WabbitWiki - User contributions [en]

Traveling with a rabbit

2026-06-26T07:23:49Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
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Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 6-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* Shannon Twohig. (2025). [https://sandiegorabbits.org/blog/moving-from-ca-to-virginia Driving with Bunnies by Car from California to Virginia]
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of May 2026, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin Alaska Airlines]
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* Nicole Guerrero Rehfeldt. (2026). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/338431247179468/posts/1730069714682274 Domestic travel from Hawaii to Alabama with Pacific Airlift Inc in cargo through Los Angeles]
* u/Pipiru. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lw0264/comment/n2cglrb/ International travel from San Francisco to Amsterdam with ITA Airways in cabin]
* u/liyalilia. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1mjs0w0/i_flew_my_rabbit_in_cargo_18_hours/ International move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar (2 hours) to US (16 hours) with Qatar Airways in cargo]
* u/ffrothicoffi. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1in4bbo/flew_my_5_yo_bunny_halfway_across_the_world_in/ International move with 5-year-old rabbit from Southeast Asia to Scandinavia with Malaysia Airlines/Qatar Airways in cargo]
* Angela Chou. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10161423494403809/ International travel from London to Philadelphia with La Compagnie in cabin]
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Grooming

2026-06-18T18:05:20Z

SneakyDragon: /* Trimming fur */ update grooming clipper links.

{{FAQ|[[Grooming FAQ]]}}
__TOC__
As a rabbit owner, there are several tasks that you may need to regularly do for your rabbit in order to keep them healthy and safe.

{{post-image|file=Grooming gemyma.jpg|caption=Grooming supplies infograph by Gemyma💎#9789 on Discord}}

== Brushing ==
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon squishy lap brush.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf rabbit getting brushed with a {{amazon|id=B06ZZXF81G|name=Hair Buster Comb}} in a lap.}}
Rabbits love to be clean and will constantly lick themselves like cats. They can get hairballs if they ingest too much fur. Unlike cats, rabbits cannot [[vomit]]. If hairballs are allowed to form, they can become tangled masses of fur and food and may consequently [[GI stasis| block their digestion]]. Regular brushing along with plenty of hay helps to reduce this danger as well as keep fur from building up when vacuuming.

Typical brushing tools include the following:<ref name="redditbrush">Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15qinz/suggestions_for_brush_to_use_while_shedding/ Suggestions for brush to use while shedding?]</ref><ref name="redditdefuzz">Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/shqpf/tips_tools_for_defuzzing_bunnies/ Tips & tools for defuzzing bunnies?]</ref><ref>Reddit.com, /r/rabbits, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1c29dk/question_about_brushing_my_rabbit/ Question about brushing my rabbit]</ref>

* {{amazon|id=B0893HM7XV|name=slicker brush}} - Look for one with safety balls on the end of metal (not plastic) bristles to prevent scratches to the skin with over-use. Works best for long-haired rabbits.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE|caption=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B0040QS3QS|name=FURminator}} - [https://www.facebook.com/CooperthePoopr/videos/1847547552208153/ example Facebook video 1] <p>{{bad|Please be careful when using a FURminator as it can tear the skin when used too harshly and cause skin infections as seen [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?358967-WARNING-FURMINATOR-users-U-D-19-10-2012 here]. Do not use on Rex-type coats as they will scratch the skin.}}</p>
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=hL78-fmflWE&t=66|caption=Training Through Life. (2019). My Rabbit's Grooming Routine}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B06ZZXF81G|name=Small Pet Select Hair Buster Comb}} - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hL78-fmflWE example video 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL-sWs-qd8w&t=118s example video 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PInM9n8li2w example video 3]

* {{amazon|id=B0002RJMAK|name=flea comb}}
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE|caption=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}}
{{youtube|id=QR2uHv5LYlE|caption=Lennon The Bunny. (2016). How I Brush My Rabbit}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B00VC8GSZ0|name=SleekEZ deshedding tool}}, {{amazon|id=B01F04HJWC|name=EquiGroomer Deshedding Brush}}, {{amazon|id=B07L9ZSD5M|name=Groomi Tool}} - [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=687354545139975 example Facebook video 1], [https://www.tiktok.com/@boujee.dogss/video/7539928525789252886 example TikTok video 2] - These brushes are basically very fine hacksaws.

* {{amazon|id=B000A6VLXO|name=horse grooming block}} - [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=379950446176305 example Facebook video]

* Rubber brushes and gloves like {{amazon|id=B0002AR18M|name=Zoom Groom}}, {{amazon|id=B00G2C0YPG|name=SwiPets Pet Hair Cleaning Glove}}, or a {{amazon|id=B0006N9IYA|name=Love Glove Grooming Mitt}}.

Most of these options can be found in brick and mortar stores such as PetSmart, Target, and Walmart. Nore powerful tools like {{amazon|id=B0BNT2W24D|name=grooming vacuums (look for a low decibel version)}} to suck up loose fur may also be helpful. Be aware that rabbits may have differing opinions on each type of grooming tool.<ref name="redditdefuzz"/> {{right-image|file=SneakyDragon-grooming-vacuum.jpg|caption=A {{amazon|id=B0BNT2W24D|name=grooming vacuum}} full of fur from a single lop rabbit during a major molting groom.}}

<div class="note"> '''Regular short-haired rabbits should be brushed 1-2 times a week, or as needed. You may need to brush your rabbit daily (or even several times a day) during periods of heavy shedding.''' Please see [[Angora and Other Long Haired Rabbits]] for more information on proper grooming for long-haired bunnies.</div>

In the case that your bunny does not like brushes at all, you may also try dampening your hands with water and wipe them over your rabbit to catch all the loose fur. Rub your hands to get the fur off, and rinse and repeat. You can also try using a damp hand towel instead, if you do not like the feeling of fur clinging to your hand.

You can also try brushing your rabbit while feeding [[pellets]] or [[vegetables]] every day. Your rabbit will learn to tolerate your grooming in order to eat.

During the severe molting season when your rabbit grows a new coat of fur, you can also just use your fingers to gently tug and pluck out his loose fur. It should come out easily without too much force and should not bother the rabbit much. See [https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cok-u84AsTx/ The Well Kept Rabbit's video] for an example of gently hand plucking while distracting the rabbit with head pets.

The following are some resources with more information on rabbit grooming.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=5w4knbRoD2E|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Groom Your Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=hIXcZV9OQxY|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2022). Removing matting under a rabbit tail}}
</div>

== Trimming nails ==
{{right-image|file=LongNails.png|caption="Nail trims are important for many small mammal pets. Overgrown nails are prone to being damaged/ripped out after getting caught in carpet, blankets, or other bedding. Torn toenails are very painful and result in blood loss." - [https://www.facebook.com/AEMVeterinarians/posts/4887293494648655 AEMV]}}
When a rabbit's toenails grow too long, they can catch in carpeting or cage wire. Broken bleeding toenails are prone to infection that can invade bony tissue and cause serious damage.<ref>Marinell Harriman, ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit'', 4th edition, p. 86.</ref> Long toenails may also cause a serious issue called [[sore hocks]].

=== How often should rabbit nails be trimmed? ===

Rabbits should have their nails trimmed every month or two. If you can see your rabbit's nails past their fur on their foot (for rabbits without short Rex fur), it is a good indicator that the nails are too long and needs a nail trim urgently. Rex rabbits will normally have nails showing even after they are regularly trimmed due to their shorter fur.

=== How do I trim their nails? ===

Most vets, shelters, and rescue centers that deal with rabbits will offer this service for a small fee. If you would like to trim your rabbit's nails yourself, you may use small animal clippers. There are a couple of varieties available: {{amazon|id=product/B000HHJH82|name=small scissors}}, {{amazon|id=B0002RJM8C|name=larger professional scissors}}, and {{amazon|id=B003XO8AZW|name=guillotine-style}}. Normal human nail clippers are not recommended as they are meant to be used on flat nails while a rabbit's nails are more round.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=RabbitNailTrim1.jpg|caption=Rabbit Nail Trimming guide, (c) and used with direct permission from Lisa Jane.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Nailclippinggraphic.jpg|caption=A diagram on how to cut pet nails}}
{{gallery-image|file=NailTrimTT.png|caption=A diagram on how to cut pet nails|250px|<I>"Rabbit's nails grow continuously so they will need to be trimmed about every six to eight weeks. It is important to know how to trim a rabbit's nails correctly. If you cut them down too short you may cut into the quick which will be very painful and will bleed. This can also lead to infection."</I> - [http://www.tranquilitytrail.org/RabbitCare.html Tranquility Trail Animal Sanctuary]}}
</div>
Be careful to only cut the nail and not the quick (the blood inside the nail). Remember, there are '''five claws''' on each of the front paws and '''four claws''' on each of the back paws. The quick should be easily located on a white or light-colored nail.

If your bunny has black nails, shining a {{amazon|id=B00BNUBDKW|name=bright flashlight}} from underneath the nail will help you locate the quick.

If your rabbit has a lot of fur around their nails making them hard to see, mist the area lightly with water and move the fur out of the way.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Mhrr-blacknails.png|caption=More tips about trimming rabbit nails, especially black ones.}}
{{post-image|file=BunnyNailTrimmingTips.jpg|caption=Bunny Nail Trimming Tips infographic. Art by Kiarotone & commissioned by Small Pet Select.}}
{{post-image|file=BunnyTipOfTheWeekNails.png|caption=Bunny Trimming infographic by [https://best4bunny.com/ Best4Bunny]}}
</div>

If you do accidentally hit the quick, the rabbit's nail will start bleeding profusely. Use a little {{amazon|id=B0002H3RBU|name=styptic powder}} or cornstarch with a moistened cotton swab or cotton ball to the area and apply moderate pressure for 5 to 10 seconds to stop the bleeding. We do not recommend using flour or baking powder due to potential bacteria, mycotoxins, and irritants in these products.

If your rabbit is fussy about your touching their feet, see the [[#Difficulties and solutions|Difficulties and solutions]] section for suggestions to handle your squirmy bunny.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=TriedToClipRabbitsNails.jpg}}
{{gallery-image|file=KermitNails.jpg}}
</div>

Here are some links with more information and pictures on trimming rabbit nails.
* House Rabbit Network. (2007). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/calvins-care-corner/calvins-care-corner-nail-trimming-101/ Calvin's Care Corner -- Nail Trimming 101]
* Susan Smith. (2012). [https://view.publitas.com/wisconsin-house-rabbit-society/wisconsin-house-rabbit-society-library-toenail-trimming/page/1 Trimming Toenails]
* Lianne McLeod, DVM. (2019). [http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/resourcesgeneral/a/nailtrim.htm Nail Trims]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2008). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t48-claw-clipping-how-to-guide Claw Clipping: How To Guide]
* Bandoliers and Bunnies. (2013). [http://bandoliersnbunnies.wordpress.com/2013/02/20/rabbit-care-nail-trims/ Rabbit Care – Nail Trims]

The following are some relevant discussions of different techniques to clip a rabbit's nails.
* u/feline256. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15t4ab/nail_trimming_tips_for_a_fussy_bun/c7pl8xd Nail trimming tips for a fussy bun?]

Below are some videos with demonstrations of the above method as well as more innovative ones.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=5Xmh4j4Z414|name==Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Rabbit Nail Trim}}
{{youtube|id=W9KemnaTGIs|name=Howcast. (2013). How to Trim Your Rabbit's Nails}}
{{youtube|id=cyyxQRoAhcw|name=FastUpOnRabbitCare. (2008). DIY: Nail Clipping}}
{{youtube|id=9eBzz1b01pw|name=BunnyTraining. (2012). Rabbit Trims Own Nails}}
{{youtube|id=k8A7-9e0nnM|name=The Bunny Guy. (2015). The Bunny Guy's Easy Toe Nail Trimming Method}}
{{youtube|id=VGqrn3DsABg|name=ArtAndBeautyFreak. (2015). How to trim your bunny's nails by yourself}}
{{youtube|id=aG-c06Iw9CE&t=120|name=Tiffany’s Bunny Gang. (2019). How To Groom Your Bunny}}
{{youtube|id=Z0BybvayPMc|name=Kat_esque. (2021). CLIPPING RABBIT NAILS - Tips for squirmy rabbits}}
{{vimeo|id=29965975|name=Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How To Clip a Rabbit's Nails}}
{{vimeo|id=5515997|name=Sarah Owings. (2009). Low Stress Way To Clip A Rabbit's Nails}}
</div>

== Cleaning scent glands ==
Rabbits have scent glands around their vent and anus. Sometimes rabbits will be unable to groom the area and will cause odor and possible infections. The discharge should look like wax with a very strong odor. Use a {{amazon|id=B09541P9WH|name=cotton swab}} that has been dipped in warm water or {{amazon|id=B003CTG0W8|name=mineral oil}} and gently swipe out any residue that might be present in the scent glands. This should be done as necessary, which may be as often as once a month. Many rabbits will not need assistance cleaning their scent glands, but you should take a look whenever your rabbit gets a nail trim.

Below are videos of the process of cleaning scent glands on rabbit.
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:vimeo|http://vimeo.com/29963083 ||center|Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How to: Anal Gland Cleaning|frame}}</div>
{{youtube|id=_x9dbSUdomg|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Clean a Rabbit's Scent Glands}}
{{youtube|id=nPDGACnkPvc|caption=101Rabbits. (2018). How To Clean a Rabbit's Scent Glands}}
</div>

== Bathing ==
{{Main|[[Bathing]]}}
Rabbits should not require any baths due to their natural cleanliness and should never be entirely submersed in water unless it is an emergency. It may stress the rabbit to the point of shock or heart failure, and if not properly dried, the rabbit may get hypothermia and die. If cleaning is necessary, try using {{amazon|id=B000VEBG26|name=baby cornstarch powder}} first to spot clean their fur.

In the instance that your rabbit does get soaked to the skin, it is imperative to try to towel dry the rabbit to the best of your ability and use a hair dryer or heating pad to keep the bunny warm to finish off drying. Use a hair dryer only on the lowest heat setting and at a distance of 6 inches or more because rabbit skin is very delicate and can be easily burned.

== Trimming fur ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket lionhead haircut.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit after she was given a hair trim.}}
In general, there is no reason to ever need to trim the fur on your rabbit unless it is a long-haired breed or they need help keeping their bum area clean due to [[poopy butt]], [[incontinence]], or loss of mobility from [[elderly|old age]] or [[arthritis]]. Brushing, not trimming, will rid the bunny of any loose fur. Short and normal-furred rabbits only need their fur trimmed or shaved for a medical procedure, hygiene, or if there is matted fur that cannot be teased apart.

In the case that you do decide to help trim your long-haired rabbit (e.g. Angora, Jersey Wooley), there is no need to trim the fur super short. Be very careful with scissors if you use them and use {{amazon|id=B006MBRB9O|name=blunt round-tipped ones}} if possible. Rabbit skin is very thin and delicate and is easily torn. Clippers are a better choice if you are worried about your manual dexterity.

<div class="txt-warning">Avoid cutting your rabbit's whiskers because they are important sensory tools that help a rabbit navigate in front of them (a blind spot). However, in the accidental case that you do, do not worry; the whiskers will grow back. For Angora and long-haired rabbits, trimming off the whiskers may be necessary to keep their face fur manageable.</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-angora-trim-2022-07.png|caption=Teamwork trimming a fluffy Angora with cheap $30 ceramic blade clippers similar to {{amazon|id=B01HRSZRXM|name=these}}.}}
Some cordless trimmers (electric and manual) you can consider for trimming rabbit fur are the following:
* {{amazon|id=B01HRSZRXM|name=oneisall Dog Shaver Clippers Low Noise Rechargeable Cordless Electric}}
* {{amazon|id=B089W594LC|name=oneisall Small Cordless Dog Clippers with Double Blades}}
* {{amazon|id=B0FDK8ZNVG|name=Tawiijou Low Noise Cordless Pet Clippers}}
* {{amazon|id=B003WH10X4|name=Wahl Professional Animal Arco Pet, Dog, Cat, and Horse Cordless Clipper Kit}}
* {{amazon|id=B0BBKXX3GR|name=WAHL Professional Animal Vetiva Mini Cordless Veterinary Trimmer}}
* {{amazon|id=B003JDP4UG|name=Scaredy Cut Silent Pet Clipper}}

See [[Angora and other long-haired rabbits]] for example videos and more care tips.

== Cleaning ears ==
It is also a good idea to check your rabbit's ears once in a while to make sure that they are not too dirty and there are no [[mites]] living in there. A dark crusty material in the ears is usually a sign of ear mite infestation.

<div class="note">In general, most rabbits will never need assistance cleaning their ears. Only physically clean their ears if advised by the vet and <b>with their instructions.</b> Rabbits that may need help with cleaning include lop-eared rabbits, rabbits with very narrow ear canals, elderly rabbits with [[arthritis]], and disabled rabbits with hind leg issues. Most rabbits will clean their ears well themselves with their back legs.</div>

To clean the ears out, use a safe ear-cleaning product and massage into the base of the ear. After a few minutes, carefully use a {{amazon|id=B09497R2CN|name=cotton ball}} to remove any exudate. Be careful not to push wax further into the ear canal or puncture their ear drum.

We do not recommend using cotton swabs (Q-tips) without direct veterinary guidance.

<div class="blue">Please discuss with your veterinarian for their preferred ear flush solution. The following are a few safe options:
* {{amazon|id=B0056EAKUA|name=Virbac Epi-Otic}}
* {{amazon|id=B0014HYCM0|name=Zymox Ear Cleanser}} {{bad|(no steroids!)}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YQGZ9L8|name=Dechra TrizEDTA Aqueous Flush}}
* {{amazon|id=B07HMCZD23|name=ICF Tris-NAC Ear and Skin Cleanser}}
</div>

The following are relevant articles about cleaning your rabbit's ears.
* Disabled Rabbit. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/ear-care.html Ear Care]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NFGLQZif53s|caption=Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Veterinary Hospital. (2012). How to Clean a Rabbit's Ears}}
{{vimeo|id=29965844|caption=Ontario Rabbits. (2011). How To Clean a Rabbit's Ears}}
</div>

== Difficulties and solutions ==
Sometimes, rabbits can be very difficult when you are trying to groom them. The following is a list of solutions if you run into any difficulties.

=== Top-loading container ===
For brushing, you can use a top-loading container like a two-door carrier or a small cardboard box to contain the rabbit so they are unable to escape your grooming. You can also enclose yourself with your rabbit in a small space that they can't escape from like an exercise pen, bathtub, or shower.

=== Mild stress ===
If your rabbit is out of control when you attempt to handle them for grooming, stressing them a little bit can make them easier to work with. A few ideas include putting them in a carrier for a few minutes and walking around or using an unfamiliar location.

=== Bunny burrito ===
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon squishy bunritto beginning.jpg|caption=Starting to put a Netherland Dwarf rabbit in a bunny burrito.}}
If you are having problems with squirming when trying to trim nails, you can try to use a bunny burrito. The basic idea is to set the rabbit on a towel and wrap it around them snugly, then hold onto them and only expose the parts you want to work with. A bunny burrito is also great for giving oral medications and syringe feeding stubborn rabbits.
{{right-image|file=Bunritto collage.jpg|caption=A collage of how to trim rabbit nails with a bunritto.}}

More resources about the bunny burrito can be found below.
* The University of Edinburgh. (2020). [https://media.ed.ac.uk/media/Client+Support+-+Bunny+Burrito/1_5ehixcef Client Support - Bunny Burrito]
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Towel/Towel.htm Safe immobilization of a rabbit in a towel (“rabbit burrito”)]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/videos/384008559208745/ Bunny Burrito]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/videos/446371125882029/ Facebook video of a technician putting a rabbit in a bunny burrito]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=4wQSmWo3FSc|name=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). How to Towel a Rabbit (aka, The Bunny Burrito)}}
{{youtube|id=jxGZhPG8mCo|name=Chicago Exotics PC. (2020). Bunny Burrito Demonstration}}
{{youtube|id=0cScGkFnpFg|name=Hannah Cerys. (2020). RABBIT NAIL CLIPPING 🐰 dealing with very skittish bunnies lol}}
{{youtube|id=dmZ4qprSY_A|name=mdrconsultinghb. (2014). A Bunny Burrito - How to properly hold a bunny for a veterinary appointments}}
{{youtube|id=DOWNlaRyMRo|name=avianandexoticvets. (2014). The Bunny Burrito}}
{{youtube|id=Uk71R_byqpw|name=BlueGorgonVids. (2007). Bunny Burrito}}
</div>

=== Clicker training ===
{{Main|[[Training#Behaviors]]}}
For stress-free methods of training tolerance for handling and grooming, see the [[Clicker Training and Luring#Behaviors|Behavior]] section of [[Training]] for more details as well at the [[Handling]] article. These ways use classical conditioning to desensitize rabbits to behaviors of which they may be anxious or fearful.

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/grooming Grooming]

Some more videos on examples of overall grooming:
* Kristin Woodbury and Julia Knoblock. [https://sdhrs.uscreen.io/programs/the-abcs-of-grooming-a585c1?categoryId=132819 The ABCs of Grooming]
* u/hearsesong. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bxte7j/grooming_day/ Grooming day.]

== See also ==
* [[Angora and Other Long Haired Rabbits]]
* [[Getting Started]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Treats

2026-06-12T20:00:18Z

SneakyDragon: /* Fruits */

All treats on this page should be considered as candy to your rabbits. They are delightful to your rabbit but provide no significant useful nutritional content and increase the amount of calories and fat in the diet. If overdone, they may cause digestive upsets. Most rabbits can tolerate treats in small amounts. You have the option of never feeding any of the food listed on this page if you wish and stick with pellets, fresh herbs, and vegetables as treats -- a much healthier alternative. This page only hopes to consolidate all foods that are safe if fed occasionally and in very small amounts.

<div class="note">
Remember, while these are not necessarily immediately deadly to your bun, treats may cause long term health problems if fed too often because of wrong flora developing in their gut ([[dysbiosis]]). Consider the activity level of your rabbit to adjust treat amounts appropriately to prevent [[obesity]]. Stop treats immediately if you notice any [[diarrhea]]. Also, take a look at the ingredients in your [[pellets]] before deciding what additional treats to feed your rabbit.
</div>

'''Each of the feeding recommendations below are based on daily consumption of only one type of treat. If you decide to feed multiple types, feed less of each.''' Omit the following treats if your rabbit is [[overweight]].
__TOC__
== Fruits ==
Fresh fruits are a better alternative as treats to rabbits than most commercial brands. In the wild, these would be special high calorie foods obtained only at certain times of the year.<ref name="hrsveggies"/> Fruits should be '''no more then 10% of the diet''' or about '''1/2 teaspoon per pound of body weight per day'''.<ref name="hrsveggies">Susan A. Brown, DVM. (n.d.). Best Vegetables and Fruits for Rabbits. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://rabbit.org/care/fruits-vegetables/</ref><ref name="coloradohrsdiet"/> Because these are high in natural sugars, it is important to limit their consumption no matter how much your bun begs for more. <span class="bad">Acute episodes of [[GI stasis]] and [[dysbiosis]] are common following ingestion of a large volume of fruit.<ref name="trm2"/></span>

<div class="bad">
Do not feed any to rabbits under 12 weeks of age.<ref name="coloradohrsdiet"/> Stop fruit treats if there are any signs of GI upset and/or diarrhea. Leave the skin on fruits for more nutrition unless otherwise noted or you are worried about chemicals.<ref name="hrsveggies"/> Also, do not feed any cooked items or fruit seeds and pits unless otherwise noted.
</div>

A list of acceptable fruits are the following:<ref name="hrsveggies"/><ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/fruits.html Suggested Fruits]</ref><ref name="ksmithtreats">Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/fruits.pdf Fruit Treats]</ref><ref>kanin.org, [http://kanin.org/node/186 Rabbit-safe fruits and berries]</ref><ref>MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Fruit/fruit_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 4: Fruit and Berries]</ref><ref>Michigan Humane Society, [http://www.michiganhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=vetcare_rabbits MHS Rabbit Care]</ref>

<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
* Apple (any variety) - remove the core with stem and seeds
* Apricot
* Banana - remove the peel. <span class="bad">Please be wary of feeding large pieces of banana as rabbits have passed away from fatal [[choking]].</span>
* Blackberries + leaves
* Blueberries + heath - {{bad|be wary of [[choking]] for rabbits that don't chew well.}}
* Cherries (any variety) - remove pits, although many rabbits will eat around them on their own
* Cowberries + heath
* Cranberries (fresh or dried)
* Craisins
* Currants
* Kiwi
* Grapefruit - can include peel
* Grapes - {{bad|be wary of [[choking]] for rabbits that don't chew well.}}
* Lemons - can include peel
* Mango
* Melons (any) - can include peel and seeds
* Nectarine
* Orange (any) - can include peel
* Papaya
* Peach
* Pear - remove the seeds
* Persimmon
* Pineapple - remove skin
* Prickly pear - remove small spines at base of pads.<ref>RabbitTalk. (2012). Prickly Pear Cactus - Opuntia sp? Retrieved 5 April 2016 from http://rabbittalk.com/prickly-pear-cactus-opuntia-sp-t10352.html</ref><ref>Ruiz-Feria, C.A., Lukefahr, S.D., and Felker, P. (1998). Evaluation of ''Leucaena leucocephala'' and cactus (''Opuntia'' sp.) as forages for growing rabbits. Retrieved 5 April 2016 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd10/2/luke102.htm</ref>
* Plums - remove pits
* Raisins
* Raspberries + leaves
* Star Fruit
* Strawberries + leaves
* Watermelon
</div>

See [[Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Data]] for more information about the nutrition content of fruits.

== Grains ==
In the wild, rabbits do not normally eat large amounts of grain, except for certain seasons.<ref>House Rabbit Society, Elizabeth Te Selle. (n.d.). Natural Nutrition Part I: The Importance of Fiber. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://rabbit.org/journal/3-3/fiber.html</ref>

<div class="bad">
If your rabbit has digestive problems, do not feed any grain treats as starch that is not digested and absorbed in the small intestine can pass into the cecum as a substrate for bacterial fermentation and may cause [[GI stasis]] and even [[enterotoxemia]].<ref name="trm2"/><ref name="hrstreat">House Rabbit Society. (2011). Treat Foods. Retrieved 19 August 2015 from http://rabbit.org/faq-treat-foods/.</ref>

Acute episodes of [[GI stasis]] and [[dysbiosis]] are also common following ingestion of a large volume of baked goods.<ref name="trm2"/>
</div>

If you decide to continue to feed these foods to your bun, heed the following advice. Do not feed any to rabbits under 12 weeks.<ref name="coloradohrsdiet">LaRoche, N. (2012). Diet Details. Retrieved 26 August 2015 from http://coloradohrs.org/diet-details/ Diet Details</ref> They should also not be fed to [[Overweight|obese]] rabbits. Rabbits may have '''no more than 1/2 teaspoon per pound of body weight per day'''.<ref name="coloradohrsdiet"/>

Some safe treats are the following:
* Rolled or steel-cut oats or barley

Un-sugared whole grain foods like plain Cheerios and Shredded Wheat can be safe, but due to their processed nature, we do not recommend them as regular treats for rabbits and to find alternative options instead.

== Seeds ==
Seeds are very high in fatty oils and are usually only eaten by wintering animals. As a result, seeds should be fed very rarely. Do not feed at all if your rabbit is [[Weight|overweight]].

<div class="note">
Be warned that<ref name="hrstreat"/>
<blockquote>Rabbits appear to be more sensitive to fat than are humans, and in addition to obesity, the excess fat can accumulate in your rabbit's liver and arteries (atherosclerosis). Veterinarians have reported that rabbits fed seed-rich diets have a much higher incidence of fatty liver disease ([[hepatic steatosis]]), which is often fatal.</blockquote>

Acute episodes of [[GI stasis]] and [[dysbiosis]] are common following ingestion of a large volume of seeds.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref>

Please feed loose seeds, and do not purchase pet store seed sticks covered in honey. The following are some stories of rabbits that had consumed seed sticks with possibly fatal consequences:

* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2586638044754268 Rabbit that suddenly died was found with perforated intestines and undigested seeds and fecal matter] {{RIP}}
</div>

If you decide to feed seeds, the following types of seeds are safe.
* Chia<ref>Diana Rodríguez-Abello et al. (2016). Performance of growing rabbits fed increasing levels of discarded Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26992735/</ref> - please feed pre-soaked as dry seeds can significantly swell when consumed.
* Flax (linseed)
* Melon (e.g. watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew)
* Pine nuts
* Pumpkin
* Safflower
* Sunflower
* Squash

<div class="bad">
Dried seeds (pulses) such as locust bean seeds or dried peas or sweet corn and very small seeds like milo can be the exact dimension to block the pylorus and small intestine to cause a [[Bloat|serious blockage]] and '''should not''' be fed to rabbits.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:325</sup><ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref><sup>:111</sup> Rabbits with [[teeth|dental problems]] are prone to swallowing such ingredients whole.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:325</sup>
</div>

Make sure that these seeds are unsalted. Feed no more than a small pinch of seeds a day to prevent weight gain. Make sure that the seeds are part of a balanced diet with plenty of hay and vegetables.<ref>Sherwood Forest Natural Rabbit Food. (n.d.).[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709173831/http://www.naturalrabbitfood.com/can-rabbits-eat-sunflower-seeds/ Can Rabbits Eat Sunflower Seeds?] Retrieved 30 March 2016 Archived from [http://www.naturalrabbitfood.com/can-rabbits-eat-sunflower-seeds/ the original] on 09 July 2016 </ref> You may wish to hull the seeds since the shell is indigestible and may cause a blockage if not chewed well, especially if the rabbit has [[teeth|dental issues]], but the hulls can also provide lots of fiber for a rabbit.<ref>Harcourt-Brown, F. (n.d.). Sunflower seeds. Retrieved 30 March 2016 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/media/diet/sunflower-seeds/view</ref>

== Nuts ==
Most nuts are high in unsaturated fat as well as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and arginine, and may be appropriate for underweight or [[elderly]] rabbits or rabbits with dry skin and poor coats.<ref name="rnanh3"/><sup>:49</sup> Do not feed any nuts if your rabbit is [[Weight|overweight]].

