelakeah.com/ Ridge Lake Animal Hospital] || 1400 Old Bridge Rd. || Woodbridge, VA 22192 || 703-491-1111 || <ref name="forvets"/>
|}

=== Roanoke City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.avianexoticpetclinic.com/ Avian and Exotic Pet Clinic of Roanoke] || 3959 Electric Road, Suite 155 || Roanoke, VA 24018 || 540-989-4464 || Dr. Paul Stewart sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="trivet"/><br>Makes house calls.
|-
| [http://www.hangingrockah.com/ Hanging Rock Animal Hospital] || 1910 Loch Haven Dr || Roanoke, VA 24019 || 540-562-4596 || Dr. Janice Annis sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [http://roanokeanimalhospital.aahavet.org/web2/index.aspx Roanoke Animal Hospital] || 2814 Franklin Road SW || Roanoke, VA 24014 || 540-343-8021 || Dr. Mark Finkler<ref name="aemv"/> and Bridget Hickman<ref name="trivet"/> see rabbits.
|}

=== Spotsylvania County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://spotsylvaniaanimalhospitalinfo.vetsuite.com/Templates/peek.aspx Spotsylvania Animal Hospital] || 9133 Courthouse Rd
| Spotsylvania Courthouse, VA 22553 || 540-582-6370 || Dr. Judith Kyle sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Stafford County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.hartwoodanimalhospital.com/ Hartwood Animal Hospital] || 15 Jewett Ln
| Fredericksburg, VA 22406 || 540-286-2855 || Dr. Helen Jewett sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Virginia Beach City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!width=40%|Notes
|-
| [http://www.animalcarehollandrd.com/ Animal Care Clinic of Holland Road] || 3501 Holland Road, Suite 107 || Virginia Beach, VA 23452 || 757-340-6996 || Dr. Andrew Silverstone sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [http://www.petcarevabeach.com/ Pet Care Veterinary Hospital] || 5201-A Virginia Beach Blvd || Virginia Beach, VA 23462 || 757-473-0111 || <ref name="hrsvet032016">House Rabbit Society. (2012). Rabbit Veterinarians: State Listings. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, http://rabbit.org/rabbit-veterinarians-state-listings/</ref> Drs. Peter G. Fisher,<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="forvets"/> Herbert Hulls, Jill Partlow, Colleen Fox, Andrew Bean, and Kelly Coplen<ref name="aemv"/> see rabbits.<ref name="vrvets">Virginia Rabbit Inc., [http://www.varabbit.com/link.html Recommended Exotics Veterinarians in the Tidewater, Virginia Area]</ref>
|}

=== York County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.graftonvet.com/ Grafton Animal Hospital] || 449 Grafton Dr || Yorktown, VA 23692 || 757-898-8433 || Dr. Michael Gross sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

=== Alexandria City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/alexandria VCA Alexandria Animal Hospital] || 2660 Duke St || Alexandria, VA 22314 || 703-751-2022 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rwivet032016">RabbitWise, Inc. (n.d.). Find a Vet. Retrieved 24 March, 2016, from http://www.rabbitwise.org/vet.html</ref>
|}

=== Fairfax County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.pendervet.com/pender-emergency-centre.html Pender Emergency Centre] || 4001 Legato Rd || Fairfax, VA 22033 || 703-654-3100 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="forvets"/>
|}

=== ‎Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.tlcvets.com/specialty-practices/emergency-care.php Animal Emergency Critical Care] || 165 Fort Evans Rd NE
| Leesburg, VA 20176 || 703-777-5755 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="rwivet032016"/>
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/healthy-paws VCA Healthy PAWS Medical Center] || 14840 Washington St
| Haymarket, VA 20169 || 703-754-4146 || Dr. Rebecca Verna sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
Her practice includes Acupuncture, Chiropractic, and Chinese Herbs.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

== Veterinary clinics offering RHDV2 vaccines ==
{{rhdv2-vax-info|us=true}}

=== Greater Washington area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! Vaccine brand
! class="unsortable" style=| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry
| name=Blue Ridge Veterinary Associates
| link=https://www.blueridgevets.com/
| phone=(540) 269-4656
| city=Purcelville, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=10 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=Pender Exotics
| link=https://pendervet.com/exotics/
| phone=(703) 654-3100
| city=Fairfax, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=07 Jul 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services
| link=http://www.seavs.com/
| phone=(703) 281-3750
| city=Fairfax, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=04 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Hampton Roads area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! Vaccine brand
! class="unsortable" style=| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry
| name=Highlands Veterinary Center
| link=http://www.highlandsvetcenter.com/
| phone=(757) 549-8609
| city=Chesapeake, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=12 Sep 2023
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=Jolly Pond Veterinary Hospital
| link=https://www.jollypondvet.com/
| phone=(757) 565-6000
| city=Williamsburg, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=04 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=Pet Care Veterinary Hospital
| link=http://www.petcarevb.com/
| phone=(757) 473-0111
| city=Virginia Beach, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=04 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Southwest area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! Vaccine brand
! class="unsortable" style=| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry
| name=Avian and Exotic Pet Clinic of Roanoke
| link=http://www.avianexoticpetclinic.com/
| phone=(540) 989-4464
| city=Roanoke, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=05 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=VCA Highlands Animal Hospital
| link=https://vcahospitals.com/highlands-va
| phone=(276) 628-4115
| city=Abingdon, VA
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=02 Mar 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

More clinics may be found through [http://www.spayva.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=53 Spay Virginia.]

=== Arlington County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!width=8%|Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.awla.org/services/low-cost-spayneuter/ Animal Welfare League of Arlington] || 2650 S. Arlington Mill Dr || Arlington, VA 22206 || 703-931-9241 x200 || Vouchers available to pet owners with a household income of $60,000 or less. Must be purchased in person at the Animal Welfare League of Arlington during regular business hours. Costs range from $65-185 depending on type and sex of pet.<ref>Animal Welfare League of Arlington. (n.d.). Low-Cost Spay/Neuter. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://www.awla.org/services/low-cost-spayneuter/</ref>
|}

=== Alexandria City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://awla.convio.net Animal Welfare League of Alexandria] || 4101 Eisenhower Ave || Alexandria, VA 22304 || 703-746-4774 || Sponsors a [http://awla.convio.net/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_spayneuter spay and neuter assistance program.] Visit the shelter for more details.
|}

=== Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.ashburnvillageanimalhospital.com/ Ashburn Village Animal Hospital] || 44110 Ashburn Shopping Plz || Ashburn, VA 20147 || 703-729-0700 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019">Humane Society of Loudoun County. (n.d.). LOW COST SPAY/NEUTER. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/</ref> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [https://towneanimalclinic.com/ Towne Animal Clinic] || 64A Plaza St NE || Leesburg, VA 20176 || 703-777-6350 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019"/> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [http://housepaws.com/lovettsville.shtml House Paws Animal Hospital Lovettsville] || 2 E Pennslyvania Ave || Lovettsville, VA 20180 || 540-822-4738 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019"/> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [http://www.blueridgevets.com/ Blue Ridge Veterinary Associates] || 120 East Cornwell Lane || Purcellville, VA 20132 || 540-338-7387 || Spay: $102; Neuter: $86<ref>Spay Today. (n.d.). Blue Ridge Associates Small Animal Hospital. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://spay-today.org/blue-ridge-associates-small-animal-hospital/</ref> through [https://spay-today.org/blue-ridge-associates-small-animal-hospital/ Spay Today.]
|}

=== Norfolk City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.norfolkspca.com/ Norfolk SPCA] || 916 Ballentine Blvd || Norfolk, VA 23504 || 757-622-3319 || Spay: $90; Neuter: $70 and $5 for take-home medication<ref name="norspca">Norfolk SPCA. (n.d). Spay/Neuter Services. Retrieved 03 Nov 2021 from https://norfolkspca.com/spay-neuter/</ref>
|-
| [http://www.norfolkspca.com/ Norfolk SPCA] || 2364 E. Little Creek Road || Norfolk, VA 23502 || 757-383-6620 || Spay: $90; Neuter: $70 and $5 for take-home medication<ref name="norspca"/>
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.battlefieldanimalclinic.net/ Battlefield Animal Clinic] || 8138 Sudley Road || Manassas, VA 20109 || 703-361-0271 || Neuter: $190<ref>Battlefield Animal Clinic. (n.d.). Spay & Neuter Wellness Program. Retrieved 03 Nov 2021 from https://www.battlefieldanimalclinic.net/services/spay-and-neuter.html</ref>
|}

=== Richmond City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.preventalitter.org/ Prevent a Litter Veterinary Hospital] || 3421 W Cary St || Richmond, VA 23221 || 804-359-6369 || Spay: $200; Neuter: $200<ref>Prevent a Litter Veterinary Hospital. (2021). Surgery Prices. Retrieved 03 Nov 2021 from https://preventalitter.org/surgery-prices</ref>
Rabbits must be at least 6 months of age.
|}

=== Rockingham County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://harrisonburg.anicira.org/ Anicira (Harrisonburg)] || 1992 Medical Ave || Harrisonburg, VA 22801 || 540-437-1980 || Spay/Neuter: $179<ref>Anicira. (n.d.). Spay/Neuter Surgery. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from http://harrisonburg.anicira.org/services-2/spayneuter-surgery</ref>
|}

=== Virginia Beach City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://vbspca.com Virginia Beach SPCA] || 3040 Holland Road || Virginia Beach, VA 23453 || 757-427-0070 || Spay/Neuter: $75<ref>Virginia Beach SPCA. (2018). VB SPCA Clinic Services and Pricing. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://vbspca.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/clinic_services_and_pricing_september_18.pdf</ref>
|}

== Rabbit spay/neuter funds and rebates ==
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !! !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.friendsofrabbits.org Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary] || [http://www.friendsofrabbits.org/spayneuterform.htm Form] || 443-535-9944 || Call for pre-approval. Applicants will qualify for $25 rebate. If you provide additional evidence of financial need, you may also qualify for additional discounts up to $100.00.<ref name="frhrsrebate"/>
Limited to residents of [[MD]], [[DC]], [[VA]] and [[WV]].<ref name="frhrsrebate">Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary. (n.d.). Spay/Neuter Form. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, from http://www.friendsofrabbits.org/spayneuterform.htm</ref>
|}

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info|na=true|us=true}}

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!City !!Phone !!Email !!Notes
|-
| [http://divinespetcare.net/home.html Divine's Pet Care, LLC] || Dulles, VA || 703-661-3922 || [mailto:divinespetcare@gmail.com divinespetcare@gmail.com] ||
|-
| [http://https://hoppyhomes4bunnies.com/Services/ HoppyHomes4Bunnies] || Midlothian, VA || || [mailto:hoppyhomes4bunnies@gmail.com hoppyhomes4bunnies@gmail.com] ||
<ref>Friends of Rabbits. (n.d.). Bunny Sitting Ideas. Retrieved 28 Feb 2019 from https://www.friendsofrabbits.org/info/display?PageID=18314</ref>
|}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.wildliferesponse.org/ Wildlife Response] || || || 757-543-7000 ||
|}

* [http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/injured/rehabilitators.asp Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries]

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

== See also ==
* [[District of Columbia]]
* [[Kentucky]]
* [[Maryland]]
* [[North Carolina]]
* [[Tennessee]]
* [[West Virginia]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:United States]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-07-08T21:26:28Z

Malikethbun: Added another article

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>
* exercise intolerance
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* [[anorexia]]
* [[weight loss]]

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. The use of diuretics is common within the management of CHF, often in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or pimobendan. Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]
* Ashton Hollworth. (20 December 2019). [https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/cardiac-disease-in-small-exotic-mammals Cardiac Disease in Small Exotic Mammals]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-07-02T06:15:11Z

Malikethbun: Added additional information

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>
* exercise intolerance
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* [[anorexia]]
* [[weight loss]]

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. The use of diuretics is common within the management of CHF, often in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or pimobendan. Nevertheless, it is important to note that CHF is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2025-07-01T17:22:53Z

Malikethbun: Removed duplicate article

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of June 2025, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
* [https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Spirit Airlines]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2025-07-01T17:20:37Z

Malikethbun: Added a new resource

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of June 2025, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
* [https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Spirit Airlines]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D.; Medirabbit. [https://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Grooming

2025-06-30T19:19:23Z

Malikethbun: Updated recommendations

{{FAQ|[[Grooming FAQ]]}}
__TOC__
As a rabbit owner, there are several tasks that you may need to regularly do for your rabbit in order to keep them healthy and safe.

{{post-image|file=Grooming gemyma.jpg|caption=Grooming supplies infograph by Gemyma💎#9789 on Discord}}

== Brushing ==
[[File:Sneakydragon squishy lap brush.jpg|thumb|right|A Netherland Dwarf rabbit getting brushed with a Hair Buster in a lap.]]
Rabbits love to be clean and will constantly lick themselves like cats. They can get hairballs if they ingest too much fur. Unlike cats, rabbits cannot [[vomit]]. If hairballs are allowed to form, they can become tangled masses of fur and food and may consequently [[GI stasis| block their digestion]]. Regular brushing along with plenty of hay helps to reduce this danger as well as keep fur from building up when vacuuming.

Typical brushing tools include the following:<ref name="redditbrush">Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15qinz/suggestions_for_brush_to_use_while_shedding/ Suggestions for brush to use while shedding?]</ref><ref name="redditdefuzz">Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/shqpf/tips_tools_for_defuzzing_bunnies/ Tips & tools for defuzzing bunnies?]</ref><ref>Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1c29dk/question_about_brushing_my_rabbit/ Question about brushing my rabbit]</ref>

* {{amazon|id=B0893HM7XV|name=slicker brush}} - Look for one with safety balls on the end of metal (not plastic) bristles to prevent scratches to the skin with over-use. Works best for long-haired rabbits.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE|caption=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B0040QS3QS|name=FURminator}} - [https://www.facebook.com/CooperthePoopr/videos/1847547552208153/ example video 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=66&v=hL78-fmflWE example video 2] {{bad|Please be careful when using a FURminator as it can tear the skin when used too harshly and cause skin infections as seen [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?358967-WARNING-FURMINATOR-users-U-D-19-10-2012 here]. Do not use on Rex-type coats as they will scratch the skin.}}

* [http://www.bunnygear.com/ Hair Buster] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hL78-fmflWE example video 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL-sWs-qd8w&t=118s example video 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PInM9n8li2w example video 3]

* {{amazon|id=B0002RJMAK|name=flea comb}}
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE|caption=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}} {{youtube|id=QR2uHv5LYlE|caption=Lennon The Bunny. (2016). How I Brush My Rabbit}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B00VC8GSZ0|name=SleekEZ deshedding tool}}, {{amazon|id=B01F04HJWC|name=EquiGroomer Deshedding Brush}} - [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=687354545139975 example video] - These brushes are basically very fine hacksaws.

* {{amazon|id=B000A6VLXO|name=horse grooming block}} - [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=379950446176305 example video]

* Rubber brushes and gloves like {{amazon|id=B0002AR18M|name=Zoom Groom}}, {{amazon|id=B00G2C0YPG|name=SwiPets Pet Hair Cleaning Glove}}, or a {{amazon|id=B0006N9IYA|name=Love Glove Grooming Mitt}}.

Most can be found in B&M stores such as PetSmart, Target, and Walmart. Others use more powerful tools like vacuum cleaner hoses to suck up loose fur. Be aware that rabbits may have differing opinions on each type of grooming tool.<ref name="redditdefuzz"/>

<div class="note"> '''Regular short-haired rabbits should be brushed 1-2 times a week, or as needed. You may need to brush your rabbit daily (or even several times a day) during periods of heavy shedding.''' Please see [[Angora and Other Long Haired Rabbits]] for more information on proper grooming for long-haired bunnies.</div>

In the case that your bunny does not like brushes at all, you may also try dampening your hands with water and wipe them over your rabbit to catch all the loose fur. Rub your hands to get the fur off, and rinse and repeat. You can also try using a damp hand towel instead, if you do not like the feeling of fur clinging to your hand.