The following types of nuts are rabbit-safe.<ref name="rnanh3">Moore, L. (2017). [https://dontdumprabbits.org/2017/01/1303/ ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (3rd ed.).]</ref>
* Almonds
* Peanuts
* Walnuts

Make sure that these nuts are part of a balanced diet with plenty of hay and vegetables, and feed no more than a few pieces a day to prevent weight gain.

== Dairy ==
<div class="bad">
We do not recommend feeding any dairy treats such as yogurt drops to rabbits as treats. Rabbits are strict herbivores in the wild and never have access to milk and other dairy products.

Adult rabbits do not naturally have the right bacteria to process dairy in their cecum and intestines and can consequently accelerate the onset of [[GI stasis]] in the absence of the bacteria.<ref name="medyogurt">MediRabbit.com. (n.d.). Can rabbits eat yogurt or dairy products? Retrieved 30 March 2016 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/yogurt.htm</ref> These yogurt treats are also extremely high in sugar content.

An excess amount of milk-based products can also cause a gradual loss of vision in rabbits due to [[corneal lipidosis]].<ref> MediRabbit.com (n.d.). Corneal lipidosis or lipid deposit in the cornea of rabbits. Retrieved 30 Oct 2017 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Eye_diseases/Disorder/Lipid/Lipid_en.htm</ref>
</div>

However, MediRabbit does note, <ref name="medyogurt"/>
<blockquote>Yogurt diluted in water can nevertheless help rabbit suffering from intestinal bacterial disturbances et diarrhea, by protecting the endemic bacterial flora and allowing it to grow.</blockquote>
There are many varieties of vegan yogurts made from plants with probiotics that can be offered to rabbits to restore gut microbiota.

== Homemade recipes ==
<div class="note">
While some recipes recommend using <b>honey</b> as an ingredient for rabbit treats, we recommend skipping the addition. Honey is not plant-based, and sweet fruits and grains like bananas and oats already provide enough sugar in the treats to be tasty to rabbits.
</div>

* Oxbow. (2022). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-use-hay-fines-for-diy-snacks https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-use-hay-fines-for-diy-snacks]
* Jen Herd. (2021). [https://www.westleysworld.com/thefiles/home-made-rabbit-treats Home Made Rabbit Treats]
* The Bunny Lady. (2020). [https://bunnylady.com/5-homemade-rabbit-treats/ 5 Homemade Rabbit Treats To Make For Your Bunny]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2020). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/harvesting-weeping-willow-for-the-bunnies/ Harvesting weeping willow for the bunnies]
* Rabbit Hole Hay. (2016). [https://www.rabbitholehay.com/blogs/rabbit-hole-hay-blog/diy-rabbit-treats-recipes-that-will-dazzle-your-rabbits-taste-buds DIY Rabbit Treats: Recipes That Will Dazzle Your Rabbit's Taste Buds]
* herban lifestyle. (2011). [http://herbanlifestyle.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/how-to-make-organic-bunny-treats/ How to Make Organic Bunny Treats]
* craftybeaver. (2008). [http://bakebakebake.livejournal.com/1352167.html Homemade Rabbit Treats]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Is2FNLxKTKw|name=PetitCavy. (2019). Pea Flakes for guinea pig - How to make}}
</div>

== Online rabbit treat stores ==
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/ElvisParsleyStore ElvisParsleyStore] (US) - dried willow, fruits, and roses
* [http://nibblyedibles.com Nibbly Edibles] (US) - dried organic herbs and supplements
* [https://www.wellkeptrabbit.com WellKeptRabbit] (US)
* BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/collections/treats Treats] (US)
* [https://bunspace.3dcartstores.com/ BunSpace] (US)
* [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/healthy-snacks-and-treats-for-rabbits Small Pet Select] (US)
* [https://smallpetselect.co.uk/collections/healthy-snacks-and-treats-for-rabbits Small Pet Select] (UK)
* [https://mosukibunnyshop.ecwid.com/ MoSuKi Bunny Shop] (Australia)
* [https://www.instagram.com/haremoon.mnl/ Haremoon MNL] (Philippines)

Searching [https://www.etsy.com/search?q=rabbit%20treats "rabbit treats"] on Etsy will net lots more independent stores around the world.

== Further reading ==
* Frances Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/are-sugars-and-starches-dangerous-for-rabbits Are sugars and starches dangerous for rabbits?]
* Susan Smith, Ph.D. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/2011/07/faq-treat-foods/ Treat Foods]
* Save a Fluff. [https://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/treats-for-rabbits What can I feed my rabbit as a treat?]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Dysbiosis]]
* [[Nutrition for rabbits]]
* [[Vegetables]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Feral and stray rabbits

2026-05-22T23:03:32Z

SneakyDragon: /* What do I do when I find a rabbit? */

Feral rabbits are domesticated rabbits that have been abandoned or escaped outdoors and in the rare case have thrived and created a colony. Feral rabbits are different than [[wild]] rabbits that belong in nature. Typically, an abandoned rabbit does not have a high chance of survival due to the lack of survival skills and camouflaging coat. When feral rabbit colonies occur in populated areas, they become a public pest and nuisance and are usually controlled by killing them all. If there is funding, then local rabbit rescues may come into the picture and try to catch and adopt out as many as they can.

== Abandoning rabbits ==
[[File:Feral-rabbits-Nevada.jpg|thumb|right|Feral rabbits at a dump site in Nevada.]]
It is very cruel to abandon rabbits in the streets rather than taking them to a local shelter even with a chance of being put to sleep. Abandoning a rabbit to the wild is '''sentencing him a certain early death''', while there is still a chance to be adopted in a shelter.

* Domestic rabbits are '''not native''' to the Americas. They are descended from the wild European rabbit. Domesticated rabbits will be unable to breed with the local species of rabbits in the Americas and may end up fighting over territory with fatal results.
* White and other brightly colored coats on a domestic rabbit give them '''no way to hide'''. [[Wild rabbits]] have an agouti coat that camouflage into the environment. Letting a white rabbit free is a death sentence.
* A house rabbit does not know how to '''forage''' and does not have a '''warren''' (family group) that [[wild rabbits]] depend on. Warrens live together and have burrows (holes in the ground) that they share and use for warmth and protection. A single rabbit will not be able to build an appropriate shelter; building a burrow takes several rabbits and cannot be completed in an hour. Abandoned rabbits typically stay near where they have been left and are easy prey for cats, dogs, raccoons, and a multitude of other predators. Domestic rabbits will also not know what plants are safe to eat and where to obtain water to drink.
* Domestic rabbits do not know how to '''dodge cars and trucks''' and can easily be run over as unsuspecting road kill.
* A domestic rabbit let loose in an established feral colony can be killed in a fight for territory. An unspayed female rabbit can produce a litter of babies every 30 days and add to the problem. A park full of rabbits is not an idyllic place for a former pet.
* A house rabbit can '''live 8+ years''' in a protected environment. The average [[wild|wild cottontail]] lives only 6 months.
* Putting an unwanted rabbit to sleep is kinder than abandoning him in the streets or outdoors. The rabbit will be '''terrified''' at being left alone outside in the wild with no caretakers and no friends. It is similar having a city person purposely abandoned on a deserted island with no prepared food, water, or survival skills and animals willing to hunt and kill you for food. A painless death is kinder than a prolonged death from starvation, disease, or attack. The rabbit will never find a friend in the wild and cannot mate with [[wild|local cottontails]] because they are a completely different species.
* Lastly, abandoning pets in the streets is most likely an '''animal cruelty offense''' ranging from a misdemeanor to a felony. '''It not kind at all to abandon any sort of pet to the streets or the wild.'''

<div class="bad">
A few graphic stories of domestic rabbits rescued from the streets:

* True Hearts for Healing Paws Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/trueheartsforhealingpaws/posts/pfbid0HjFJnALDU8PdwqKNPCG1k9ubyFDtd7GdQkB1v7jc4SK4UxKH3zRsGpbx7n6Xx3CSl Young rabbit was dumped at the mouth of local canyon, hit by a car, and euthanized due to severe injuries] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/pfbid0svfyeuUTzmmqra96DLVE4i3g9jcbYmTbgLmei84mxJcDVhrWBRUaiH8cWPSqqBRul 3-month-old rabbit was euthanized after rescue due to broken leg from predator attack] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/pfbid022SwcZiNoaDsRmXmycbFV63hGmAEJ12fETV8QMforH16bQj7CF3SaUgn9GsNCCZ59l Dumped rabbit passed shortly after rescue due to sepsis from untreated abscesses] {{RIP}}
* Kaycee Jane. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnypuffs/posts/pfbid0tMhM6zCWwKHk7KbuYBZ91ZMrqa71WRT6uza8dFXv5nNHUf5ii7J3LLwdvjb1z5CNl Rabbit abandoned in wild passed shortly after rescue due to being anemic from hundreds of ticks] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade Inc. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/pfbid02Zq9YNqiZgDecL4BcfJiMYsWHzVNYqCaNueSJKLRKuFkLv9i2tYrxvtwrtjiY3nSl Twix's story - dumped with a fractured hip and broken hock, went into cardiac arrest during surgery] {{RIP}}
* Friends of Unwanted Rabbits. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsofUnwantedRabbits/posts/2474994539300576 Luna's story - a 4 week old rabbit abandoned outside] {{graphic}}
* 10,000 Carrots Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/10000CarrotsRabbitRescue/posts/4371919239532020 Poppy's story]
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/GeorgiaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/3046672812029609 Pongo's story]
* Jason Lewis. (2020). [https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/18225805.rabbit-dies-dumped-cardboard-box-neacroft/ Rabbit dies after being dumped in cardboard box in Neacroft] {{RIP}}
* Bunny Brigade. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/463280474367512? Two rescued bunnies out of four dumped]
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/posts/2737875576296703 Bryn's story] {{RIP}}
* Great Lakes Rabbit Sanctuary. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/greatlakesrabbit/photos/a.10152029712302875/10157301026737875/ Juniper's story]
* The Rabbit Haven. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/posts/3152966441397831 Dumped rabbit at the side of the freeway]
* Bunny Bunch Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/theoriginalbunnybrigade/posts/463280474367512 Pregnant mother and five babies dumped in hot weather]
* San Diego Rabbit Wranglers. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1040650539303484/permalink/2387744247927433/ Dumped pets in a box] {{RIP}}
* Special Bunny. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/specialbunnyrescue/posts/1615491981831538 Kitty's story] {{RIP}}
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/photos/a.500138626737087/1877949478955988/ Dumped bunny with broken back] {{RIP}}
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/GeorgiaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/2055675624462671 André's story]
</div>

Some more relevant scientific studies:

* Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Science. (2018). [https://vetmed.tamu.edu/news/press-releases/researchers-observe-striking-differences-between-brains-of-wild-domesticated-rabbits/ Researchers Observe Striking Differences Between Brains of Wild, Domesticated Rabbits]

== Catching a stray rabbit ==
Do not hesitate to contact your local [[adoption|rabbit rescue]] for volunteers to help you catch a stray domestic rabbit.

A few tips when trying to catch a stray rabbit:

* Do not chase them unless you are trying to herd them into a specific area.
* Set up walls with fencing, bed sheets, exercise pens, and baby gates. Use alleys and narrow spaces in between houses strategically.
* Only set up a Havahart trap if you or a neighbor will constantly be watching it. A trapped rabbit is easy prey to theft, fatal stress and panic, harsh elements, or predators.
* If using a live trap, transfer the rabbit to a secure covered cage or carrier to reduce stress as soon as possible or cover the trap itself with a sheet or blanket to calm the rabbit down.
* Banana, fennel, parsley, apple, and cilantro make good bait for rabbits.
* Nets should only be used under experienced supervision. Bird nets with a wide soft rim and a very long handle work best. Make sure the mesh is fine enough that their limbs will not be caught in the holes. Once the rabbit is caught in the net, immediately secure the rabbit to prevent them from kicking and injuring themselves and transfer to a secure carrier.

The links below have more information on how to catch roaming stray and feral rabbits safely.

* Kathleen Boggs. (2023). [https://sdhrs.uscreen.io/programs/rabbit-wrangling-kathleen-boggs-9f8c46?categoryId=132819 Rabbit Wrangling]
* Mary Ann Maier. (2020). [https://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/how-to-catch-a-stray-bunny/ How to Catch a Stray Bunny]
* Ohio Rabbit Rescue. (2018). [https://www.ohiohouserabbitrescue.org/i-want-to-learn/tips-for-catching-a-stray/ Tips for Catching a Stray]
* Columbus House Rabbit Society. [https://www.columbusrabbit.org/tips-for-catching-a-stray.html Tips for Catching a Stray]
* New Mexico House Rabbit Society. [https://newmexicohrs.org/care/how-to-round-up-a-stray/ How to Round Up a Stray]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/useful-info/stray-rabbits/ Catching a Stray Domestic Rabbit]
* Amy Espie. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-how-to-rescue-a-rabbit-running-loose/ How to Rescue a Rabbit Running Loose]
* Carol Youngclaus. (2008). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rescuing-rascally-rabbits/ Rescuing Rascally Rabbits]

Here are some stories of how others have caught stray rabbits.
* Rabbit Advocates. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=search&v=269621661058314 Facebook video about catching a baby rabbit that squirmed through exercise pen bars]
* Rabbit Advocates. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitAdvocates/posts/10156982749395890 Facebook post about catching Roxy with a live trap]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=344042076150381 Facebook video on catching a group of stray rabbits]
* LiveJournal. (2010). [https://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/5202753.html How to catch a stray rabbit?]
* Kristi Cole. [http://www.ohare.org/vol4_3.htm#search Search and Rescue]

== What do I do when I find a rabbit? ==
First, make sure that it is a domestic breed. See [[Wild rabbits##Is_the_rabbit_I_found_wild_or_domestic?|Wild rabbits]] for more details on how to distinguish a wild cottontail or hare from the domestic breed of rabbit.

<div class="box">
To report a sighting of a lost or stray rabbit, contact your local [[Adoption|rabbit shelter and/or rescue.]] You may also wish to file a report on the [http://www.abandonedrabbits.com Abandoned Rabbits Tracking Map] website for information tracking purposes.
</div>

See the section above for tips on how to catch a stray rabbit.

If you have never had a rabbit before, please take a look at our [[Getting started with a rabbit]] guide for the supplies you will need in the long term if you wish to keep them. Otherwise, please contact your nearest [[Adoption|rabbit rescue or shelter]] for help and guidance. Rabbits may rarely be microchipped - you can visit a local veterinarian or shelter to try to scan for one.

You can also post a notice of a found pet on your local classifieds and put up a few local flyers to find an owner if you suspect the rabbit escaped. Realistically though, most rabbits found, especially in parks, are dumped and abandoned pets. Sites in the US where you can post found pet ads include [https://www.pawboost.com/ Pawboost], [https://craigslist.org/ Craigslist], and [https://nextdoor.com/ NextDoor] among others.

In the meantime, to keep the rabbit safe in your house if you are unprepared, you can use your bathroom, bathtub, a large or extra-large dog crate, or a very large box. If there is slippery tile, put down some bed sheets or towels for traction as rabbits do not have paw pads and will slip and slide on tile and hardwood. Leave a bowl of water, and give a few handfuls of some fresh green [[vegetables]] to the rabbit. If you have no vegetables, you can hand cut a bowl full of lawn grass. If possible, make a trip to the local pet store to buy some [[hay]]. Do not feed copious amounts of carrots - these are actually treats and not a regular part of their [[diet]].

<div class="note">
If you have your own rabbits, please be sure to keep any new rabbits strictly quarantined to prevent transmission of diseases such as parasites, [[rabbit hemorrhagic disease]], and [[myxomatosis]], among many others. If you do decide to keep a stray rabbit, please schedule a [[Vet|veterinary visit]] ASAP for a wellness check.

* Dolly's Dream Home Rabbit Rescue. (2026). [https://www.facebook.com/DollysDreamHome/posts/pfbid02LDVicERbSULjfofaByNTkHGzs2GnA7PWAxFsJgYABGwxmsnBCP2YhpXfXfVG1Uswl A family rescued a rabbit, but he ended up passing after a month with severe emaciation, likely due to an untreated parasitic infection.] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
This should generally go without saying, but unless you have veterinary training or have consulted with a rabbit-savvy vet beforehand, <b>please do not self-medicate rescued rabbits,</b> especially with over-the-counter drugs. The results can be fatal.

* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/314663347392320 Rabbit was given a toxic flea medication from a well-meaning rescuer.] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/3685727691511959 Rescued rabbit was overdosed with ivermectin for mange.] {{RIP}}
</div>

=== Extra resources ===

* Rabbit Advocates. [https://rabbitadvocates.org/rescue Found a Pet Rabbit?]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.magichappensrescue.com/StrayRabbitCare Found a stray rabbit?]
* Best Friends Animal Sanctuary. (n.d.). [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0Byp3t2z-wqyUTkRJb3BXQkRUX2FGTmZaOUVsdncyQQ/edit How to Find Homes for Homeless Pets]

== Feral rabbit overpopulation incidents ==

{{note|Please visit https://www.abandonedrabbits.com for the locations of abandoned rabbits colonies and areas affected by RHDV2.}}

'''United States'''
* Spokane, Washington, United States: [https://wkdd.iheart.com/featured/kddmornings/content/2024-10-15-rabbits-have-taken-over-a-washington-state-neighborhood/ Rabbits Have Taken Over A Washington State Neighborhood] (2024-now)
* Azalea Park, Orlando, Florida, United States: [https://people.com/pets/abandoned-pet-bunnies-overrunning-florida-neighborhood/ Abandoned Pet Bunnies Overrunning Florida Neighborhood: 'They're Everywhere You Look'] (2021-now)
* Southern Nevada Adult Health Mental Services Campus, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States: [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/feral-bunnies-are-taking-over-las-vegas Feral Bunnies Are Taking Over Las Vegas] (2015-now).
* Culver, Oregon, United States: [http://www.pressherald.com/2015/01/11/oregon-homeowner-faces-rascally-rabbits/ Oregon homeowner faces rascally rabbits] (2015).
* Mendenhall Valley, Juneau, Alaska, United States: [http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/bunny-task-force-to-combat-feral-rabbit-problem-in-juneau/ ‘Bunny Task Force’ to combat feral-rabbit problem in Juneau] (2015).
* Whidbey Island, Washington, United States: [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hundreds-bunnies-plague-langley-washington-n429186 Hundreds of Bunnies Plague Langley, Washington] (2015).
* Long Beach City College, California, United States: [http://www.rabbit.org/rescue/TrapNeuterReturn.pdf Readin', 'Ritin', and Rabbits] (2011).
* Carson City, Nevada, United States: [http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20070515/NEWS/105150082# Woman worried about feral rabbits] (2007).

'''Canada'''
{{youtube|id=imX2hrkcthE|caption=Megan Wilde. (2023). Beach Bunny Boondoggle: the untold story of Jericho Beach's feral rabbits in Vancouver|align=right}}
* Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada: [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/feral-domestic-rabbits-selkirk-manitoba-1.7319130 Feral domestic rabbits roam free on the streets of Selkirk] (2023-now)
* Royal Bay neighborhood, Colwood, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [https://www.cheknews.ca/colwood-staff-brief-council-on-growing-feral-rabbit-population-in-royal-bay-713194 Colwood staff brief council on growing feral rabbit population in Royal Bay] (2020).
* Helmcken Overpass, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.cheknews.ca/159692-159692/ Helmcken Overpass bunnies’ days are numbered] (2016).
* Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/feral-bunnies-take-over-vancouver-island/48649 Feral bunnies take over Vancouver Island] (2015).
* Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/rabbit-colony-takes-over-garson-neighbourhood-1.2742653 Rabbit colony takes over Garson neighbourhood] (2014).
* University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://communications.uvic.ca/rabbits/qa.php Rabbits @ UVic]; [http://www.uvicrabbitrescue.com/ The Great UVic Rabbit Rescue]; [http://www.earthanimalrights.org/home/uvic_feral_rabbit_rescue_project UVic Feral Rabbit Rescue Project] (2010).
* Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada: [http://tracs-bc.ca/our-work/rabbits/ Rabbits] (2008).
* Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/rabbit-saviour-takes-on-hare-hitman/article795749/ Rabbit saviour takes on hare hitman] (2000).
* Calgary, Alberta, Canada: [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/rabbits-bunnies-feral-lindsay-park-wildlife-calgary-1.5246433 Feral rabbit population booming in Calgary parks] (1990s-now)
* Canmore and Banff, Alberta, Canada: [http://web.archive.org/web/20161109084508/http://canmorebunnies.blogspot.com/ Canmore Rabbits in Sanctuary]; [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/07/17/bunnies-are-still-swarming-canmore-despite-a-cull.html Bunnies are still swarming Canmore despite a cull]; [https://canmore.ca/residents/stewardship-of-the-environment/feral-rabbit-management-program Feral Rabbit Management Program]; [http://www.gocanmore.com/about-canmore-bunnies.html The Canmore bunnies] (1980-now).

'''Australia'''
* Australia: [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/rabbit.pdf Feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)] (1859-now).

== Experiences ==
* kinenchen. (2014). [http://imgur.com/a/faijS Hershey]
* Terry Goerrissen. [https://rabbit.org/journal/5-1/piercecollege.html Pierce College Rabbit Rescue]
* Mary Morrison. [https://rabbit.org/journal/3-7/stray-roundup.html New Mexico Roundup]
* Holly O'Meara. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/making-a-houserabbit.html Making of a House Rabbit]

== Further reading ==
* Holly O'Meara. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-7/stray.html Stray Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Rehoming your rabbit]]
* [[Wild rabbits]]

[[Category:Resources]]

Hay

2026-05-21T05:28:13Z

SneakyDragon: /* Online in bulk */

{{#seo:
|description=Hay info for rabbits including: Why hay, Cuttings, Types, Storage, Danger, and others... along with tips and resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/15/Speakstruth_toby_bunny_haybox.jpg
}}
Hay is simply a dried, preserved, fibrous plant material. The fiber content of hay that stimulates peristalsis and supports bacterial growth and gastrointestinal pH for proper digestion in hindgut fermenters like rabbits.<ref name="novetbg"/>

__TOC__
== Why should rabbits eat hay? ==
Hay is the most important part of a rabbit's diet. It is the prime source of fiber to keep the GI tract of a rabbit working properly and also helps grind down teeth to prevent overgrowth. See [[Teeth]] for more information as to what sort of problems a lack of fiber in their diet can cause. Hay can also serve as entertainment as it takes a while to chew. Some bunnies like digging and rearranging their hay. Rabbits will not gain weight on an unlimited proper hay diet.

<div class="note">
'''Do note that a rabbit eating only hay is not sufficient for a healthy nutritious long-term diet.''' Not only can too much indigestible fiber lead to an impacted cecum, but rabbits also receive very little nutrition from hay because it passes so rapidly through the gut.<ref>Moore, L. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Lucile/dp/1602647852/ ''Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing''. (1st ed.).]</ref> Vitamin content is either in very low amounts or nonexistent in hay.<ref>Krishona Martinson, PhD, and Marcia Hathaway, PhD, University of Minnesota, [http://blog.lib.umn.edu/efans/horse/2012/06/what-is-the-vitamin-content-of-grass-hay.php What is the vitamin content of grass hay?]</ref> In addition to hay, rabbits require more easily-digested foods from which to obtain the nutrition necessary to maintain their bodies. However, it is safe to put your rabbit on a hay-only diet for a couple of weeks or longer due to problems like an overproduction of [[cecotrophs]] or running out of other food supplies, but owners should be mindful and closely monitor for any weight loss.<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week. (2013). The Research. Retrieved 01 May 2013 from https://web.archive.org/web/20130702072044/http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research</ref><ref>Ref2014. (2014). Impact case study. Retrieved 02 Jun 2017 from http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/23915.</ref>
</div>

The following links contain more information about the importance of hay in a rabbit's diet.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-3/fiber.html Natural Nutrition Part I: The Importance of Fiber]
* Marcus Clauss, PD Dr. med. vet, MSc, Dip, ECVN, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Hay.pdf Clinical Technique: Feeding Hay to Rabbits and Rodents]
* MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Hay/Hay_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 1: Hay and straw]

== Cuttings of hay ==
Some hays (mostly timothy) will also come with a choice of first, second, or third cuttings. In the continental US, hay is usually harvested starting in March to mid-November. The most active harvesting dates are usually June to September.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (1997). ''Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for US Field Crops''. Retrieved 7 March, 2016, from http://swat.tamu.edu/media/90113/crops-typicalplanting-harvestingdates-by-states.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
|+ Comparison of Stages in Cutting Hay<ref name="novetbg"/>
|-
! Immature Hay !! Mature Hay
|-
|
* Lower fiber content (can be <20% crude fiber)
* Lower ADF content
* Higher protein level
* More leaves
* May cause soft stools in some animals
|
* Higher fiber content
* Higher ADF content
* Lower protein level
* Higher stem content
* May not be as palatable
|}
{{right-image|file=Hay-Cut-Comparison1.jpg|caption=Comparison of hay cuts - [https://wagonwheelfarmny.com/hay-and-straw/ image source.]}}
=== First cutting ===
The first growth off of a field for the year is the ''first cutting''. Generally, the first cutting should be harvested when relatively immature (pre-bloom stage), before the plant is allowed to mature to the point where the stem becomes larger and coarser.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Second cutting ===
A ''second cutting'' is the second crop taken off a field that has already been harvested once in that given year. Depending upon the temperatures of the days and nights, it typically takes 40-45 days for regrowth of alfalfa, mix hay, and orchardgrass, and 55- 60 days for regrowth of timothy.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The second cutting usually has a larger percentage of leaves to stems, has a finer and softer stem, has increased percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and has a lower crude fiber percentage depending on the maturity of the grass when it was cut.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Third cutting ===
If the growing season is long enough on any given year, it may be possible to secure a ''third cutting'' on a field. The third cutting is typically very soft hay that is primarily leaves with very few small stems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> As a result, it can be much more palatable to picky rabbits who might not like the more immature and more fibrous 1st and 2nd cuttings.

=== Extra resources ===
For more resources on the topic, see the links below.
* Oxbow. (2023). [https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/hay-cuttings-fact-vs-fiction/ Hay Cuttings - Fact vs. Fiction]
* Small Pet Select. (2022). [https://smallpetselect.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-all-3-cuts-of-timothy-hay/ Everything You Need To Know About All 3 Cuts of Timothy Hay]
* Linda Sterett-Fogarty. (2011). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]

== What types of hay can rabbits eat? ==
[[File:Speakstruth toby bunny haybox.jpg|thumb|right|Two rabbits enjoying fresh hay in a box.]]
There are many types of hay available on the market, however, rabbits should be consuming alfalfa (a legume hay) when young and grass hays when older. All grass hays, including but not limited to timothy, orchard, oat, brome, and johnson grass, are suitable for mature herbivores, because they contain levels of protein and calcium that are appropriate for adult diets. Legume hays, such as alfalfa (lucerne), clover, vetch, peanut and pea, have relatively high protein and calcium contents which make them beneficial for growing and pregnant/lactating rabbits, but unsuitable for healthy adults. Some legume hays also contain high levels of oxalic acid, which may lead to precipitation of calcium oxalate in the urine of some animals result in [[bladder sludge]].<ref name="novetbg">Exotic Animal, [https://www.oxbowaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dawns-Exotic-DVM-article-Hay-Scinence2003.pdf Application of Hay Science]</ref> Regardless of age, you should consult a knowledgeable rabbit vet if your rabbit has any health conditions or struggles with nutrition/weight, as they may benefit from a different diet than the what is standard for their age.

If you decide to buy by the bale, make sure the hay is '''horse quality''', not cow quality, because horses have comparable sensitivity to rabbits while cows are more tolerant of lower-quality hay. Additionally, please avoid hays that have added ingredients such as oils (something that is sometimes added for horses or other species).

Here are some links for more general information, as well as pictures of various types of hay:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* Atascadero Hay & Feed. [http://www.atascaderohayandfeed.com/hay.html Hay]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/grass-hay.asp Grass and Hay for Rabbits]
* Vancouver Rabbit Rescue & Advocacy. [https://www.vrra.org/wp-beta1/wp-content/uploads/bunphotos/Types-of-Rabbit-Hay.pdf Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass] [PDF]

=== What is the best type of hay for my rabbit? ===
While timothy hay is the most popular type of hay marketed to adult rabbits, <b>the best type of hay for your rabbit is any kind of grass hay that is rabbit-safe that your rabbit is willing to eat heaping piles of</b>, whether that be orchard grass, oat, bermuda, rye, or other suitable grass hays, as long as it doesn't cause digestive issues like [[Poopy_butt|excess cecals]] or diarrhea.

This similarly applies with [[#Cuttings_of_hay|type of cutting]] - if your rabbit is willing to eat large amounts of third cutting timothy hay but will not eat much of first cutting timothy, we do not recommend forcing them to eat the one they dislike, especially if your rabbit ends up avoiding the hay completely. Overall fiber and consumption amount is most important, especially to prevent [[Teeth#Dental_problems|dental issues.]]

We generally recommend feeding a mixture of grass hays to help maintain interest and give some variety to your rabbits' diet. It is also useful to know which hay types that your rabbits are willing to eat in case of [[Disaster_planning_with_rabbits|supply issues]].

Lastly, please note that not all hay brands/products are equal. Some rabbits may generally enjoy a specific kind of hay (orchard, for example), but dislike hay from a certain company due to their hay being poor quality. There have been many cases where a rabbit refuses to eat a specific brand of hay because it is not up to their standards, despite usually loving that particular hay cultivar in general. Sometimes switching to a different brand of hay can make a huge difference in encouraging your rabbit to consume hay regularly and with eagerness.

=== How do I switch hay types for my rabbit? ===
Unlike higher nutrition foods like pellets and vegetables, you can freely introduce new hay to your rabbits without transitioning. Hay is mostly fiber that generally should not upset rabbit stomachs when switched suddenly. However, it is not a bad idea to mix hays in case your rabbit is a picky eater.

If you are transitioning a rabbit from alfalfa (or other legume hay) to a grass hay, you can make a gradual transition and mix less and less alfalfa hay into the grass hay until you run out.

Do note that some rabbits may be [[Rabbit allergies|allergic]] to certain types of hay, especially if one is dustier. Monitor your rabbit for [[snuffles|increased sneezing]] when changing between types of hay.

=== Alfalfa ===
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-hay.jpg|caption=Alfalfa hay closeup.}}
Alfalfa, also known as <i>lucerne</i> or <i>luzerne</i> in some countries, is a herbaceous perennial legume that originated near Iran. It has a high mineral content and contains at least 10 different vitamins.<ref name="HRSlindahay">House Rabbit Society, Linda Sterett-Fogarty, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]</ref> Alfalfa is high-fiber like grass hays but also contains more protein, energy and calcium.<ref name="ata">Atascadero Hay & Feed, [http://www.atascaderofeed.com/hay.html Hay]</ref> As a result, alfalfa should only be fed to growing young bunnies under the age of 7 months. For the older bunny, constant alfalfa hay consumption can lead to gummy droppings, weight gain, sludge, and cecal pellets not being eaten.<ref name="sdhrshay"/> Additionally, the calcium in alfalfa hay can predispose rabbits to [[urolithiasis]] when fed in large amounts.<ref name="BSAVAManual">Meredith, A & Redrobe, S. (2001). [http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Exotic-British-Veterinary-Association/dp/0905214471 ''BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets''. (4th ed.).]</ref>

Alfalfa is typically distinguished by their usually brittle stalks with flat green to brown leaves. Hay can vary from dark lime-green to yellow, green, or brown depending on the season. <ref name="sdhrshay">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet/hay_grass.html Types of Hays and Grasses]</ref>

The following is crude analysis for various types of alfalfa hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Alfalfa cubes ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"| 1.30
|-
| Alfalfa, fresh ||align="center"| 24 ||align="center"| 19 ||align="center"| 27 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom ||align="center"| 90 ||align="center"|19 ||align="center"| 28 ||align="center"| 1.41
|-
| Alfalfa hay, midbloom ||align="center"| 89 ||align="center"| 17 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.40
|-
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 1.20
|-
| Alfalfa hay, mature ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 13 ||align="center"| 38 ||align="center"| 1.18
|}

=== Timothy ===
[[File:Timothy-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Timothy hay closeup.]]
Timothy grass, a perennial bunchgrass, is a cool-season forage grass.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> Timothy hay is the most popular hay fed to rabbits. It looks like a dried fairly wide blade of grass, and its color is a soft green to grey or brown-green. Timothy hay also has "solid cattails" which distinguishes it from Orchard grass which has "broken cattails."<ref name="sdhrshay"/>

Many people who are allergic to hay have the worst symptoms with timothy hay. Consider switching to a less dusty hay if you are allergic to hay. Many rabbit owners have seen great improvement when switching to orchard grass hay.

The following is crude analysis for various types of timothy hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Timothy, fresh, pre-bloom ||align="center"|26 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 0.40
|-
| Timothy hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.58
|-
| Timothy hay, full bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 8 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 0.43
|}

=== Oat hay ===
[[File:Oat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Oat Hay closeup.]]
The San Diego House Rabbit Society states,<ref name="sdhrshay"/> <blockquote>If bun's diet is high in oat hay, the pellets she produces will be larger, lighter in color, and will look like sawdust if crushed. Many bunnies would benefit from eating more oat hay, an excellent preventative for GI Stasis.</blockquote>

The following is crude analysis for oat hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Oat hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"|0.40
|}

As one can see, oat hay is a perfectly acceptable alternative to the more popular timothy, orchard grass, and meadow hay and has a very similar basic nutrition. The "oat" in the name may be misleading, and some may think it is more fattening and should be a treat, but the hay is cut before the actual oat kernel is fully mature. As a result, the seed heads consist of mostly oat husks that are rich in fiber.<ref>Oxbow. (2013). Oat Hay. Retrieved 9 March, 2016, from http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1529</ref>

Oat hay can also differ greatly in color from a pale green to a golden yellow, depending on how close to maturity the hay is harvested. The closer to maturity, the more golden the hay will be. A good-quality cereal hay is harvested when the grain is immature (soft dough stage) and the leaves and stems are still green, and therefore higher in digestible nutrients. If the cereal hay is harvested after the grain is removed, it is no longer considered hay but straw.<ref name="hay4horses">Mark Llewellyn, [http://www.ker.com/library/equinews/v13n4/v13n406.pdf Hay Selection for Horses]</ref>

<div class="note">
Uncommonly, rabbits can be gluten intolerant, and feeding oat hay may cause chronic diarrhea and [[poopy butt]]. While oats themselves do not have gluten, the grass is often contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye during harvesting.<ref>Iva Hoffmanová et al. (2019). The Pros and Cons of Using Oat in a Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Patients. Retrieved 14 May 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835965/#sec4-nutrients-11-02345title.</ref>

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/2913455185541410 Diarrhea in 11 rabbits improved by removing all sources of gluten in the diet (hay, treats, and pellets)]
</div>

=== Bermudagrass ===
[[File:Bermuda-grass.jpg|thumb|right|Bermuda grass hay closeup.]]
This hay is made from the same grass common in many lawns.

The following is crude analysis for various types of bermuda grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bermudagrass coastal hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Bermudagrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|29 ||align="center"| 0.46
|}

=== Orchardgrass ===
Orchardgrass, also known as ''cocksfoot'' or ''orchard grass'', is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. It is a cool season grass that grows in clumps or tufts and has a fibrous root system.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The following is crude analysis for various types of orchard grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Orchardgrass, fresh, early bloom ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"|0.33
|-
| Orchardgrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"|0.32
|}

=== Meadow hay ===
Meadow hay is not a specific type of grass, but instead, it is a blend of soft grasses grown in a meadow. Sometimes other plants such as dandelions, thistles, clover, and other rabbit-safe weeds may also make it into the bale.

The following is crude analysis for various types of meadow hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Meadow hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.61
|}

=== Other hay ===
The following is crude analysis for various types of hay not in the above categories from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed">BeefMagazine.com. (2015). 2015 Feed Composition Table. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 from http://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/beefmagazine.com/files/uploads/2015/02/2015-BEEF-Magazine-Feed-Comp-Tables.pdf</ref> These are all also safe to feed your rabbit if you wish, but please be careful of the higher calcium and protein contents in the legume hays. Like alfalfa, legume hays are not appropriate to feed to adults regularly as part of their diet but is okay as a treat.

'''Grass hays'''
[[File:Wheat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Wheat hay closeup.]]
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bahiagrass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 6 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Barley hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"|28 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Bromegrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 35 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Canarygrass hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"|0.38
|-
| Elephant (napier) grass hay, chopped ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|0.35
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 25 ||align="center"|0.48
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, mature||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.45
|-
| Grass hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"|10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.60
|-
| Kenaf hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|31 ||align="center"| N/A
|-
| Prairie hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|7 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Rye grass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"|0.45
|-
| Sanfoin hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"|14 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|N/A
|-
| Sudangrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| 0.50
|-
| Triticale hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Wheat hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"|0.21
|-
| Wheatgrass, crested, hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.33
|}

'''Legume hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Birdsfoot trefoil hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 1.73
|-
| Clover, ladino, hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|21 ||align="center"| 22 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Clover, red, hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.50
|-
| Clover, sweet, hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.27
|-
| Kudzu hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 3.00
|-
| Lespedeza hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30||align="center"| 1.10
|-
| Pea Vine hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"|32 ||align="center"| 1.25
|-
| Soybean hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 1.28
|-
| Vetch hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.25
|}

'''Miscellaneous hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Kochia hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"|27 ||align="center"| 1.00
|}

=== Straw ===
Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants like wheat and a by-product of harvest. If any seeds or grains remain on the stalks, it is by accident. Hay refers to grasses or legume plants cut down fresh and baled for animal feed.<ref>Root Simple, [http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/02/my-mental-glitch-hay-vs-straw.html My mental glitch: hay vs. straw]</ref> Grain hay such as oat, barley, and wheat hay may sometimes have a coloration similar to straw's when harvested closer to maturity, but the hay is cut before the seedheads are fully developed, so the nutrition is still in the stalks and not all in the seedheads. Grain hay should also have most of the seeds and grains on the stems. Hay bales are usually greener than straw bales, and the plant material finer. Straw bales are also usually half to a third of the weight of a hay bale due to the mostly hollow stalks.<ref>Amazonails, [http://www.amazonails.org.uk/hay-vs-straw-a-look-at-key-differences/ Hay vs. Straw: A Look at Key Differences]</ref>

'''Although rabbits eat it, straw is not recommended because it is low in nutrients and will lead to deficiencies if it is a major part of the diet.'''<ref>The British Rabbit Council, Anna Meredith, [http://www.thebrc.org/diet.htm The Importance of Diet in Rabbits]</ref> However, straw can be safely used as a bedding, especially for outdoor hutches during the winter.

The following is crude analysis for various types of straw from the 2012 Feed Composition Tables compiled by R.L. Preston, Ph.D.<ref name="2012feed">BeefMagazine.com, R.L. Preston, Ph.D., [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/2/2a/2012FeedComp.pdf 2012 Feed Comp]</ref>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Barley Straw ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"| 42 ||align="center"|0.32
|-
| Bluegrass Straw ||align="center"|93 ||align="center"|6 ||align="center"|40 ||align="center"|0.20
|-
| Fescue (Red) Straw ||align="center"|94 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"| 0.00
|-
| Oat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Pea Vine Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 49 ||align="center"| 0.75
|-
| Rice Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|38 ||align="center"| 0.23
|-
| Rye Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Soybean Straw ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 5 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|1.59
|-
| Wheat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| 43 ||align="center"| 0.17
|}

Below are some links that go into greater detail about the differences between hay and straw.
* HubPages, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Do-Rabbits-Need-Straw-or-Hay Do Rabbits Need Straw or Hay?]

== What is good quality hay? ==
Good quality hay should be green and aromatic. It should not be overly dry, brown, damp, moldy or dusty.<ref name="novetbg"/>

Below are some links with more information about choosing good quality hay.
* Alex Rocateli, Hailin Zhang. (2017). [https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/evaluating-hay-quality-based-on-sight-smell-and-feel-hay-judging.html Evaluating Hay Quality Based on Sight, Smell and Feel – Hay Judging]
* Purina Mills. [https://www.purinamills.com/horse-feed/education/detail/six-signs-of-good-quality-horse-hay Six Signs of Good Quality Horse Hay]
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-select-hay-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-will-love The Expert Guide To Selecting Fresh Hay Your Pets Will Love]
* Supreme. [https://supremepetfoods.us/blog/hay-hay-and-more-hay/ Hay, hay and more hay!]
* Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP. (2011). [https://lafeber.com/vet/hay-feeding-small-herbivores/ Hay: Feeding Small Herbivores]

== Where can I buy hay? ==
=== Pet store ===
Pet stores will carry a variety of hay (i.e. Timothy, orchard grass, alfalfa, etc.). Typically, the amount that can be bought will range from about 24 oz up to 5 pounds. Although it is convenient to buy hay at a local pet store, this is often an expensive option. A 64oz bag will usually last a couple of weeks at ~$8. Additionally, most pet store brands offer lower quality hay that is very hard and stalky. The recommended popular hay brand is [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=oxbow+hay Oxbow], although this may be quite expensive since they carry a premium price compared to other commercial brands.

Some brands may offer fruit mixed in the hay -- '''DO NOT BUY THESE'''. Only buy bags of hay with ''only'' hay in them and ''no other treats''. Dried herbs are acceptable, however. You can feed fresh healthy [[treats]] on the side, independent of the hay and easily rationed.

=== Through the local rabbit rescue ===
If you live in a location with a House Rabbit Society chapter or rescue, check and see if they sell boxes, flakes, or bales of hay at a cheap price! Of course, buying a bale yourself will be cheaper, but if you do not have the space to store it, support your local HRS chapter or rescue! They will most likely sell fresh hay at a better rate than the small bags at pet stores. Your bunny will most likely love and wallow in the fresh hay.

Some examples of House Rabbit Society chapters and rescues that sell hay include the following:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, San Diego, CA -- $12 for 7-8lbs of hay.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/supplies/hay-sales-throughout-san-diego-county Hay Sales throughout San Diego County]</ref>
* House Rabbit Society Headquarters, Richmond, CA -- $16.99 for 10 lbs (Ikea shopping bag full) of hay.<ref>Yelp, [https://shop.houserabbit.org/hay]</ref>
* Missouri House Rabbit Society, Kansas City, MO -- $23 for 12.5lbs, $45 for 25lbs, $75 for 40lbs.<ref>Missouri House Rabbit Society, [http://www.mohrs.org/hrswebpg4.html Products and Services]</ref>
* Lowcountry House Rabbit Society,Charleston, SC -- $17 for 10lbs, $25 for 20lbs.<ref>Lowcountry House Rabbit Society, [http://www.lowcountrybunny.com/topic.asp?pid=24 Rabbit Hay Sale]</ref>

=== Online in bulk ===
Some bunny owners like buying their hay online in bulk. These suppliers also typically ship much fresher hay than the average commercial brand. When bought in a large enough order, costs can be around $1/lb of hay depending on supplier.

<div class="box">
<b>United States (US):</b>
* [https://www.alfalfaking.com/ Alfalfa King] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Oat/Wheat/Barley)
* [https://americanpet.com/product-category/hay/ American Pet Diner] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Mountain)
* [https://andy.pet/collections/hay Andy by Anderson Hay] (Alfalfa, Timothy)
* [http://www.bingalingstore.com/hay/ Bingaling Bunnybox Store] (Orchard, Oxbow)
* [https://bluemountainhay.com/collections/small-pet-hay-and-straw Blue Mountain Hay] (Alfalfa, Orchard, Meadow, Oat, Teff, Timothy)
* Chewy.com >> [https://www.chewy.com/s?rh=c%3A977%2Cc%3A978%2Cc%3A979%2CFoodForm%3AHay Pet Rabbit Hay]
* [https://www.farmerdavepetsupply.com/ Farmer Dave Pet Supply] (Timothy, Timothy/Orchard/Rye/Clover, Timothy/Clover)
* [https://gbpets.com/shop/ Grandpa's Best] (Timothy, Orchard, Prairie, Alfalfa, Oat)
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/FaysPetHay FaysPetHay] (Timothy/Orchard)
* [https://highdesertfeeds.com/ High Desert Small Animal Feed] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Orchard)
* [http://www.oneearuphay.com/shop/ One Ear Up Hay] (Timothy, Meadow/Timothy/Clover, Orchard/Timothy/Clover, Alfalfa/Timothy/Orchard) - Use the coupon code 'HRS' to save 5%, and One Ear Up will also donate 5% of the purchase price to the House Rabbit Society.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-at-one-ear-up-hay-and-hrs-gets-5/ Shop At One Ear Up Hay, Get a Discount, and HRS Gets 5%]</ref>
* Petco >> [https://www.petco.com/shop/en/petcostore/category/small-animal/small-animal-food-treats/small-animal-hay-grass?ref=dfs Small Animal Hay & Grass]
* [http://www.rabbitholehay.com/ Rabbit Hole Hay] (Timothy, Orchard, Mountain, Alfalfa)
* [http://smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Oat, Alfalfa) - Use the coupon code ‘House Rabbit Hay’ to receive free shipping on any timothy hay product you purchase from Small Pet Select. Additionally Small Pet Select will donate 10% of the purchase price of your timothy hay to HRS.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-for-supplies/ Shop for Rabbit Supplies]</ref>
* [https://springalways.co/collections/animal-feed Spring Always] (Timothy, Alfalfa)
* [http://www.sweetmeadowfarm.com/products/ Sweet Meadow] (Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.vikingfarmer.com/category/all-products Viking Farmer] (Timothy, Orchard Grass, Alfalfa, Oat)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Canada:</b>
* [https://www.freshay.ca/ Freshay] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://haycountry.ca/collections/hay-new Hay Country] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://gethayday.com/ Hay Day] (Orchard/Timothy blend)
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/collections/hay Hop Online] (Oxbow, Small Pet Select)
* [https://www.meadowlofthay.com/ Meadowloft Hay] (Organic Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/ohhaythere Napoleon Bunnyparte] (Timothy)
* [https://parkfarms.ca/collections/frontpage Park Farms] (Timothy) - '''Ottawa/Gatineau delivery only'''
* [https://www.renspets.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oxbow+hay Ren's Pets] (Oxbow)
* [https://www.sparrowfarms.ca/shop/hay/14 Sparrow Farms] (Orchard, Oat, Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://can.truecoloursproducts.com/collections/hay-shavings-pellets True Colours Products] (Timothy, Orchard, Ryegrass blend)
* [https://well.ca/searchresult.html?keyword=oxbow Well.ca] (Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>United Kingdom (UK):</b>
* [https://www.bunnybistro.co.uk/collections/hay-botanical-boxes Bunny Bistro] (Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/meadow-timothy-plus-freeze-dried-grass-c-70_90.html Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories] (Timothy, Rye/Timothy, Meadow/Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [http://www.dustfreehay.co.uk/ DustFreeHay] (Meadow, Rye, Timothy)
* [https://healthyherby.co.uk/collections/healthy-herby-hay-and-straw Healthy Herby] (Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow, Orchard)
* [https://just4rabbits.uk/ Just4rabbits] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [https://happyhay.co.uk/rabbit-hay/ The Happy Hay Co.] (Crau, Meadow, Oat, Orchard, Ryegrass, Timothy)
* [https://www.hay-and-straw.co.uk/ Hay & Straw for Animals] (Ings, Meadow, Timothy/Rye)
* [https://haybox.club/ Hay Box] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/edibles/hay-grasses.html The Hay Experts]
* [https://www.herbivoreshay.co.uk/copy-of-forage-boxes Herbivores Hay] ((Timothy/Ryegrass/Meadow, Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow)
* [https://www.hoptoforage.co.uk Hop to Forage] (Timothy/Rye, Timothy/Meadow)
* [https://www.naturesownpets.co.uk/product-category/hay-straw-and-woodshavings/?customer=animal Nature's Own] (Meadow, Timothy)
* [https://nibbleandgnaw.com/collections/timothy-hay Nibble & Gnaw] (Timothy)
* [https://smallpetselect.co.uk/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa, Oat)
* [https://www.stoterfarm.com/ Stoter Farm] (Timothy)
* [http://www.timothyhay.co.uk/ Timothy Hay] (Timothy, Oat, Orchard)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>France:</b>
* [https://lefoindemonlapin.com/foin-de-crau-lapin/ Le Foin de mon Lapin] (Mixed Crau)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Australia:</b>
* [https://onestopbunnyshop.com.au/Hay-c38221094 One Stop Bunny Shop > Hay] (Oaten, Teff, Meadow/Rye, Lucerne, Oxbow)
* [https://pethorsefarm.com.au/collections/rabbit Pet, Horse, & Farm > Rabbit] (Oaten, Lucerne, Clover, Pasture)
* [https://the-rabbit-doctors.myshopify.com/collections/hay The Rabbit Doctors > Hay] (Oaten, Pasture, Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Singapore:</b>
* [https://themoonbunny.co/collections/main-food The Moon Bunny] (Timothy, Wheatgrass, Oat, Ryegrass, Barley, Alfalfa)
</div>

[[File:Bale in Honda Fit.jpg|thumb|right|A California bale of hay in a Honda Fit.]]

=== By the bale ===
{{Main|[[Hay bale]]}}
The cheapest option typically is a bale of hay. One bale, usually ranging from about 70 to 110 lbs depending on type, can feed one rabbit for approximately a year. Prices vary depending on location from only $5 to about $30. However, this requires space to properly store the hay as it is easily perishable when wet.

You can obtain a bale of hay at local animal feed stores, select rabbit rescues, or farms. Be sure that if you purchase from a feed store or farm, the hay is horse-quality, not cow-quality. Cows have much more tolerant stomachs while horses are comparable to rabbits.

See [[Hay bale]] for more details on how to split and store hay.

=== Craigslist ads and word of mouth ===
Sometimes, you may be able to find private owners that wish to share a purchased bale of hay to make it more manageable. You may be able to get great deals this way. Look for owners of rabbits, chinchillas, or guinea pigs as they have similar hay requirements.

== How should I store my hay? ==
It is very important to keep hay '''dry''' and '''out of direct sunlight'''. Dampness will cause mold in the hay, and sunlight may leech out nutrients in the hay over time. The best location to store hay is in a cool indoor location out of direct sunlight.

Some good '''containers''' to store hay are cardboard boxes and plastic containers with holes drilled into the sides for air flow. Plastic garbage bags can also be used if you leave the top open for moisture to escape. Other ideas include [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-4D06-Configurations-23-Inch-Foldable/dp/B000JF8LSY/ laundry hampers] and [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A2N0BCM/ plastic totes].

If you must store hay '''outside''', invest in a waterproof tarp along with some bricks to keep the hay off the ground to prevent mold. Otherwise, if your hay is properly dry, a watertight [http://www.amazon.com/Suncast-DBW9200-Mocha-Wicker-99-Gallon/dp/B0044V3USU/ deck box] or large plastic tote can be appropriate.

If properly stored, hay can keep to '''over two years'''. However, the hay will drastically lose vitamins A & E after the first year.<ref>Rutgers. (n.d.). Ask the Expert -- Farm and Pasture Management > How long can one store hay? Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://esc.rutgers.edu/ask-the-expert/#how-long-can-one-store-hay</ref><ref>Clair Thunes, PhD. (2017). Nutrition Loss in Stored Hay. Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://thehorse.com/19685/nutrition-loss-in-stored-hay/</ref>

Check out [[Hay_bale#Storing_a_bale_of_hay]] for more ideas on storing a large bale of hay.

The following links contain more information and options on how to properly store hay.
* FurryButts, [http://furrybutts.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/how-to-store-hay/ How to Store Hay]
* Misty Hollow Farm, [http://www.mistyhollowfarm.net/proper-hay-storage.html How to Store Hay]
* Guinea Pig Compendium, [http://www.aracnet.com/~seagull/Guineas/CavyCorner/storinghay.html Seagull's Storing Hay]
* Guinea Lynx, [http://www.guinealynx.info/hay.html Selecting, Purchasing and Storing Grass Hay]

=== SNORS ===
{{right-image|file=SNORS HowToStoreHay.jpg|caption="How to store hay."}}

Special Needs Older Rabbits Sanctuary ([https://www.facebook.com/snorssanctuary SNORS]) how to store hay tips.

Hay may be dried, but it needs to be able to breathe! Hay should be stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight and in a container where it can breathe and not get mouldy. You can store your hay in a loft, garage, shed or cupboard in the house. Store it in:

🌾 A cardboard box

🌾 A cotton laundry hamper

🌾 A linen basket

🌾 A jute sack

Do not store it in plastic bags or sealed plastic containers as this will encourage mould spores.

== How should I give my rabbits hay? ==
[[File:SneakyDragon_hayrack.jpg|thumb|right|A homemade DIY hay rack made from cardboard and extra NIC panels. See [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ here] for more pictures and diagrams on how to make your own.|180px]]
[[File:HayForRabbitsPintrest.png|thumb|right|Hay rack ideas on pintrest: [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/hay-for-rabbits/ Hay for rabbits.]|180px]]

There are many options available to dispense hay to your rabbits. Some owners directly place a layer of hay in the litter box. Others may use hay racks to try to minimize the amount of waste soiled by pee and poop. However, please note that some rabbits will still enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay rack before picking through and consuming the parts they like.

Commercially made hay racks can be easily found in pet stores and online. If you have extra wire grids left over from making a [[Housing#NIC DIY Cages|NIC cube condo]] for your rabbit, you can easily fashion a hay rack from those, too.

<div class="bad">
Be careful that your rabbit will not be able to jump in or get their head stuck in the hay dispenser.

We generally do not recommend the hay bag feeders with large holes for rabbits due to the risk of entanglement and eye injuries. If you do use a rack that rabbits can stick their full face in, please be sure to use soft hays like orchard, teff, and bermuda grass and avoid stalky hays like alfalfa, timothy, and oat.

* u/sneakers0023. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lg3hlr/psa_to_bunny_parents/ Rabbit was found dangerously entangled in a hay bag feeder.]
* Sudbury Bunny Rescue Room. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0vCAHiQ3VHjzrq6kuKRhTb2jWarLEmdYAAPKH8R4Ent5Rv49kUGYqTMuMcMDGgEcEl&id=61563367648213 Facebook video of a rabbit with their head stuck in hay bag.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HayFeeder-PleaseTakeCare1.png|caption=Great care must be taken when using a hanging hay rack with open holes! Image by [https://www.facebook.com/Best4bunny/photos/pb.593413294006137.-2207520000.1458087203./1186584668022327/?type=3&theater Best 4 Bunny]}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-SquishetteRomeo-haybag.jpg|caption=The pictured strawberry hay bag feeder with oat hay caused a permanent eye injury on the elderly mobility-impaired brown Netherland Dwarf rabbit.}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-Squishette-eye.jpg|caption=An eye injury (the bright white spot) on an elderly mobility-impaired Netherland Dwarf rabbit from using a hay bag feeder.}}
</div>
</div>

<div class="blue">
Below are some hay racks you can buy online.
* {{amazon|id=B06XGGKH8T|name=10" Niteangel Pet Wooden Hay Manger}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YBDVV6H|name=andwe Standing Hay Feeder}}
* Leith Petwerks Inc. (US)
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-12-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 12 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-20-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 20 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/petwerks-hay-loft Cardboard hay box]
* SaveABunny (US). [https://www.etsy.com/listing/67290023/saveabunnys-three-hole-hay-saver-box SaveABunny's Three Hole Hay Saver Box]
* Bunnease (Canada). [https://www.bunnease.com/product/hayfeeder Mrs. CleanHay Metal Double Hay Feeder]
* Search for [https://www.etsy.com/search?q=litter%20box%20hay%20feeder "litter box hay feeder" on Etsy]
</div>

The following links provide some options for non-commercial hay racks, either re-purposed household items or DIY solutions.
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ DIY Hay Rack]
** kambrii. (2013). [http://imgur.com/a/3FKZW DIY Hay Rack]
** sneaky_dragon. (2012). [http://imgur.com/a/IZdSY#0 DIY Hay Rack]
* Special Bunny. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=529152667132147&set=a.324328827614533.72056.263110360403047&type=1&theater Special Bunny's All Season Hay Feeders]
* mocha200. (2012). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/new-diy-free-standing-hay-rack/ New DIY Free Standing Hay Rack!]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=n2mDMPFgbTw|name=101Rabbits. (2014). How to Make a Hay Box}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some repurposed items that could be used as hay racks are the following:
* Ikea, [http://www.ikea.com/au/en/catalog/products/10136512/ VARIERA Plastic bag dispenser]
</div>

Below are image galleries of hay racks that people have made.
* Guinea Pig Cages, [http://www.guineapigcages.com/photos/showgallery.php?cat=520 Hay Racks]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:HayRack1-LeelooSimon1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY wooden dowel hay rack being used by Leeloo and Simon . Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153510076548809/ B.Eaton], used with permission.|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:DIY-HayRack-kittymonger-Penelope-Beelze1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY paper bag hay rack with Beelze & Penelope. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/kittymonger /u/kittymonger], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/esRMU More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Geekykitten-DIY-Hayfeeded1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a custom DIY hay rack & litterbox with Kirby & Mayzy. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/geekykitten /u/geekykitten], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/dCY8Z More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
</div>

Here are some video reviews of hay racks that rabbit owners have tried.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=1dMlxj-_IWc|name=101Rabbits. (2012). Hay Rack Review!}}
</div>

== Encouraging your rabbit to eat hay ==
At the bare minimum, rabbits should be encouraged to eat at least 3 oz. of hay a day.<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/ ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref> A rabbit not eating enough hay can be prone to digestive and dental issues.