You can also try brushing your rabbit while feeding [[pellets]] or [[vegetables]] every day. Your rabbit will learn to tolerate your grooming in order to eat.

During the severe molting season when your rabbit grows a new coat of fur, you can also just use your fingers to gently tug and pluck out his loose fur. It should come out easily without too much force and should not bother the rabbit much. See [https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cok-u84AsTx/ The Well Kept Rabbit's video] for an example of gently hand plucking while distracting the rabbit with head pets.

The following are some resources with more information on rabbit grooming.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=5w4knbRoD2E|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Groom Your Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=hIXcZV9OQxY|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2022). Removing matting under a rabbit tail}}
</div>

== Trimming nails ==
{{right-image|file=LongNails.png|caption="Nail trims are important for many small mammal pets. Overgrown nails are prone to being damaged/ripped out after getting caught in carpet, blankets, or other bedding. Torn toenails are very painful and result in blood loss." - [https://www.facebook.com/AEMVeterinarians/posts/4887293494648655 AEMV]}}
When a rabbit's toenails grow too long, they can catch in carpeting or cage wire. Broken bleeding toenails are prone to infection that can invade bony tissue and cause serious damage.<ref>Marinell Harriman, ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit'', 4th edition, p. 86.</ref> Long toenails may also cause a serious issue called [[sore hocks]].

=== How often should rabbit nails be trimmed? ===

Rabbits should have their nails trimmed every month or two. If you can see your rabbit's nails past their fur on their foot (for rabbits without short Rex fur), it is a good indicator that the nails are too long and needs a nail trim urgently. Rex rabbits will normally have nails showing even after they are regularly trimmed due to their shorter fur.

=== How do I trim their nails? ===

Most vets, shelters, and rescue centers that deal with rabbits will offer this service for a small fee. If you would like to trim your rabbit's nails yourself, you may use small animal clippers. There are a couple of varieties available: {{amazon|id=product/B000HHJH82|name=small scissors}}, {{amazon|id=B0002RJM8C|name=larger professional scissors}}, and {{amazon|id=B003XO8AZW|name=guillotine-style}}. Normal human nail clippers are not recommended as they are meant to be used on flat nails while a rabbit's nails are more round.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=RabbitNailTrim1.jpg|caption=Rabbit Nail Trimming guide, (c) and used with direct permission from Lisa Jane.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Nailclippinggraphic.jpg|caption=A diagram on how to cut pet nails}}
{{gallery-image|file=NailTrimTT.png|caption=A diagram on how to cut pet nails|250px|<I>"Rabbit's nails grow continuously so they will need to be trimmed about every six to eight weeks. It is important to know how to trim a rabbit's nails correctly. If you cut them down too short you may cut into the quick which will be very painful and will bleed. This can also lead to infection."</I> - [http://www.tranquilitytrail.org/RabbitCare.html Tranquility Trail Animal Sanctuary]}}
</div>
Be careful to only cut the nail and not the quick (the blood inside the nail). Remember, there are '''five claws''' on each of the front paws and '''four claws''' on each of the back paws. The quick should be easily located on a white or light-colored nail.

If your bunny has black nails, shining a {{amazon|id=B00BNUBDKW|name=bright flashlight}} from underneath the nail will help you locate the quick.

If your rabbit has a lot of fur around their nails making them hard to see, mist the area lightly with water and move the fur out of the way.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Mhrr-blacknails.png|caption=More tips about trimming rabbit nails, especially black ones.}}
{{post-image|file=BunnyNailTrimmingTips.jpg|caption=Bunny Nail Trimming Tips infographic. Art by Kiarotone & commissioned by Small Pet Select.}}
{{post-image|file=BunnyTipOfTheWeekNails.png|caption=Bunny Trimming infographic by [https://best4bunny.com/ Best4Bunny]}}
</div>

If you do accidentally hit the quick, the rabbit's nail will start bleeding profusely. Use a little {{amazon|id=B0002H3RBU|name=styptic powder}} or cornstarch with a moistened cotton swab or cotton ball to the area and apply moderate pressure for 5 to 10 seconds to stop the bleeding. We do not recommend using flour or baking powder due to potential bacteria, mycotoxins, and irritants in these products.

If your rabbit is fussy about your touching their feet, see the [[#Difficulties and solutions|Difficulties and solutions]] section for suggestions to handle your squirmy bunny.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=TriedToClipRabbitsNails.jpg}}
{{gallery-image|file=KermitNails.jpg}}
</div>

Here are some links with more information and pictures on trimming rabbit nails.
* House Rabbit Network. (2007). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/calvins-care-corner/calvins-care-corner-nail-trimming-101/ Calvin's Care Corner -- Nail Trimming 101]
* Susan Smith. (2012). [https://view.publitas.com/wisconsin-house-rabbit-society/wisconsin-house-rabbit-society-library-toenail-trimming/page/1 Trimming Toenails]
* Lianne McLeod, DVM. (2019). [http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/resourcesgeneral/a/nailtrim.htm Nail Trims]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2008). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t48-claw-clipping-how-to-guide Claw Clipping: How To Guide]
* Bandoliers and Bunnies. (2013). [http://bandoliersnbunnies.wordpress.com/2013/02/20/rabbit-care-nail-trims/ Rabbit Care – Nail Trims]

The following are some relevant discussions of different techniques to clip a rabbit's nails.
* u/feline256. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15t4ab/nail_trimming_tips_for_a_fussy_bun/c7pl8xd Nail trimming tips for a fussy bun?]

Below are some videos with demonstrations of the above method as well as more innovative ones.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=5Xmh4j4Z414|name==Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Rabbit Nail Trim}}
{{youtube|id=W9KemnaTGIs|name=Howcast. (2013). How to Trim Your Rabbit's Nails}}
{{youtube|id=cyyxQRoAhcw|name=FastUpOnRabbitCare. (2008). DIY: Nail Clipping}}
{{youtube|id=9eBzz1b01pw|name=BunnyTraining. (2012). Rabbit Trims Own Nails}}
{{youtube|id=k8A7-9e0nnM|name=The Bunny Guy. (2015). The Bunny Guy's Easy Toe Nail Trimming Method}}
{{youtube|id=VGqrn3DsABg|name=ArtAndBeautyFreak. (2015). How to trim your bunny's nails by yourself}}
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE&t=120|name=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}}
{{youtube|id=Z0BybvayPMc|name=Kat_esque. (2021). CLIPPING RABBIT NAILS - Tips for squirmy rabbits}}
{{vimeo|id=29965975|name=Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How To Clip a Rabbit's Nails}}
{{vimeo|id=5515997|name=Sarah Owings. (2009). Low Stress Way To Clip A Rabbit's Nails}}
</div>

== Cleaning scent glands ==
Rabbits have scent glands around their vent and anus. Sometimes rabbits will be unable to groom the area and will cause odor and possible infections. The discharge should look like wax with a very strong odor. Use a {{amazon|id=B09541P9WH|name=cotton swab}} that has been dipped in warm water or {{amazon|id=B003CTG0W8|name=mineral oil}} and gently swipe out any residue that might be present in the scent glands. This should be done as necessary, which may be as often as once a month. Many rabbits will not need assistance cleaning their scent glands, but you should take a look whenever your rabbit gets a nail trim.

Below are videos of the process of cleaning scent glands on rabbit.
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:vimeo|http://vimeo.com/29963083 ||center|Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How to: Anal Gland Cleaning|frame}}</div>
{{youtube|id=_x9dbSUdomg|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Clean a Rabbit's Scent Glands}}
{{youtube|id=nPDGACnkPvc|caption=101Rabbits. (2018). How To Clean a Rabbit's Scent Glands}}
</div>

== Bathing ==
{{Main|[[Bathing]]}}
Rabbits should not require any baths due to their natural cleanliness and should never be entirely submersed in water unless it is an emergency. It may stress the rabbit to the point of shock or heart failure, and if not properly dried, the rabbit may get hypothermia and die. If cleaning is necessary, try using {{amazon|id=B000VEBG26|name=baby cornstarch powder}} first to spot clean their fur.

In the instance that your rabbit does get soaked to the skin, it is imperative to try to towel dry the rabbit to the best of your ability and use a hair dryer or heating pad to keep the bunny warm to finish off drying. Use a hair dryer only on the lowest heat setting and at a distance of 6 inches or more because rabbit skin is very delicate and can be easily burned.

== Trimming fur ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket lionhead haircut.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit after she was given a hair trim.}}
In general, there is no reason to ever need to trim the fur on your rabbit unless it is a long-haired breed or they need help keeping their bum area clean due to [[poopy butt]], [[incontinence]], or loss of mobility from [[elderly|old age]] or [[arthritis]]. Brushing, not trimming, will rid the bunny of any loose fur. Short and normal-furred rabbits only need their fur trimmed or shaved for a medical procedure, hygiene, or if there is matted fur that cannot be teased apart.

In the case that you do decide to help trim your long-haired rabbit (e.g. Angora, Jersey Wooley), there is no need to trim the fur super short. Be very careful with scissors if you use them and use {{amazon|id=B006MBRB9O|name=blunt round-tipped ones}} if possible. Rabbit skin is very thin and delicate and is easily torn. Clippers are a better choice if you are worried about your manual dexterity.

<div class="txt-warning">Avoid cutting your rabbit's whiskers because they are important sensory tools that help a rabbit navigate in front of them (a blind spot). However, in the accidental case that you do, do not worry; the whiskers will grow back. For Angora and long-haired rabbits, trimming off the whiskers may be necessary to keep their face fur manageable.</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-angora-trim-2022-07.png|caption=Teamwork trimming a fluffy Angora with cheap $30 ceramic blade clippers similar to {{amazon|id=B01HRSZRXM|name=these}}.}}
Some cordless trimmers (electric and manual) you can consider for trimming rabbit fur are the following:
* {{amazon|id=B01HRSZRXM|name=oneisall Dog Shaver Clippers Low Noise Rechargeable Cordless Electric}}
* {{amazon|id=B00126XOI6|name=Wahl Professional 8663 Peanut Cordless Clipper/trimmer}}
* {{amazon|id=B0BBKXX3GR|name=WAHL Professional Animal Vetiva Mini Cordless Veterinary Trimmer}}
* {{amazon|id=B003WH10X4|name=Wahl Professional Animal Arco Pet, Dog, Cat, and Horse Cordless Clipper Kit}}
* {{amazon|id=B076JKRQJ8|name=Wahl WAHL BravMini+ Professional Cordless Pet Trimmer}}
* {{amazon|id=B00LM334KC|name=Wahl WAHL Professional Animal Mini Figura Pet, Dog, Cat, Horse, and Livestock Pet Trimmer Kit}}
* {{amazon|id=B003JDP4UG|name=Scaredy Cut Silent Pet Clipper}}

See [[Angora and other long-haired rabbits]] for example videos and more care tips.

== Cleaning ears ==
It is also a good idea to check your rabbit's ears once in a while to make sure that they are not too dirty and there are no [[mites]] living in there. A dark crusty material in the ears is usually a sign of ear mite infestation.

<div class="note">In general, most rabbits will never need assistance cleaning their ears. Only physically clean their ears if advised by the vet and <b>with their instructions.</b> Rabbits that may need help with cleaning include lop-eared rabbits, rabbits with very narrow ear canals, elderly rabbits with [[arthritis]], and disabled rabbits with hind leg issues. Most rabbits will clean their ears well themselves with their back legs.</div>

To clean the ears out, use a safe ear-cleaning product and massage into the base of the ear. After a few minutes, carefully use a {{amazon|id=B09497R2CN|name=cotton ball}} to remove any exudate. Be careful not to push wax further into the ear canal or puncture their ear drum.

We do not recommend using cotton swabs (Q-tips) without direct veterinary guidance.

<div class="blue">Please discuss with your veterinarian for their preferred ear flush solution. The following are a few safe options:
* {{amazon|id=B0056EAKUA|name=Virbac Epi-Otic}}
* {{amazon|id=B0014HYCM0|name=Zymox Ear Cleanser}} {{bad|(no steroids!)}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YQGZ9L8|name=Dechra TrizEDTA Aqueous Flush}}
</div>

The following are relevant articles about cleaning your rabbit's ears.
* Disabled Rabbit. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/ear-care.html Ear Care]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NFGLQZif53s|caption=Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Veterinary Hospital. (2012). How to Clean a Rabbit's Ears}}
{{vimeo|id=29965844|caption=Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How To Clean a Rabbit's Ears}}
</div>

== Difficulties and solutions ==
Sometimes, rabbits can be very difficult when you are trying to groom them. The following is a list of solutions if you run into any difficulties.

=== Top-loading container ===
For brushing, you can use a top-loading container like a two-door carrier or a small cardboard box to contain the rabbit so they are unable to escape your grooming. You can also enclose yourself with your rabbit in a small space that they can't escape from like an exercise pen, bathtub, or shower.

=== Mild stress ===
If your rabbit is out of control when you attempt to handle them for grooming, stressing them a little bit can make them easier to work with. A few ideas include putting them in a carrier for a few minutes and walking around or using an unfamiliar location.

=== Bunny burrito ===
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon squishy bunritto beginning.jpg|caption=Starting to put a Netherland Dwarf rabbit in a bunny burrito.}}
If you are having problems with squirming when trying to trim nails, you can try to use a bunny burrito. The basic idea is to set the rabbit on a towel and wrap it around them snugly, then hold onto them and only expose the parts you want to work with. A bunny burrito is also great for giving oral medications and syringe feeding stubborn rabbits.
{{right-image|file=Bunritto collage.jpg|caption=A collage of how to trim rabbit nails with a bunritto.}}

More resources about the bunny burrito can be found below.
* The University of Edinburgh. (2020). [https://media.ed.ac.uk/media/Client+Support+-+Bunny+Burrito/1_5ehixcef Client Support - Bunny Burrito]
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Towel/Towel.htm Safe immobilization of a rabbit in a towel (“rabbit burrito”)]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/videos/384008559208745/ Bunny Burrito]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/videos/446371125882029/ Facebook video of a technician putting a rabbit in a bunny burrito]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=4wQSmWo3FSc|name=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). How to Towel a Rabbit (aka, The Bunny Burrito)}}
{{youtube|id=jxGZhPG8mCo|name=Chicago Exotics PC. (2020). Bunny Burrito Demonstration}}
{{youtube|id=0cScGkFnpFg|name=Hannah Cerys. (2020). RABBIT NAIL CLIPPING 🐰 dealing with very skittish bunnies lol}}
{{youtube|id=dmZ4qprSY_A|name=mdrconsultinghb. (2014). A Bunny Burrito - How to properly hold a bunny for a veterinary appointments}}
{{youtube|id=DOWNlaRyMRo|name=avianandexoticvets. (2014). The Bunny Burrito}}
{{youtube|id=Uk71R_byqpw|name=BlueGorgonVids. (2007). Bunny Burrito}}
</div>

=== Clicker training ===
{{Main|[[Training#Behaviors]]}}
For stress-free methods of training tolerance for handling and grooming, see the [[Clicker Training and Luring#Behaviors|Behavior]] section of [[Training]] for more details as well at the [[Handling]] article. These ways use classical conditioning to desensitize rabbits to behaviors of which they may be anxious or fearful.

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/grooming Grooming]

Some more videos on examples of overall grooming:
* Kristin Woodbury and Julia Knoblock. [https://sdhrs.uscreen.io/programs/the-abcs-of-grooming-a585c1?categoryId=132819 The ABCs of Grooming]
* u/hearsesong. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bxte7j/grooming_day/ Grooming day.]

== See also ==
* [[Angora and Other Long Haired Rabbits]]
* [[Getting Started]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

User:Malikethbun

2025-06-12T20:28:43Z

Malikethbun:

Hello! I am a rabbit enthusiast and bunparent to four buns currently (2 different bonded pairs), with experience in bonding, special needs bunnies, rabbit petsitting, and elderly rabbit care. I’m regularly active on Discord as a staff member in the Rabbitors server, and help moderate the r/Rabbits subreddit. I joined as a WabbitWiki author and editor in hopes of aiding in improving and expanding this site, in order to better inform and educate people about rabbits, as well as advocating for better rabbit care and overall bunny welfare!

User:Malikethbun

2025-06-12T20:28:10Z

Malikethbun:

Hello! I am a rabbit enthusiast and bunparent to four buns currently (2 different bonded pairs), with experience in bonding, special needs bunnies, rabbit petsitting, and elderly rabbit care. I’m regularly active on Discord as a staff member in the Rabbitors server, and help moderate the r/Rabbits subreddit under username @lil-pup. I joined as a WabbitWiki author and editor in hopes of aiding in improving and expanding this site, in order to better inform and educate people about rabbits, as well as advocating for better rabbit care and overall bunny welfare!

Arkansas

2025-06-12T20:24:26Z

Malikethbun: Removed unreliable vet

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Arkansas in the United States.

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
{{adoption-info}}

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Email
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Social {{rescue-entry
| name=Arkansas Pet Rabbit Network
| link=http://www.arprn.petfinder.com/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/ARPRN/}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Little Loves Rabbit Rescue and Education
| link=https://linktr.ee/Littlelovesrabbitrescue
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/p/Little-Loves-Rabbit-Rescue-and-Education-61553249810168/
| email=Littlelovesrabbitrescue@gmail.com
| city=N Little Rock, AR
| ein=93-4401012}} {{rescue-entry
| name=New Beginnings Animal Rescue
| link=http://www.newbeginningsanimalrescue.net/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/NEWBEGINNINGS11/
| email=newbeginnings_animalrescue@yahoo.com
| ein=45-3632430}}
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
{{rabbit-vets-info|na=true|us=true}}

=== Benton County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://nhahonline.com/ New Hope Animal Hospital] || 103 E New Hope Rd || Rogers, AR 72758 || 479-631-0880 || Nancy Belknap sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Clay County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| NEA Veterinary Clinic || 2500 W. Main St. || Corning, AR 72422 || 870-857-5050 || Dr. Ginger Seagraves sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Crawford County and Sebastian County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.arkansasveterinaryclinic.com/ Arkansas Veterinary Clinic] || 5701 S. 28th St. || Fort Smith, AR 72908 || 479-646-3478 || Dr. Richard Hittner sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.bestfriendspet.com/ Best Friends Animal Clinic] || 1820 Wheeler Ave. || Fort Smith, AR 72901 || 479-782-8113 || Dr. Dorothy Shipley sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| Pointer Trail Animal Clinic || 113 Pointer Trail West || Van Buren, AR 72956 || 479-471-8221 || Dr. MaryAnn Boone sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Faulkner County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.chestnutanimalclinic.com/ Chestnut Animal Clinic] || 612 Chestnut St. || Conway, AR 72032 || 501-327-4413 || Dr. Ken Shaddox sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.stfrancisveterinaryclinic.com/ St. Francis Veterinary Clinic] || 3180 Dave Ward Drive || Conway, AR 72034 || 501-327-9200 || Drs. Thomas Cabantac and Sharon Stone see rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Garland County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://allcreaturesanimalhospital-hs.com/ All Creatures Animal Hospital] || 4799 Central Avenue || Hot Springs, AR 71913 || 501-525-9051 || Dr. Marion Smith sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| Edwards Veterinary Clinic || 1910 Albert Pike, Ste F || Hot Springs, AR 71913 || 501-623-5781 || Dr. Claire Weeks-Kelly sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.lakehamiltonanimalhospital.com Lake Hamilton Animal Hospital] || 1525 Airport Road || Hot Springs, AR 71913 || 501-767-8503 || Dr. Kevin Adney sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Pope County and Yell County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| Davis Veterinary Services || 1424 State Highway 22 W || Dardanelle, AR 72834 || 479-229-0595 || Dr. John Davis sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.southwindanimalhospital.com/ Southwind Animal Hospital] || 3943 East Main St. || Russellville, AR 72802 || 479-498-8600 || Dr. Corry Key sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Pulaski County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.allpetsanimals.com/ Allpets Animal Hospital] || 2100 N. McKinley St. || Little Rock, AR 72207 || 501-664-7387 || Dr. Tim Paladino sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.myvetonline.com/bellevueanimalclinic/general-information.html Bellevue Vet Clinic] || 7824 Cantrell Rd || Little Rock, AR 72227 || 501-225-2444 || Dr. Tad Marvin sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://chenalvalleyanimalhospital.vetstreet.com/ Chenal Valley Animal Hospital] || 18 Rahling Circle || Little Rock, AR 72223 || 501-821-0049 || Dr. Kim Miller sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.nlrvet.com/ North Hills Animal Hospital] || 7801 JFK Blvd. || Sherwood, AR 72120 || 501-835-3577 || Drs. Hawley and Baeyens see rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

=== Washington County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://animalmedicalclinicfayar.com/ Animal Medical Clinic] || 3045 N. Market Ave. || Fayetteville, AR 72703 || 501-521-5220 || Drs. Tammy Smith and Karen Williams see rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|-
| [http://www.crossovervet.net/ Crossover Vet Clinic] || 3980 S. Old Missouri Rd. || Springdale, AR 72764 || 501-750-7474 || Dr. Beth Stropes sees rabbits.<ref name="aprn"/>
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

=== Washington County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.aecnwa.com/ Animal Emergency Clinic of Northwest Arkansas] || 777 Mathias Drive, Suite B || Springdale, AR 72762 || 479-927-0007 ||
|}

== Veterinary clinics offering RHDV2 vaccines ==
{{rhdv2-vax-info|us=true}}

=== Greater Little Rock area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! Vaccine brand
! class="unsortable" style=| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry
| name=Chenal Valley Animal Hospital
| link=https://chenalvalleyanimal.com/
| phone=(501) 669-8002
| city=Little Rock, AR
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=11 Jul 2023
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry
| name=Doubletree Veterinary Clinic
| link=https://doubletreeveterinaryclinic.com/
| phone=(501) 821-1880
| city=Little Rock, AR
| brands=Medgene
| last-modified=19 Nov 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063617321746 Davis Veterinarian Services] || 1424 State Hwy 22 || Dardanelle, AR 72834 || 479-229-0595 || Spay: $95; Neuter: $75<ref>Angie Holly-Wisdom. (2021). Comment on Facebook. Retrieved 21 Sep 2021 from https://www.facebook.com/ARPRN/posts/4407533692635498?comment_id=4407620099293524</ref>
<span class="bad">Does not send home pain meds.</span>
|-
| [http://www.catsonlyvetclinic.net/ Cats Only Veterinary Clinic] || 1304 N Maple St || Searcy, AR 72143 || 501-207-0500 || Spay: $137<ref>Hayley JoAnne Miller. (2021). Comment on Facebook. Retrieved 21 Sep 2021 from https://www.facebook.com/ARPRN/posts/4407533692635498?comment_id=4407728299282704</ref>
Only sees rabbits for routine care and spays/neuters.
|}

== Rabbit spay/neuter funds and rebates ==

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info|na=true|us=true}}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

== See also ==
* [[Louisiana]]
* [[Mississippi]]
* [[Missouri]]
* [[Oklahoma]]
* [[Tennessee]]
* [[Texas]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:United States]]

Pregnant rabbits

2025-06-03T01:16:37Z

Malikethbun: Updated recommendations per newest edition of TRM3 by Molly Varga

Because this is a wiki dedicated to general pet rabbit care, we believe all pet rabbits should be [[spay|spayed and neutered]] and not given the opportunity to make more [[babies]]. With the amount of rabbits available for [[adoption]] in local shelters and rabbit rescues, we do not encourage the casual breeding of rabbits without obtaining the healthiest of stock available from reputable breeders as well as a responsible plan for the babies that does not encourage dumping intact unwanted rabbits in the streets or in the shelters. See [[Breeding]] for more details.

However, in the event of an accidental pregnancy because you placed two intact rabbits together of the opposite sex out of ignorance or on accident, the following information should be helpful in dealing with the situation.

<div class="txt-warning">
Some tips about intact rabbits:
* Males can become sexually mature as early as 10 weeks old.<ref name="torm"/>
* Small breed females can conceive as early as 12 weeks old. <ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). 3. Reproduction. Retrieved 30 Dec 2019 from http://www.fao.org/3/x5082e/X5082E07.htm</ref>
* Males are not considered 100% sterile until a full 8 weeks after their neuter.<ref name="trm3">Varga, M. (2023). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:87</sup>
* Rabbits only need 3 seconds to impregnate each other.
* A female rabbit can get pregnant again immediately after giving birth.

{{post-image|file=KnR-3litter-202401.png|caption=A single mother (bottom right) at [https://www.facebook.com/KRSmallAnimalSanct/posts/pfbid02GQJfW6fhZSu1N61nyiVwd5c4QH67QA4vM1iD2wS9RViChTzV6BYhpmHTdh4H6wusl K&R Small Animal Sanctuary] had <b>three separate litters</b>, each only 4 weeks apart. The oldest litter was a pair (bottom center), the second litter was a trio (bottom left), and the most recent litter had 7 newborns (top).}}
</div>

== Detecting a pregnancy ==
Fetal palpation is possible from 10-14 days.<ref name="torm">Harcourt-Brown, F. (2001). {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''. (1st ed.).}}</ref><ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit Medicine & Surgery: Self-Assessment Color Review''.}}</ref> Pregnancies can be detected radiologically at 11 days.<ref name="torm"/>

If your rabbit is nesting and has pulled out fur, expect babies within the next week unless it is a [[false pregnancy]].

The links below contain more information about how to detect a rabbit pregnancy.

* Pet Rabbits, [http://www.mypetrabbits.com/Article/how-to-care-for-pregnant-and-baby-rabbits How to Care for Pregnant and Baby Rabbits]

The following pages are from rabbit breeding sites. Please do not take this referral as condoning rabbit [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. We provide these links purely for information.
* Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/pregnant-rabbit.html 5 Clues to the Pregnant Rabbit]
* ARBA, Charlcie Gill, [http://www.arba.net/PDFs/palpation.pdf The Art of Palpation]

== Discovering a pregnancy ==
The domestic rabbit gestation period is generally 30-32 days.<ref name="BSAVAManual">Meredith, A & Redrobe, S. (2001). {{amazon|id=0905214471|name=''BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets''. (4th ed.).}}</ref> About 98 percent of normal litters will be kindled between 30 and 33 days after breeding but a small percentage may kindle as early as 29 days or as late as 35 days.<ref name="rabbitproduction">Mcnitt, J.I et al. (2013). {{amazon|id=product/1780640110|name=''Rabbit Production''. (9th ed.).}}</ref> Gestation lengths are generally longer with smaller litters.<ref name="rabbitproduction"/> You can start counting the days from the first observed or suspected mating.

<div class="bad">If you have discovered that one of your intact female rabbits has become pregnant, please consider giving the doe an '''emergency spay''' to terminate the pregnancy. Experienced [[vet|veterinarians]] can spay rabbits up until they give birth. There are enough unwanted pet rabbits in [[Adoption|shelters]] all over the world, and there is no need to bring more rabbits to life without the firm knowledge there will be loving permanent homes for every single one of them until the end of their natural lifespan.</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{youtube|id=fYOStE9FipM|caption=An example video of rabbit's stomach moment roughly 16 hours before giving birth. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/9ny2dk/can_anyone_help_me_understand_why_shes_doing_this/ source]}}
{{youtube|id=LNMnD5YlH6w|caption=For comparison... a rabbit's normal GI tract wave movement from peristalsis. [https://www.facebook.com/RainyDaysRabbitry/videos/582972385206834/ source]}}
</div>

== Taking care of a pregnant rabbit and her litter ==
Starting the last week of her pregnancy, mother rabbits should be given unlimited pellets and alfalfa hay to eat. These extra calories and nutrients will help her growing babies as well as help her produce sufficient milk. Nutritional deficiencies in vitamins A and E, iodine, and selenium may cause aborted litters.<ref>Gu, Z, et al. (2004). Study on Dead Fetus of Rabbit. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020 from http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/0203/11.pdf</ref> Dandelion greens, dill, and borage are believed to help a doe produce more milk for a large litter.<ref>Homesteading Today, [http://www.homesteadingtoday.com/livestock-forums/rabbits/325966-milk.html Milk.]</ref>

<div class="txt-warning">Please immediately separate the male from the mother if you have a surprise litter. The male can impregnate the female again immediately after giving birth and result in litters 4 weeks apart, which can be harsh and fatal to the mother and the babies.</div>

=== Necessary supplies ===
{{right-image|file=DayOneBabies FurNest.jpg|caption=One-day-old baby rabbits in a fur-lined nest.}}
{{right-image|file=Baby_nest_crate.png|caption=Nest setup for baby rabbits born in a shelter. A crate, blankets, and mom's fur. By discord user Hyla.}}
'''''Nestbox.''''' The nestbox should be about 12x14 inches, and the sides should be at least 6 inches high with a lower front (around 4-6 inches) if necessary where the mother rabbit will enter and exit. The high sides will prevent the kits from wandering out of the nest area, which can lead to overexposure and death. A cardboard box may do temporarily but will get soggy and need to be replaced. Dirty and damp areas inside the nest where the babies have defecated should be immediately spot-cleaned and replaced with clean materials. The nest box can be removed once the babies are 18 days old.

'''''Bedding.''''' Line the nestbox about 2/3 full of clean soft hay, straw, or shredded paper. {{bad|Avoid using stalky hay such as alfalfa for the nest. The hay should be able to be bent in a circle without breaking.}}

'''''Fur-lined hollow.''''' Make a small bowl-shaped hollow in the middle of the bedding in the nestbox and fill it with fur from the mother rabbit. If she has not pulled any out herself, either try gently pulling it out of her dewlap or belly or clipping some off. There should be enough fur to cover over the babies.

'''''Babies.''''' Place the babies in the hollow you made. They will burrow to the bottom and remain there until the mother rabbit stands over them to nurse.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=vfHoXmBDm2s|caption=Hook's Hollands. (2018). How to Prepare a Rabbit Nest Box.}}
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">{{post-image|file=Baby_pen.png|caption=Setup for a rescued mother rabbit and her babies, from discord user Hyla at Rocky Mountain House Rabbit Rescue.|width=600}}
</div>

=== Birthing process ===
The nestbox filled with soft bedding should be provided at around 28 days of gestation. Avoid putting the nest box where the doe usually has her litter area. Nest-building behavior from the pregnant rabbit will involve burrowing and pulling of fur from the dewlap, flanks, and belly to line the nest and expose the nipples. She will also start carrying around mouthfuls of hay and rearrange them in the nest to her satisfaction.

If the doe starts using the nestbox as a litter box before she has her litter, clean out the box, put in fresh material, and move it to another corner.

If the mother rabbit builds her nest outside of the nestbox, you can carefully pick up the nest material and place it in the box, then move the box to her chosen spot. This process may need to be repeated two or more times for stubborn does until she leaves the nest in the box.