If your rabbit has suddenly stopped eating hay and other hard objects, please see a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] to consider ruling out [[teeth|dental issues]] as a cause. Radiographs may be necessary to check overgrown teeth roots if their incisors and molars look fine with a visual check.

Some ideas to help increase your rabbit's hay consumption are the following:<ref name="novetbg"/>
* Introduce a variety of grass hays at an early age to increase acceptance.
* Offer hay in generous amounts, at least half a body size in volume a day.
* Offer hay in multiple locations and in a variety of containers to encourage play.
* Use hay as a bedding or lounging space.
* Rabbits tend to like to eat their hay while simultaneously use their litter box.
* Do not remove hay unless it is soiled. Replacing the hay constantly encourages the rabbit to be picky and eat only leafy parts and not the stems which contain the most fiber.
* Hide pellets and other healthy treats like herbs to encourage foraging. See [[Treats#Online_rabbit_treat_stores|Online rabbit treat stores]] for sources.
* Shred carrots into a pile of hay to make a "hay salad".
* Lightly mist the hay with flavored water or diluted juice. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.
* As a last resort, steam hay to increase the moisture content, make it tender, and intensify the aroma and flavor. To steam hay, bring a pot of 1 inch of water to a boil. Place a handful of hay into a steaming basket and steam for 10-15 seconds. Fruit juice can be added to the water for flavor. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.

Here are some links to read for more information on getting your rabbit to eat more hay.
* The Rabbit House. (2007). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2007/06/20/5-ways-to-get-your-to-rabbit-eat-more-hay/ 5 Ways to Get Your Rabbit to Eat More Hay]

== Possible dangers of hay ==
Hay can be the cause of uncommon accidents.

* '''Inhaled.''' This will often cause [[snuffles]] and [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] in rabbits if not removed.
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/pfbid02uSsYKFeFG9s9Lbh9NvPFYMdeYyaLbag8UgbM1b1cF9Jcajo8TZSm9rJqrFh6xJSRl Angora rabbit had a grass seed lodged high in the nasal cavity, causing weepy left eye and sudden sneezing fits]
** The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02ws8YKcQLL5vyNWQeKFCMHRiAQmnJCQVxrqQc8FLfmnNYcKkynscRBVqNdAiEwqNFl Monty the lop had a grass seed lodged in his nose, causing chronic sneezing]
** u/RevolutionaryTruth77. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/131a0jf/ummmwut/ Rabbit had inhaled a strand of hay that owner removed.] {{graphic}}
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=saved&v=3188200454765555 Video of hay seed removal from a nostril.] {{graphic}}
* '''Wrapped around limbs.''' [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205979703523096&set=a.1075741985195.2012379.1575577191&type=1 Timmy] a small 2 pound Lionhead, had a piece of hay wrapped around his foot and it was not noticed because of his long fur. The hay could not be seen and Timmy tried to chew his foot off. Luckily, with a very rabbit savvy vet, he only ended up losing the very tip of his toes. Something to watch for.
* '''Lodged in gums.''' [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153887198668809/ Milo] had developed an abscess on his cheek that was thought to maybe be from dental problems. During surgery, they determined it was actually a piece of hay that got lodged into his gums. Milo is ok so far but has a pretty nasty scar on his cheek that we have to watch for the next two weeks. The vet told Milo's parent that "it was just a unfortunate random act that I couldn't have prevented."
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=TimmyHayIssue1.jpg|caption=Timmy recovering with a foot wrap. Image (c) P.Murdock, used with permission.}}
{{post-image|file=MiloHayProblems1.jpg|caption=The hay that caused all of Milo's problems. Image (c) B.Menendez, used with permission.}}
</div>
* '''Stuck in the eyes.''' Rabbits can get small pieces of hay unfortunately stuck in their eyes and consequently cause serious eye injuries and ulcers, especially if they are fed with hay bags with stalky hay like timothy and alfalfa. It is important to notice if your rabbit has [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] and take them to the [[emergencies|emergency]] veterinary hospital if you suspect an eye injury.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-2.jpg|caption=The large grass seed that was removed.}}
</div>
* '''Foreign material found in hay''' Hay is harvested in fields, sometimes there may be foreign objects found in hay when bundled up. Ex. animal carcasses, metal, plastic or broken glass, etc. Keep an eye out for foreign objects to ensure your bunny does not ingest it or suffer any injuries.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Hay-bale-string.png|caption=Owner found plastic bale string in hay.}}

</div>

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/hay Hay]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/hay.pdf Hay, Hay, Hay]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, Susan Smith, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/WHRS-Library_HayDemystified.pdf Hay Demystified]
* eHow, Emily Jacobson, [http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8411445_difference-hay-meadow-hay-rabbits.html Difference Between Timothy Hay & Meadow Hay for Rabbits]
* Journal of Animal Science, J. A. Newlander and W. H. Riddell, [http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/11/2/419.full.pdf+html Rate of Vitamin D Formation in Hay]
* University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Snider, H. J., [https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00snid Chemical composition of hay and forage crops as affected by various soil treatments]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Hay bale]]
* [[Nutrition for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Diet]]

Hay

2026-05-21T05:26:33Z

SneakyDragon: /* Online in bulk */ rhh doesn't sell oat anymore, add viking farmer, fix blue mountain hay link

{{#seo:
|description=Hay info for rabbits including: Why hay, Cuttings, Types, Storage, Danger, and others... along with tips and resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/15/Speakstruth_toby_bunny_haybox.jpg
}}
Hay is simply a dried, preserved, fibrous plant material. The fiber content of hay that stimulates peristalsis and supports bacterial growth and gastrointestinal pH for proper digestion in hindgut fermenters like rabbits.<ref name="novetbg"/>

__TOC__
== Why should rabbits eat hay? ==
Hay is the most important part of a rabbit's diet. It is the prime source of fiber to keep the GI tract of a rabbit working properly and also helps grind down teeth to prevent overgrowth. See [[Teeth]] for more information as to what sort of problems a lack of fiber in their diet can cause. Hay can also serve as entertainment as it takes a while to chew. Some bunnies like digging and rearranging their hay. Rabbits will not gain weight on an unlimited proper hay diet.

<div class="note">
'''Do note that a rabbit eating only hay is not sufficient for a healthy nutritious long-term diet.''' Not only can too much indigestible fiber lead to an impacted cecum, but rabbits also receive very little nutrition from hay because it passes so rapidly through the gut.<ref>Moore, L. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Lucile/dp/1602647852/ ''Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing''. (1st ed.).]</ref> Vitamin content is either in very low amounts or nonexistent in hay.<ref>Krishona Martinson, PhD, and Marcia Hathaway, PhD, University of Minnesota, [http://blog.lib.umn.edu/efans/horse/2012/06/what-is-the-vitamin-content-of-grass-hay.php What is the vitamin content of grass hay?]</ref> In addition to hay, rabbits require more easily-digested foods from which to obtain the nutrition necessary to maintain their bodies. However, it is safe to put your rabbit on a hay-only diet for a couple of weeks or longer due to problems like an overproduction of [[cecotrophs]] or running out of other food supplies, but owners should be mindful and closely monitor for any weight loss.<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week. (2013). The Research. Retrieved 01 May 2013 from https://web.archive.org/web/20130702072044/http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research</ref><ref>Ref2014. (2014). Impact case study. Retrieved 02 Jun 2017 from http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/23915.</ref>
</div>

The following links contain more information about the importance of hay in a rabbit's diet.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-3/fiber.html Natural Nutrition Part I: The Importance of Fiber]
* Marcus Clauss, PD Dr. med. vet, MSc, Dip, ECVN, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Hay.pdf Clinical Technique: Feeding Hay to Rabbits and Rodents]
* MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Hay/Hay_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 1: Hay and straw]

== Cuttings of hay ==
Some hays (mostly timothy) will also come with a choice of first, second, or third cuttings. In the continental US, hay is usually harvested starting in March to mid-November. The most active harvesting dates are usually June to September.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (1997). ''Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for US Field Crops''. Retrieved 7 March, 2016, from http://swat.tamu.edu/media/90113/crops-typicalplanting-harvestingdates-by-states.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
|+ Comparison of Stages in Cutting Hay<ref name="novetbg"/>
|-
! Immature Hay !! Mature Hay
|-
|
* Lower fiber content (can be <20% crude fiber)
* Lower ADF content
* Higher protein level
* More leaves
* May cause soft stools in some animals
|
* Higher fiber content
* Higher ADF content
* Lower protein level
* Higher stem content
* May not be as palatable
|}
{{right-image|file=Hay-Cut-Comparison1.jpg|caption=Comparison of hay cuts - [https://wagonwheelfarmny.com/hay-and-straw/ image source.]}}
=== First cutting ===
The first growth off of a field for the year is the ''first cutting''. Generally, the first cutting should be harvested when relatively immature (pre-bloom stage), before the plant is allowed to mature to the point where the stem becomes larger and coarser.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Second cutting ===
A ''second cutting'' is the second crop taken off a field that has already been harvested once in that given year. Depending upon the temperatures of the days and nights, it typically takes 40-45 days for regrowth of alfalfa, mix hay, and orchardgrass, and 55- 60 days for regrowth of timothy.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The second cutting usually has a larger percentage of leaves to stems, has a finer and softer stem, has increased percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and has a lower crude fiber percentage depending on the maturity of the grass when it was cut.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Third cutting ===
If the growing season is long enough on any given year, it may be possible to secure a ''third cutting'' on a field. The third cutting is typically very soft hay that is primarily leaves with very few small stems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> As a result, it can be much more palatable to picky rabbits who might not like the more immature and more fibrous 1st and 2nd cuttings.

=== Extra resources ===
For more resources on the topic, see the links below.
* Oxbow. (2023). [https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/hay-cuttings-fact-vs-fiction/ Hay Cuttings - Fact vs. Fiction]
* Small Pet Select. (2022). [https://smallpetselect.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-all-3-cuts-of-timothy-hay/ Everything You Need To Know About All 3 Cuts of Timothy Hay]
* Linda Sterett-Fogarty. (2011). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]

== What types of hay can rabbits eat? ==
[[File:Speakstruth toby bunny haybox.jpg|thumb|right|Two rabbits enjoying fresh hay in a box.]]
There are many types of hay available on the market, however, rabbits should be consuming alfalfa (a legume hay) when young and grass hays when older. All grass hays, including but not limited to timothy, orchard, oat, brome, and johnson grass, are suitable for mature herbivores, because they contain levels of protein and calcium that are appropriate for adult diets. Legume hays, such as alfalfa (lucerne), clover, vetch, peanut and pea, have relatively high protein and calcium contents which make them beneficial for growing and pregnant/lactating rabbits, but unsuitable for healthy adults. Some legume hays also contain high levels of oxalic acid, which may lead to precipitation of calcium oxalate in the urine of some animals result in [[bladder sludge]].<ref name="novetbg">Exotic Animal, [https://www.oxbowaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dawns-Exotic-DVM-article-Hay-Scinence2003.pdf Application of Hay Science]</ref> Regardless of age, you should consult a knowledgeable rabbit vet if your rabbit has any health conditions or struggles with nutrition/weight, as they may benefit from a different diet than the what is standard for their age.

If you decide to buy by the bale, make sure the hay is '''horse quality''', not cow quality, because horses have comparable sensitivity to rabbits while cows are more tolerant of lower-quality hay. Additionally, please avoid hays that have added ingredients such as oils (something that is sometimes added for horses or other species).

Here are some links for more general information, as well as pictures of various types of hay:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* Atascadero Hay & Feed. [http://www.atascaderohayandfeed.com/hay.html Hay]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/grass-hay.asp Grass and Hay for Rabbits]
* Vancouver Rabbit Rescue & Advocacy. [https://www.vrra.org/wp-beta1/wp-content/uploads/bunphotos/Types-of-Rabbit-Hay.pdf Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass] [PDF]

=== What is the best type of hay for my rabbit? ===
While timothy hay is the most popular type of hay marketed to adult rabbits, <b>the best type of hay for your rabbit is any kind of grass hay that is rabbit-safe that your rabbit is willing to eat heaping piles of</b>, whether that be orchard grass, oat, bermuda, rye, or other suitable grass hays, as long as it doesn't cause digestive issues like [[Poopy_butt|excess cecals]] or diarrhea.

This similarly applies with [[#Cuttings_of_hay|type of cutting]] - if your rabbit is willing to eat large amounts of third cutting timothy hay but will not eat much of first cutting timothy, we do not recommend forcing them to eat the one they dislike, especially if your rabbit ends up avoiding the hay completely. Overall fiber and consumption amount is most important, especially to prevent [[Teeth#Dental_problems|dental issues.]]

We generally recommend feeding a mixture of grass hays to help maintain interest and give some variety to your rabbits' diet. It is also useful to know which hay types that your rabbits are willing to eat in case of [[Disaster_planning_with_rabbits|supply issues]].

Lastly, please note that not all hay brands/products are equal. Some rabbits may generally enjoy a specific kind of hay (orchard, for example), but dislike hay from a certain company due to their hay being poor quality. There have been many cases where a rabbit refuses to eat a specific brand of hay because it is not up to their standards, despite usually loving that particular hay cultivar in general. Sometimes switching to a different brand of hay can make a huge difference in encouraging your rabbit to consume hay regularly and with eagerness.

=== How do I switch hay types for my rabbit? ===
Unlike higher nutrition foods like pellets and vegetables, you can freely introduce new hay to your rabbits without transitioning. Hay is mostly fiber that generally should not upset rabbit stomachs when switched suddenly. However, it is not a bad idea to mix hays in case your rabbit is a picky eater.

If you are transitioning a rabbit from alfalfa (or other legume hay) to a grass hay, you can make a gradual transition and mix less and less alfalfa hay into the grass hay until you run out.

Do note that some rabbits may be [[Rabbit allergies|allergic]] to certain types of hay, especially if one is dustier. Monitor your rabbit for [[snuffles|increased sneezing]] when changing between types of hay.

=== Alfalfa ===
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-hay.jpg|caption=Alfalfa hay closeup.}}
Alfalfa, also known as <i>lucerne</i> or <i>luzerne</i> in some countries, is a herbaceous perennial legume that originated near Iran. It has a high mineral content and contains at least 10 different vitamins.<ref name="HRSlindahay">House Rabbit Society, Linda Sterett-Fogarty, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]</ref> Alfalfa is high-fiber like grass hays but also contains more protein, energy and calcium.<ref name="ata">Atascadero Hay & Feed, [http://www.atascaderofeed.com/hay.html Hay]</ref> As a result, alfalfa should only be fed to growing young bunnies under the age of 7 months. For the older bunny, constant alfalfa hay consumption can lead to gummy droppings, weight gain, sludge, and cecal pellets not being eaten.<ref name="sdhrshay"/> Additionally, the calcium in alfalfa hay can predispose rabbits to [[urolithiasis]] when fed in large amounts.<ref name="BSAVAManual">Meredith, A & Redrobe, S. (2001). [http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Exotic-British-Veterinary-Association/dp/0905214471 ''BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets''. (4th ed.).]</ref>

Alfalfa is typically distinguished by their usually brittle stalks with flat green to brown leaves. Hay can vary from dark lime-green to yellow, green, or brown depending on the season. <ref name="sdhrshay">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet/hay_grass.html Types of Hays and Grasses]</ref>

The following is crude analysis for various types of alfalfa hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Alfalfa cubes ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"| 1.30
|-
| Alfalfa, fresh ||align="center"| 24 ||align="center"| 19 ||align="center"| 27 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom ||align="center"| 90 ||align="center"|19 ||align="center"| 28 ||align="center"| 1.41
|-
| Alfalfa hay, midbloom ||align="center"| 89 ||align="center"| 17 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.40
|-
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 1.20
|-
| Alfalfa hay, mature ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 13 ||align="center"| 38 ||align="center"| 1.18
|}

=== Timothy ===
[[File:Timothy-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Timothy hay closeup.]]
Timothy grass, a perennial bunchgrass, is a cool-season forage grass.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> Timothy hay is the most popular hay fed to rabbits. It looks like a dried fairly wide blade of grass, and its color is a soft green to grey or brown-green. Timothy hay also has "solid cattails" which distinguishes it from Orchard grass which has "broken cattails."<ref name="sdhrshay"/>

Many people who are allergic to hay have the worst symptoms with timothy hay. Consider switching to a less dusty hay if you are allergic to hay. Many rabbit owners have seen great improvement when switching to orchard grass hay.

The following is crude analysis for various types of timothy hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Timothy, fresh, pre-bloom ||align="center"|26 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 0.40
|-
| Timothy hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.58
|-
| Timothy hay, full bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 8 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 0.43
|}

=== Oat hay ===
[[File:Oat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Oat Hay closeup.]]
The San Diego House Rabbit Society states,<ref name="sdhrshay"/> <blockquote>If bun's diet is high in oat hay, the pellets she produces will be larger, lighter in color, and will look like sawdust if crushed. Many bunnies would benefit from eating more oat hay, an excellent preventative for GI Stasis.</blockquote>

The following is crude analysis for oat hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Oat hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"|0.40
|}

As one can see, oat hay is a perfectly acceptable alternative to the more popular timothy, orchard grass, and meadow hay and has a very similar basic nutrition. The "oat" in the name may be misleading, and some may think it is more fattening and should be a treat, but the hay is cut before the actual oat kernel is fully mature. As a result, the seed heads consist of mostly oat husks that are rich in fiber.<ref>Oxbow. (2013). Oat Hay. Retrieved 9 March, 2016, from http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1529</ref>

Oat hay can also differ greatly in color from a pale green to a golden yellow, depending on how close to maturity the hay is harvested. The closer to maturity, the more golden the hay will be. A good-quality cereal hay is harvested when the grain is immature (soft dough stage) and the leaves and stems are still green, and therefore higher in digestible nutrients. If the cereal hay is harvested after the grain is removed, it is no longer considered hay but straw.<ref name="hay4horses">Mark Llewellyn, [http://www.ker.com/library/equinews/v13n4/v13n406.pdf Hay Selection for Horses]</ref>

<div class="note">
Uncommonly, rabbits can be gluten intolerant, and feeding oat hay may cause chronic diarrhea and [[poopy butt]]. While oats themselves do not have gluten, the grass is often contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye during harvesting.<ref>Iva Hoffmanová et al. (2019). The Pros and Cons of Using Oat in a Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Patients. Retrieved 14 May 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835965/#sec4-nutrients-11-02345title.</ref>

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/2913455185541410 Diarrhea in 11 rabbits improved by removing all sources of gluten in the diet (hay, treats, and pellets)]
</div>

=== Bermudagrass ===
[[File:Bermuda-grass.jpg|thumb|right|Bermuda grass hay closeup.]]
This hay is made from the same grass common in many lawns.

The following is crude analysis for various types of bermuda grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bermudagrass coastal hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Bermudagrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|29 ||align="center"| 0.46
|}

=== Orchardgrass ===
Orchardgrass, also known as ''cocksfoot'' or ''orchard grass'', is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. It is a cool season grass that grows in clumps or tufts and has a fibrous root system.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The following is crude analysis for various types of orchard grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Orchardgrass, fresh, early bloom ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"|0.33
|-
| Orchardgrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"|0.32
|}

=== Meadow hay ===
Meadow hay is not a specific type of grass, but instead, it is a blend of soft grasses grown in a meadow. Sometimes other plants such as dandelions, thistles, clover, and other rabbit-safe weeds may also make it into the bale.

The following is crude analysis for various types of meadow hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Meadow hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.61
|}

=== Other hay ===
The following is crude analysis for various types of hay not in the above categories from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed">BeefMagazine.com. (2015). 2015 Feed Composition Table. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 from http://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/beefmagazine.com/files/uploads/2015/02/2015-BEEF-Magazine-Feed-Comp-Tables.pdf</ref> These are all also safe to feed your rabbit if you wish, but please be careful of the higher calcium and protein contents in the legume hays. Like alfalfa, legume hays are not appropriate to feed to adults regularly as part of their diet but is okay as a treat.

'''Grass hays'''
[[File:Wheat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Wheat hay closeup.]]
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bahiagrass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 6 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Barley hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"|28 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Bromegrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 35 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Canarygrass hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"|0.38
|-
| Elephant (napier) grass hay, chopped ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|0.35
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 25 ||align="center"|0.48
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, mature||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.45
|-
| Grass hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"|10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.60
|-
| Kenaf hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|31 ||align="center"| N/A
|-
| Prairie hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|7 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Rye grass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"|0.45
|-
| Sanfoin hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"|14 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|N/A
|-
| Sudangrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| 0.50
|-
| Triticale hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Wheat hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"|0.21
|-
| Wheatgrass, crested, hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.33
|}

'''Legume hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Birdsfoot trefoil hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 1.73
|-
| Clover, ladino, hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|21 ||align="center"| 22 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Clover, red, hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.50
|-
| Clover, sweet, hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.27
|-
| Kudzu hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 3.00
|-
| Lespedeza hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30||align="center"| 1.10
|-
| Pea Vine hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"|32 ||align="center"| 1.25
|-
| Soybean hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 1.28
|-
| Vetch hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.25
|}

'''Miscellaneous hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Kochia hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"|27 ||align="center"| 1.00
|}

=== Straw ===
Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants like wheat and a by-product of harvest. If any seeds or grains remain on the stalks, it is by accident. Hay refers to grasses or legume plants cut down fresh and baled for animal feed.<ref>Root Simple, [http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/02/my-mental-glitch-hay-vs-straw.html My mental glitch: hay vs. straw]</ref> Grain hay such as oat, barley, and wheat hay may sometimes have a coloration similar to straw's when harvested closer to maturity, but the hay is cut before the seedheads are fully developed, so the nutrition is still in the stalks and not all in the seedheads. Grain hay should also have most of the seeds and grains on the stems. Hay bales are usually greener than straw bales, and the plant material finer. Straw bales are also usually half to a third of the weight of a hay bale due to the mostly hollow stalks.<ref>Amazonails, [http://www.amazonails.org.uk/hay-vs-straw-a-look-at-key-differences/ Hay vs. Straw: A Look at Key Differences]</ref>

'''Although rabbits eat it, straw is not recommended because it is low in nutrients and will lead to deficiencies if it is a major part of the diet.'''<ref>The British Rabbit Council, Anna Meredith, [http://www.thebrc.org/diet.htm The Importance of Diet in Rabbits]</ref> However, straw can be safely used as a bedding, especially for outdoor hutches during the winter.

The following is crude analysis for various types of straw from the 2012 Feed Composition Tables compiled by R.L. Preston, Ph.D.<ref name="2012feed">BeefMagazine.com, R.L. Preston, Ph.D., [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/2/2a/2012FeedComp.pdf 2012 Feed Comp]</ref>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Barley Straw ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"| 42 ||align="center"|0.32
|-
| Bluegrass Straw ||align="center"|93 ||align="center"|6 ||align="center"|40 ||align="center"|0.20
|-
| Fescue (Red) Straw ||align="center"|94 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"| 0.00
|-
| Oat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Pea Vine Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 49 ||align="center"| 0.75
|-
| Rice Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|38 ||align="center"| 0.23
|-
| Rye Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Soybean Straw ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 5 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|1.59
|-
| Wheat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| 43 ||align="center"| 0.17
|}

Below are some links that go into greater detail about the differences between hay and straw.
* HubPages, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Do-Rabbits-Need-Straw-or-Hay Do Rabbits Need Straw or Hay?]

== What is good quality hay? ==
Good quality hay should be green and aromatic. It should not be overly dry, brown, damp, moldy or dusty.<ref name="novetbg"/>

Below are some links with more information about choosing good quality hay.
* Alex Rocateli, Hailin Zhang. (2017). [https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/evaluating-hay-quality-based-on-sight-smell-and-feel-hay-judging.html Evaluating Hay Quality Based on Sight, Smell and Feel – Hay Judging]
* Purina Mills. [https://www.purinamills.com/horse-feed/education/detail/six-signs-of-good-quality-horse-hay Six Signs of Good Quality Horse Hay]
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-select-hay-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-will-love The Expert Guide To Selecting Fresh Hay Your Pets Will Love]
* Supreme. [https://supremepetfoods.us/blog/hay-hay-and-more-hay/ Hay, hay and more hay!]
* Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP. (2011). [https://lafeber.com/vet/hay-feeding-small-herbivores/ Hay: Feeding Small Herbivores]

== Where can I buy hay? ==
=== Pet store ===
Pet stores will carry a variety of hay (i.e. Timothy, orchard grass, alfalfa, etc.). Typically, the amount that can be bought will range from about 24 oz up to 5 pounds. Although it is convenient to buy hay at a local pet store, this is often an expensive option. A 64oz bag will usually last a couple of weeks at ~$8. Additionally, most pet store brands offer lower quality hay that is very hard and stalky. The recommended popular hay brand is [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=oxbow+hay Oxbow], although this may be quite expensive since they carry a premium price compared to other commercial brands.

Some brands may offer fruit mixed in the hay -- '''DO NOT BUY THESE'''. Only buy bags of hay with ''only'' hay in them and ''no other treats''. Dried herbs are acceptable, however. You can feed fresh healthy [[treats]] on the side, independent of the hay and easily rationed.

=== Through the local rabbit rescue ===
If you live in a location with a House Rabbit Society chapter or rescue, check and see if they sell boxes, flakes, or bales of hay at a cheap price! Of course, buying a bale yourself will be cheaper, but if you do not have the space to store it, support your local HRS chapter or rescue! They will most likely sell fresh hay at a better rate than the small bags at pet stores. Your bunny will most likely love and wallow in the fresh hay.

Some examples of House Rabbit Society chapters and rescues that sell hay include the following:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, San Diego, CA -- $12 for 7-8lbs of hay.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/supplies/hay-sales-throughout-san-diego-county Hay Sales throughout San Diego County]</ref>
* House Rabbit Society Headquarters, Richmond, CA -- $16.99 for 10 lbs (Ikea shopping bag full) of hay.<ref>Yelp, [https://shop.houserabbit.org/hay]</ref>
* Missouri House Rabbit Society, Kansas City, MO -- $23 for 12.5lbs, $45 for 25lbs, $75 for 40lbs.<ref>Missouri House Rabbit Society, [http://www.mohrs.org/hrswebpg4.html Products and Services]</ref>
* Lowcountry House Rabbit Society,Charleston, SC -- $17 for 10lbs, $25 for 20lbs.<ref>Lowcountry House Rabbit Society, [http://www.lowcountrybunny.com/topic.asp?pid=24 Rabbit Hay Sale]</ref>

=== Online in bulk ===
Some bunny owners like buying their hay online in bulk. These suppliers also typically ship much fresher hay than the average commercial brand. When bought in a large enough order, costs can be around $1/lb of hay depending on supplier.