The birthing, or parturition, usually occurs in the early morning during their normal resting period.<ref name="BSAVAManual"/><ref name="rabbitsanswer"/> Even in large litters, parturition will take only 10 or 15 minutes.<ref name="rabbitsanswer"/> Uncommonly, some births may span 1 to 2 days and still result in the birth of normal kits.<ref name="rabbitshealth">Richardson, V.C.G. (2000). {{amazon|id=063205221X|name=''Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases''.}}</ref> The rabbit kits will be born hairless with ears and eyes closed. A mother will sometimes lick the babies as they are born and quickly eat their placentas.<ref name="rabbitsanswer"/>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=o779hcRQZGY|caption=Hook's Hollands. (2019). Holland Lop Rabbit Giving Birth.}} {{graphic}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
Some '''problems''' that can arise during the birthing process:

* '''Cannibilism''' of the young may occur due to accident, inexperience (first time does), or in response to environmental pressures such as over-crowding.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/> If the mother rabbit is in a stressful environment, please move her to a more quiet and secure area without noisy triggers. Cannibalism may also occur by other female rabbits, reverting to their natural survival instincts to cannibalize kits that do not belong to them, to ensure survival of their own line.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/>

* '''Obstructed labor''', also known as '''dystocia''', is uncommon but associated with over-sized or mis-positioned fetuses. Obesity or malnutrition of the mother may also predispose to this condition.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/> This condition is most common with rabbit breeds that have small bodies but big heads (e.g. Netherland Dwarf, Holland Lop) and with does that were bred to a much larger buck. Stuck babies can also happen when a doe past two years old has never been bred before.<p>Some mother rabbits may take care of the issue on her own by pulling the kits out of the birth canal which usually results in the loss of the litter. For the best chance for both mother and babies, a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] should instead be consulted to assist the process.</p>

* '''Uterine prolapse''' is also an uncommon condition but has been associated with dystocia.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/> The prolapsed uterus rapidly becomes engorged with blood, and contaminated with foreign material. A [[spay]], after first pulling the uterus back into the abdomen, is curative.

If the mother has her babies on the cage floor instead of the nest box, place them in the nest box and cover them with fur from the mother rabbit's belly, plucking more from her if needed. If the babies are not caught early enough, they can die from cold exposure.

If any stillborn or dead kits are found in the nest, they should be immediately removed upon discovery. If the parents were both dwarfs, you may find [[Breeds_FAQ#What_is_the_dwarf_gene.3F|under-developed peanut babies]] that will pass within a few weeks of birth.

The following are some more resources on this topic:

* CottonTails Rabbit & Guinea Pig Rescue. [https://cottontails-rescue.org.uk/health/infanticide/ INFANTICIDE – mutilation of new-borns]
</div>

=== Nursing process ===
After the babies are born, a mother rabbit will leave the nest and return once every 24 hours at night for 3 to 4 minutes to allow the babies to nurse. Only rarely does the mother rabbit immediately nurse the babies after they are born. Usually the first nursing will occur the night after the kindling. The preferred mealtime is between midnight and 5 am.<ref name="hrsbabyfacts">House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/newborn.html Newborn Baby Bunny Facts]</ref>

When she arrives, the mother rabbit will immediately hunch over the young in a nursing posture. She will not lie down like a cat does to nurse. The babies will rear up, find a nipple, and suckle rapidly. Typically, significant amounts of milk are obtained only during the second minute of nursing -- a baby can gain up to a third of its body weight in this short session.<ref name="rabbitsanswer">Lumpkin, S & Seidensticker, J. (2011). {{amazon|id=B004HKI8Z8|name=''Rabbits: The Animal Answer Guide''}}.</ref> A baby rabbit can drink up to 20% of its body weight in a single nursing.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>

When the time is up, the mother rabbit may lick the babies to stimulate urination and defecation, then jump away, defecate a few hard feces, and leaves the nest, even if some babies may not have received any milk at all due to competition.<ref name="rabbitsanswer"/>

The following are some videos of the natural nursing process:
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=176160491118448 Dinner time for Purley's kits]
* Bunny Bunch Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.instagram.com/p/COqYMFBBtx_/ Gala babies nursing]
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=190581249230380&id=112404830381356 Miss Demeanor nursing]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=XE34wuJoSx0|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2022). Bunny Milk Bar 🐰🍼 Mummy bunny feeding 5 babies}}
</div>

If the baby rabbits do not look to be fed fully, especially in a large litter, the mother rabbit can be held for supplemental feedings if necessary. The following are a few videos of the process:
* Tranquility Trail Animal Sanctuary. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TranquilityTrail/posts/10158961960266620 Nursing baby]
* The Town of Imagination for Rabbits. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2897277090536475 Tya nursing foster babies]

=== Extra resources ===
See the following links for more information. Also check out [[Baby Domestic Rabbits]].
* Dana Krempels. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/surpriselitter.html Surprise Litter of Babies! What to do now?]
* Sandi Koi. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/domestic-baby-bunnies-and-their-mom/ Domestic Baby Bunnies and Their Mom]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Newborn/Feeding_newborn.htm Offspring feeding time]
* Cottontails Rescue. [https://www.cottontails-rescue.org.uk/unplanned-or-surprise-rabbit-litters/ Unplanned Rabbit Litters]

== Miscarriages in rabbits ==
Similar to other animals, mother rabbits may have miscarriages during their pregnancy. When it occurs, you may find copious amounts of bloody vaginal discharge from your doe with small fetuses. Please consult with a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] to make sure your rabbit fully finishes aborting the litter and recovers appropriately.

The following links contain some graphic images of what aborted fetuses may look like.

* Raising-Rabbits.com. [https://www.raising-rabbits.com/fetus-images.html Fetus Images] {{graphic}}
* u/mothtea. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/jca3r9/we_just_got_back_from_the_vet_after_finding/ We just got back from the vet after finding ungodly amounts of blood on the floor from our bunny Rhubarb, shes fine and been given antibiotics but after getting home we found this... fleshy, thing?] {{graphic}}

The following articles include more information on what can cause dead fetuses:

* Zilin Gu, et al. (2004). [http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/0203/11.pdf Study on Dead Fetus of Rabbit] [PDF]

If fetuses are not successfully aborted, issues such as <b>fetal mummification</b> may also occur. A mummified fetus progressively dehydrates and becomes a dry and hard mass, which can be detected with radiographs.

Some more reading about the topic:

* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0wsPUHVbmYMzjmAqrtmPGLEXqdmxoJuMVjxTxEGn39SUAd8sKAA121amGDnUTb4kMl Charlotte the spayed lop was found with a mummified foetus within her abdomen] {{graphic}}
* Lefebvre R. (2015). [https://www.dovepress.com/fetal-mummification-in-the-major-domestic-species-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VMRR Fetal mummification in the major domestic species: current perspectives on causes and management]

== Further reading ==
* The Merck Manual for Pet Health, [http://www.merckmanuals.com/pethealth/exotic_pets/rabbits/breeding_and_reproduction_of_rabbits.html Breeding and Reproduction of Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Baby rabbits (domestic)]]
* [[False pregnancy]]
* [[Spaying and neutering rabbits]]
* [[Wild rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Vegetables

2025-05-30T19:47:13Z

Malikethbun: Added notes and formatting

{{#seo:
|image=https://wabbitwiki.com/images/7/7e/Sneakydragon_lionlop_veggies.jpg
}}
Fresh vegetables should usually make up approximately 10% of your adult rabbit's [[diet]]. '''[[Hay]] should consist of 80% of your rabbit's diet.''' Vegetables provide additional nutrients and different textures and tastes -- an enriching experience for your rabbit. Wet vegetables are also a good source of water if your bunny does not drink very much from his water bowl or bottle.
__TOC__
== How much vegetables should I feed my rabbit? ==
For '''baby rabbits''', vegetables should only be fed to after '''12 weeks of age''' and introduced one at a time in quantities under 1/2 oz.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-diet/ FAQ: Diet]</ref> Exceptions may apply if the baby rabbit has already been introduced to those specific vegetables while living and [[weaning]] from their mother as their digestive system is already used to the food. The age minimum is important as baby rabbit digestive systems do not finish developing until around 8 weeks of age, and an upset stomach can easily cause [[diarrhea]] or fatal [[enteritis]] that requires emergency veterinary care in a baby rabbit.

For '''adult rabbits''', a good rule of thumb is approximately '''one cup of packed greens for every two pounds of rabbit'''.<ref name="hrsveg"/> You may decide to feed more or less but keep an eye out for any change in litter habits and behavior. We would recommend regularly feeding at least three (3) types of vegetables per meal and rotate the choices weekly to keep their diet interesting and vary their nutrition.
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon lionlop veggies.jpg|caption=A lionlop rabbit eating some parsley and lettuce.}}

Generally, rabbits are good at self-regulating when given a giant pile of fresh dark greens, and no lasting harm will be done if you offer more than the recommended amount. Too many vegetables for some rabbits may cause runny stools, [[diarrhea]], or even [[stasis]], especially for rabbits with [[megacolon]]. These rabbits should have their greens portioned strictly. Smaller dark [[poop|poops]] can also indicate that the rabbit should eat more hay for more fiber in their diet. <span class="red">Remember that you should not feed too many sugar-loaded vegetables like carrots, and these should be strictly rationed as treats.</span>

<div class="note">
Some types of vegetables may cause diarrhea or stomach upset for specific rabbits. '''If you are introducing new greens to a rabbit, introduce only one type one day.''' This way you can easily tell if the food will not agree with your bun. Wait 24 hours to make sure there are no soft stools or gas problems before adding another vegetable to your rabbit's diet. If the droppings are soft or the rabbits are gassy, discontinue the culprit vegetable for that particular rabbit to prevent more serious [[stasis]] issues.
</div>

Be aware that '''every rabbit is different''', and it is up to you to find the right balance for a healthy bunny. Some rabbits may not react well with greens at all, especially rabbits that may suffer from [[megacolon]], and can thrive on a pellet/hay only diet.<ref>Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/greenspellets.pdf Greens and Pellets: Finding the Right Balance]</ref>

'''Serve your vegetables wet''' to increase your rabbit's intake of liquid. It will help keep their GI contents moving.

<div class="bad">
'''''Do not serve your bunny spoiled vegetables.''''' If you wouldn't eat it yourself, don't feed it to your rabbit. Rabbits can be even more sensitive to spoiled food than humans.
</div>

== Rabbit-safe vegetables ==
Care should be taken when feeding some of these as some vegetables may cause issues in some rabbits. Vegetables with a high water content can cause diarrhea and runny stool. Other vegetables contain higher amounts of sugar and so should be fed in moderation and best as a treat.

There are vegetables and flowers that a bunny should not eat and are covered in [[#Vegetables to Avoid|Vegetables to Avoid]]. Detailed nutrition for rabbit-safe vegetables can be found at [[Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Data]].

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage to my rabbit? ===
Some vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage can cause issues in humans -- however, this concern does not extend to rabbits. As the House Rabbit Society writes,<ref name="hrsveg"/>
<blockquote>
A rabbit’s GI tract is not the same as a human’s and many of the foods that may cause gas in a human do not cause gas in a rabbit...

There has also been discussion about feeding vegetables that are goitrogenic in humans (causing a goiter) more notoriously those in the broccoli/cabbage family. One study done on rabbits indicated that it would take several weeks of exclusively feeding huge quantities of these foods to see any abnormalities in the blood. This is so far removed from normal feeding instructions for rabbits that there is no cause for concern in feeding these nutritious foods.
</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding higher calcium vegetables like kale and dandelions to rabbits? ===
{{right-image|file=Kinenchen brock eating kale.jpg|caption=A Flemish Giant rabbit eating a piece of kale.}}
When fed in moderation, rabbits will not get a significant amount of calcium from fresh vegetables compared to [[pellets]].

As Dr. Frances Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/media/collections/diet/amount-of-food-that-provides-rda-of-calcium/kale/view</ref>
<blockquote>Kale sometimes has a bad reputation for rabbits because of its calcium content (approximately 1.3%). However it is 85% water, which means that a rabbit can eat a lot of it without eating a lot of calcium. This picture shows 265g kale, which is the amount that would provide 500mg. It is more than most rabbits would eat in a day.{{post-image|file=Hb-kale.jpeg|caption=256g of kale with 500mg of calcium}}</blockquote>

Dr. Leah Postman writes,<ref>Leah Postman, DVM. (n.d.). Calcium Metabolism in Rabbits. Retrieved 14 Feb 2024 from https://www.bunnybunch.org/wp-content/uploads/CALCIUM-METABOLISM-IN-RABBITS.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>The other potentially significant source of calcium in rabbits' diets is fresh greens. Although many people worry about the greens noted for high calcium content -- kale, spinach, collards -- I do not. All fresh greens are about 70% to 85% water, which greatly dilutes all nutrients. To eliminate the potential to misrepresent nutrient content due to variability in water content, it is essential to compare calcium content on a dry matter basis, which is how the nutrient requirements are expressed on labels and in tables.

For example, kale, which many recommend avoiding by virtue of its calcium content, has 1.6% calcium on a dry weight basis. In other words, dehydrated kale has roughly three times the NRC recommended calcium content. However, the fresh bunch of kale is mostly water, so the calcium content drops dramatically, to 0.24% when fed fresh. If you were to feed a medium-sized (5 pound) bunny 1/4 cup (about 60 grams) of a pellet meeting NRC recommendations, he would consume about 0.30 grams of calcium. To obtain a similar quantity of calcium from kale, the bun would have to eat over 4 ounces (130 grams) of kale. That is a sizable pile of kale -- about as much as you could stuff in a half gallon milk carton.

Similarly, dandelion greens, have a calcium level of 1.6% on a dry matter basis. But since our bunnies eat them fresh, they are only getting 0.20% calcium. Again, we see that even for greens with a relatively high calcium content, the calcium level of the leaves the bun is munching is actually quite low.</blockquote>

=== Should I avoid feeding vegetables with higher amounts of oxalic acid like parsley, mustard greens and spinach to rabbits? ===

When fed in moderation, these vegetables are not a concern as a regular part of a healthy rabbit's diet.

From Dr. Susan Brown,<ref>Susan Brown, DVM. (2012). Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet. Retrieved 25 Mar 2024 from https://www.vin.com/vetzinsight/default.aspx?pId=756&id=5262547</ref>
<blockquote>The amount of oxalic acid within each plant can vary significantly due to several factors including the composition of the soil the plant grew in, the time of year and the age of the plant. Most of the fresh vegetables we feed rabbits have a low to zero level of oxalic acid, but a few - most notably parsley, mustard greens and spinach - have relatively high levels. (Note that kale, which is often implicated as a high oxalate food, is actually low in oxalates.) The toxicity of oxalic acid comes with feeding large quantities of foods high in this chemical and can result in tingling of the skin and mouth, and over time damage to the kidneys. These foods are nutritious and do not need to be excluded from the diet if you feed them appropriately.</blockquote>

However, rabbits with established [[Bladder_sludge_and_stones|urinary tract disease]] will want to avoid these vegetables as it may play a part in the development of stones in the urinary tract. Excess oxalates in the diet can coalesce and form calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys and urinary bladder.

=== Leafy greens ===
Leafy greens should make up approximately 75% of the fresh vegetables fed daily.<ref name="hrsveg"/>

The following list contains leafy greens known to be safe to for rabbits to eat.<ref name="hrsveg"/><ref name="lagoveg">Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/salad.pdf The Perfect Salad]</ref><ref>Barbi Brown, [http://www.barbibrownsbunnies.com/nutrition.htm NUTRITION]</ref><ref name="adopta"/><ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Lamb's quarters is easily foraged for rabbits or other small pets. Retrieved 19 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/lamb-s-quarters-is-easily-foraged-for-rabbits-or-other-small-pets</ref><ref name="mediveggies">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Veg/Veg_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 2: Vegetables]</ref><ref>Rise and Shine Rabbitry, [http://riseandshinerabbitry.com/2012/02/26/safe-food-list-for-rabbits/ Safe Food List for Rabbits]</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Arugula (''Eruca sativa'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Beets tops/greens (''Beta vulgaris'')
* Bok choy / Pak choi / Pak choy (''Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis'')
* Borage leaves (''Borago officinalis'')
* Cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') - Too much can cause enlargement of the thyroid and digestive problems.<ref name="mediveggies"/>
** Red cabbage (''Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra'')
** Savoy cabbage (''Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. sabauda L.'')
* Carrot tops (''Daucus carota'')
* Cassava greens (''Manihot esculenta'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2016). Cassava leaves and foliage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/528</ref> - has a high protein content like alfalfa; feed sparingly.
* Chicory greens (''Cichorium intybus'')
** Witloof / French endive / Belgian endive
* Collard greens (''Brassica oleracea var. Acephala'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cucumber leaves (''Cucumis sativus'')
* Dandelion greens (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Dill leaves (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Endive (''Cichorium endivia'')
** Escarole (''Cichorium endivia var. latifolia)
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'') - leafy tops and base
* Fenugreek (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'')
* Gai choy / Gai choi / Mustard greens / Kai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Goutweed (''Aegodopium podograria'')
* Kai lan / Gai lan (''Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra'')
* Kale (''Brassica oleracea var. acephala'')
* Komatsuna / Mustard spinach (''Brassica rapa var. perviridis or komatsuna'')<ref>YouTube, marshmallow0219, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN3_oFz2LxA 小松菜を食べるももさんMomo eats Komatsuna leaves]</ref>
* Lamb's quarters / White goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lettuce (''Lactuca sativa'')
** Butterhead lettuce
** Cos lettuce
** Frisee lettuce
** Green leaf lettuce
** Red leaf lettuce
** Romaine lettuce
** Lollo rosso lettuce
** Lollo lettuce
* Mache / corn salad (''Valerianella locusta'')
* Mint (''Mentha'' spp.) - <span class="bad">some plants in the '''mint family''' ''Lamiaceae'' may be [[toxic]]</span>
** Apple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Chocolate mint (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Orange mint (''Mentha citrata'')
** Peppermint leaves (''Mentha × piperita'')
** Pineapple mint (''Mentha suaveolens'')
** Spearmint (''Mentha spicata'')
* Mustard greens (''Brassica juncea'')
* Napa cabbage / Pe tsai (''Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis'')
* New Zealand spinach (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'')<ref> Robert, H.G. (1927). ''Raising Rabbits For Fur, Meat And Profit.'' Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=1Cx8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&lpg=PT6</ref>
* On choy / Water spinach / Kangkong / Kangkung / River spinach / Water morning glory / Water convolvulus (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref>Samkol, P. (2009). Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'') as a feed resource for growing rabbits. Retrieved 27 April 2016 from http://mekarn.org/msc2003-05/theses05/samkollitrev.pdf</ref>
* Parsley (''Petroselinum crispum'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Purslane is a good choice for small pets. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/purslane-is-a-good-choice-for-small-pets</ref>
* Raspberry leaves (''Rubus spp.'')
* Radicchio (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Radish tops and sprouts (''Raphanus sativus'')
** Oriental radish / Daikon (''Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus'')
* Rucola / Rucculo salad (''Eruca sativa'')
* Rutabaga greens (''Brassica napobrassica'')
* Spinach (''Spinacia oleracea'')
* Spring greens
* Sprouts
** Alfalfa sprouts (''Medicago sativa'')
** Lentil sprouts
** Pea sprouts (''Pisum sativum'')
** Mung bean sprouts (''Vigna radiata'')
* Sweet potato vines (''Ipomoea batatas'')<ref>Feedipedia. (2017). Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage. Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/551</ref> - <span class="bad">'''Not regular potato greens!''' Regular potato greens are in the nightshade family and [[toxic]].</span>
* Swiss Chard (''Beta vulgaris cicla'')
* Thistles [bull, milk, sow]<ref>Phyllis O'Beollain. (n.d.). Wild thistles provide healthy benefits for house rabbits and other herbivores. Retrieved 20 Oct 2012 from http://www.examiner.com/article/wild-thistles-provide-healthy-benefits-for-house-rabbits-and-other-herbivores</ref>
* Turnip greens (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
* Watercress
* Water spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'')<ref> Feedipedia. (2013). Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Retrieved 16 Mar 2021 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/136</ref>
* Wheatgrass (''Poa spp.'')
* Yu Choy
</div>

=== Non-leafy greens ===
The remaining 25% of your rabbits vegetable intake may come from non-leafy greens, around 1 tbsp per 2 lb of bun.

The following are some known rabbit-safe foods in this category.<ref name="hrsveg">House Rabbit Society, Susan A. Brown, DVM, [http://rabbit.org/suggested-vegetables-and-fruits-for-a-rabbit-diet/ Suggested Vegetables and Fruits for a Rabbit Diet]. Accessed 21 Sep 2015.</ref><ref name="lagoveg"/><ref name="adopta">
Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/abcvegi.html ABC's of Rabbit Safe Vegetables & Fruits]</ref><ref name="mediveggies"/><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/node/187 Rabbit-safe vegetables]</ref><ref>Save A Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/safe-foods-for-rabbits Safe fruit, vegetables, herbs and plants suitable for rabbits]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px">
* Artichoke leaves
* Asparagus (''Asparagus officinalis'')
* Beets (''Beta vulgaris'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Bell peppers / Sweet peppers (''Capsicum annuum'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Broccoflower
* Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea var. italica'')
* Broccolini (''Brassica oleracea var. italica x alboglabra'')
* Brussels sprouts (''Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera'')
* Caraway
* Carrots (''Daucus carota'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'')
* Celery (''Apium graveolens'') - cut in 1" pieces due to concern about choking on the strings or having them wrap around teeth; high in water content.
* Celeriac (''Apium graveolens'') - celery root.
* Chinese pea pods (the flat kind without large peas)
* Courgette
* Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus'') - high in water content.
* Garden pea pods (''Pisum sativum'') - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Globe artichoke / French artichoke (''Cynara scolymus'')
* Green beans - high in protein; feed as a treat.
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Kohlrabi (''Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes'') - high in water content.
* Okra (''Abelmoschus esculentus'')
* Peas / Mangetout - high in protein; feed as a treat. <span class="bad">'''Not''' the decorative sweet pea.</span>
** Green peas - <span class="bad">Do not feed dried peas as they may cause a '''fatal digestive blockage'''.</span>
** Snow peas <ref>RSPCA Victoria. (n.d.). Rabbit care. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.rspcavic.org/health-and-behaviour/rabbits/</ref>
** Sugar snap peas <ref>The Rabbit House. (2012). 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers — Flowers. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016 from http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/</ref>
* Parsnip (''Pastinaca sativa'') - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Pumpkin (''Cucurbita pepo'')
* Radish (''Raphanus sativus'')
* Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'') [summer or winter: acorn, yellow summer / straightneck, crookneck, zucchini] - high in sugars; feed as a treat.
* Tomato (''Lycopersicon esculentum'') - high in water content. <span class="bad">Feed ripe fruit only, unripe tomatoes and all tomato greens are '''toxic'''.
* Turnip (''Brassica rapa rapifera'')
</div>

=== Edible flowers and plants ===
These plants and flowers can also be used to spice up a rabbit's veggies. Rabbits have more taste buds than humans and will appreciate food that actually tastes strong.<ref name="mediherb">MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Herbs/herbs_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 3: Fresh herbs]</ref> You can also grow them fresh indoors in a pot if you'd like. If you pick them from outdoors, make sure they have not come in contact with cat, dog, or fox feces or treated with pesticides and chemicals.

{{right-image|file=RS foraging 2022-04.jpg|caption=An upside down hanging basket used to protect the base of a plantain plant in a garden from over-consumption by the bunny. You can also use tent pegs to hold down the basket if the rabbit will move it around.}}

Below is a list of known rabbit-safe flowers and plants.<ref name="mediherb"/><ref name="rnanh">Lucile Moore, [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Edition/dp/1626463999/ Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing, 2e]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/?q=node/191 Safe herbs]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034133/http://kanin.org/node/189 Rabbit-safe plants (grass/flowers)]</ref><ref>MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Flow/flower_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 5: Flowers]</ref><ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2012/02/29/rabbit-safe-flowers-annuals/ 5 Rabbit Safe Flowers – Annuals]</ref><ref>I Must Garden, [http://www.imustgarden.com/plants-rabbits-eat Plants Rabbits Will Eat]</ref><ref>www.rabbitnutrition.co.uk, [http://rabbitnutrition.co.uk/page1.html Rabbits...naturally]</ref><ref>3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue, Inc., [http://www.3bunnies.org/non_toxic_plants.htm Non Toxic Plants]</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/wild-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits Favourite wild plants to pick for rabbits]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/more-plants-to-pick-for-rabbits More plants to pick for rabbits ]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref>

<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:300px;-moz-column-width:300px;-webkit-column-width:300px;">
* Alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'')
* Apple (''Malus spp.'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus excelsior'')
* Basil (''Ocimum basilicum'')
* Borage (''Borago officinalis'')
* Buchan weed (''Hirschfeldia incana'')
* Burdock (''Articum minus'')
* Brambles (''Rubus'' spp.) - includes raspberries and blackberries.
* Broad-leaved dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Caraway (''Carum carvi'')
* Cat's Ear (''Hypochoeris glabra'')
* Chamomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'')
* Chickweeds / starweeds / starworts (''Stellaria media'')
* Chervil (''Anthriscus cerefolium'')
* Clover / trefoil (''Trifolium'' spp.) - specifically, white clover (''Trifolium repens'') and red clover (''Trifolium pratense'')
* Cockscomb (''Celosia argenta cristata'')
* Comfrey (''Symphytum officinale'')
* Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'')
* Common snapdragon (''Antirrhinum majus'')
* Common zinnia (''Zinnia elegans'')
* Coltsfoot (''Tussilago farfara'')
* Coriander / cilantro (''Coriandrum sativum'')
* Cornflower / Bachelors button (''Centaurea cyanus'')
* Cosmos (''Cosmos bipinnatus'')
* Cow parsley (''Anthriscus sylvestris'')
* Curled dock (''Rumex cripus'')
* Daisy / Common daisy / English daisy (''Bellis perennis'')
* Dame's rocket (''Hesperis matronalis'')
* Dandelion (''Taraxacum officinale'')
* Daylily (''Hemerocallis spp.'')
* Dead Nettle (''Lamium album'')
* Dill (''Anethum graveolens'')
* Dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'')
* Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgaris'')
* Field maple (''Acer campestre'')
* Flatweed (''Hypochoeris radicata'')
* Fireweed / Rosebay willowherb / Great willow-herb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Garden cress (''Lepidium sativum'')
* Garden nasturtium / Indian cress (''Tropaeolum majus'')
* Garden Verbena (''Verbena x hybrida'')
* Geum / Avens (''Geum spp.'')
* Gillyflower / stock (''Matthiola incana'')
* Gladiolus (''Gladiolus spp.'')
* Goat willow (''Salix caprea'')
* Goldenrod (''Solidago spp.'')
* Greater plantain / Broadleaf plantain (''Plantago major'')
* Ground elder (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'')
* Goutweed (''Aegopodium podagraria'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus avellana'')
* Hibiscus (''Malvaceae spp.'')
* Hogweed (''Heracleum spondyleum'')
* Hollyhock (''Alcea spp.'')
* Hyssop (''Hyssopus officinalis'')
* Impatiens (''Impatiens walleriana'')
* Irish moss (''Sagina subulata'')
* Jasmine (''Jasminum sambac'')
* Jerusalem artichoke (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
* Knotweed / smartweek / hogweed / wireweed / lady's thumb (''Polygonum aviculare'')
* Lady's mantle (''Alchemilla mollis'')
* Lady's smock (''Cardamine pratensis'')
* Lamb's quarter / fat hen / goosefoot (''Chenopodium album'')
* Lavender (''Lavendula spp.'')
* Lemon balm (''Melissa officinalis'')
* Lovage (''Levisticum officianle'')
* Mallow (''Malva spp.'') - specifically, common mallow (''Malva sylvestris'')
* Milk thistle / lady's thistle / holy thistle / St. Mary's thistle (''Caduus marianus'' L.)
* Moss-rose (''Portulaca grandiflora'')
* Mustard (''Sinapis spp.'')
* Mustard greens / Kai choi / Gai choy / Gai choi (''Brassica juncea'')
* Nasturtium (''Tropaeolum spp.'')
* Nettle (''Urtica urens'') - feed dried or wilted to reduce sting, but rabbits generally have no trouble eating fresh either.
* New England aster (''Aster novae-angliae'')
* Oregano (''Origanum vulgare'')
* Orchid (''Phalenopsis, Sophrontitis, Oncidium, Cattleya spp.'')
* Oxeye daisy / Marguerite (''Leucanthemum vulgare'')
* Pansy (''Viola × wittrockiana'')
* Peppermint (''Mentha × piperita'')
* Petunia (''Petunia x hybrida'')
* Plantain / ribwort (''Plantago'' spp.) - specifically, broad-leafed plantains (''P. major'') and narrow-leafed plantains (''P. lanceolata'')
* Pot marigold (Calendula) (''Calendula officinalis'')
* Prickly lettuce (''Lactuca serriola'')
* Purslane (''Portulaca oleracea'')
* Ribbon plant / Spider plant (''Chlorophytum comosum'')
* Ribwort / Narrow-leaved plantain (''Plantago lanceolata'')
* Rose (''Rosa spp.'')
* Rosebay willowherb (''Chamerion angustifolium'')
* Rosemary (''Rosmarinus officinalis'')
* Sage (''Salvia spp.'')
* Salad burnet / Small burnet (''Sanguisorba minor'')
* Sand rocket / Lincon weed (''Diplotaxis tenuifolia'')
* Shepherd's purse / caseweed / shovelweed (''Capsella bursapastoris'')
* Snow / Sugarsnap peas (''Pisum sativum'')
* Sow thistle / milk thistle (''Sonchus oleraceus'')
* Sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'')
* Sweet Cicely (''Myrrhis odorata'')
* Tall morning glory (''Ipomoea purpurea'') - seeds are [[toxic]]
* Tarragon (''Artemisia dracunculus'')
* Thyme (''Thymus spp.'')
* Turnip weed (''Rapistrum rugosum'')
* Treasure flower (''Gazania rigens'')
* Viola (''Violaceae spp.'')
* Vetch (''Vicia spp.'')
* Wallflower (''Erysimum spp.'')
* Weeping willow
* Wild lettuce (''Lactuca satigna'')
* Wild pansy / Heartsease (''Viola tricolor'')
* Wild strawberries (''Fragaria'' spp.)
* Wild turnip (''Brassica tournefortii'')
* Wishbone flower (''Torenia'' spp.)
* Wood cranesbill / Woodland geranium (''Geranium sylvaticum'')
* Woodland Goosefoot (''Chenopodium standleyanum'')<ref>Illinois Wildflowers, [http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wd_goosefoot.htm Woodland Goosefoot]</ref>
* Yarrow (''Achillea millefolium'')
</div>

== Vegetables to avoid ==
{{Main|[[Toxic plants]]}}
Like any other animal, rabbits should not eat certain plants. Our main [[Toxic plants]] article will address the plants that should be kept out of a rabbit's reach. ''Always check that list first before feeding your rabbit anything new.''

<div class="bad">
The ones listed below should be avoided for various reasons.

* Bamboo shoots - many species contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Chocolate - poisonous to most pets.
* Coffee plants - contains compounds that destroy nutrients.
* Corn - rabbits cannot digest corn hulls, and they are just the right size to block the small intestine if not chewed properly.
* Diatomaceous earth - made from finely ground shells, and when ingested or breathed in, can act like razor blades; do not use in litter or food.
* Iceberg lettuce - safe for rabbits to eat, but low in nutrients and higher in water content than other darker lettuces. Large amounts can cause diarrhea.
* Garlic and onions - immunosuppressive, see [[Diet FAQ#Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?|Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic?]] for details.
* Raw anasazi, broad, common, lima, black, fava, horse, runner, garden, pinto, navy, kidney, soy beans and sprouts - contains high amounts of lectins which can damage intestinal walls and reduce nutrient absorption, but are destroyed by cooking and reduced by soaking, sprouting, or fermenting.<ref name="ynotdiet">Y-Not Bunnies, [http://www.y-notbunnies.com/diet_and_information.htm Diet and Information]</ref><ref>Raw Evolution, [http://rawevolution.wordpress.com/what-not-to-sprout/ What not to sprout]</ref><ref>The Kitchen Physician, Carolyn Swicegood, [http://www.landofvos.com/articles/sprouts.html Sprouting for Healthier Birds]</ref>
* Raw potatoes - high in starches and contain a toxic alkaloid called solanine before being cooked.
</div>

== How should I store my bunny vegetables? ==
Vegetables tend to spoil easily and can be a hassle to prepare everyday. There are several products on the market that can help you store prepped vegetables for your rabbit in the fridge for longer periods of time than a normal food container or plastic produce bags.