<div class="box">
<b>United States (US):</b>
* [https://www.alfalfaking.com/ Alfalfa King] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Oat/Wheat/Barley)
* [https://americanpet.com/product-category/hay/ American Pet Diner] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Mountain)
* [https://andy.pet/collections/hay Andy by Anderson Hay] (Alfalfa, Timothy)
* [http://www.bingalingstore.com/hay/ Bingaling Bunnybox Store] (Orchard, Oxbow)
* [https://bluemountainhay.com/collections/small-pet-hay-and-straw Blue Mountain Hay] (Alfalfa, Orchard, Meadow, Oat, Teff, Timothy)
* Chewy.com >> [https://www.chewy.com/s?rh=c%3A977%2Cc%3A978%2Cc%3A979%2CFoodForm%3AHay Pet Rabbit Hay]
* [https://www.farmerdavepetsupply.com/ Farmer Dave Pet Supply] (Timothy, Timothy/Orchard/Rye/Clover, Timothy/Clover)
* [https://www.gbpets.com/ Grandpa's Best] (Timothy, Orchard, Prairie, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/FaysPetHay FaysPetHay] (Timothy/Orchard)
* [https://highdesertfeeds.com/ High Desert Small Animal Feed] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Orchard)
* [http://www.oneearuphay.com/shop/ One Ear Up Hay] (Timothy, Meadow/Timothy/Clover, Orchard/Timothy/Clover, Alfalfa/Timothy/Orchard) - Use the coupon code 'HRS' to save 5%, and One Ear Up will also donate 5% of the purchase price to the House Rabbit Society.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-at-one-ear-up-hay-and-hrs-gets-5/ Shop At One Ear Up Hay, Get a Discount, and HRS Gets 5%]</ref>
* Petco >> [https://www.petco.com/shop/en/petcostore/category/small-animal/small-animal-food-treats/small-animal-hay-grass?ref=dfs Small Animal Hay & Grass]
* [http://www.rabbitholehay.com/ Rabbit Hole Hay] (Timothy, Orchard, Mountain, Alfalfa)
* [http://smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Oat, Alfalfa) - Use the coupon code ‘House Rabbit Hay’ to receive free shipping on any timothy hay product you purchase from Small Pet Select. Additionally Small Pet Select will donate 10% of the purchase price of your timothy hay to HRS.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-for-supplies/ Shop for Rabbit Supplies]</ref>
* [https://springalways.co/collections/animal-feed Spring Always] (Timothy, Alfalfa)
* [http://www.sweetmeadowfarm.com/products/ Sweet Meadow] (Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.vikingfarmer.com/category/all-products Viking Farmer] (Timothy, Orchard Grass, Alfalfa, Oat)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Canada:</b>
* [https://www.freshay.ca/ Freshay] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://haycountry.ca/collections/hay-new Hay Country] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://gethayday.com/ Hay Day] (Orchard/Timothy blend)
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/collections/hay Hop Online] (Oxbow, Small Pet Select)
* [https://www.meadowlofthay.com/ Meadowloft Hay] (Organic Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/ohhaythere Napoleon Bunnyparte] (Timothy)
* [https://parkfarms.ca/collections/frontpage Park Farms] (Timothy) - '''Ottawa/Gatineau delivery only'''
* [https://www.renspets.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oxbow+hay Ren's Pets] (Oxbow)
* [https://www.sparrowfarms.ca/shop/hay/14 Sparrow Farms] (Orchard, Oat, Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://can.truecoloursproducts.com/collections/hay-shavings-pellets True Colours Products] (Timothy, Orchard, Ryegrass blend)
* [https://well.ca/searchresult.html?keyword=oxbow Well.ca] (Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>United Kingdom (UK):</b>
* [https://www.bunnybistro.co.uk/collections/hay-botanical-boxes Bunny Bistro] (Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/meadow-timothy-plus-freeze-dried-grass-c-70_90.html Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories] (Timothy, Rye/Timothy, Meadow/Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [http://www.dustfreehay.co.uk/ DustFreeHay] (Meadow, Rye, Timothy)
* [https://healthyherby.co.uk/collections/healthy-herby-hay-and-straw Healthy Herby] (Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow, Orchard)
* [https://just4rabbits.uk/ Just4rabbits] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [https://happyhay.co.uk/rabbit-hay/ The Happy Hay Co.] (Crau, Meadow, Oat, Orchard, Ryegrass, Timothy)
* [https://www.hay-and-straw.co.uk/ Hay & Straw for Animals] (Ings, Meadow, Timothy/Rye)
* [https://haybox.club/ Hay Box] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/edibles/hay-grasses.html The Hay Experts]
* [https://www.herbivoreshay.co.uk/copy-of-forage-boxes Herbivores Hay] ((Timothy/Ryegrass/Meadow, Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow)
* [https://www.hoptoforage.co.uk Hop to Forage] (Timothy/Rye, Timothy/Meadow)
* [https://www.naturesownpets.co.uk/product-category/hay-straw-and-woodshavings/?customer=animal Nature's Own] (Meadow, Timothy)
* [https://nibbleandgnaw.com/collections/timothy-hay Nibble & Gnaw] (Timothy)
* [https://smallpetselect.co.uk/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa, Oat)
* [https://www.stoterfarm.com/ Stoter Farm] (Timothy)
* [http://www.timothyhay.co.uk/ Timothy Hay] (Timothy, Oat, Orchard)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>France:</b>
* [https://lefoindemonlapin.com/foin-de-crau-lapin/ Le Foin de mon Lapin] (Mixed Crau)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Australia:</b>
* [https://onestopbunnyshop.com.au/Hay-c38221094 One Stop Bunny Shop > Hay] (Oaten, Teff, Meadow/Rye, Lucerne, Oxbow)
* [https://pethorsefarm.com.au/collections/rabbit Pet, Horse, & Farm > Rabbit] (Oaten, Lucerne, Clover, Pasture)
* [https://the-rabbit-doctors.myshopify.com/collections/hay The Rabbit Doctors > Hay] (Oaten, Pasture, Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Singapore:</b>
* [https://themoonbunny.co/collections/main-food The Moon Bunny] (Timothy, Wheatgrass, Oat, Ryegrass, Barley, Alfalfa)
</div>

[[File:Bale in Honda Fit.jpg|thumb|right|A California bale of hay in a Honda Fit.]]

=== By the bale ===
{{Main|[[Hay bale]]}}
The cheapest option typically is a bale of hay. One bale, usually ranging from about 70 to 110 lbs depending on type, can feed one rabbit for approximately a year. Prices vary depending on location from only $5 to about $30. However, this requires space to properly store the hay as it is easily perishable when wet.

You can obtain a bale of hay at local animal feed stores, select rabbit rescues, or farms. Be sure that if you purchase from a feed store or farm, the hay is horse-quality, not cow-quality. Cows have much more tolerant stomachs while horses are comparable to rabbits.

See [[Hay bale]] for more details on how to split and store hay.

=== Craigslist ads and word of mouth ===
Sometimes, you may be able to find private owners that wish to share a purchased bale of hay to make it more manageable. You may be able to get great deals this way. Look for owners of rabbits, chinchillas, or guinea pigs as they have similar hay requirements.

== How should I store my hay? ==
It is very important to keep hay '''dry''' and '''out of direct sunlight'''. Dampness will cause mold in the hay, and sunlight may leech out nutrients in the hay over time. The best location to store hay is in a cool indoor location out of direct sunlight.

Some good '''containers''' to store hay are cardboard boxes and plastic containers with holes drilled into the sides for air flow. Plastic garbage bags can also be used if you leave the top open for moisture to escape. Other ideas include [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-4D06-Configurations-23-Inch-Foldable/dp/B000JF8LSY/ laundry hampers] and [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A2N0BCM/ plastic totes].

If you must store hay '''outside''', invest in a waterproof tarp along with some bricks to keep the hay off the ground to prevent mold. Otherwise, if your hay is properly dry, a watertight [http://www.amazon.com/Suncast-DBW9200-Mocha-Wicker-99-Gallon/dp/B0044V3USU/ deck box] or large plastic tote can be appropriate.

If properly stored, hay can keep to '''over two years'''. However, the hay will drastically lose vitamins A & E after the first year.<ref>Rutgers. (n.d.). Ask the Expert -- Farm and Pasture Management > How long can one store hay? Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://esc.rutgers.edu/ask-the-expert/#how-long-can-one-store-hay</ref><ref>Clair Thunes, PhD. (2017). Nutrition Loss in Stored Hay. Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://thehorse.com/19685/nutrition-loss-in-stored-hay/</ref>

Check out [[Hay_bale#Storing_a_bale_of_hay]] for more ideas on storing a large bale of hay.

The following links contain more information and options on how to properly store hay.
* FurryButts, [http://furrybutts.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/how-to-store-hay/ How to Store Hay]
* Misty Hollow Farm, [http://www.mistyhollowfarm.net/proper-hay-storage.html How to Store Hay]
* Guinea Pig Compendium, [http://www.aracnet.com/~seagull/Guineas/CavyCorner/storinghay.html Seagull's Storing Hay]
* Guinea Lynx, [http://www.guinealynx.info/hay.html Selecting, Purchasing and Storing Grass Hay]

=== SNORS ===
{{right-image|file=SNORS HowToStoreHay.jpg|caption="How to store hay."}}

Special Needs Older Rabbits Sanctuary ([https://www.facebook.com/snorssanctuary SNORS]) how to store hay tips.

Hay may be dried, but it needs to be able to breathe! Hay should be stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight and in a container where it can breathe and not get mouldy. You can store your hay in a loft, garage, shed or cupboard in the house. Store it in:

🌾 A cardboard box

🌾 A cotton laundry hamper

🌾 A linen basket

🌾 A jute sack

Do not store it in plastic bags or sealed plastic containers as this will encourage mould spores.

== How should I give my rabbits hay? ==
[[File:SneakyDragon_hayrack.jpg|thumb|right|A homemade DIY hay rack made from cardboard and extra NIC panels. See [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ here] for more pictures and diagrams on how to make your own.|180px]]
[[File:HayForRabbitsPintrest.png|thumb|right|Hay rack ideas on pintrest: [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/hay-for-rabbits/ Hay for rabbits.]|180px]]

There are many options available to dispense hay to your rabbits. Some owners directly place a layer of hay in the litter box. Others may use hay racks to try to minimize the amount of waste soiled by pee and poop. However, please note that some rabbits will still enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay rack before picking through and consuming the parts they like.

Commercially made hay racks can be easily found in pet stores and online. If you have extra wire grids left over from making a [[Housing#NIC DIY Cages|NIC cube condo]] for your rabbit, you can easily fashion a hay rack from those, too.

<div class="bad">
Be careful that your rabbit will not be able to jump in or get their head stuck in the hay dispenser.

We generally do not recommend the hay bag feeders with large holes for rabbits due to the risk of entanglement and eye injuries. If you do use a rack that rabbits can stick their full face in, please be sure to use soft hays like orchard, teff, and bermuda grass and avoid stalky hays like alfalfa, timothy, and oat.

* u/sneakers0023. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lg3hlr/psa_to_bunny_parents/ Rabbit was found dangerously entangled in a hay bag feeder.]
* Sudbury Bunny Rescue Room. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0vCAHiQ3VHjzrq6kuKRhTb2jWarLEmdYAAPKH8R4Ent5Rv49kUGYqTMuMcMDGgEcEl&id=61563367648213 Facebook video of a rabbit with their head stuck in hay bag.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HayFeeder-PleaseTakeCare1.png|caption=Great care must be taken when using a hanging hay rack with open holes! Image by [https://www.facebook.com/Best4bunny/photos/pb.593413294006137.-2207520000.1458087203./1186584668022327/?type=3&theater Best 4 Bunny]}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-SquishetteRomeo-haybag.jpg|caption=The pictured strawberry hay bag feeder with oat hay caused a permanent eye injury on the elderly mobility-impaired brown Netherland Dwarf rabbit.}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-Squishette-eye.jpg|caption=An eye injury (the bright white spot) on an elderly mobility-impaired Netherland Dwarf rabbit from using a hay bag feeder.}}
</div>
</div>

<div class="blue">
Below are some hay racks you can buy online.
* {{amazon|id=B06XGGKH8T|name=10" Niteangel Pet Wooden Hay Manger}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YBDVV6H|name=andwe Standing Hay Feeder}}
* Leith Petwerks Inc. (US)
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-12-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 12 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-20-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 20 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/petwerks-hay-loft Cardboard hay box]
* SaveABunny (US). [https://www.etsy.com/listing/67290023/saveabunnys-three-hole-hay-saver-box SaveABunny's Three Hole Hay Saver Box]
* Bunnease (Canada). [https://www.bunnease.com/product/hayfeeder Mrs. CleanHay Metal Double Hay Feeder]
* Search for [https://www.etsy.com/search?q=litter%20box%20hay%20feeder "litter box hay feeder" on Etsy]
</div>

The following links provide some options for non-commercial hay racks, either re-purposed household items or DIY solutions.
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ DIY Hay Rack]
** kambrii. (2013). [http://imgur.com/a/3FKZW DIY Hay Rack]
** sneaky_dragon. (2012). [http://imgur.com/a/IZdSY#0 DIY Hay Rack]
* Special Bunny. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=529152667132147&set=a.324328827614533.72056.263110360403047&type=1&theater Special Bunny's All Season Hay Feeders]
* mocha200. (2012). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/new-diy-free-standing-hay-rack/ New DIY Free Standing Hay Rack!]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=n2mDMPFgbTw|name=101Rabbits. (2014). How to Make a Hay Box}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some repurposed items that could be used as hay racks are the following:
* Ikea, [http://www.ikea.com/au/en/catalog/products/10136512/ VARIERA Plastic bag dispenser]
</div>

Below are image galleries of hay racks that people have made.
* Guinea Pig Cages, [http://www.guineapigcages.com/photos/showgallery.php?cat=520 Hay Racks]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:HayRack1-LeelooSimon1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY wooden dowel hay rack being used by Leeloo and Simon . Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153510076548809/ B.Eaton], used with permission.|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:DIY-HayRack-kittymonger-Penelope-Beelze1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY paper bag hay rack with Beelze & Penelope. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/kittymonger /u/kittymonger], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/esRMU More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Geekykitten-DIY-Hayfeeded1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a custom DIY hay rack & litterbox with Kirby & Mayzy. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/geekykitten /u/geekykitten], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/dCY8Z More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
</div>

Here are some video reviews of hay racks that rabbit owners have tried.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=1dMlxj-_IWc|name=101Rabbits. (2012). Hay Rack Review!}}
</div>

== Encouraging your rabbit to eat hay ==
At the bare minimum, rabbits should be encouraged to eat at least 3 oz. of hay a day.<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/ ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref> A rabbit not eating enough hay can be prone to digestive and dental issues.

If your rabbit has suddenly stopped eating hay and other hard objects, please see a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] to consider ruling out [[teeth|dental issues]] as a cause. Radiographs may be necessary to check overgrown teeth roots if their incisors and molars look fine with a visual check.

Some ideas to help increase your rabbit's hay consumption are the following:<ref name="novetbg"/>
* Introduce a variety of grass hays at an early age to increase acceptance.
* Offer hay in generous amounts, at least half a body size in volume a day.
* Offer hay in multiple locations and in a variety of containers to encourage play.
* Use hay as a bedding or lounging space.
* Rabbits tend to like to eat their hay while simultaneously use their litter box.
* Do not remove hay unless it is soiled. Replacing the hay constantly encourages the rabbit to be picky and eat only leafy parts and not the stems which contain the most fiber.
* Hide pellets and other healthy treats like herbs to encourage foraging. See [[Treats#Online_rabbit_treat_stores|Online rabbit treat stores]] for sources.
* Shred carrots into a pile of hay to make a "hay salad".
* Lightly mist the hay with flavored water or diluted juice. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.
* As a last resort, steam hay to increase the moisture content, make it tender, and intensify the aroma and flavor. To steam hay, bring a pot of 1 inch of water to a boil. Place a handful of hay into a steaming basket and steam for 10-15 seconds. Fruit juice can be added to the water for flavor. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.

Here are some links to read for more information on getting your rabbit to eat more hay.
* The Rabbit House. (2007). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2007/06/20/5-ways-to-get-your-to-rabbit-eat-more-hay/ 5 Ways to Get Your Rabbit to Eat More Hay]

== Possible dangers of hay ==
Hay can be the cause of uncommon accidents.

* '''Inhaled.''' This will often cause [[snuffles]] and [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] in rabbits if not removed.
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/pfbid02uSsYKFeFG9s9Lbh9NvPFYMdeYyaLbag8UgbM1b1cF9Jcajo8TZSm9rJqrFh6xJSRl Angora rabbit had a grass seed lodged high in the nasal cavity, causing weepy left eye and sudden sneezing fits]
** The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02ws8YKcQLL5vyNWQeKFCMHRiAQmnJCQVxrqQc8FLfmnNYcKkynscRBVqNdAiEwqNFl Monty the lop had a grass seed lodged in his nose, causing chronic sneezing]
** u/RevolutionaryTruth77. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/131a0jf/ummmwut/ Rabbit had inhaled a strand of hay that owner removed.] {{graphic}}
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=saved&v=3188200454765555 Video of hay seed removal from a nostril.] {{graphic}}
* '''Wrapped around limbs.''' [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205979703523096&set=a.1075741985195.2012379.1575577191&type=1 Timmy] a small 2 pound Lionhead, had a piece of hay wrapped around his foot and it was not noticed because of his long fur. The hay could not be seen and Timmy tried to chew his foot off. Luckily, with a very rabbit savvy vet, he only ended up losing the very tip of his toes. Something to watch for.
* '''Lodged in gums.''' [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153887198668809/ Milo] had developed an abscess on his cheek that was thought to maybe be from dental problems. During surgery, they determined it was actually a piece of hay that got lodged into his gums. Milo is ok so far but has a pretty nasty scar on his cheek that we have to watch for the next two weeks. The vet told Milo's parent that "it was just a unfortunate random act that I couldn't have prevented."
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=TimmyHayIssue1.jpg|caption=Timmy recovering with a foot wrap. Image (c) P.Murdock, used with permission.}}
{{post-image|file=MiloHayProblems1.jpg|caption=The hay that caused all of Milo's problems. Image (c) B.Menendez, used with permission.}}
</div>
* '''Stuck in the eyes.''' Rabbits can get small pieces of hay unfortunately stuck in their eyes and consequently cause serious eye injuries and ulcers, especially if they are fed with hay bags with stalky hay like timothy and alfalfa. It is important to notice if your rabbit has [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] and take them to the [[emergencies|emergency]] veterinary hospital if you suspect an eye injury.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-2.jpg|caption=The large grass seed that was removed.}}
</div>
* '''Foreign material found in hay''' Hay is harvested in fields, sometimes there may be foreign objects found in hay when bundled up. Ex. animal carcasses, metal, plastic or broken glass, etc. Keep an eye out for foreign objects to ensure your bunny does not ingest it or suffer any injuries.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Hay-bale-string.png|caption=Owner found plastic bale string in hay.}}

</div>

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/hay Hay]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/hay.pdf Hay, Hay, Hay]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, Susan Smith, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/WHRS-Library_HayDemystified.pdf Hay Demystified]
* eHow, Emily Jacobson, [http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8411445_difference-hay-meadow-hay-rabbits.html Difference Between Timothy Hay & Meadow Hay for Rabbits]
* Journal of Animal Science, J. A. Newlander and W. H. Riddell, [http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/11/2/419.full.pdf+html Rate of Vitamin D Formation in Hay]
* University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Snider, H. J., [https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00snid Chemical composition of hay and forage crops as affected by various soil treatments]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Hay bale]]
* [[Nutrition for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Diet]]

Hay

2026-05-21T05:22:33Z

SneakyDragon: /* Online in bulk */ bunnyluv domain is gone.

{{#seo:
|description=Hay info for rabbits including: Why hay, Cuttings, Types, Storage, Danger, and others... along with tips and resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/15/Speakstruth_toby_bunny_haybox.jpg
}}
Hay is simply a dried, preserved, fibrous plant material. The fiber content of hay that stimulates peristalsis and supports bacterial growth and gastrointestinal pH for proper digestion in hindgut fermenters like rabbits.<ref name="novetbg"/>

__TOC__
== Why should rabbits eat hay? ==
Hay is the most important part of a rabbit's diet. It is the prime source of fiber to keep the GI tract of a rabbit working properly and also helps grind down teeth to prevent overgrowth. See [[Teeth]] for more information as to what sort of problems a lack of fiber in their diet can cause. Hay can also serve as entertainment as it takes a while to chew. Some bunnies like digging and rearranging their hay. Rabbits will not gain weight on an unlimited proper hay diet.

<div class="note">
'''Do note that a rabbit eating only hay is not sufficient for a healthy nutritious long-term diet.''' Not only can too much indigestible fiber lead to an impacted cecum, but rabbits also receive very little nutrition from hay because it passes so rapidly through the gut.<ref>Moore, L. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Lucile/dp/1602647852/ ''Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing''. (1st ed.).]</ref> Vitamin content is either in very low amounts or nonexistent in hay.<ref>Krishona Martinson, PhD, and Marcia Hathaway, PhD, University of Minnesota, [http://blog.lib.umn.edu/efans/horse/2012/06/what-is-the-vitamin-content-of-grass-hay.php What is the vitamin content of grass hay?]</ref> In addition to hay, rabbits require more easily-digested foods from which to obtain the nutrition necessary to maintain their bodies. However, it is safe to put your rabbit on a hay-only diet for a couple of weeks or longer due to problems like an overproduction of [[cecotrophs]] or running out of other food supplies, but owners should be mindful and closely monitor for any weight loss.<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week. (2013). The Research. Retrieved 01 May 2013 from https://web.archive.org/web/20130702072044/http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research</ref><ref>Ref2014. (2014). Impact case study. Retrieved 02 Jun 2017 from http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/23915.</ref>
</div>

The following links contain more information about the importance of hay in a rabbit's diet.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-3/fiber.html Natural Nutrition Part I: The Importance of Fiber]
* Marcus Clauss, PD Dr. med. vet, MSc, Dip, ECVN, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Hay.pdf Clinical Technique: Feeding Hay to Rabbits and Rodents]
* MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Hay/Hay_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 1: Hay and straw]

== Cuttings of hay ==
Some hays (mostly timothy) will also come with a choice of first, second, or third cuttings. In the continental US, hay is usually harvested starting in March to mid-November. The most active harvesting dates are usually June to September.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (1997). ''Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for US Field Crops''. Retrieved 7 March, 2016, from http://swat.tamu.edu/media/90113/crops-typicalplanting-harvestingdates-by-states.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
|+ Comparison of Stages in Cutting Hay<ref name="novetbg"/>
|-
! Immature Hay !! Mature Hay
|-
|
* Lower fiber content (can be <20% crude fiber)
* Lower ADF content
* Higher protein level
* More leaves
* May cause soft stools in some animals
|
* Higher fiber content
* Higher ADF content
* Lower protein level
* Higher stem content
* May not be as palatable
|}
{{right-image|file=Hay-Cut-Comparison1.jpg|caption=Comparison of hay cuts - [https://wagonwheelfarmny.com/hay-and-straw/ image source.]}}
=== First cutting ===
The first growth off of a field for the year is the ''first cutting''. Generally, the first cutting should be harvested when relatively immature (pre-bloom stage), before the plant is allowed to mature to the point where the stem becomes larger and coarser.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Second cutting ===
A ''second cutting'' is the second crop taken off a field that has already been harvested once in that given year. Depending upon the temperatures of the days and nights, it typically takes 40-45 days for regrowth of alfalfa, mix hay, and orchardgrass, and 55- 60 days for regrowth of timothy.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The second cutting usually has a larger percentage of leaves to stems, has a finer and softer stem, has increased percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and has a lower crude fiber percentage depending on the maturity of the grass when it was cut.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Third cutting ===
If the growing season is long enough on any given year, it may be possible to secure a ''third cutting'' on a field. The third cutting is typically very soft hay that is primarily leaves with very few small stems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> As a result, it can be much more palatable to picky rabbits who might not like the more immature and more fibrous 1st and 2nd cuttings.

=== Extra resources ===
For more resources on the topic, see the links below.
* Oxbow. (2023). [https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/hay-cuttings-fact-vs-fiction/ Hay Cuttings - Fact vs. Fiction]
* Small Pet Select. (2022). [https://smallpetselect.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-all-3-cuts-of-timothy-hay/ Everything You Need To Know About All 3 Cuts of Timothy Hay]
* Linda Sterett-Fogarty. (2011). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]

== What types of hay can rabbits eat? ==
[[File:Speakstruth toby bunny haybox.jpg|thumb|right|Two rabbits enjoying fresh hay in a box.]]
There are many types of hay available on the market, however, rabbits should be consuming alfalfa (a legume hay) when young and grass hays when older. All grass hays, including but not limited to timothy, orchard, oat, brome, and johnson grass, are suitable for mature herbivores, because they contain levels of protein and calcium that are appropriate for adult diets. Legume hays, such as alfalfa (lucerne), clover, vetch, peanut and pea, have relatively high protein and calcium contents which make them beneficial for growing and pregnant/lactating rabbits, but unsuitable for healthy adults. Some legume hays also contain high levels of oxalic acid, which may lead to precipitation of calcium oxalate in the urine of some animals result in [[bladder sludge]].<ref name="novetbg">Exotic Animal, [https://www.oxbowaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dawns-Exotic-DVM-article-Hay-Scinence2003.pdf Application of Hay Science]</ref> Regardless of age, you should consult a knowledgeable rabbit vet if your rabbit has any health conditions or struggles with nutrition/weight, as they may benefit from a different diet than the what is standard for their age.

If you decide to buy by the bale, make sure the hay is '''horse quality''', not cow quality, because horses have comparable sensitivity to rabbits while cows are more tolerant of lower-quality hay. Additionally, please avoid hays that have added ingredients such as oils (something that is sometimes added for horses or other species).

Here are some links for more general information, as well as pictures of various types of hay:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* Atascadero Hay & Feed. [http://www.atascaderohayandfeed.com/hay.html Hay]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/grass-hay.asp Grass and Hay for Rabbits]
* Vancouver Rabbit Rescue & Advocacy. [https://www.vrra.org/wp-beta1/wp-content/uploads/bunphotos/Types-of-Rabbit-Hay.pdf Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass] [PDF]

=== What is the best type of hay for my rabbit? ===
While timothy hay is the most popular type of hay marketed to adult rabbits, <b>the best type of hay for your rabbit is any kind of grass hay that is rabbit-safe that your rabbit is willing to eat heaping piles of</b>, whether that be orchard grass, oat, bermuda, rye, or other suitable grass hays, as long as it doesn't cause digestive issues like [[Poopy_butt|excess cecals]] or diarrhea.

This similarly applies with [[#Cuttings_of_hay|type of cutting]] - if your rabbit is willing to eat large amounts of third cutting timothy hay but will not eat much of first cutting timothy, we do not recommend forcing them to eat the one they dislike, especially if your rabbit ends up avoiding the hay completely. Overall fiber and consumption amount is most important, especially to prevent [[Teeth#Dental_problems|dental issues.]]

We generally recommend feeding a mixture of grass hays to help maintain interest and give some variety to your rabbits' diet. It is also useful to know which hay types that your rabbits are willing to eat in case of [[Disaster_planning_with_rabbits|supply issues]].

Lastly, please note that not all hay brands/products are equal. Some rabbits may generally enjoy a specific kind of hay (orchard, for example), but dislike hay from a certain company due to their hay being poor quality. There have been many cases where a rabbit refuses to eat a specific brand of hay because it is not up to their standards, despite usually loving that particular hay cultivar in general. Sometimes switching to a different brand of hay can make a huge difference in encouraging your rabbit to consume hay regularly and with eagerness.

=== How do I switch hay types for my rabbit? ===
Unlike higher nutrition foods like pellets and vegetables, you can freely introduce new hay to your rabbits without transitioning. Hay is mostly fiber that generally should not upset rabbit stomachs when switched suddenly. However, it is not a bad idea to mix hays in case your rabbit is a picky eater.

If you are transitioning a rabbit from alfalfa (or other legume hay) to a grass hay, you can make a gradual transition and mix less and less alfalfa hay into the grass hay until you run out.

Do note that some rabbits may be [[Rabbit allergies|allergic]] to certain types of hay, especially if one is dustier. Monitor your rabbit for [[snuffles|increased sneezing]] when changing between types of hay.

=== Alfalfa ===
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-hay.jpg|caption=Alfalfa hay closeup.}}
Alfalfa, also known as <i>lucerne</i> or <i>luzerne</i> in some countries, is a herbaceous perennial legume that originated near Iran. It has a high mineral content and contains at least 10 different vitamins.<ref name="HRSlindahay">House Rabbit Society, Linda Sterett-Fogarty, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]</ref> Alfalfa is high-fiber like grass hays but also contains more protein, energy and calcium.<ref name="ata">Atascadero Hay & Feed, [http://www.atascaderofeed.com/hay.html Hay]</ref> As a result, alfalfa should only be fed to growing young bunnies under the age of 7 months. For the older bunny, constant alfalfa hay consumption can lead to gummy droppings, weight gain, sludge, and cecal pellets not being eaten.<ref name="sdhrshay"/> Additionally, the calcium in alfalfa hay can predispose rabbits to [[urolithiasis]] when fed in large amounts.<ref name="BSAVAManual">Meredith, A & Redrobe, S. (2001). [http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Exotic-British-Veterinary-Association/dp/0905214471 ''BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets''. (4th ed.).]</ref>

Alfalfa is typically distinguished by their usually brittle stalks with flat green to brown leaves. Hay can vary from dark lime-green to yellow, green, or brown depending on the season. <ref name="sdhrshay">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet/hay_grass.html Types of Hays and Grasses]</ref>

The following is crude analysis for various types of alfalfa hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Alfalfa cubes ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"| 1.30
|-
| Alfalfa, fresh ||align="center"| 24 ||align="center"| 19 ||align="center"| 27 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom ||align="center"| 90 ||align="center"|19 ||align="center"| 28 ||align="center"| 1.41
|-
| Alfalfa hay, midbloom ||align="center"| 89 ||align="center"| 17 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.40
|-
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 1.20
|-
| Alfalfa hay, mature ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 13 ||align="center"| 38 ||align="center"| 1.18
|}

=== Timothy ===
[[File:Timothy-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Timothy hay closeup.]]
Timothy grass, a perennial bunchgrass, is a cool-season forage grass.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> Timothy hay is the most popular hay fed to rabbits. It looks like a dried fairly wide blade of grass, and its color is a soft green to grey or brown-green. Timothy hay also has "solid cattails" which distinguishes it from Orchard grass which has "broken cattails."<ref name="sdhrshay"/>

Many people who are allergic to hay have the worst symptoms with timothy hay. Consider switching to a less dusty hay if you are allergic to hay. Many rabbit owners have seen great improvement when switching to orchard grass hay.