<div class="blue">
Some storage products that may help you include the following:

* {{amazon|id=B000OUY2QO|name=Prepworks by Progressive Lettuce Keeper - 4.7 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B003QP2WJ8|name=Prepworks by Progressive Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Keeper - 1.9 Quart}}
* {{amazon|id=B004S67V2C|name=Progressive Collapsible Produce Keeper}}
* {{amazon|id=B00TO8X0BA|name=OXO Good Grips GreenSaver Produce Keeper - Large (4.7 Quart)}}
* {{amazon|id=B01BD165SK|name=Rubbermaid FreshWorks 17.3 Cup Large Produce Saver, Green}}
* {{amazon|id=B000WEIICG|name=Rubbermaid Produce Saver Food Storage Container, 14-Cup}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* RabbitsOnline.net. [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/quick-list-rabbit-safe-foods.49434/ QUICK LIST: Rabbit-Safe Foods]
* bunloaf. [https://shop.bunloaf.com/safe-plants-for-rabbits Foraging & Gardening for Rabbits - Safe herbs, garden plants, and wildflowers for bunnies]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. [http://www.indianahrs.org/rabbit-care/greens-vegetables.aspx Greens and Vegetables]
* House Rabbit Society. [https://rabbit.org/natural-nutrition-part-ii-pellets-and-veggies-2/ Natural Nutrition Part II: Pellets and Veggies] (bottom half)
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/vegetables Vegetables]
* Rabbit Welfare Fund. [http://www.bobtailsrescue.org.uk/docs/RWF_Healthy%20eating%20for%20your%20rabbit%20(Oct%202006).pdf Going Green - Healthy Eating for Your Rabbit]
* Nicole Morgan. (2013). [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BwX_kcLhvS-2UnZ0ekE4dXc0cTQ FRESH PLANTS! (A Feeding Guide)].

== See also==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Treats]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Cardiovascular disease

2025-05-29T21:43:17Z

Malikethbun: Added additional content and updated some information

{{incomplete}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''', also known as '''heart disease''', is not unheard of in rabbits, and they can suffer from both congenital and acquired heart disease. Most recorded information about cardiac diseases relates to infectious, toxin-induced, or diet-related diseases of laboratory rabbits, but heart disease does occur in pet rabbits as well. Unfortunately, heart disease often goes unnoticed until it is fairly advanced (see '''congestive heart failure''' below for more information).<ref name="trm3">Varga Smith, M. (2022). {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}}</ref><sup>:400</sup>

Some examples of heart disease in rabbits include congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defects and age-related cardiac problems such as valvular disease.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>

Most cardiac disease is diagnosed in pet rabbits over the age of four years, and the larger breeds such as New Zealand whites and French lops are over-represented.<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:401</sup>

<div class="inline-video-block>
{{youtube|id=YNu3R0XueqQ|caption=Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2014). Common Rabbit Diseases & Illnesses - Heart Disease}}
</div>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of cardiovascular disease in rabbits include the following:<ref name="trm3"/><sup>:400</sup>
* exercise intolerance
* difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* [[anorexia]]
* [[weight loss]]

== Congestive Heart Failure ==
'''Congestive heart failure''' (also referred to as '''“CHF”''') is the end stage of many cardiac conditions. At this stage, the heart fails to properly pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Because of this, blood (also referred to as “fluid”) may pool within the lungs ('''pulmonary edema'''), around the lungs and chest ('''pleural effusion'''), within the abdomen ('''ascites'''), the liver may become abnormally enlarged ('''hepatomegaly'''), or all of these things may occur simultaneously.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"> Ozawa, S., DVM, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/configurable/content/journals$002fjavma$002f259$002f7$002fjavma.259.7.764.xml?t%3Aac=journals%24002fjavma%24002f259%24002f7%24002fjavma.259.7.764.xml&fbclid=IwAR2_nBfJvy1LyoO6-Ojl2jNqwYspg8dYTbQjmRGWCFIe4M4hZ8_PPH3IaEM Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001–2018)]</ref>

Treatment aims to support cardiac function in order to shift abnormal fluid accumulation(s) in the body appropriately. In early stages of congestive heart failure, providing oxygen support can be life-saving for the rabbit. Various medications can also aid in treatment of heart failure. Nevertheless, it is important to note that congestive heart failure is a chronic and dynamic condition that eventually will outrun attempted treatment.<ref name="trm3"/><ref name="avma"/>

== Experiences ==
* Judith Books. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/judith.books.7/posts/pfbid02zx9jQ1SN4Cx75odnKdrFiZi49dSjSRUAYhupc4Q46pZKcB7SYybqugDYX3SH97Vil Burt's story]
* B. Lord et al. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167186/ Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits] {{RIP}}

== Further reading ==
* Dr. Maggie Wood. [http://www.exoticpetvet.com/heart-disease-in-rabbits.html Heart Disease in Rabbits]
* Vetlexicon. [http://noahsarkvet.co.uk/wp-content/plugins/vetstream_swagger/pet-health/pet/pet_info_print.php?vetstream-type=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=7a4eb08e-9a61-477e-a106-1401e43b0be2 Heart failure]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cardiology/Failure/Cong_heart_en.pdf Congestive heart failure in rabbits] {{PDF}} {{graphic}}
* Barbara Deeb, DVM. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/cardiovascular-disease-in-rabbitsmore-questions-than-answers/ Cardiovascular Disease in Rabbits: More questions than answers]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-heart.pdf|Heart Disease]] [PDF]

== References ==
<references/> {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]

Housing FAQ

2025-05-21T15:10:38Z

Malikethbun: Fixed formatting issue

{{Main|[[Housing]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I stop my rabbit from jumping out of their enclosure? ==
There are a few ways to easily prevent rabbits from jumping out of their pens:

* '''Make the fencing taller.''' Most rabbits will easily jump out of fences 24"-30" high unless they are naturally not jumpers. Exercise pens and stacked wire cube panels over 36" tall prevent most rabbits from escaping. Exercise pens are sold up to 48" tall, or can be custom built using NIC grid panels.

* '''Add a covering on top of the pen.''' You can purchase {{amazon|id=B0002H3QX4|name=metal wire tops}} for the standard exercise pens in a square formation. Otherwise, you can also clip a fitted full-size sheet over the top for a cheap alternative.

* '''Use an enclosed pen instead.''' While commercial cages are much too small for a rabbit, NIC grid pens with a roof installed can easily be an appropriate size, thanks to their customizability. See the [https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Housing#Wire_cube_DIY_pens main wiki page] for details.

* '''Make sure there are no boxes or other furniture inside or outside of the enclosure or walls that can help your rabbit escape.''' Some rabbits are very smart and will use the height of items next to the fence both inside and outside to help them jump over fences. Some rabbits are also very agile and can use the walls to parkour and leap over the top. <div class="note"> Please note that rabbits still need at least one (2+ door) hidey house in their enclosure at all times for retreating to, so you MUST provide one appropriate to this approach, such as a triangular or rounded tunnel or hut.</div>

* '''Add more enrichment and toys.''' Bored rabbits will look to constantly escape. Check out our [[Toys]] article for more ideas. Feeding pellets in a treat ball or giving hay cubes are an easy way to entertain bunnies in their enclosure. Adopting a partner for [[Bonding]] to your single rabbit can also help alleviate boredom and offer much enrichment <div class="note">Note: all rabbits MUST be spayed and neutered prior to introduction.</div>

* '''Give them more space.''' If the rabbits are sufficiently happy with the running area available to them 24/7, they are less likely to try and escape their fenced areas. Rabbits that do not have enough exercise are more prone to trying to get out.

== Are there any rabbit-safe paints that I can use around my pet rabbit? ==
Generally, water-based VOC-free paints that are safe to use around birds can be appropriate to use around rabbits.

In the US, you can find [https://ecospaints.net/Pet-Products ECOS paints]. In the UK, you can find [https://www.cuprinol.co.uk/products/garden_shades.jsp Cuprinol].

If you would like to re-finish a metal pen or cage instead, Rustoleum enamel paints are theoretically safe, as described in [https://www.beautyofbirds.com/refinishingcages.html this blog post]. Please note that the cages should be given at least 2 weeks to fully cure after paint application.

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Housing FAQ

2025-05-21T15:08:21Z

Malikethbun: Updated to current recommendations, added content

{{Main|[[Housing]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I stop my rabbit from jumping out of their enclosure? ==
There are a few ways to easily prevent rabbits from jumping out of their pens:

* '''Make the fencing taller.''' Most rabbits will easily jump out of fences 24"-30" high unless they are naturally not jumpers. Exercise pens and stacked wire cube panels over 36" tall prevent most rabbits from escaping. Exercise pens are sold up to 48" tall, or can be custom built using NIC grid panels.

* '''Add a covering on top of the pen.''' You can purchase {{amazon|id=B0002H3QX4|name=metal wire tops}} for the standard exercise pens in a square formation. Otherwise, you can also clip a fitted full-size sheet over the top for a cheap alternative.

* '''Use an enclosed pen instead.''' While commercial cages are much too small for a rabbit, NIC grid pens with a roof installed can easily be an appropriate size, thanks to their customizability. See the [[https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Housing#Wire_cube_DIY_pens|main wiki page]] for details.

* '''Make sure there are no boxes or other furniture inside or outside of the enclosure or walls that can help your rabbit escape.''' Some rabbits are very smart and will use the height of items next to the fence both inside and outside to help them jump over fences. Some rabbits are also very agile and can use the walls to parkour and leap over the top. <div class="note"> Please note that rabbits still need at least one (2+ door) hidey house in their enclosure at all times for retreating to, so you MUST provide one appropriate to this approach, such as a triangular or rounded tunnel or hut.</div>

* '''Add more enrichment and toys.''' Bored rabbits will look to constantly escape. Check out our [[Toys]] article for more ideas. Feeding pellets in a treat ball or giving hay cubes are an easy way to entertain bunnies in their enclosure. Adopting a partner for [[Bonding]] to your single rabbit can also help alleviate boredom and offer much enrichment <div class="note">Note: all rabbits MUST be spayed and neutered prior to introduction.</div>

* '''Give them more space.''' If the rabbits are sufficiently happy with the running area available to them 24/7, they are less likely to try and escape their fenced areas. Rabbits that do not have enough exercise are more prone to trying to get out.

== Are there any rabbit-safe paints that I can use around my pet rabbit? ==
Generally, water-based VOC-free paints that are safe to use around birds can be appropriate to use around rabbits.

In the US, you can find [https://ecospaints.net/Pet-Products ECOS paints]. In the UK, you can find [https://www.cuprinol.co.uk/products/garden_shades.jsp Cuprinol].

If you would like to re-finish a metal pen or cage instead, Rustoleum enamel paints are theoretically safe, as described in [https://www.beautyofbirds.com/refinishingcages.html this blog post]. Please note that the cages should be given at least 2 weeks to fully cure after paint application.

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Health FAQ

2025-04-28T21:46:45Z

Malikethbun: Updated recommendations per safety standards and guidelines

== How long do rabbits live? ==
Domestic rabbits have been recorded to live an average of 6 to 13 years, with the longest known rabbit living a whopping 18 years.<ref>Harcourt-Brown, F. (2001). {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''. (1st ed.).}}</ref><ref name="ferretsrabbits">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref>

Wild rabbits in an enclosure and receiving supplementary winter feed were recorded surviving a maximum of 7.7 and 8.7 years (female and male, respectively).<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/> The longest life span recorded for a female European rabbit in the wild is 7.6 years.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=jFCG8oIdLHE|caption=Howcast. (2013). How Long Do Rabbits Live?}}
</div>

== How can I age my rabbit? ==
It is difficult to age living rabbits with any degree of accuracy. The only criteria to make an assessment of age during clinical examinations are the size and appearance of the rabbit, which can vary greatly according to breed and state of health and experience. The ears of a rabbit may give an indication -- they are soft in young rabbits and become tougher with age.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>

See [[Baby rabbits (domestic) - Appearance]] for a gallery of baby rabbit pictures to compare to.

Rabbits can be aged with accuracy by counting the adhesion lines in the jaw, but this technique cannot be used with living rabbits.<ref name="trm2"/>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=pp2Y-9nTZUc|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Determine a Rabbit's Age}}
</div>

== What is a dewlap? ==
Female rabbits (does) often have a large fold of skin over the throat called a '''dewlap'''. [[Breeding]] does will pull fur from this area to line their nests before [[Pregnant|giving birth]]. Rabbits undergoing a [[pseudopregnancy]] may also exhibit similar behavior. The dewlap can be large in older rabbits and can sometimes be mistaken for an [[abscess]]. [[Moist dermatitis]] often develops in this area.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/>

You can see many examples of dewlaps on rabbits at https://www.reddit.com/r/dewlap.

== When do rabbits mature? ==
The age at which rabbits reach sexual maturity vary significantly by breed. Biologically, puberty occurs just after the maximal rate of growth. On the growth velocity curve, sexual maturity occurs at the point at which growth is still taking place but the rate decelerates rapidly.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/> As a result, body weight is more important than age when determining sexual maturity. On average, sexual maturity occurs when the rabbit reaches 80% of its adult body weight.<ref name="rabbitshealth">Richardson, V.C.G. (2000). {{amazon|id=063205221X|name=''Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases''.}}</ref>

A method of determining sexual maturity in female rabbits (does) is to examine the vulva. Does that are ready to breed, regardless of age, are those that have a moist, swollen, reddish-pink vulva. When does are not ready to mate, the vulva is small and whitish in color with very little moisture
observed.<ref name="rabbitproduction"/>

Small breeds develop more rapidly and usually mature at 4 to 5 months of age. Medium-sized breeds usually mature at 4 to 6 months, and large breeds usually reach maturity at 5 to 8 months of age. Female rabbits mature earlier than males.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/>

Among New Zealand white rabbits, females reach maturity at approximately 5 months and males at 6 to 7 months of age.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/> The small Polish or Miniature Lop usually are ready to breed around 3.5 to 4 months of age, the medium weight Californian, etc., at 4.5 to 5.5 months of age, and the large Flemish at 6 to 7 months.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/><ref name="rabbitproduction">Mcnitt, J.I et al. (2013). {{amazon|id=product/1780640110|name=''Rabbit Production . (9th ed.).''}}</ref>

== How long can rabbits reproduce for? ==
The reproductive life of a rabbit depends on its breed, but it is about 5 to 6 years for a male rabbit and up to 3 years for a female.<ref name="ferretsrabbits"/>

== What diseases can I catch from my rabbit? ==
Zoonotic diseases that you '''can''' catch from your rabbit include the following:<ref name="rwafpr&yh">Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. (2005). Pet rabbits & your health. Retrieved 9 May 2016 from http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/rabbits_health.htm</ref>

* '''[[Mites]]'''. Can cause a mild rash in humans. People may get mites when petting or holding an infested rabbit.
* '''[[Pasteurella]]'''. Can lead to a wound infection if an infected rabbit bites a human.
* '''[[Snuffles]]''' due to ''Bordetella bronchiseptica''. Can cause a mild, self-limiting cough in humans.
* '''[[Fleas]]'''.
* '''[[Ringworm]]'''.
* '''Salmonella'''.
* '''[[Listeria]]'''.
* '''Pseudotuberculosis'''.
* <b>[[Encephalitozoon cuniculi]]</b>. It is mostly an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised humans.
* '''[[Tularemia]]'''. An illness that is mainly carried by wild rabbits and rarely in domestic rabbits. There have been no reported human cases of tularemia acquired from <i>O. cuniculus</i>.

Potentially zoonotic diseases that you '''cannot''' catch from your domestic rabbit include the following:<ref name="rwafpr&yh"/>

* '''[[Toxoplasmosis]]'''. Only cats can spread the disease when alive. Rabbit [[poop|feces]] are not a source of infection.
* '''[[Coccidiosis]]'''. The species of coccidia found in rabbits are species specific and should not infect humans.
* '''[[Viral haemorrhagic disease]]'''.
* '''[[Myxomatosis]]'''.

<b>Extra resources</b>

* [http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets/small-mammals/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Small Mammals > Diseases]
* MediRabbit, [http://www.medirabbit.com/Zoonotic/Zoonotic_main.htm Diseases that may be acquired from rabbits]
* MediRabbit, Michel Gruaz, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Generalities/Pseudot/Pseudo_en.htm Be careful, rabbit pseudotuberculosis is transferable to humans]

== What diseases can my rabbit catch from me? ==
{{note|Note that while rabbits may be <b>susceptible</b> to infection by many types of viruses and bacteria under laboratory conditions and human intervention, this does not necessarily translate to <b>naturally transmitted</b> infection in real world environments.}}

Most of the illnesses below are not easy to transmit, and basic hygiene protocols (washing your hands, wearing a mask if you are sneezing or coughting) are sufficient to prevent transmission to your rabbit(s). If you are seriously ill, consider [[vacation|boarding your rabbit(s)]] with a veterinarian or local service so that you may focus on your recovery.

* <b>[[Herpesvirus#Herpes simplex virus|Herpes simplex virus]]</b> from humans, specifically HSV-1 and not HSV-2.<ref name="plrr">Barthold, S. W., Griffey, S. M., & Percy, D. H. (2016). {{amazon|id=1118824245|name=''Pathology of laboratory rodents and rabbits''. (4th ed.).}}</ref><sup>:258</sup>
* <b>[[Ringworm]]</b>
* <b>COVID-19.</b> However, it is unusual for infected rabbits to show signs of illness and any symptoms are generally mild.<ref>Paige K Parsons. (n.d.). Can Rabbits get Covid-19? Retrieved 18 Oct 2024 from https://rabbit.org/health/can-rabbits-get-covid-19/</ref>

<b>Extra resources</b>

* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/pet-rabbits-health/ Pet rabbits & your health] ''(search for "What your rabbit can catch from you")''

== Are bromelain from pineapples and papain from papayas effective at treating hairballs in rabbits? ==
There is some debate about the usefulness of these enzymatic products. As Dr. Anna Meredith writes,<ref>Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. (2010). ''The Rabbit digestive system: A delicate balance''. Retrieved 7 Mar 2016 from http://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/ROWinter10p7.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>
The usefulness of enzymatic products (e.g. papain) to digest hairballs is debatable – these products do not actually digest hair but may help to break down the matrix holding the material together. Pineapple juice is often advocated as it contains the enzyme bromelain, (and papaya contains the enzyme papain) but these are high in simple sugars and low in fibre, which may promote an imbalance of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ bacteria in the gut. In reality anecdotal reports of pineapple juice helping with hairballs is probably due to it providing rehydration and being an energy source.
</blockquote>

''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery'' also notes,<ref name="frr3">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).}}</ref>
<blockquote>
Caution owners against the use of protein-digesting enzymes, as these can be very irritating to oral mucosa and potentially gastric mucosa.
The risk of gastric ulceration is increased in anorexic rabbits, and use of these enzymes may exacerbate this.
</blockquote>

Dana Krempels, Mary Cotter, and Gil Stanzione write,<ref>Krempels, D, Cotter, M & Stanzione, G. (2000). Ileus in Domestic Rabbits. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 from http://rabbitcare.org/ileus.pdf</ref>
<blockquote>
Only fresh or frozen pineapple will provide active enzymes (bromelain). However, neither bromelain nor papain (papaya enzyme) dissolves keratin, the main protein component of hair. The sugars in pineapple juice may actually promote overgrowth of ''Clostridium'' spp.
</blockquote>

See [[Gastrointestinal stasis]] for more appropriate treatments when your rabbit is having digestive issues.

== Are candles, air fresheners, and essential oils safe to use around rabbits? ==
Essential oil diffusers, candles, and air fresheners are generally not safe for rabbits and should not be used in areas that they roam in. Rabbits are much smaller than humans with a superior sense of smell, and these inhaled chemicals can cause respiratory issues with extended use. Additionally, the use of these products with rabbits is not well studied at all, and it is better to err on the side of caution for their health.

Many essential oils are high in phenols which can build up over time to cause liver issues. Rabbits that roam near diffusers can end up with droplet deposits on their fur that may be ingested while grooming to cause further digestive issues.

Please use an air purifier with an activated charcoal filter instead if you have mild odor issues. See the FAQ [[Care_FAQ#Why_does_my_rabbit_smell.3F|"Why does my rabbit smell?"]] for more tips on how to deal with the problem.

<div class="bad">
The following are a few stories of rabbits that suffered from lung issues due to inhaled chemicals:

* Southern Cape Bunny Haven. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/SouthernCapeBunnies/posts/pfbid0YPQa7jFDDSrTLjfDrqVamEiqtofG9YdPfSEDzL4CgTePJ4xxJdtut5JkRRqLSqdcl Dolly's story - her previous owners vaped heavily in her environment] {{RIP}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:FAQs]]

Washington

2025-04-27T19:02:12Z

Malikethbun: Added content

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Washington in the United States.

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
{{adoption-info}}

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Email
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Social {{rescue-entry
| name=Binky-Bunny Tales Rescue
| link=https://www.binkybunnytalesrescue.com/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064304604625
| phone=(253) 651-4462
| email=binkybunnytalesrescue@gmail.com
| city=Puyallup, WA}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Bunanza Rabbit Rescue Ranch and Adoption Center
| link=https://www.bunanzarabbitrescue.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/share/1AtVEf45uw/?mibextid=wwXIfr
| email=bunanzarabbit@gmail.com
| city=Lynden, WA}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Hare BNB Rescue, Spa, & Boutique
| link=http://theharebnbrescuespaandboutique.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/HareBNBRescue/
| phone=(509) 906-1480
| email=harebnbrescuespaandboutique@gmail.com
| city=Lacey, WA}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Lala’s Rescue
| link=https://linktr.ee/lalasrescue
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/lalasrescue/
| phone=(206) 486-6056
| email=lalasrescue@gmail.com
| city=Milton, WA}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Little Lives Small Animal Rescue
| link=https://www.littlelivesrescue.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/littlelivestricities/
| phone=(509) 850-0023
| email=info@littlelivesrescue.org
| city=Pasco, WA
| ein=81-3338881}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Lucky Bunny Rescue
| link=https://www.facebook.com/luckybunnyrescue/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/luckybunnyrescue/
| phone=(360) 420-4467
| email=luckybunnyrescue18@gmail.com
| city=Anacortes, WA
| ein=86-3662631}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Melt My Heart Rescue & Sanctuary
| link=http://meltmyheartsanctuary.weebly.com/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/MMHRescueandSanctuary/
| email=meltmyheartsanctuary@outlook.com
| city=Silverdale, WA}} {{rescue-entry
| name=My 'Little' Animal Kingdom Rescue
| link=https://www.mylittleanimalkingdomrescue.com/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/littleanimalrescue/
| phone=(509) 398-8575
| email=mylittleanimalkingdomrescue@gmail.com
| city=Spokane, WA
| ein=82-4461262 }} {{rescue-entry
| name=North Olympic Rabbit Rescue
| link=http://olympicrabbit.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/North-Olympic-Rabbit-Rescue-261075654026539/
| city=Sequim, WA
| notes=EIN (47-1708384) revoked as of 2019.}} {{rescue-entry
| name=PNW Pet Rabbit Rescue
| link=http://Pnwpetrabbitrescue.wixsite.com/pnwprr
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/PNWPetRabbitRescue/
| email=pnwpetrabbitrescue@aol.com
| city=Graham, WA
| ein=84-3985182}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Rabbit Haven, Gig Harbor WA
| link=http://rabbithaven.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/RabbitHavenWA/
| email=rabbithavenwa@gmail.com
| city=Gig Harbor, WA
| ein=91-2032325}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Rabbit Meadows
| link=http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/RabbitMeadows/
| email=info@rabbitmeadows.org
| city=Poulsbo, WA
| ein=91-1873550}} {{rescue-entry
| name=River's Wish Animal Sanctuary
| link=http://www.riverswishanimalsanctuary.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/riverswishanimalsanctuary/
| phone=(509) 951-3650
| email=kit@riverswishanimalsanctuary.org
| city=Spokane, WA
| ein=20-122626}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Special Bunny
| link=http://SpecialBunny.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/specialbunnyrescue/
| phone=(425) 788-8148
| city=Carnation, WA
| ein=27-4072237}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Tri Cities Washington Rabbit Advocates
| link=https://www.facebook.com/tricitiesrabbitrescue/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/tricitiesrabbitrescue/
| phone=(509) 460-6022
| email=mylogirl@aol.com
| city=Kennewick, WA
| ein=82-4463947}}
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
{{rabbit-vets-info|na=true|us=true}}

=== Mobile Clinics ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !! !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.kraftmobilevet.com/ Kraft Mobile Veterinary Services] || || 425-482-6345<br>800-838-1344 || Dr. Kraft sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/><br>Serves King and Snohomish Counties.
|}

=== Chelan County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.cascadevetclinic.com/ Cascade Veterinary Clinic] || 1201 Walla Walla Ave
| Wenatchee, WA 98801 || 509-663-0793 || Drs. Ed Womack & Leah Edwards see rabbits.
|}

=== Clark County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://aldercreekvet.com/ Alder Creek Veterinary Clinic] || 209 SE 1st St
| Battle Ground, WA 98604 || 360-687-3141 || Dr. Mary Ann Haggerty sees rabbits.<ref name="ravet032016">Rabbit Advocates. (n.d.). Vets. Retrieved 23 March 2016 from http://rabbitadvocates.org/vets/</ref>
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/east-mill-plain VCA East Mill Plain Animal Hospital] || 416 NE 112th Ave
| Vancouver, WA 98684 || 360-892-0032 || Drs. Kate Hooper and Alayson Phelps see rabbits.<ref name="ravet032016"/>
|}

=== King County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://birdandexotic.com/ Bird & Exotic Clinic of Seattle] || 10501 Aurora Ave North || Seattle, WA 98133 || 206-783-4538 || Dr. Dan Lejnieks sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417">Special Bunny. (n.d.). Veterinary Referrals. Retrieved 04 Apr 2017 from http://www.specialbunny.org/vets-emergencies/</ref>
|-
| [https://northseattlevet.com/ North Seattle Veterinary Clinic] || 11032 8th Ave NE || Seattle, WA 98125 || 206-523-7187 || Drs. Melissa Nathanson & Amy Neer see rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/><ref name="rmeadows0417"/>
|-
| [https://cpcseattle.com/ Caring Pet Clinic] || 706 Northeast 45th Street || Seattle, WA 98105 || 206-257-0504 || Dr. Rebecca Birchmeier sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://www.bellevuecrossroadsveterinariananimalhospital.com/ Crossroads Vet] || 15600 NE 8th St, Suite O-6 || Bellevue, WA 98008 || 425-746-7387 || Dr. Bruce Singbeil sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://evergreenae.com/ Evergreen Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital] || 12930 NE 125th Way B130 || Kirkland, WA 98034 || 425-821-6165 || Dr. Holly Carter sees rabbits.<ref name="rmeadows0417"/>
|-
| [http://www.theexoticvet.com/ Center for Bird and Exotic Animal Medicine] || 11401 NE 195th St || Bothell, WA 98011 || 425-486-9000 || Drs. Dr. Anneliese Strunk, Alicia McLaughlin, Kimberly Lezama, Ashely Pacheco, and Vikky Park see rabbits.
|-
| [https://www.vcahospitals.com/covington VCA Covington Animal Hospital] || 27045 174th Place SE || Covington, WA 98042 || 253-631-8616 || Drs. Brad Walls & Julie Brazeau see rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/>
|-
| [https://cottagelakevet.com/about-us/our-veterinarians/ Cottage Lake Veterinary Hospital] || 19150 NE Woodinville-Duvall Rd, #A8 || Woodinville, WA 98072 || 425-788-0693 || Dr. Diane Mitchell sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://www.wildernessvet.com/ Wilderness Animal Hospital] || 23714 222nd Pl SE, Suite L || Maple Valley, WA 98038 || 425-432-9975 || Dr. Keith Tate sees rabbits.
|-
| [http://pinetreeveterinaryhospital.com/doctors.html Pine Tree Veterinary Hospital] || 27539 Maple Valley-Black Diamond Rd SE, Suites D101-102 || Maple Valley, WA 98038 || 425-432-2222 || Drs. Bridget Ferguson, Amanda Zellar, and Cassie McArtor see rabbits.
|-
| [https://vcahospitals.com/kent VCA Kent Animal Hospital] || 10834 SE Kent Langley Road || Kent, WA 98030 || 253-852-8460 || Dr. Kimberly Lezama sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://sawyerlakevet.com/ Sawyer Lake Veterinary Hospital] || 28727 216th Ave SE || Kent, WA 98042 || 360-886-8000 || Dr. Jan White sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://www.animalclinicofbenson.com/index Animal Clinic of Benson] || 10700 SE 208th St, Suite 205 || Kent, WA 98031 || 253-852-6330 ||
|-
| [https://www.twinlakesvet.com/ Twin Lakes Veterinary Hospital] || 1060 SW 320th Street || Federal Way, WA 98023 || 253-839-7880 || Dr. Diane Driscoll sees rabbits.
|-
| [https://dmvet.net/ Des Moines Veterinary Hospital] || 21935 Pacific Hwy South || Des Moines, WA 98198 || 425-878-4111 || Drs. Jim Onarati & Liz Conger see rabbits.
|}

=== Kitsap County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Alder-Trail-Animal-Hospital/114673585280035 Alder Trail Animal Hospital] || 5757 State Hwy 303 N.E. || Bremerton, WA 98311 || 360-377-3971 || Dr. Brent Yeik sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/>
|}

=== Pierce County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://harboranimal.net/ Harbor Animal Hospital] || 4225 Burnham Dr || Gig Harbor, WA 98332 || 253-851-7866 || Drs. Carla Rasmussen & Beth Owen see rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/>
|-
| [http://www.bpvet.info/ Browns Point Veterinary Clinic] || 6720 East Side Dr NE #4 || Tacoma, WA 98422 || 253-927-1323 || Dr. Liane Sperlich sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/><ref name="rmeadows0417"/>
|}

=== Snohomish County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.nwanimalcare.com/default.aspx Northwest Animal Care Hospital] || 10105 19th Ave SE || Everett, WA 98208 || 425-379-0400 || Dr. Brent J. Johnson sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/><ref name="rmeadows0417">Rabbit Meadows. (n.d.). Rabbit Vet Referrals. Retrieved 04 Apr 2017 from http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/shelter/vets.asp</ref>
|-
| [http://www.kamakaexoticvet.com/ Kamaka Exotic Animal Veterinary Services] || 23914 56th Ave W || Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043 || 425-361-2183 || Dr. Elizabeth Kamaka sees rabbits.<ref name="sbvets0417"/><ref name="rmeadows0417"/>
|}