The following is crude analysis for various types of timothy hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Timothy, fresh, pre-bloom ||align="center"|26 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 0.40
|-
| Timothy hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.58
|-
| Timothy hay, full bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 8 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 0.43
|}

=== Oat hay ===
[[File:Oat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Oat Hay closeup.]]
The San Diego House Rabbit Society states,<ref name="sdhrshay"/> <blockquote>If bun's diet is high in oat hay, the pellets she produces will be larger, lighter in color, and will look like sawdust if crushed. Many bunnies would benefit from eating more oat hay, an excellent preventative for GI Stasis.</blockquote>

The following is crude analysis for oat hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Oat hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"|0.40
|}

As one can see, oat hay is a perfectly acceptable alternative to the more popular timothy, orchard grass, and meadow hay and has a very similar basic nutrition. The "oat" in the name may be misleading, and some may think it is more fattening and should be a treat, but the hay is cut before the actual oat kernel is fully mature. As a result, the seed heads consist of mostly oat husks that are rich in fiber.<ref>Oxbow. (2013). Oat Hay. Retrieved 9 March, 2016, from http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1529</ref>

Oat hay can also differ greatly in color from a pale green to a golden yellow, depending on how close to maturity the hay is harvested. The closer to maturity, the more golden the hay will be. A good-quality cereal hay is harvested when the grain is immature (soft dough stage) and the leaves and stems are still green, and therefore higher in digestible nutrients. If the cereal hay is harvested after the grain is removed, it is no longer considered hay but straw.<ref name="hay4horses">Mark Llewellyn, [http://www.ker.com/library/equinews/v13n4/v13n406.pdf Hay Selection for Horses]</ref>

<div class="note">
Uncommonly, rabbits can be gluten intolerant, and feeding oat hay may cause chronic diarrhea and [[poopy butt]]. While oats themselves do not have gluten, the grass is often contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye during harvesting.<ref>Iva Hoffmanová et al. (2019). The Pros and Cons of Using Oat in a Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Patients. Retrieved 14 May 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835965/#sec4-nutrients-11-02345title.</ref>

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/2913455185541410 Diarrhea in 11 rabbits improved by removing all sources of gluten in the diet (hay, treats, and pellets)]
</div>

=== Bermudagrass ===
[[File:Bermuda-grass.jpg|thumb|right|Bermuda grass hay closeup.]]
This hay is made from the same grass common in many lawns.

The following is crude analysis for various types of bermuda grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bermudagrass coastal hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Bermudagrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|29 ||align="center"| 0.46
|}

=== Orchardgrass ===
Orchardgrass, also known as ''cocksfoot'' or ''orchard grass'', is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. It is a cool season grass that grows in clumps or tufts and has a fibrous root system.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The following is crude analysis for various types of orchard grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Orchardgrass, fresh, early bloom ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"|0.33
|-
| Orchardgrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"|0.32
|}

=== Meadow hay ===
Meadow hay is not a specific type of grass, but instead, it is a blend of soft grasses grown in a meadow. Sometimes other plants such as dandelions, thistles, clover, and other rabbit-safe weeds may also make it into the bale.

The following is crude analysis for various types of meadow hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Meadow hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.61
|}

=== Other hay ===
The following is crude analysis for various types of hay not in the above categories from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed">BeefMagazine.com. (2015). 2015 Feed Composition Table. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 from http://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/beefmagazine.com/files/uploads/2015/02/2015-BEEF-Magazine-Feed-Comp-Tables.pdf</ref> These are all also safe to feed your rabbit if you wish, but please be careful of the higher calcium and protein contents in the legume hays. Like alfalfa, legume hays are not appropriate to feed to adults regularly as part of their diet but is okay as a treat.

'''Grass hays'''
[[File:Wheat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Wheat hay closeup.]]
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bahiagrass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 6 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Barley hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"|28 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Bromegrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 35 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Canarygrass hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"|0.38
|-
| Elephant (napier) grass hay, chopped ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|0.35
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 25 ||align="center"|0.48
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, mature||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.45
|-
| Grass hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"|10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.60
|-
| Kenaf hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|31 ||align="center"| N/A
|-
| Prairie hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|7 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Rye grass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"|0.45
|-
| Sanfoin hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"|14 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|N/A
|-
| Sudangrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| 0.50
|-
| Triticale hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Wheat hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"|0.21
|-
| Wheatgrass, crested, hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.33
|}

'''Legume hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Birdsfoot trefoil hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 1.73
|-
| Clover, ladino, hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|21 ||align="center"| 22 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Clover, red, hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.50
|-
| Clover, sweet, hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.27
|-
| Kudzu hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 3.00
|-
| Lespedeza hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30||align="center"| 1.10
|-
| Pea Vine hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"|32 ||align="center"| 1.25
|-
| Soybean hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 1.28
|-
| Vetch hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.25
|}

'''Miscellaneous hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Kochia hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"|27 ||align="center"| 1.00
|}

=== Straw ===
Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants like wheat and a by-product of harvest. If any seeds or grains remain on the stalks, it is by accident. Hay refers to grasses or legume plants cut down fresh and baled for animal feed.<ref>Root Simple, [http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/02/my-mental-glitch-hay-vs-straw.html My mental glitch: hay vs. straw]</ref> Grain hay such as oat, barley, and wheat hay may sometimes have a coloration similar to straw's when harvested closer to maturity, but the hay is cut before the seedheads are fully developed, so the nutrition is still in the stalks and not all in the seedheads. Grain hay should also have most of the seeds and grains on the stems. Hay bales are usually greener than straw bales, and the plant material finer. Straw bales are also usually half to a third of the weight of a hay bale due to the mostly hollow stalks.<ref>Amazonails, [http://www.amazonails.org.uk/hay-vs-straw-a-look-at-key-differences/ Hay vs. Straw: A Look at Key Differences]</ref>

'''Although rabbits eat it, straw is not recommended because it is low in nutrients and will lead to deficiencies if it is a major part of the diet.'''<ref>The British Rabbit Council, Anna Meredith, [http://www.thebrc.org/diet.htm The Importance of Diet in Rabbits]</ref> However, straw can be safely used as a bedding, especially for outdoor hutches during the winter.

The following is crude analysis for various types of straw from the 2012 Feed Composition Tables compiled by R.L. Preston, Ph.D.<ref name="2012feed">BeefMagazine.com, R.L. Preston, Ph.D., [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/2/2a/2012FeedComp.pdf 2012 Feed Comp]</ref>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Barley Straw ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"| 42 ||align="center"|0.32
|-
| Bluegrass Straw ||align="center"|93 ||align="center"|6 ||align="center"|40 ||align="center"|0.20
|-
| Fescue (Red) Straw ||align="center"|94 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"| 0.00
|-
| Oat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Pea Vine Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 49 ||align="center"| 0.75
|-
| Rice Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|38 ||align="center"| 0.23
|-
| Rye Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Soybean Straw ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 5 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|1.59
|-
| Wheat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| 43 ||align="center"| 0.17
|}

Below are some links that go into greater detail about the differences between hay and straw.
* HubPages, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Do-Rabbits-Need-Straw-or-Hay Do Rabbits Need Straw or Hay?]

== What is good quality hay? ==
Good quality hay should be green and aromatic. It should not be overly dry, brown, damp, moldy or dusty.<ref name="novetbg"/>

Below are some links with more information about choosing good quality hay.
* Alex Rocateli, Hailin Zhang. (2017). [https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/evaluating-hay-quality-based-on-sight-smell-and-feel-hay-judging.html Evaluating Hay Quality Based on Sight, Smell and Feel – Hay Judging]
* Purina Mills. [https://www.purinamills.com/horse-feed/education/detail/six-signs-of-good-quality-horse-hay Six Signs of Good Quality Horse Hay]
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-select-hay-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-will-love The Expert Guide To Selecting Fresh Hay Your Pets Will Love]
* Supreme. [https://supremepetfoods.us/blog/hay-hay-and-more-hay/ Hay, hay and more hay!]
* Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP. (2011). [https://lafeber.com/vet/hay-feeding-small-herbivores/ Hay: Feeding Small Herbivores]

== Where can I buy hay? ==
=== Pet store ===
Pet stores will carry a variety of hay (i.e. Timothy, orchard grass, alfalfa, etc.). Typically, the amount that can be bought will range from about 24 oz up to 5 pounds. Although it is convenient to buy hay at a local pet store, this is often an expensive option. A 64oz bag will usually last a couple of weeks at ~$8. Additionally, most pet store brands offer lower quality hay that is very hard and stalky. The recommended popular hay brand is [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=oxbow+hay Oxbow], although this may be quite expensive since they carry a premium price compared to other commercial brands.

Some brands may offer fruit mixed in the hay -- '''DO NOT BUY THESE'''. Only buy bags of hay with ''only'' hay in them and ''no other treats''. Dried herbs are acceptable, however. You can feed fresh healthy [[treats]] on the side, independent of the hay and easily rationed.

=== Through the local rabbit rescue ===
If you live in a location with a House Rabbit Society chapter or rescue, check and see if they sell boxes, flakes, or bales of hay at a cheap price! Of course, buying a bale yourself will be cheaper, but if you do not have the space to store it, support your local HRS chapter or rescue! They will most likely sell fresh hay at a better rate than the small bags at pet stores. Your bunny will most likely love and wallow in the fresh hay.

Some examples of House Rabbit Society chapters and rescues that sell hay include the following:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, San Diego, CA -- $12 for 7-8lbs of hay.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/supplies/hay-sales-throughout-san-diego-county Hay Sales throughout San Diego County]</ref>
* House Rabbit Society Headquarters, Richmond, CA -- $16.99 for 10 lbs (Ikea shopping bag full) of hay.<ref>Yelp, [https://shop.houserabbit.org/hay]</ref>
* Missouri House Rabbit Society, Kansas City, MO -- $23 for 12.5lbs, $45 for 25lbs, $75 for 40lbs.<ref>Missouri House Rabbit Society, [http://www.mohrs.org/hrswebpg4.html Products and Services]</ref>
* Lowcountry House Rabbit Society,Charleston, SC -- $17 for 10lbs, $25 for 20lbs.<ref>Lowcountry House Rabbit Society, [http://www.lowcountrybunny.com/topic.asp?pid=24 Rabbit Hay Sale]</ref>

=== Online in bulk ===
Some bunny owners like buying their hay online in bulk. These suppliers also typically ship much fresher hay than the average commercial brand. When bought in a large enough order, costs can be around $1/lb of hay depending on supplier.

<div class="box">
<b>United States (US):</b>
* [https://www.alfalfaking.com/ Alfalfa King] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Oat/Wheat/Barley)
* [https://americanpet.com/product-category/hay/ American Pet Diner] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Mountain)
* [https://andy.pet/collections/hay Andy by Anderson Hay] (Alfalfa, Timothy)
* [http://www.bingalingstore.com/hay/ Bingaling Bunnybox Store] (Orchard, Oxbow)
* [https://www.bluemountainhay.com/product-tag/bunny/?_categories=hay Blue Mountain Hay] (Alfalfa, Orchard, Meadow, Oat, Teff, Timothy)
* Chewy.com >> [https://www.chewy.com/s?rh=c%3A977%2Cc%3A978%2Cc%3A979%2CFoodForm%3AHay Pet Rabbit Hay]
* [https://www.farmerdavepetsupply.com/ Farmer Dave Pet Supply] (Timothy, Timothy/Orchard/Rye/Clover, Timothy/Clover)
* [https://www.gbpets.com/ Grandpa's Best] (Timothy, Orchard, Prairie, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/FaysPetHay FaysPetHay] (Timothy/Orchard)
* [https://highdesertfeeds.com/ High Desert Small Animal Feed] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Orchard)
* [http://www.oneearuphay.com/shop/ One Ear Up Hay] (Timothy, Meadow/Timothy/Clover, Orchard/Timothy/Clover, Alfalfa/Timothy/Orchard) - Use the coupon code 'HRS' to save 5%, and One Ear Up will also donate 5% of the purchase price to the House Rabbit Society.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-at-one-ear-up-hay-and-hrs-gets-5/ Shop At One Ear Up Hay, Get a Discount, and HRS Gets 5%]</ref>
* Petco >> [https://www.petco.com/shop/en/petcostore/category/small-animal/small-animal-food-treats/small-animal-hay-grass?ref=dfs Small Animal Hay & Grass]
* [http://www.rabbitholehay.com/ Rabbit Hole Hay] (Timothy, Orchard, Mountain, Alfalfa, Wheat/Barley/Oat)
* [http://smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Oat, Alfalfa) - Use the coupon code ‘House Rabbit Hay’ to receive free shipping on any timothy hay product you purchase from Small Pet Select. Additionally Small Pet Select will donate 10% of the purchase price of your timothy hay to HRS.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-for-supplies/ Shop for Rabbit Supplies]</ref>
* [https://springalways.co/collections/animal-feed Spring Always] (Timothy, Alfalfa)
* [http://www.sweetmeadowfarm.com/products/ Sweet Meadow] (Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Canada:</b>
* [https://www.freshay.ca/ Freshay] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://haycountry.ca/collections/hay-new Hay Country] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://gethayday.com/ Hay Day] (Orchard/Timothy blend)
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/collections/hay Hop Online] (Oxbow, Small Pet Select)
* [https://www.meadowlofthay.com/ Meadowloft Hay] (Organic Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/ohhaythere Napoleon Bunnyparte] (Timothy)
* [https://parkfarms.ca/collections/frontpage Park Farms] (Timothy) - '''Ottawa/Gatineau delivery only'''
* [https://www.renspets.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oxbow+hay Ren's Pets] (Oxbow)
* [https://www.sparrowfarms.ca/shop/hay/14 Sparrow Farms] (Orchard, Oat, Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://can.truecoloursproducts.com/collections/hay-shavings-pellets True Colours Products] (Timothy, Orchard, Ryegrass blend)
* [https://well.ca/searchresult.html?keyword=oxbow Well.ca] (Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>United Kingdom (UK):</b>
* [https://www.bunnybistro.co.uk/collections/hay-botanical-boxes Bunny Bistro] (Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/meadow-timothy-plus-freeze-dried-grass-c-70_90.html Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories] (Timothy, Rye/Timothy, Meadow/Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [http://www.dustfreehay.co.uk/ DustFreeHay] (Meadow, Rye, Timothy)
* [https://healthyherby.co.uk/collections/healthy-herby-hay-and-straw Healthy Herby] (Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow, Orchard)
* [https://just4rabbits.uk/ Just4rabbits] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [https://happyhay.co.uk/rabbit-hay/ The Happy Hay Co.] (Crau, Meadow, Oat, Orchard, Ryegrass, Timothy)
* [https://www.hay-and-straw.co.uk/ Hay & Straw for Animals] (Ings, Meadow, Timothy/Rye)
* [https://haybox.club/ Hay Box] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/edibles/hay-grasses.html The Hay Experts]
* [https://www.herbivoreshay.co.uk/copy-of-forage-boxes Herbivores Hay] ((Timothy/Ryegrass/Meadow, Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow)
* [https://www.hoptoforage.co.uk Hop to Forage] (Timothy/Rye, Timothy/Meadow)
* [https://www.naturesownpets.co.uk/product-category/hay-straw-and-woodshavings/?customer=animal Nature's Own] (Meadow, Timothy)
* [https://nibbleandgnaw.com/collections/timothy-hay Nibble & Gnaw] (Timothy)
* [https://smallpetselect.co.uk/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa, Oat)
* [https://www.stoterfarm.com/ Stoter Farm] (Timothy)
* [http://www.timothyhay.co.uk/ Timothy Hay] (Timothy, Oat, Orchard)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>France:</b>
* [https://lefoindemonlapin.com/foin-de-crau-lapin/ Le Foin de mon Lapin] (Mixed Crau)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Australia:</b>
* [https://onestopbunnyshop.com.au/Hay-c38221094 One Stop Bunny Shop > Hay] (Oaten, Teff, Meadow/Rye, Lucerne, Oxbow)
* [https://pethorsefarm.com.au/collections/rabbit Pet, Horse, & Farm > Rabbit] (Oaten, Lucerne, Clover, Pasture)
* [https://the-rabbit-doctors.myshopify.com/collections/hay The Rabbit Doctors > Hay] (Oaten, Pasture, Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Singapore:</b>
* [https://themoonbunny.co/collections/main-food The Moon Bunny] (Timothy, Wheatgrass, Oat, Ryegrass, Barley, Alfalfa)
</div>

[[File:Bale in Honda Fit.jpg|thumb|right|A California bale of hay in a Honda Fit.]]

=== By the bale ===
{{Main|[[Hay bale]]}}
The cheapest option typically is a bale of hay. One bale, usually ranging from about 70 to 110 lbs depending on type, can feed one rabbit for approximately a year. Prices vary depending on location from only $5 to about $30. However, this requires space to properly store the hay as it is easily perishable when wet.

You can obtain a bale of hay at local animal feed stores, select rabbit rescues, or farms. Be sure that if you purchase from a feed store or farm, the hay is horse-quality, not cow-quality. Cows have much more tolerant stomachs while horses are comparable to rabbits.

See [[Hay bale]] for more details on how to split and store hay.

=== Craigslist ads and word of mouth ===
Sometimes, you may be able to find private owners that wish to share a purchased bale of hay to make it more manageable. You may be able to get great deals this way. Look for owners of rabbits, chinchillas, or guinea pigs as they have similar hay requirements.

== How should I store my hay? ==
It is very important to keep hay '''dry''' and '''out of direct sunlight'''. Dampness will cause mold in the hay, and sunlight may leech out nutrients in the hay over time. The best location to store hay is in a cool indoor location out of direct sunlight.

Some good '''containers''' to store hay are cardboard boxes and plastic containers with holes drilled into the sides for air flow. Plastic garbage bags can also be used if you leave the top open for moisture to escape. Other ideas include [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-4D06-Configurations-23-Inch-Foldable/dp/B000JF8LSY/ laundry hampers] and [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A2N0BCM/ plastic totes].

If you must store hay '''outside''', invest in a waterproof tarp along with some bricks to keep the hay off the ground to prevent mold. Otherwise, if your hay is properly dry, a watertight [http://www.amazon.com/Suncast-DBW9200-Mocha-Wicker-99-Gallon/dp/B0044V3USU/ deck box] or large plastic tote can be appropriate.

If properly stored, hay can keep to '''over two years'''. However, the hay will drastically lose vitamins A & E after the first year.<ref>Rutgers. (n.d.). Ask the Expert -- Farm and Pasture Management > How long can one store hay? Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://esc.rutgers.edu/ask-the-expert/#how-long-can-one-store-hay</ref><ref>Clair Thunes, PhD. (2017). Nutrition Loss in Stored Hay. Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://thehorse.com/19685/nutrition-loss-in-stored-hay/</ref>

Check out [[Hay_bale#Storing_a_bale_of_hay]] for more ideas on storing a large bale of hay.

The following links contain more information and options on how to properly store hay.
* FurryButts, [http://furrybutts.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/how-to-store-hay/ How to Store Hay]
* Misty Hollow Farm, [http://www.mistyhollowfarm.net/proper-hay-storage.html How to Store Hay]
* Guinea Pig Compendium, [http://www.aracnet.com/~seagull/Guineas/CavyCorner/storinghay.html Seagull's Storing Hay]
* Guinea Lynx, [http://www.guinealynx.info/hay.html Selecting, Purchasing and Storing Grass Hay]

=== SNORS ===
{{right-image|file=SNORS HowToStoreHay.jpg|caption="How to store hay."}}

Special Needs Older Rabbits Sanctuary ([https://www.facebook.com/snorssanctuary SNORS]) how to store hay tips.

Hay may be dried, but it needs to be able to breathe! Hay should be stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight and in a container where it can breathe and not get mouldy. You can store your hay in a loft, garage, shed or cupboard in the house. Store it in:

🌾 A cardboard box

🌾 A cotton laundry hamper

🌾 A linen basket

🌾 A jute sack

Do not store it in plastic bags or sealed plastic containers as this will encourage mould spores.

== How should I give my rabbits hay? ==
[[File:SneakyDragon_hayrack.jpg|thumb|right|A homemade DIY hay rack made from cardboard and extra NIC panels. See [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ here] for more pictures and diagrams on how to make your own.|180px]]
[[File:HayForRabbitsPintrest.png|thumb|right|Hay rack ideas on pintrest: [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/hay-for-rabbits/ Hay for rabbits.]|180px]]

There are many options available to dispense hay to your rabbits. Some owners directly place a layer of hay in the litter box. Others may use hay racks to try to minimize the amount of waste soiled by pee and poop. However, please note that some rabbits will still enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay rack before picking through and consuming the parts they like.

Commercially made hay racks can be easily found in pet stores and online. If you have extra wire grids left over from making a [[Housing#NIC DIY Cages|NIC cube condo]] for your rabbit, you can easily fashion a hay rack from those, too.

<div class="bad">
Be careful that your rabbit will not be able to jump in or get their head stuck in the hay dispenser.

We generally do not recommend the hay bag feeders with large holes for rabbits due to the risk of entanglement and eye injuries. If you do use a rack that rabbits can stick their full face in, please be sure to use soft hays like orchard, teff, and bermuda grass and avoid stalky hays like alfalfa, timothy, and oat.

* u/sneakers0023. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lg3hlr/psa_to_bunny_parents/ Rabbit was found dangerously entangled in a hay bag feeder.]
* Sudbury Bunny Rescue Room. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0vCAHiQ3VHjzrq6kuKRhTb2jWarLEmdYAAPKH8R4Ent5Rv49kUGYqTMuMcMDGgEcEl&id=61563367648213 Facebook video of a rabbit with their head stuck in hay bag.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HayFeeder-PleaseTakeCare1.png|caption=Great care must be taken when using a hanging hay rack with open holes! Image by [https://www.facebook.com/Best4bunny/photos/pb.593413294006137.-2207520000.1458087203./1186584668022327/?type=3&theater Best 4 Bunny]}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-SquishetteRomeo-haybag.jpg|caption=The pictured strawberry hay bag feeder with oat hay caused a permanent eye injury on the elderly mobility-impaired brown Netherland Dwarf rabbit.}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-Squishette-eye.jpg|caption=An eye injury (the bright white spot) on an elderly mobility-impaired Netherland Dwarf rabbit from using a hay bag feeder.}}
</div>
</div>

<div class="blue">
Below are some hay racks you can buy online.
* {{amazon|id=B06XGGKH8T|name=10" Niteangel Pet Wooden Hay Manger}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YBDVV6H|name=andwe Standing Hay Feeder}}
* Leith Petwerks Inc. (US)
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-12-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 12 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-20-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 20 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/petwerks-hay-loft Cardboard hay box]
* SaveABunny (US). [https://www.etsy.com/listing/67290023/saveabunnys-three-hole-hay-saver-box SaveABunny's Three Hole Hay Saver Box]
* Bunnease (Canada). [https://www.bunnease.com/product/hayfeeder Mrs. CleanHay Metal Double Hay Feeder]
* Search for [https://www.etsy.com/search?q=litter%20box%20hay%20feeder "litter box hay feeder" on Etsy]
</div>

The following links provide some options for non-commercial hay racks, either re-purposed household items or DIY solutions.
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ DIY Hay Rack]
** kambrii. (2013). [http://imgur.com/a/3FKZW DIY Hay Rack]
** sneaky_dragon. (2012). [http://imgur.com/a/IZdSY#0 DIY Hay Rack]
* Special Bunny. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=529152667132147&set=a.324328827614533.72056.263110360403047&type=1&theater Special Bunny's All Season Hay Feeders]
* mocha200. (2012). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/new-diy-free-standing-hay-rack/ New DIY Free Standing Hay Rack!]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=n2mDMPFgbTw|name=101Rabbits. (2014). How to Make a Hay Box}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some repurposed items that could be used as hay racks are the following:
* Ikea, [http://www.ikea.com/au/en/catalog/products/10136512/ VARIERA Plastic bag dispenser]
</div>

Below are image galleries of hay racks that people have made.
* Guinea Pig Cages, [http://www.guineapigcages.com/photos/showgallery.php?cat=520 Hay Racks]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:HayRack1-LeelooSimon1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY wooden dowel hay rack being used by Leeloo and Simon . Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153510076548809/ B.Eaton], used with permission.|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:DIY-HayRack-kittymonger-Penelope-Beelze1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY paper bag hay rack with Beelze & Penelope. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/kittymonger /u/kittymonger], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/esRMU More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Geekykitten-DIY-Hayfeeded1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a custom DIY hay rack & litterbox with Kirby & Mayzy. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/geekykitten /u/geekykitten], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/dCY8Z More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
</div>

Here are some video reviews of hay racks that rabbit owners have tried.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=1dMlxj-_IWc|name=101Rabbits. (2012). Hay Rack Review!}}
</div>

== Encouraging your rabbit to eat hay ==
At the bare minimum, rabbits should be encouraged to eat at least 3 oz. of hay a day.<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/ ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref> A rabbit not eating enough hay can be prone to digestive and dental issues.

If your rabbit has suddenly stopped eating hay and other hard objects, please see a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] to consider ruling out [[teeth|dental issues]] as a cause. Radiographs may be necessary to check overgrown teeth roots if their incisors and molars look fine with a visual check.

Some ideas to help increase your rabbit's hay consumption are the following:<ref name="novetbg"/>
* Introduce a variety of grass hays at an early age to increase acceptance.
* Offer hay in generous amounts, at least half a body size in volume a day.
* Offer hay in multiple locations and in a variety of containers to encourage play.
* Use hay as a bedding or lounging space.
* Rabbits tend to like to eat their hay while simultaneously use their litter box.
* Do not remove hay unless it is soiled. Replacing the hay constantly encourages the rabbit to be picky and eat only leafy parts and not the stems which contain the most fiber.
* Hide pellets and other healthy treats like herbs to encourage foraging. See [[Treats#Online_rabbit_treat_stores|Online rabbit treat stores]] for sources.
* Shred carrots into a pile of hay to make a "hay salad".
* Lightly mist the hay with flavored water or diluted juice. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.
* As a last resort, steam hay to increase the moisture content, make it tender, and intensify the aroma and flavor. To steam hay, bring a pot of 1 inch of water to a boil. Place a handful of hay into a steaming basket and steam for 10-15 seconds. Fruit juice can be added to the water for flavor. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.

Here are some links to read for more information on getting your rabbit to eat more hay.
* The Rabbit House. (2007). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2007/06/20/5-ways-to-get-your-to-rabbit-eat-more-hay/ 5 Ways to Get Your Rabbit to Eat More Hay]

== Possible dangers of hay ==
Hay can be the cause of uncommon accidents.

* '''Inhaled.''' This will often cause [[snuffles]] and [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] in rabbits if not removed.
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/pfbid02uSsYKFeFG9s9Lbh9NvPFYMdeYyaLbag8UgbM1b1cF9Jcajo8TZSm9rJqrFh6xJSRl Angora rabbit had a grass seed lodged high in the nasal cavity, causing weepy left eye and sudden sneezing fits]
** The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02ws8YKcQLL5vyNWQeKFCMHRiAQmnJCQVxrqQc8FLfmnNYcKkynscRBVqNdAiEwqNFl Monty the lop had a grass seed lodged in his nose, causing chronic sneezing]
** u/RevolutionaryTruth77. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/131a0jf/ummmwut/ Rabbit had inhaled a strand of hay that owner removed.] {{graphic}}
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=saved&v=3188200454765555 Video of hay seed removal from a nostril.] {{graphic}}
* '''Wrapped around limbs.''' [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205979703523096&set=a.1075741985195.2012379.1575577191&type=1 Timmy] a small 2 pound Lionhead, had a piece of hay wrapped around his foot and it was not noticed because of his long fur. The hay could not be seen and Timmy tried to chew his foot off. Luckily, with a very rabbit savvy vet, he only ended up losing the very tip of his toes. Something to watch for.
* '''Lodged in gums.''' [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153887198668809/ Milo] had developed an abscess on his cheek that was thought to maybe be from dental problems. During surgery, they determined it was actually a piece of hay that got lodged into his gums. Milo is ok so far but has a pretty nasty scar on his cheek that we have to watch for the next two weeks. The vet told Milo's parent that "it was just a unfortunate random act that I couldn't have prevented."
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=TimmyHayIssue1.jpg|caption=Timmy recovering with a foot wrap. Image (c) P.Murdock, used with permission.}}
{{post-image|file=MiloHayProblems1.jpg|caption=The hay that caused all of Milo's problems. Image (c) B.Menendez, used with permission.}}
</div>
* '''Stuck in the eyes.''' Rabbits can get small pieces of hay unfortunately stuck in their eyes and consequently cause serious eye injuries and ulcers, especially if they are fed with hay bags with stalky hay like timothy and alfalfa. It is important to notice if your rabbit has [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] and take them to the [[emergencies|emergency]] veterinary hospital if you suspect an eye injury.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-2.jpg|caption=The large grass seed that was removed.}}
</div>
* '''Foreign material found in hay''' Hay is harvested in fields, sometimes there may be foreign objects found in hay when bundled up. Ex. animal carcasses, metal, plastic or broken glass, etc. Keep an eye out for foreign objects to ensure your bunny does not ingest it or suffer any injuries.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Hay-bale-string.png|caption=Owner found plastic bale string in hay.}}

</div>

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/hay Hay]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/hay.pdf Hay, Hay, Hay]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, Susan Smith, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/WHRS-Library_HayDemystified.pdf Hay Demystified]
* eHow, Emily Jacobson, [http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8411445_difference-hay-meadow-hay-rabbits.html Difference Between Timothy Hay & Meadow Hay for Rabbits]
* Journal of Animal Science, J. A. Newlander and W. H. Riddell, [http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/11/2/419.full.pdf+html Rate of Vitamin D Formation in Hay]
* University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Snider, H. J., [https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00snid Chemical composition of hay and forage crops as affected by various soil treatments]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Hay bale]]
* [[Nutrition for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Diet]]

Malocclusion

2026-05-17T04:47:16Z

SneakyDragon: /* Incisor malocclusion */

<b>Malocclusion</b> in rabbits occurs when their teeth are misaligned and lead to overgrown teeth.

The exact cause of dental disease in rabbits is unclear, although it is likely to be multifactorial and involve the following:<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref>
* Inadequate teeth wear due to insufficient coarse fiber in the diet.
* [[Nutrition|Nutritional]] deficiency, including calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, magnesium and protein.
* Genetic disposition - Netherland Dwarfs and lop-eared rabbits with flat faces seem to be especially susceptible.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=F-_IW5wYLgA|name=Howcast. (2013). Do Rabbit Teeth Need to Be Trimmed?}}
</div>

== Incisor malocclusion ==
{{right-image|file=TRS-202302-malocclusion-incisors.jpeg|caption=A rabbit owned by a homeless woman in Sydney with severe neglected incisor malocclusion and in need of veterinary care. [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitSanctuary/posts/pfbid02E2WbyfySeAnkTfeyKSX5A5gE3anKs8ZS2k7RgsTE2MxADKzdWJ7qHSsQE9AVp2Scl source]}}
Rabbits have six incisor teeth - two on top, two on bottom, and two peg teeth located behind the top teeth. Normal incisor wear, growth, and eruption in healthy rabbits is balanced to a rate of about 3mm a week.<ref>A. Meredith. (n.d.). Rabbit Dentistry. Retrieved 29 Apr 2020 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Differential/Rabbit_dentistry.pdf</ref>

<div class="bad"><b>Never attempt to trim your rabbit's incisors at home.</b> This can seriously harm your rabbit and cause pain and irreversible damage. <u>Make sure that veterinary professionals that are trimming your rabbit's incisors use a <b>dremel</b>, not clippers.</u>

Frequently observed dental problems from trimming with a cutter or nail clipper include the following:<ref>MediRabbit.com. (n.d.). Never trim the incisors of your rabbit yourself !!! Retrieved 29 Apr 2020 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Treatment/Clipping.htm</ref>

* Sharp edges, that can hurt the rabbit when eating or grooming.
* Stress fracture or longitudinal cracks in the tooth, either in the visible part or under the gum line.
* Tooth growth stopping due to damage of the tooth root (endodontic diseases).
* Exposure of the dental pulp resulting in pulpitis (inflammation of the most internal part of a tooth, the dental pulp).
* [[Abscesses|Abscessation]] and changes of the surrounding tissues and the alveolar bone.
* [[Broken bones|Fracture]] of the jaw bone.
* Pain due to the sudden concussion of the dental pulp and nerves in the periodontal and periapical tissues surrounding the tooth root, due to the enormous amount of energy released into the tooth during the clipping.

The following are more articles about why not to trim incisors without a dremel:

* MediRabbit.com. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Treatment/Clipping.htm Never trim the incisors of your rabbit yourself !!!]

<b>Experiences:</b>
* u/andyouglow. (2026). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1s2l7a7/dont_let_vets_use_clippers_to_trim_your_buns_teeth/ Rabbit developed an infection and two loose teeth when a veterinarian used clippers and no sedation or anesthesia for a trim]
* u/heldagxhost. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1j6v5m3/comment/mgt9scz/ Rabbit had monthly incisor trims with a clipper that eventually led to loose roots and infection, necessitating full extraction]
* Bunny Brigade Inc. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=879603466468250 Surgical footage of a rabbit that had to undergo 5 surgical procedures after owners attempted to trim teeth on their own.] {{graphic}}
</div>

=== Extra resources ===
* PetMD. [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/mouth/c_rb_incisor_malocclusion_overgrowth Abnormality of Incisor Teeth in Rabbits]

== Incisor removal ==
For rabbits that require regular incisor trims, removing the problematic incisors completely may be a good choice as a semi-permanent solution, although the upfront cost may be high. The surgery should be completed by a rabbit-savvy veterinarian experienced in the procedure to reduce the risk of missing teeth remnants in the gums - any teeth parts left can regrow into full teeth again and require trims and another extraction again.

=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets . (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02wTFaeiYWnCrJ2Vc2oYtEQ6p1da8vab1bLRGpoV4kuYnWbvZiJ8YJ8qVPQhqyaYFol Lop required incisor removal due to a dental abscess] {{graphic}}
* Bessbrook Vet Clinic. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bessbrookvet/posts/pfbid0gjSBQf2NYN6vv3SQxDizyWQWeat658MPpg9XkDa5DDjGxqLEMRwZdTy6eC98hMVvl Max's story] {{graphic}}
* u/headpeon. (2019). Experience with Percy's teeth removal: [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/di8wlw/there_is_a_90_chance_my_rabbits_incisors_will/f454qsq/ comment 1], [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/ak1tj0/planning_on_removing_my_rabbits_front_teeth/ef214is/ comment 2], [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/aol5mg/percy_the_white_wonderbun_is_a_doofus_dumped_his/ post 3]
* Angie Bell. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/angie.bell.391/posts/2569924389745966 Minto's story]
* Bunny Lu Adoptions, Inc. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2010842242334300&id=119215644830312 Incisor extraction for Oreo]
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/photos/a.1523409517932489/2106249632981805/ Pictures of removed incisors] {{graphic}}
* Allambie Vet. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/AllambieVet/photos/a.366496413371758/2002610179760365/ Phoebe] {{graphic}}
* Dr Bree. (2017). [https://www.facebook.com/DrBreeTalbot/posts/2309165622641416 A bunny that required incisor removal due to malocclusion and disease] {{graphic}}
* Contra Costa Rabbit Rescue. (2017). [https://www.facebook.com/contracostarabbitrescue/photos/a.307200705985076/1560133597358441/ Astro's incisor removal]
* u/zealotlee. (2015). [https://redd.it/2zd0r9 Sushi is going in for lateral ear surgery to remove a staph infection AND getting his incisors removed today.]
* r/Rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/39p3md/any_buns_with_malocclusion_out_there/ any buns with malocclusion out there?]

=== Extra resources ===
* John G A Robinson. [https://vet-ecpd.com/content/uploads/2018/03/BSAVA-rabbit-practical-notes-JR.pdf Rabbit Dentistry]
* Vetlexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/treat/lapis/technique/incisor-teeth-extraction Incisor teeth: extraction]

== Molar spurs ==
{{right-image|file=RabbitSpurs-TeethMolar.png|caption="This is what every vet needs to show a rabbit owner instead of just saying 'there are a few tiny spurs.' I never knew exactly what was involved with spurs that couldn't be seen with a vet looking in the bunny's mouth." - [https://www.facebook.com/218528305164333/photos/a.221048688245628.1073741828.218528305164333/221048668245630/?type=3&theater Dental rabbits resources], on Facebook.}}
{{right-image|file=Whuffle molarspurs 2006.jpg|caption=Some endoscopic images from a dental procedure - the top two are before, the bottom two are after. [https://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/2841528.html source]}}
=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02KFed4wLV7M8VgnLrSXCLmkQNVj7UKWnpHW82TXKQtoNvKEMgTzWxHCQ4fb1Z6D7ql 5-year-old dwarf lop Bok Choy required a pulpectomy to remove three problematic teeth] {{graphic}}
* Pete the Vet. (2017). [https://www.petethevet.com/button-had-stopped-eating-and-was-rubbing-at-his-mouth/ 3-year-old lop Button had a single sharp spur]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/404617319721728/ Dental woes of 2 rescued rabbits that required trimming and removal]

=== Extra resources ===
* Jean Silva. [http://www.bunssb.org/bunnies/molar-spurs/ Molar Spurs].
* WikiVet. (2012). [https://en.wikivet.net/Cheek_Teeth_Malocclusion_%E2%80%93_Rabbit Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]

== Experiences ==
The following are stories of rabbits with severe malocclusion in both incisors and molars.

* Debbie Hanson. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Stella/Stella.htm Stella's story]] {{graphic}}

== Online support communities ==
The following are some communities for owners with rabbits with dental problems:

* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1200692033665942 Rabbit dental support group] (Private)

== Further reading ==
* Andrew Spanner BVSc(Hons) MVetStud. (2020). [https://www.walkervillevet.com.au/blog/overgrown-rabbit-teeth-trimming-vs-removal/ Overgrown Rabbit Teeth: Trimming vs Removal]
* Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2019). [http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit-teeth-problems/ Rabbit Teeth Problems] {{graphic}}
* Belle Mead Animal Hospital. (2016). [https://www.bellemeadanimalhospital.com/blog/rabbit-teeth-malocclusion-detection-and-treatment/ Rabbit teeth malocclusion – detection and treatment]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/netherland-dwarf-dental-malocclusion Netherland Dwarf - Dental Malocclusion]
* Angela Lennox, DVM, DABVP. (2008). [https://www.dvm360.com/view/dentistry-rabbits-proceedings Dentistry of rabbits (Proceedings)]
* Tania Castaneda. (2002). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/what-to-do-when-bunny-foo-wont-chew/ What to Do When Bunny Foo Won't Chew]
* Sari Kanfer, DVM. (2002). [https://www.mybunny.org/info/dental-problems-in-rabbits/ Dental Problems in Rabbits]

The following are some videos of teeth surgeries in rabbits:
* YouTube, FastUpOnRabbitCare
** [http://youtu.be/46slQO1APuw Surgical Correction of Molar and Incisor Malocclusions:Chapter 1: Incisor and Molar Trimming] {{graphic}}
** [http://youtu.be/Cjq2ONxt3Jg Mandibular and Maxillary Molar Extractions] {{graphic}}
** [http://youtu.be/s-yqxn9P_0I Dental] {{graphic}}
* Bird and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/beacvet/videos/1824954617603564/ Facebook video of a mouth exam of a sedated rabbit with molar spurs.]

== See also ==
* [[Hay]]
* [[Teeth]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Digestive issues]]

Rabbit-friendly airlines

2026-05-07T05:44:10Z

SneakyDragon: spirit went bankrupt

Here is a list of known rabbit-friendly airlines around the world with relevant information. These airlines may allow rabbits in either the cabin, as checked baggage, or in cargo.

<div class="note">
'''This may not be a complete or up-to-date list.''' Please also do your own research before booking a flight with your rabbit. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for additional information on regulations for international travel. Some countries may not allow rabbits to be in the cabin or checked in as baggage. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.
</div>

When flying with your rabbit, please make sure you use an '''airline-approved carrier'''. All flights will have a '''limited''' number of kennels allowed for in-cabin and checked baggage, so call the airlines to reserve space for your pet as soon as possible.

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
!width="15%"|Airline
!width="10%"|Cabin?
!width="10%"|Checked Baggage?
!width="10%"|Cargo?
!width="55%" class="unsortable"|Notes {{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aerlingus.com/
| airline=Aer Lingus
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=40 EUR per flight, only on Aer Lingus Regional operated flights.<ref>Aer Lingus. (n.d.). Summary of Fees. Retrieved 8 April 2016 from https://www.aerlingus.com/support/fees/</ref><ref>Aer Lingus. (n.d.). Travelling with Pets. Retrieved 8 April 2016 from https://www.aerlingus.com/travel-information/baggage-information/travelling-with-pets/</ref>
| cargo=Yes, see [http://www.aerlinguscargo.com/ Aer Lingus cargo] for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-aer-lingus-ei
| num-countries=23
| base-country=Ireland
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Animals need to be at least 10 weeks old.
| resources=[https://www.aerlingus.com/travel-information/baggage-information/travelling-with-pets/ Travelling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.airbaltic.com/public/index.html
| airline=airBaltic
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=110-220 EUR each way.<ref name="airbalticpets">. airBaltic. (n.d.). Travelling with pets. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.airbaltic.com/en/travelling-with-pets</ref>
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-air-baltic-bt
| num-countries=36
| base-country=Latvia
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.airbaltic.com/en/travelling-with-pets Travelling with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.flyairnorth.com/default.aspx
| airline=Air North
| cabin=50-56.50 CAD each way.<ref name="airnorthpets">Air North. (n.d.). Booking Your Pet's Travel. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flyairnorth.com/support/pets-jets</ref>
| checked_baggage=50-113 CAD each way.<ref name="airnorthpets"/>
| cargo=Yes, please contact airline for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-air-north-4n
| num-countries=
| base-country=Canada
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* In cabin requirements:
** Carrier must be soft shell, max dimensions depend on plane.
** One rabbit per passenger.
| resources=[https://www.flyairnorth.com/support/pets-jets Booking Your Pet's Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aveloair.com/
| airline=Alaska Airlines
| cabin=100 USD/CAD each way<ref>Alaska Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets in cabin. Retrieved 18 Jan 2026 from https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin</ref>
| checked_baggage=200 USD/CAD each way<ref>Alaska Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets in the baggage compartment. Retrieved 18 Jan 2026 from https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-baggage-compartment</ref>
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-alaska-as
| num-countries=31
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Jan 2026
| info=
| resources=[https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/pets Pet travel overview]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.ana.co.jp/asw/index.jsp?type=e
| airline=All Nippon Airways
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=50-400 USD each way<ref>All Nippon Airways. (n.d.). Traveling with Pets. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.ana.co.jp/en/us/travel-information/pet-policy/</ref>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-ana-nh
| num-countries=22
| base-country=Japan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.ana.co.jp/en/us/travel-information/pet-policy/ Traveling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aveloair.com/
| airline=Avelo Airlines
| cabin=125 USD each way<ref name="avelopet">Avelo Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets. Retrieved 16 May 2024 from https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets</ref>
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-avelo-airlines-xp
| num-countries=2
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=May 2024
| info=
| resources=[https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Traveling with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.corsair.fr/
| airline=Corsair
| cabin=50-100 EUR each way domestically.<ref>Corsair. (n.d.). Can I travel with a rodent? Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flycorsair.com/en/transport-animal/can-i-travel-rodent</ref>
| checked_baggage=100-200 EUR each way domestically.<ref>Corsair. (n.d.). Can I travel with a rodent? Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flycorsair.com/en/transport-animal/can-i-travel-rodent</ref>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-corsair-ss
| num-countries=11
| base-country=France
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Rabbits are classified as rodents for regulation purposes.
| resources=[https://www.flycorsair.com/en/special-request/travel-pet Travelling smart with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.delta.com/
| airline=Delta Air Lines
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, but only for active US military personnel.
| cargo=[http://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with-us/special-travel-needs/pets/pet-travel-options.html#cargo Yes, but only within the US.] Delta Cargo only accepts international pet shipments from known shippers.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-delta-dl
| num-countries=56
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.delta.com/us/en/special-circumstances/military-travel/pets Military Pet Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.skycargo.com
| airline=Emirates SkyCargo
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-emirates-ek
| num-countries=74
| base-country=United Arab Emirates
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.skycargo.com/product/emirates-live/ Emirates Live]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.evaair.com/en-us/
| airline=EVA Airways
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, charged by weight or by piece.<ref name="evatravelling">EVA Airways, [https://www.evaair.com/en-us/fly-prepare/baggage/travelling-with-pets/ Baggage Information > Travelling with Pets]</ref>
| cargo=Yes, contact [https://www.brcargo.com/ec_web/Default.aspx EVA Air Cargo] for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-eva-air-br
| num-countries=22
| base-country=Taiwan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Pets are prohibited in flights from China and all flights to and from Australia.
* Maximum of two rabbits per container. Maximum of three rabbits less than six months old and from same litter in the same container.
| resources=[https://www.evaair.com/en-us/fly-prepare/baggage/travelling-with-pets/ Baggage Information > Travelling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/home-all-booking-options
| airline=Finnair
| cabin=40-75 EUR each way. (Only European Union Countries) <ref name="finnairfees">Finnair. (n.d.). Pets on Finnair Flights. Retrieved 27 Oct 2016 from https://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/information-services/baggage/pets</ref>
| checked_baggage=75-300 EUR each way. <ref name="finnairfees"/>
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices. [http://www.finnaircargo.fi/en/cargo/animal-transport.html Information.]
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-finnair-ay
| num-countries=38
| base-country=Finland
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Total carrier weight including pet may not exceed 17 lb.
* In cabin max carrier sizes:
** Hard-sided - 14" L x 12" W x 8" H
** Soft-sided - 22" L x 18" W x 10" H
| resources=[http://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/information-services/baggage/pets Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.flyfrontier.com/
| airline=Frontier Airlines
| cabin=99 USD each way.<ref name="frontierpets"/>
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-frontier-airlines-f9
| num-countries=9
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Only one pet per container and carry-on per person. Due to limited space in the cabin, a pet container will count as either a carry-on bag or personal item. Rabbits may only fly in-cabin domestically in the US. Maximum carrier dimensions are 18" L x 14" W x 8" H.<ref name="frontierpets">Frontier Airlines. (n.d). Family and Pets. Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel/travel-info/family-pets/</ref>
| resources=[https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel/travel-info/family-pets/ Family and Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.jal.co.jp/en/
| airline=Japan Airlines
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, for domestic flights.<ref name="jalpets">Japan Airlines, [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/dom/service/pet/ Traveling with Pets]</ref> Contact [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/information/inter/branch/ JAL Reservations] for international flights.
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-japan-airlines-jl
| num-countries=21
| base-country=Japan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/dom/service/pet/ Traveling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/
| airline=La Compagnie
| cabin=Each passenger may travel with one "dwarf" rabbit.
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-la-compagnie-b0
| num-countries=3
| base-country=France
| checked-date=Jul 2024
| info=
| resources=[https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ Special Services]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://forwardersearch.lufthansa-cargo.com/
| airline=Lufthansa Cargo
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=Yes, please contact [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/en/contacts-worldwide Lufthansa Cargo Service Center.]
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-lufthansa-lh
| num-countries=73
| base-country=Germany
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://forwardersearch.lufthansa-cargo.com/en/Animal-Transport Your portal for your worldwide transport of animals]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.pacificcoastal.com/
| airline=Pacific Coastal Airlines
| cabin=52.50 CAD each way.<ref name="pca-pets">Pacific Coastal Airlines. (n.d.). Pet Travel. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.pacificcoastal.com/pet-travel/</ref>
| checked_baggage=105 CAD each way.<ref name="pca-pets"/>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-pacific-coastal-airlines-8p
| num-countries=
| base-country=Canada
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.pacificcoastal.com/pet-travel/ Pet Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.westjet.com
| airline=WestJet
| cabin=N/A after Jul 5, 2023.<ref name="westjetservicefees">WestJet. (n.d.). Service fees. Retrieved 1 Aug 2023 from https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/flights/fees#tab-1481724947358-5</ref>
| checked_baggage=100-118 CAD/USD each way.<ref name="westjetservicefees"/>
| cargo=Yes, contact [http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/cargo/shipping-information/pets-kennels.shtml WestJet Cargo] for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-westjet-ws
| num-countries=27
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Checked baggage kennels must be an airline-approved hard-sided carrier with max dimensions of 40" L x 27" W x 30" H.<ref> WestJet. (n.d.). Pets. Retrieved 16 May 2024 from https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/pets#id-91CBBC96F97DE622CE6B5727A9270CA8-tab-1</ref>
* Pets will be restricted on select flights as checked baggage due to extreme heat May 1 to October 31. See [http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/travel/special-arrangements/pets.shtml Pets > Heat and entrance restrictions] for more details.
| resources=[https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/pets Pets]
}}

|}

== Additional resources ==
* PetFriendly Travel.com, [http://www.petfriendlytravel.com/airtravel Tips for Air Travel With Pets]
* Rabbit.org Foundation, [https://rabbit.org/care/airlines-that-allow-rabbits/ Airlines that Allow Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[International export regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly transportation agencies]]
* [[Traveling with a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2026-05-07T05:43:26Z

SneakyDragon: /* Travel by airplane */

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 6-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* Shannon Twohig. (2025). [https://sandiegorabbits.org/blog/moving-from-ca-to-virginia Driving with Bunnies by Car from California to Virginia]
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of May 2026, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin Alaska Airlines]
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* u/Pipiru. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lw0264/comment/n2cglrb/ International travel from San Francisco to Amsterdam with ITA Airways in cabin]
* u/liyalilia. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1mjs0w0/i_flew_my_rabbit_in_cargo_18_hours/ International move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar (2 hours) to US (16 hours) with Qatar Airways in cargo]
* u/ffrothicoffi. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1in4bbo/flew_my_5_yo_bunny_halfway_across_the_world_in/ International move with 5-year-old rabbit from Southeast Asia to Scandinavia with Malaysia Airlines/Qatar Airways in cargo]
* Angela Chou. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10161423494403809/ International travel from London to Philadelphia with La Compagnie in cabin]
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Tennessee

2026-05-04T19:51:21Z

SneakyDragon: /* Rabbit rescues and shelters */

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Tennessee in the United States.

== Regional social media communities ==
{{rabbit-regional-social-media-info}}

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Social media network !!Notes
|-
|}

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
{{adoption-info}}

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Email
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Social {{rescue-entry
| name=Bunny Rescue-Nashville
| link=https://www.instagram.com/bunnyrescuenashville/
| phone=(615) 260-3808
| email=bunnyrescue1@mac.com
| city=Nashville, TN
| ein=42-1683430}} {{rescue-entry
| name=New Beginnings Rabbit Rescue
| link=http://www.newbeginningsrabbitrescue.org
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/NBARrabbits
| email=NBARrabbits@gmail.com
| city=Memphis, TN
| ein=45-3632430
| notes=Main rescue is based out of Olive Branch, MS, but the rabbit rescue focuses around Memphis, TN.}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Operation Bun Bun Rescue
| link=https://operationbunbunrescue.org/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/BunBunRescue/
| phone=(330) 690-5350
| email=obbr.km@gmail.com
| city=Knoxville, TN}}
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
{{rabbit-vets-info|na=true|us=true}}

===Tennessee===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
|-
| [https://vetmed.tennessee.edu/vmc// University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center]|| 2407 River Drive || Knoxville, TN 37996 ||(865) 974-8387 || ||
|-
| Volunteer Veterinary Clinic|| 160 New Shackle Island Rd || Hendersonville, TN 37075 ||615-824-8411 || Dr. A. Brandon Dixon Dr. Hannah Sáenz volvetclinic@gmail.com||
|-
| [https://www.hillsboroanimalhospital.net/ Hillsboro Animal Hospital]|| 2207 Bandywood Drive || Nashville, TN 37215 ||615-298-2663 || Dr. Chad Given ||
|-
| [https://thecatsoncommerce.com/ The Cats on Commerce] || 136 Commerce St || Clarksville, TN 37040 || 931-292-2829
|-
|[https://priestlakevet.com/ Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital]|| 2445 Morris Gentry BLVD || Antioch, TN 37013 ||615-361-4646 || Dr. Logan Kopp info@priestlakevet.com||
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

== Veterinary clinics offering RHDV2 vaccines ==
{{rhdv2-vax-info|us=true}}

=== Central area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Animal House Veterinary Clinic
| link=http://animalhouseclarksville.com/
| phone=(931) 645-7757
| city=Clarksville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Clay County Animal Hospital
| link=http://www.facebook.com/CCAH115
| phone=(931) 243-6940
| city=Celina, TN
| last-modified=03 Feb 2022
| notes=$15 vaccine, will discount on large numbers (10+).

Ear tattoo ($10) required if not already present.
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== East area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Scenic City Veterinary Services
| link=https://sceniccityvet.com/
| phone=(423) 661-2255
| city=Dayton, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Chattanooga area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Animal Clinic Downtown
| link=http://www.myanimalclinicinc.com/
| phone=(423) 698-2401
| city=Chattanooga, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Knoxville area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Academy Mobile Pet Clinic
| link=
| phone=(865) 970-3325
| city=Rockford, TN
| last-modified=01 Mar 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Emory Animal Hospital
| link=http://www.emoryanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(865) 947-0437
| city=Powell, TN
| last-modified=04 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Lange Animal Hospital
| link=https://langeanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(865) 690-6481
| city=Knoxville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Village Veterinary Medical Center
| link=http://www.villagevetclinic.com/
| phone=(865) 966-8900
| city=Knoxville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Nashville area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Family Pet Health
| link=https://familypethealth.com/
| phone=(615) 907-8387
| city=Murfreesboro, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Little House Animal Hospital
| link=https://littlehouseanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(615) 791-9148
| city=Franklin, TN
| last-modified=28 Apr 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Migratory Avian Services
| link=https://migratoryavianservices.com/
| phone=(615) 601-2356
| city=Nashville, TN
| last-modified=10 Oct 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital
| link=http://www.priestlakevet.com/
| phone=(615) 361-4646
| city=Antioch, TN
| last-modified=23 Jun 2024
| notes=Read more on their website.
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

=== Shelby County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://spaymemphis.org/ Spay Memphis] || 3787 Summer Ave || Memphis, TN 38122 || 901-324-3202 || Spay/Neuter: $80<ref>Spay Memphis. (n.d.). Fix Your Pet. Retrieved 21 Sep 2021 from https://spaymemphis.org/spayneuter/</ref>
Rabbits must be at least 12 weeks old. Includes pain injection and take-home pain medication.
|}

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info|na=true|us=true}}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

== See also ==
* [[Alabama]]
* [[Arkansas]]
* [[Georgia]]
* [[Kentucky]]
* [[Mississippi]]
* [[Missouri]]
* [[North Carolina]]
* [[Virginia]]

== References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States]]

Tennessee

2026-05-04T19:48:58Z

SneakyDragon: /* Rabbit rescues and shelters */ Heaven on Earth closed Apr 2026.

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Tennessee in the United States.

== Regional social media communities ==
{{rabbit-regional-social-media-info}}

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Social media network !!Notes
|-
|}

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
{{adoption-info}}

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Email
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Social {{rescue-entry
| name=Bunny Rescue-Nashville
| link=https://www.instagram.com/bunnyrescuenashville/
| phone=(615) 260-3808
| email=bunnyrescue1@mac.com
| city=Nashville, TN
| ein=42-1683430}} {{rescue-entry
| name=New Beginnings Rabbit Rescue
| link=http://www.newbeginningsrabbitrescue.org
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/NBARrabbits
| email=NBARrabbits@gmail.com
| city=Memphis, TN
| ein=45-3632430
| notes=Main rescue is based out of Olive Branch, MS, but the rabbit rescue focuses around Memphis, TN.}} {{rescue-entry
| name=Operation Bun Bun Rescue
| link=http://operationbunbunrescue.business.site/
| fb-link=https://www.facebook.com/BunBunRescue/
| phone=(330) 690-5350
| email=obbr.km@gmail.com
| city=Knoxville, TN}}
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
{{rabbit-vets-info|na=true|us=true}}

===Tennessee===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
|-
| [https://vetmed.tennessee.edu/vmc// University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center]|| 2407 River Drive || Knoxville, TN 37996 ||(865) 974-8387 || ||
|-
| Volunteer Veterinary Clinic|| 160 New Shackle Island Rd || Hendersonville, TN 37075 ||615-824-8411 || Dr. A. Brandon Dixon Dr. Hannah Sáenz volvetclinic@gmail.com||
|-
| [https://www.hillsboroanimalhospital.net/ Hillsboro Animal Hospital]|| 2207 Bandywood Drive || Nashville, TN 37215 ||615-298-2663 || Dr. Chad Given ||
|-
| [https://thecatsoncommerce.com/ The Cats on Commerce] || 136 Commerce St || Clarksville, TN 37040 || 931-292-2829
|-
|[https://priestlakevet.com/ Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital]|| 2445 Morris Gentry BLVD || Antioch, TN 37013 ||615-361-4646 || Dr. Logan Kopp info@priestlakevet.com||
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
{{rabbit-emergency-vets-info}}

== Veterinary clinics offering RHDV2 vaccines ==
{{rhdv2-vax-info|us=true}}

=== Central area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Animal House Veterinary Clinic
| link=http://animalhouseclarksville.com/
| phone=(931) 645-7757
| city=Clarksville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Clay County Animal Hospital
| link=http://www.facebook.com/CCAH115
| phone=(931) 243-6940
| city=Celina, TN
| last-modified=03 Feb 2022
| notes=$15 vaccine, will discount on large numbers (10+).