=== Spokane County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.pontivet.com/ Ponti Veterinary Hospital] || 25007 E Wellesley Ave || Otis Orchards, WA 99027 || 509-922-7465 || <ref name="rabbitron"/>
|-
| [http://acupuncturecenterforpets.com/ Acupuncture For Pets] || 1428 W Mansfield Ave|| Spokane, WA 99205 || 509-327-2062 || Dr. Rosemarie Asterino sees rabbits.<ref name="rabbitron"/>
|-
| [https://www.huntervet.com/ Hunter Veterinary Clinic] || 933 N Washington St || Spokane, WA 99201 || 509-327-9354 || Drs. Scrag & Cobb see exotics.<ref>Facebook. (2019). Comment in International House Rabbits. Retrieved 14 Jan 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/groups/internationalhouserabbits/permalink/2360069810769019/</ref>
|-
| [http://www.mountainempirevet.com/ Mountain Empire Veterinary Services] || 12619 E Sprague #2 || Spokane, WA 99216 || 509-922-6191 || Dr. Julia Leese sees rabbits.<ref name="rabbitron"/>
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/north-division VCA North Division Animal Medical Center] || 8714 N Division St || Spokane, WA 99218 || 509-467-5230 || Dr. John Kuhn sees rabbits.<ref name="rabbitron">Rabbitron, [http://www.rabbitron.com/resources.html Resources]</ref>
|}

=== Whitman County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts-vth/ Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital] || 205 Ott Rd || Pullman, WA 99163 || 509. 335-0711 || Dr. Finch sees rabbits.<ref name="rabbitron"/>
|}

=== Yakima County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.tietondriveanimalclinic.com/site/view/163586_TietonDriveAnimalClinic.pml Tieton Drive Animal Clinic] || 3901 Tieton Dr || Yakima, WA 98902|| 509-966-4000 ||Dr. Matt Moultray sees rabbits.<ref name="rmeadows0417"/>
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.criticalcarevets.com/ Animal Critical Care and Emergency Services (Renton)] ||4208 Lind Ave SW || Renton, WA 98057|| 206-364-1660 x2 || <ref name="rabbithaven"/>
|-
| [http://www.criticalcarevets.com/ Animal Critical Care and Emergency Services (Seattle)] ||11536 Lake City Way NE || Seattle, WA 98125|| 206-364-1660 x1 || <ref name="rabbithaven"/>
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

=== Jefferson County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://centervalleyanimalrescue.org/ Center Valley Animal Rescue] || 11900 Center Rd || Quilcene, WA 98376 || 360-765-0598 || Spay: $60; Neuter: $40<ref>Center Valley Animal Rescue. (n.d.). Low Cost Clinical Services. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://centervalleyanimalrescue.org/programs/low-cost-spayneuter/</ref>
For low income residents only.
|}

=== King County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!width=8%|Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://seattlehumane.org/ Seattle Humane Society] || 13212 SE Eastgate Way || Bellevue, WA 98005 || 425-649-7560 || Spay: $60 / Neuter: $50<ref name="2018-wa-pdf">[[Media:2018 08 Washington SpayNeuter clinics.pdf|Spay and Neuter Clinics.]] (2018).</ref>. ''Currently not offered.''
|-
| [https://bellevuevaluepetclinic.com/ Bellevue Value Pet Clinic] || 14504 NE 20th St || Bellevue, WA 98007 || 425-644-7002 || Spay: $147-300 / Neuter: $145<ref name="2018-wa-pdf"/>
|-
| [http://www.seattle.gov/animalshelter/spay.htm Seattle Animal Shelter] || 2061 15th Ave W || Seattle, WA 98119 || 206-386-7387 || Spay/Neuter: $90<ref>Seattle Animal Shelter. (n.d.). Spaying & Neutering Fees. Retrieved 28 Feb 2019 from https://www.seattle.gov/animal-shelter/spay-and-neuter/spaying-and-neutering-fees</ref>
Can provide financial assistance.
|-
| [http://cpcseattle.com/ Caring Pet Clinic] || 706 NE 45th St || Seattle, WA 98105 || 206-257-0504 || Procedure only: Spay $118 / Neuter $104

For more info, see [https://cpcseattle.com/price-list-1 Price List].
|-
| [https://www.wildernessvet.com/ Wilderness Animal Hospital] || 23714 222nd Pl SE, Suite L || Maple Valley, WA 98038 || 425-432-9975 || Spay: $159 / Neuter: $112
|-
| [http://pinetreeveterinaryhospital.com/ Pine Tree Veterinary Hospital] || 27539 Maple Valley-Black Diamond Rd SE, Suites D101-102 || Maple Valley, WA 98038 || 425-432-2222 || Spay/Neuter: $125-150, including bloodwork
|-
| [https://www.animalclinicofbenson.com/index Animal Clinic of Benson] || 10700 SE 208th St, Suite 205 || Kent, WA 98031 || 253-852-6330 || Spay: $105 / Neuter: $99
|}

=== Snohomish County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.paws.org/ PAWS] || 15305 44th Ave W || Lynnwood, WA 98087|| 425-787-2500 x820 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $90<ref>PAWS. (n.d.). Spay & Neuter Services. Retrieved 28 Feb 2019 from https://www.paws.org/cats-and-dogs/spay-and-neuter/</ref>
|}

== Rabbit spay/neuter funds and rebates ==
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !! !!Phone !! Notes
|-
| [https://www.thehumanesociety.org/ Humane Society for Tacoma & Pierce County] || [https://www.thehumanesociety.org/services/spay-neuter/ Information] || || The shelter is currently unable to perform spay/neuter surgeries for rabbits in their Community Clinic, but pet owners of rabbits are welcome to apply through their program to receive a co-pay voucher for use at a partnering veterinary clinic that does perform these surgeries. The program can cover up to five pets per household, and separate applications are required for each pet in need of spay/neuter surgery.

For residents of Pierce County or the city of Federal Way.
|}

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info|na=true|us=true}}

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!City !!Phone !!Email !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.bunfunboarding.com/ Bun Fun Boarding] || Lacey, WA || || [mailto:Bunfunboarding@gmail.com Bunfunboarding@gmail.com]|| $30/day for single rabbit, $35/day bonded pair, +$5/day medical needs, grooming available.
|-
| [http://www.specialbunny.org/boarding/ Special Bunny] || Carnation, WA || 425-788-8148 || [mailto:angie@specialbunny.org angie@specialbunny.org]||
* $10/day for one bunny or bonded pair.
* Discounts available for long-term boarding.
* Additional fee for ill or special needs bunnies.
|-
| [http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/shelter/Boarding.pdf Rabbit Meadows] || Kenmore, WA || 206-365-9105 || ||
* Daily: $10/neutered single + $2.50/additional rabbit in same enclosure. $15/intact single.<ref>Rabbit Meadows. (n.d.). Rabbit Meadows Boarding. Retrieved 2018 Jun 26 from http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/shelter/Boarding.pdf</ref>
|-
| [https://www.rabbithaven.org/boarding Rabbit Haven] || Gig Harbor, WA || || [mailto:rabbithavenwa@gmail.com rabbithavenwa@gmail.com] ||
* Daily: $20/single, $30/bonded pair, $25+/sick rabbit.<ref>Rabbit Haven. (n.d.). Boarding. Retrieved 31 May 2021 from https://www.rabbithaven.org/boarding</ref>
|}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.rabbithaven.org/services-supplies/ Rabbit Haven] || || Gig Harbor, WA ||
|
* Timothy, orchard, and canary available at $10/flake.<ref>Rabbit Haven. (n.d.). Services & Supplies Available at Rabbit Haven. Retrieved 2018 Jun 26 from http://www.rabbithaven.org/services-supplies/</ref>
* Email [mailto:rabbitHavenWA@gmail.com rabbitHavenWA@gmail.com] for appointment.
* Sat 11-5, Tue 10-4, Fri 10-7
|-
| [http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/shelter/rabbitmeadowssanctuary.asp Rabbit Meadows Adoption Center] || 8311 252nd Ave. NE || Redmond, WA 98073 || 425-836-8925 || Sat-Sun: 12pm-5pm<br>Weekdays by appointment only.
|-
| [http://www.rabbitmeadows.org/shelter/rabbitmeadowssanctuary.asp Rabbit Meadows] ||14317 Lake City Way NE || Seattle, WA 98125|| 206-365-9105 ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Idaho]]
* [[Oregon]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="rabbithaven">Rabbit Haven, [http://rabbithaven.org/vets-emergencies/ Veterinary Referrals]</ref>
<ref name="aemv">Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians, [http://www.aemv.org/vetlist.cfm/ Vetlist]</ref>
<ref name="rabbitron">Rabbitron, [http://www.rabbitron.com/resources.html Resources]</ref>
</references>
[[Category:United States]]

Head tilt

2025-04-23T15:48:37Z

Malikethbun: Relinked source

'''Head tilt''' is a condition in rabbits also known as '''wry neck''' or '''vestibular disease''' where the ear is held downward toward the ground and maintained in a position other than normal. The vestibular system coordinates position and movement of the head, and when a disease affects this system, it most consistently results in head tilt.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Oglesbee, B. (2011). {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> Another term often used is '''torticollis''', meaning that the neck muscles are contracted; however, this is a consequence of the condition and not the cause. It may also be referred to as '''otitis media''' (middle ear infection) or '''otitis interna''' or '''labyrynthitis''' (inner ear inflammation).
__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
* Has a head position ranging from a few degrees to 180 degrees from the normal position.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Headtilt.jpg|caption=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104072714/http://www.mohrs.org/hrswebpg19.html Snowpea] with head tilt.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon headtilt squishette.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf with subtle head tilt, viewed from above.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon headtilt squishy.png|caption=A Netherland Dwarf with subtle head tilt.}}
</div>
* Unable to keep balance to stand ([[ataxia]]). {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon headtilt squishy carrier.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf with severe head tilt that was unable to stand upright. He was placed in a carrier on Sheepette to keep him comfortable and dry.}}
* Falls or leans to one side.
* Rolls and spins over onto side.
* Chases tail round in a circle.
* Body is curled or twisted, with one eye predominately facing upwards and one to the ground.

== Causes ==
Causes of head tilt can be divided into peripheral (not involving the brain) and central (involving the brain).

Head tilt is commonly caused by the following:<ref name="b5vc:sm"/><ref name="trm2"/>
* bacterial inner or middle ear infection
* [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi]] infection
* trauma
* spontaneous vestibular disease (e.g. ascending ''[[Pasteurella]]'' multocida from nasal cavity via eustachian tube or abscesses along vestibular tract)
* cancer
* [[toxoplasmosis]]

Lop-eared rabbits are more prone to [[otitis|ear infections]], while dwarf breeds, older and immunosuppressed rabbits may be more predisposed to signs due to infection with [[E. cuniculi]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

Head tilt can also be caused by [[Raccoon_roundworm|''Baylisascaris'' larva]]. Rabbits may ingest hay, bedding, or other material that has been contaminated with raccoon feces.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>

In pet rabbits in the UK, the two main causes of vestibular disease are [[pasteurellosis]] and [[E. cuniculi]] infection.<ref name="trm2"/>

== Treatment ==
For head tilt due to an '''ear infection''', antibiotics will be prescribed after a [[culture & sensitivity test]]. Depending on severity, long-term antibiotic treatment may be necessary, on the order of 4-6 weeks minimum to several months.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> Broad-spectrum oral antibiotics used to treat the condition include ''enrofloxacin'' (Baytril), ''marbofloxacin'' (Zeniquin), and ''trimethoprim-sulfa'' (Tribrissen, Septra, Bactrim, Cotrim, Sulfatrim).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> If anaerobic infections are suspected, oral drug treatments include ''chloramphenicol'' (Chloromycetin, CHPC) or ''azithromycin'' (Zithromax) which can be used either alone or combined with ''metronidazole'' (Flagyl).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Be careful with '''prolonged high-dose metronidazole''' as it can be potentially toxic to the vestibular system.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}} For injection drugs, treatments include ''penicillin'', ''penicillin G benzathine'', or ''penicillin G procaine''.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> {{bad|Remember, '''penicillin-type drugs''' should never be prescribed as an oral drug as it can cause fatal enteric [[dysbiosis]] and [[enterotoxemia]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>}}

For head tilt due to '''[[E. cuniculi]]''', see the article page for more information.

'''Severe vestibular signs''' such as continuous rolling or torticollis and '''[[seizures]]''' may be treated with ''diazepam'' (Valium) or ''midazolam'' (Versed).<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

''Meclizine'' (Bonine, Antivert, Meclizine Hydrochloride) is also a drug that may be prescribed to reduce nausea and induce mild sedation.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

See the following videos for some sample exercises that can be done for head tilt rabbits to help them regain their balance and neck support:

* Friends of Unwanted Rabbits. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsofUnwantedRabbits/posts/2205977786202254 Video of exercise for Bambi with head tilt]

== Online support communities ==
The following are some online communities that specialize in helping disabled rabbits and rabbits with head tilt.

* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/HelpforHeadTiltHoppers/ Help for Head Tilt Hoppers] (Private group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/201759429869484/ Disabled Rabbits] (Private group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/431955683587283/ On the Wonk] (Public group)

== Experiences ==
The following are some stories and social media pages of rabbits with head tilt.

* Molly Varga Smith, BVetMed, DZooMed, MRCVS. (2021). [https://assets.ctfassets.net/4dmg3l1sxd6g/troUeqbq5JRTlgg8SIW3p/1bd2ce165b79d194fdaf4a3098841180/HeadTiltinaRabbit.pdf Head Tilt in a Rabbit] {{pdf}}
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/hopeforcordelia/ Hope for Cordelia] {{RIP}}
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/ginnyrabbit/ ginnyrabbit]. {{RIP}}
** Ringo's Bunny Blog. (2016). [https://ringosbunnyblog.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/an-interview-with-ginnyrabbit/ An Interview with @ginnyrabbit].
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/thebunnynamedhiphop/ thebunnynamedhiphop]. {{RIP}}
* Kar Is. (2017). [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10101278595501357&set=o.260597167429522&type=3&theater Facebook post on New Jersey House Rabbit Society page]
* Jennifer Habernal. (2016). [http://mohrs.org/head-tilt-2/ Head Tilt]
* Bunnington Post. (2014). [https://bunningtonpost.com/2014/08/23/bouffe-exclusive-my-headtilt-story/ Bouffe Exclusive: My Headtilt Story].
** Bunnington Post. (2015). [https://bunningtonpost.com/2015/07/29/rabbitting-headtilt/ Rabbitting on with a headtilt].
* Lisa. [https://onthewonk.co.uk/headtilt-experiences/siouxsie/ Saving Siouxsie]
* On the Wonk. (2012). [https://onthewonk.co.uk/headtilt-experiences/peanut/ Peanut]
* Alicia Maria Rosa-Perrotti. (2011). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/special-needs-bunnies-working-with-head-tilt/ Special-Needs Rabbits: Working with Headtilt]
* Mary Kate Costello. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/sadies-story/ Sadie’s Story]
* Katy Hill. (2006). [https://onthewonk.co.uk/headtilt-experiences/lara-detailed-diary/ Lara (Detailed Diary)]
* Laurie Conti. (2001). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/jillians-head-tilt/ Jillian’s Head Tilt]

== Further reading ==
* Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP. (2016). [https://lafeber.com/vet/presenting-problem-head-tilt-rolling-rabbits/ Presenting problem: Head Tilt and Rolling in Rabbits]
* Sandi Ackerman. (2013). [https://rabbit.org/head-tilt-causes-and-treatment/ Head Tilt: Causes and Treatment]
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/head-tilt.html Head Tilt in Rabbits]
* PetCoach. [https://www.petcoach.co/article/head-tilt-wry-neck-torticollis/ Head Tilt (Wry Neck) in Rabbits: Causes & Treatment]
* Special Bunny. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220127084612/https://www.specialbunny.org/head-tilt-ec/ How to care for a rabbit with head tilt]
* Dana Krempels. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/tilt.html Head Tilt (Torticollis) in Rabbits: Don't Give Up]
* Jacqueline Warner, DVM. (2008). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/head-tilt-in-rabbits/ Head Tilt in Rabbits]
* Susan A. Brown, DVM. (2006). [https://rabbit.org/head-tilt-in-house-rabbits/ Head Tilt in House Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi]]
* [[Pasteurellosis]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Health]]