Ear tattoo ($10) required if not already present.
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== East area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Scenic City Veterinary Services
| link=https://sceniccityvet.com/
| phone=(423) 661-2255
| city=Dayton, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Chattanooga area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Animal Clinic Downtown
| link=http://www.myanimalclinicinc.com/
| phone=(423) 698-2401
| city=Chattanooga, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Knoxville area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Academy Mobile Pet Clinic
| link=
| phone=(865) 970-3325
| city=Rockford, TN
| last-modified=01 Mar 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Emory Animal Hospital
| link=http://www.emoryanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(865) 947-0437
| city=Powell, TN
| last-modified=04 Feb 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Lange Animal Hospital
| link=https://langeanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(865) 690-6481
| city=Knoxville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Village Veterinary Medical Center
| link=http://www.villagevetclinic.com/
| phone=(865) 966-8900
| city=Knoxville, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

=== Greater Nashville area ===
{|- class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! City
! class="unsortable"| Phone
! class="unsortable"| Notes {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Family Pet Health
| link=https://familypethealth.com/
| phone=(615) 907-8387
| city=Murfreesboro, TN
| last-modified=18 May 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Little House Animal Hospital
| link=https://littlehouseanimalhospital.com/
| phone=(615) 791-9148
| city=Franklin, TN
| last-modified=28 Apr 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Migratory Avian Services
| link=https://migratoryavianservices.com/
| phone=(615) 601-2356
| city=Nashville, TN
| last-modified=10 Oct 2022
| rabbitors=True
}} {{vax-entry-simple
| name=Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital
| link=http://www.priestlakevet.com/
| phone=(615) 361-4646
| city=Antioch, TN
| last-modified=23 Jun 2024
| notes=Read more on their website.
| rabbitors=True
}}
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

=== Shelby County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://spaymemphis.org/ Spay Memphis] || 3787 Summer Ave || Memphis, TN 38122 || 901-324-3202 || Spay/Neuter: $80<ref>Spay Memphis. (n.d.). Fix Your Pet. Retrieved 21 Sep 2021 from https://spaymemphis.org/spayneuter/</ref>
Rabbits must be at least 12 weeks old. Includes pain injection and take-home pain medication.
|}

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
{{rabbit-boarding-info|na=true|us=true}}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

== See also ==
* [[Alabama]]
* [[Arkansas]]
* [[Georgia]]
* [[Kentucky]]
* [[Mississippi]]
* [[Missouri]]
* [[North Carolina]]
* [[Virginia]]

== References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States]]

BunnyFests

2026-05-04T18:08:29Z

SneakyDragon: /* Mountain West BunFest */

The following are a list of rabbit festivals hosted by various rescues around the world. Each festival will hold a multitude of vendors, bunny activities, raffles, auctions, and educational opportunities.

Please check each event's page for current place, dates, and times.

== United States ==

=== Northeast ===

These events include the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions.

==== York County Bunnyfest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.ycspca.org/ York County SPCA], York, PA.
* Held in mid-March. [https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2016/03/19/rabbits-center-stage-spca-event/81973434/ Last held in 2016.]

==== Northeast Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.luvnbunns.org/ Luv-N-Bunns], Philadelphia, PA.
* Held in late April and May.
* [https://www.facebook.com/Northeast-Bunfest-914908065321055/ Facebook page]

==== Bun-nanza ====
* Hosted by [http://safehavenrr.org/ Safe Haven Rabbit Rescue, Inc.], Clinton, NJ.
* Usually held in late September to early October. [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=451833182350716 Last held in 2019.]

=== Midwest ===
==== Missouri "Bunny Expo" ====
* Hosted by [http://www.hrsmostl.org/ Missouri House Rabbit Society - St. Louis], Chesterfield, Missouri
* Usually held in June.
[[File:Hrsmostl_bunnyexpo2015.png|center|thumb|[http://www.hrsmostl.org/hrs-expo-2015-details.html source]|275px]]

==== Midwest Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.ohiohouserabbitrescue.org/ Ohio House Rabbit Rescue], Columbus, OH.
* Usually held beginning of October.
* [http://www.midwestbunfest.org/ Event website]

=== South ===
These events include the South Atlantic and South Central regions.

==== Mid-Atlantic Bunfest====
* Hosted by [http://bunnylu.org/ Bunny Lu Rabbit Rescue], Richmond, VA.
* Held first weekend in March.
* [http://midatlanticbunfest.com/ Event Website]

==== Florida Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.respectforrabbits.org/ Southwest Florida House Rabbit Rescue], Tampa Bay area (Seminole, FL)
* Held in March or April.
* [https://swflrabbits.wixsite.com/florida-bunfest Event Website]

==== Southeast Bunfest ====
* Hosted by the [http://www.hstc1.org/ Humane Society of the Treasure Coast], Stuart, FL.
* Usually held mid-May.
* [http://www.southeastbunfest.org/ Event website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/southeastbunfest Facebook page]

==== Georgia Bunnyfest ====
{{right-image|file=Bunnyfest-2015-Web-site-large-2-page-001-670x1024.jpg|caption=[http://houserabbitga.com/bunnyfest/ source]}}
* Hosted by [http://houserabbitga.com/ Georgia House Rabbit Society], Marietta, GA.
* Usually held in June. [https://www.facebook.com/events/317322638957379/ Last held in 2019.]

==== North Carolina Summer BunFest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.trianglerabbits.org/ Triangle Rabbits] of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC.
* Usually held near the end of August.
* Events posted in [https://www.meetup.com/trianglerabbits/ Triangle Rabbits Meetup Group].

=== West ===
These events include the Mountain and Pacific regions.

==== Sonoma County Bunfest ====
* Supports Rohnert Park Animal Shelter, Rohnert Park, CA.
* Held in early April. Last event held in 2022.
* [https://sonomacountybunfest.com/ Event website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/events/1145052275611930 2017 Facebook event]

==== Northern California BunnyFest ====
{{right-image|file=BF-Haven-logo-smaller.jpg|caption=[http://therabbithaven.org/bunnyfest2016/ source]}}
* Hosted by [http://www.therabbithaven.org The Rabbit Haven], San Jose, CA.
* Usually held at the end of May. Last event was held in 2018.

==== Mountain West BunFest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.rmhrr.org/ Rocky Mountain House Rabbit Rescue], Erie, Colorado.
* Usually held in May-June.
* [https://www.facebook.com/mtnwestbunfest/ Facebook page]

==== San Diego BunnyFest ====
* Hosted by the [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/ San Diego House Rabbit Society], San Diego, CA.
* Usually held at the end of September.
* [http://www.sandiegobunnyfest.org/ Event website]

==== Bunny Bunch Montclair Bunny Expo ====
* Hosted by the [http://www.bunnybunch.org/pages/ Bunny Bunch S.P.C.R.], Montclair, CA.
* Usually held early October.
* [https://www.facebook.com/events/270134636509813/ 2014 Facebook event]

==== Oregon Bunny Palooza ====
* Hosted by [http://rabbitadvocates.org/ Rabbit Advocates], Portland, OR.
* Usually held Labor Day weekend in early Sep. Last event held in 2021.
* [https://oregonbunnypalooza.org/ Event website]

== Canada ==

=== Bunanza ===
* Hosted by [http://www.canadianrabbithoppingclub.com/ The Canadian Rabbit Hopping Club], Calgary, Alberta.
* Supports [http://www.aaorr.com/ Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue].
* Held in late July.
* [http://bunanza.ca/ Event website.] [https://www.facebook.com/BunanzaEvent/ Facebook page.]

=== Nova Scotia Bunfest ===
* Hosted by [https://www.10000carrots.com/ 10,000 Carrots Rabbit Rescue], Upper Sackville, Nova Scotia.
* First event held mid-June 2018. [https://www.facebook.com/events/2036607159962454/ Facebook event].
* [https://www.10000carrots.com/bunfest Event website]

=== Ottawa Bunnypalooza ===
* Hosted by an independent organization in Ottawa, Ontario.
* Held in May.
* First event held in Dec 2023. [https://www.facebook.com/events/660858132806944 Facebook event].
* [https://ottawabunnypalooza.com/ Event website]

=== Toronto BunFest ===
* Hosted by [http://rabbitrescue.ca/ Rabbit Rescue Inc.], Toronto, Ontario.
* Usually held in late September.
* [http://rabbitrescue.ca/Bunfest/ Event website]
[[File:rri_savethedate2015.jpg|center|thumb|[http://rabbitrescue.ca/Bunfest/FAQ/ source]|275px]]

== Australia ==
=== Rabbit Expo ===
* Hosted by [https://www.platinumcpd.com/ Platinum CPD], Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
* Usually held early November.
* [https://www.facebook.com/rabbitexpo2019/ Example Facebook page]
* [https://www.platinumcpd.com/rabbit-expo Event website]

== See also ==
* [[Hoppy Hours]]

[[Category:Resources]]

BunnyFests

2026-05-04T05:00:52Z

SneakyDragon: /* United States */

The following are a list of rabbit festivals hosted by various rescues around the world. Each festival will hold a multitude of vendors, bunny activities, raffles, auctions, and educational opportunities.

Please check each event's page for current place, dates, and times.

== United States ==

=== Northeast ===

These events include the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions.

==== York County Bunnyfest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.ycspca.org/ York County SPCA], York, PA.
* Held in mid-March. [https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2016/03/19/rabbits-center-stage-spca-event/81973434/ Last held in 2016.]

==== Northeast Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.luvnbunns.org/ Luv-N-Bunns], Philadelphia, PA.
* Held in late April and May.
* [https://www.facebook.com/Northeast-Bunfest-914908065321055/ Facebook page]

==== Bun-nanza ====
* Hosted by [http://safehavenrr.org/ Safe Haven Rabbit Rescue, Inc.], Clinton, NJ.
* Usually held in late September to early October. [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=451833182350716 Last held in 2019.]

=== Midwest ===
==== Missouri "Bunny Expo" ====
* Hosted by [http://www.hrsmostl.org/ Missouri House Rabbit Society - St. Louis], Chesterfield, Missouri
* Usually held in June.
[[File:Hrsmostl_bunnyexpo2015.png|center|thumb|[http://www.hrsmostl.org/hrs-expo-2015-details.html source]|275px]]

==== Midwest Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.ohiohouserabbitrescue.org/ Ohio House Rabbit Rescue], Columbus, OH.
* Usually held beginning of October.
* [http://www.midwestbunfest.org/ Event website]

=== South ===
These events include the South Atlantic and South Central regions.

==== Mid-Atlantic Bunfest====
* Hosted by [http://bunnylu.org/ Bunny Lu Rabbit Rescue], Richmond, VA.
* Held first weekend in March.
* [http://midatlanticbunfest.com/ Event Website]

==== Florida Bunfest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.respectforrabbits.org/ Southwest Florida House Rabbit Rescue], Tampa Bay area (Seminole, FL)
* Held in March or April.
* [https://swflrabbits.wixsite.com/florida-bunfest Event Website]

==== Southeast Bunfest ====
* Hosted by the [http://www.hstc1.org/ Humane Society of the Treasure Coast], Stuart, FL.
* Usually held mid-May.
* [http://www.southeastbunfest.org/ Event website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/southeastbunfest Facebook page]

==== Georgia Bunnyfest ====
{{right-image|file=Bunnyfest-2015-Web-site-large-2-page-001-670x1024.jpg|caption=[http://houserabbitga.com/bunnyfest/ source]}}
* Hosted by [http://houserabbitga.com/ Georgia House Rabbit Society], Marietta, GA.
* Usually held in June. [https://www.facebook.com/events/317322638957379/ Last held in 2019.]

==== North Carolina Summer BunFest ====
* Hosted by [http://www.trianglerabbits.org/ Triangle Rabbits] of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC.
* Usually held near the end of August.
* Events posted in [https://www.meetup.com/trianglerabbits/ Triangle Rabbits Meetup Group].

=== West ===
These events include the Mountain and Pacific regions.

==== Sonoma County Bunfest ====
* Supports Rohnert Park Animal Shelter, Rohnert Park, CA.
* Held in early April. Last event held in 2022.
* [https://sonomacountybunfest.com/ Event website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/events/1145052275611930 2017 Facebook event]

==== Northern California BunnyFest ====
{{right-image|file=BF-Haven-logo-smaller.jpg|caption=[http://therabbithaven.org/bunnyfest2016/ source]}}
* Hosted by [http://www.therabbithaven.org The Rabbit Haven], San Jose, CA.
* Usually held at the end of May. Last event was held in 2018.

==== Mountain West BunFest ====
* Hosted by [https://www.rmhrr.org/ Rocky Mountain House Rabbit Rescue]
* Usually held in May-June.
* [https://www.facebook.com/mtnwestbunfest/ Facebook page]

==== San Diego BunnyFest ====
* Hosted by the [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/ San Diego House Rabbit Society], San Diego, CA.
* Usually held at the end of September.
* [http://www.sandiegobunnyfest.org/ Event website]

==== Bunny Bunch Montclair Bunny Expo ====
* Hosted by the [http://www.bunnybunch.org/pages/ Bunny Bunch S.P.C.R.], Montclair, CA.
* Usually held early October.
* [https://www.facebook.com/events/270134636509813/ 2014 Facebook event]

==== Oregon Bunny Palooza ====
* Hosted by [http://rabbitadvocates.org/ Rabbit Advocates], Portland, OR.
* Usually held Labor Day weekend in early Sep. Last event held in 2021.
* [https://oregonbunnypalooza.org/ Event website]

== Canada ==

=== Bunanza ===
* Hosted by [http://www.canadianrabbithoppingclub.com/ The Canadian Rabbit Hopping Club], Calgary, Alberta.
* Supports [http://www.aaorr.com/ Against All Odds Rabbit Rescue].
* Held in late July.
* [http://bunanza.ca/ Event website.] [https://www.facebook.com/BunanzaEvent/ Facebook page.]

=== Nova Scotia Bunfest ===
* Hosted by [https://www.10000carrots.com/ 10,000 Carrots Rabbit Rescue], Upper Sackville, Nova Scotia.
* First event held mid-June 2018. [https://www.facebook.com/events/2036607159962454/ Facebook event].
* [https://www.10000carrots.com/bunfest Event website]

=== Ottawa Bunnypalooza ===
* Hosted by an independent organization in Ottawa, Ontario.
* Held in May.
* First event held in Dec 2023. [https://www.facebook.com/events/660858132806944 Facebook event].
* [https://ottawabunnypalooza.com/ Event website]

=== Toronto BunFest ===
* Hosted by [http://rabbitrescue.ca/ Rabbit Rescue Inc.], Toronto, Ontario.
* Usually held in late September.
* [http://rabbitrescue.ca/Bunfest/ Event website]
[[File:rri_savethedate2015.jpg|center|thumb|[http://rabbitrescue.ca/Bunfest/FAQ/ source]|275px]]

== Australia ==
=== Rabbit Expo ===
* Hosted by [https://www.platinumcpd.com/ Platinum CPD], Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
* Usually held early November.
* [https://www.facebook.com/rabbitexpo2019/ Example Facebook page]
* [https://www.platinumcpd.com/rabbit-expo Event website]

== See also ==
* [[Hoppy Hours]]

[[Category:Resources]]

Housing

2026-04-29T05:59:29Z

SneakyDragon: /* Exercise pens */

{{#seo:
|description=Housing tips, information, DIY, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/c/c5/Rabbit-HIllBilly-Hutch1.jpg
}}
== Indoors vs. outdoors ==
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=a_ZdzeLVEBU|caption=Why It's Dangerous to Keep Rabbits Outside}}
</div>
<div class="note">The overwhelming consensus is that pet rabbits live safer, happier lives indoors. Keeping rabbits outside as their primary housing is widely considered outdated and irresponsible.</div>
Many people have the misconception that rabbits are smelly and belong outdoors. However, this is definitely not the case, and in fact, we recommend that you keep and '''house your bunny indoors as much as possible'''. An important philosophy you will see throughout this page is to '''remember that surviving is not thriving!''' If you get a rabbit as a pet, you should treat it as a member of the family. Family should not be relegated to live alone all the time in an isolated shed or hutch outside.

There are also other reasons to keep your bunny indoors.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/indoors.html Why to Keep Your Rabbit Indoors]</ref><ref>Bunniez, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/The-Great-Indoor-Rabbit-Debate- The Great Indoor Rabbit Debate]</ref>
* Rabbits are safer indoors out of reach of '''predators'''. Rabbits can literally be frightened to death without any contact to a predator. Additionally, you will need to take many precautions that no snakes can get into your hutch. They are a real risk in certain areas.
* Rabbits are '''social''' animals, and in the wild, they live in enormous warrens. They enjoy the companionship from people and other rabbits. Hutch rabbits are often never interacted with or socialized, and this lack can often result in a dull and uninterested bunny.
* Indoor rabbits will probably '''live longer''' out of stressful influences such as predators and poor weather conditions. They can easily [[Hot|overheat]] or freeze to death. Poor weather conditions such as rain may also make you not want to go out to feed and check on the bunny. Rabbits are delicate, and any [[Veterinary emergencies|medical warning signs]] should be treated immediately or they will go downhill fast. Not being able to keep an eye on them can be disastrous to a bunny's health.
* Rabbits need '''[[exercise]]'''. Unless you build an extremely big hutch with a run outside or let him run around outside occasionally, the bunny will be unable to stretch his legs. You may have seen videos of wild rabbits -- see how they love to run around? You can provide a safe environment indoors out of a predator's reach for them to do what they love.
* Outdoors, you can '''never see''' your bunny binky in happiness and learn to appreciate their bonks for pets. Rabbits can show a [[Behavior|personality]] not unlike dogs and cats. Housing a rabbit outdoors without ever interacting with them will result in a rabbit afraid of humans.

You might worry that keeping your rabbit indoors will result in destruction of your personal property and poop and pee everywhere. However, the destruction can be easily mitigated given proper [[bunny-proofing]] and [[Litter Training|training]]. Rabbits are easily [[Litter Training|litter trained]] to poop and pee in a box. In addition, not the entire house needs to be given to the bunny to romp around in. Just a living room or a bedroom is enough space. Give a try to housing your rabbit indoors, and see your rabbit bond with you.

Here are some more links to read about the pros and cons of indoor vs. outdoor housing.
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/dangers Dangers to rabbits: outside and indoors]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/house-rabbits House rabbits]
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/outdoors-vs-indoors Outdoors versus Indoors]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/hazards.html FAQ: Outdoor and Indoor Hazards to Companion Rabbits]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/why-a-house-bunny/ House Rabbits: Why It's Better For You And Your Bunny]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/whyindoors.pdf Why Indoor Housing is Best]
* Dana M. Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html Why an Indoor Bunny?]
* House Rabbit Network, Alan L. Moyer, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/fly.shtml Why We Won't Keep Rabbits Outdoors -- A personal story]

=== Indoor housing ===
A consideration when housing indoors is where to place your bunny. A good location allows the rabbit has a place to relax by themselves yet is not completely secluded from the family. As a result, the corner of a living or family room is a great location as it will have lots of foot traffic from family and roommates but still be quiet most of the day when no one is there.

Some people would like more personal time with the rabbit and place the housing enclosure in their room. Be forewarned though, that bunnies can be very noisy at night, so if you are a light sleeper, it would probably be best to put the rabbit in another room.

Another option is to delegate an entire spare room to the rabbit. While this is a fantastic option, please make sure that you fully [[bunny-proof]] the room to prevent damage to the walls and floors in case of a destructive rabbit.

Avoid placing your rabbit too close to a doorway, in a drafty area of your home, or in only direct sunlight. While rabbits enjoy sunlight, they also have a fur coat and can easily [[hot|overheat]] on hot days.

If you are planning to bring an outside rabbit indoors, see the following articles for more information.
* Zooh Corner. [http://www.mybunny.org/info/bringing-bunny-inside Bringing the Outside Bunny In]

=== Outdoor housing ===
{{right-image|file=TalyaD rabbit shed outdoors.jpg|caption=Two French lop rabbits living in a garden with an air-conditioned shed.}}
{{right-image|file=Talyad outdoor run.jpg|caption=An outdoor run attached a shed built for rabbits.}}
{{right-image|file=RabbitInHutchHole2.jpg|caption=The side of a un-reinforced outdoor hutch that was chewed through by a bored rabbit that escaped. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/840792622728438/permalink/991910214283344/ C.A.Wiltshire]}}

While '''we do not recommend outdoor housing''' for the reasons stated above, the following are some resources to help develop an appropriate outdoor rabbit enclosure. Remember the rabbits can easily suffer from [[heatstroke|heat exhaustion]] at [[hot|temperatures over 85°F]], and that indoor rabbits have a history of living 4 times longer than outdoor hutch rabbits due to various factors!<ref>Dana Krempels. (n.d.). Why an Indoor Bunny?. Retrieved 10 Jul 2019 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html</ref>

If keeping your rabbit outside is the only option in your situation, please follow some basic guidelines for housing:
* Make sure your rabbit is always protected from '''insects''' through the use of some fine mesh that you can staple to the cage. This is important to protect your rabbit from aggressive insect-borne diseases such as [[myxomatosis]]. Keep your outdoor rabbits updated on their [[vaccinations]] if they are available in your country, and you may also want to treat them regularly for [[fleas]], [[mites]], and other parasites preventatively.
* Do not keep rabbits outdoors alone all the time; they need '''company''' on those dark nights! A [[Bonding|bonded]] pair or group is best outdoors. If you must house a single rabbit outside, please spend a couple of hours each day to interact with your rabbit so they will not be depressed. The more time you can spend with your single rabbit, the better. Rabbits are social creatures and will not do well alone with no interaction.
* Remember, your baby bunny is likely to '''grow''' significantly! If your rabbit is young, make sure you consider their adult size when purchasing an enclosure. This housing should be tall enough for your bunny to sit up on their hind legs in the adorable act of periscoping, and it should be long enough for your bunny to completely lie down in with their feet stretched out. Consider having a multi-level enclosure so bunny can survey their surroundings as well as a permanently attached run.
* Just because your rabbit is outdoors, it '''does not mean''' they have to be kept in a hutch! Consider large dog kennels with runs, sheds, aviaries, and children's wooden playhouses with runs attached. One small advantage of outdoor housing is that human furniture will not get in the way of the rabbit, and you can often offer larger square footage just for the bunnies.
* While your rabbit make not be able to '''chew''' their way out of your new cage, keep in mind what kind of predators (e.g. foxes, cats, raccoons) might want to force their way in. Be especially careful about access to snakes if they are a problem in your area. Keep your hutch close to the house, and make sure your rabbit has somewhere to hide if they get scared. This hidey hole is also likely to be what will protect your bunny from the elements so it is a good idea to insulate it with some hay, old towels, or other material. Even though your rabbit is kept outside, a litter tray can still be supplied to keep the housing clean, and it provides your bunny with a specific spot to go in so that they will not always lying in their own filth.
* In warm weather, be very careful about '''[[flystrike]]'''! Check your rabbit's bottom every day to make sure that all poop has been cleaned off properly.

Consider planning for a temporary indoor enclosure occasionally so that the rabbit does not need to be outside on extremely [[cold weather concerns|cold winter nights]] or [[hot|hot summer afternoons]].

<div class="bad">The following are warning stories about why keeping your rabbits housed outdoors can be ill advised:

* u/ConsiderationDry1149. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1gtaek8/pet_rabbit_taken_by_fox_overnight/ Rabbit was taken from outdoor hutch by a fox overnight.] {{RIP}}
* u/MelanieHajjar. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/h0ixrr/rip_bugsy/ Dog jumped a fenced and killed a rabbit housed outdoors.] {{RIP}}
* u/Drone79. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bfdrk9/both_of_our_rabbits_have_been_killed_today/ Rabbits were found missing and killed from their outdoor hutch overnight.] {{RIP}} {{graphic}}
* u/cloverborne. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c7i1pm/i_just_wanted_to_post_the_last_picture_taken_of/ Rabbits housed outdoors were taken by a fox.] {{RIP}}
</div>

The following are some additional tips and instructions on having an outdoor rabbit hutch:
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/hutches-and-runs Hutches. runs and alternative rabbit housing]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/outdoor/index.asp Outdoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/outdoor-housing/ Outdoor housing]
* Rabbits United. (2012). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?311878-Outdoor-Housing Outdoor Housing]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-rabbits-outdoors/ Rabbits Outdoors]
* petrabbitinfo.com. (2009). [http://www.petrabbitinfo.com/rabbithutches.html Rabbit Hutches - How To Keep Your Pet Rabbit Safe and Happy Outdoors]
* Reddit. (2018). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a0auf1/indoor_to_outdoor/ Indoor to outdoor]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/outdoor_housing.html Outside Housing]

==Indoor pens and housing==
A variety of options exist for housing rabbits in either a pen or other form of housing indoors.

=== Size guidelines ===
{{right-image|file=Hyla-simplesetup.jpg|caption=A simpler bunny housing setup; meets minimum housing standards. Photo by Discord user Hyla.}}
{{right-image|file=LMN-largersetup.jpg|caption=A larger bunny housing setup; meets minimum housing standards for a full-time enclosure.}}
Although pet stores market cages and hutches specifically for rabbits, these '''are usually far too small to comfortably house rabbits''' and should be avoided entirely unless you plan to leave the cage or hutch open at all times, allowing the rabbit access to a larger exercise pen or free roam area.

<div class="note">For 1-2 small to medium rabbits, the minimum "home base" size is 24 square feet (2.2 square meters) with 0-4 hours of daily free-roam, or 16 square feet (1.5 square meters) combined with 4+ hours of daily free-roam. These are absolute minimums more space is always better. More space is required for 3+ rabbits or large rabbits, and some shelters may have higher standards for prospective adopters.</div>

From the Educated Rabbit’s article, [https://www.theeducatedrabbit.com/rabbit-cages.html "Rabbit Cages and Other Terrible Ideas"]:
<blockquote>The minimum enclosure for 1-2 rabbits (about 5-6 lbs) is a 4x4[ft] exercise pen. This is big enough for a litter box, toys and food dishes. The rabbits are able to stand up, stretch out and hop around. <b>Note:</b> If you have one of the giant breeds, I would suggest you give them free range, a room of their own or, at the very minimum, a 10x6[ft] exercise pen (or bigger). The more room you give a rabbit, the happier they will be.

<p><i><b>Important!</b> Despite an exercise pen, rabbits still need to have exercise outside of their pen, as well. They need approximately 4-5 hours of play time a day, so that may be the whole room instead of just a part of it or perhaps a room and a hallway, etc. Whatever you decide the play area should be, you will need to bunny-proof your home to protect both your belongings and the rabbit.</p></i></blockquote>

The [https://www.ohiohouserabbitrescue.org/i-want-to-learn/bunny-living-space/ Ohio House Rabbit Rescue] provides the following guidelines:
<blockquote>Our housing requirements are a minimum 4 ft x 4 ft of indoor space in a location where the bunny is part of the family, can receive regular attention, and continue to be socialized. The bunny should also get out of the 4 ft x 4 ft space for regular exercise. <b>We do not permit small cages, outdoor hutches, or wire bottom cages.</b> Many of our adopted bunnies live in free roam homes, or have an entire room for themselves. This is great for the bunnies! However, we do advise “[[Bunny-proofing]]” your home or room by protecting exposed wires and cords with products such as Critter Cord or Split Wire Loom Tubing. This will keep your bunny and electronics safe!</blockquote>

{{right-image|file=D&T-VeterinaryCentreSizeNeeded.jpg|caption=Space display by D&T Veterinary Centre supporting RWAF's #AHutchIsNotEnough campaign.}}
[https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=507046234801878&set=a.336655768507593 The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund (UK)] posted the following:

<blockquote>Check out this AMAZING space display by D&T Veterinary Centre in support of our #AHutchIsNotEnough campaign to demonstrate how much space rabbits actually need.

* A lot of rabbit owners are sadly unaware that rabbits need a lot more space than a commercially sold rabbit hutch has to offer.

* We always recommend a space of at least 2m (6'7") x 3m (9'10") x 1m (3'4") high. This will provide two buns with the sufficient space they need to hop around and rear on their hind legs.

* A hutch can be used as an indoor shelter but never as their sole housing! Ideally, outdoor rabbits should have constant access to safe and secure outdoor space.
</blockquote>

Please note that rabbits of larger size (such as giant breeds) will need more than the standard 16 square foot (4'x4') minimum home-base enclosure. Regardless of size or number of rabbits, <b>the more area of living space you can provide, the better</b>.

If you have a young rabbit, be prepared to provide large enough housing as they grow. Small baby rabbits at 8 weeks old can [[Baby_rabbits_(domestic)#How_fast_do_baby_rabbits_grow?|rapidly grow]] to 10+ lb over the course of a few months if they are actually a giant [[breed]] of rabbit.

If you do not have enough floor space to give your rabbits much more than the recommended minimum area, you can also build vertically with multiple story gridded NIC condo pens. However, please keep in mind that the rabbit should still be able to comfortably run in a straight line before you start building taller. <div class="note"> It is important to note that minimum housing requirements should be met from the area of ground floor alone if adapting a multi-tiered housing approach. '''Minimum housing requirements cannot be met by adding the areas of several flooring levels together.'''</div>

Exercise with the room to run freely is paramount to a rabbit's physical and mental health. Rabbits are recommended to have a minimum of 4 hours of [[exercise]] daily. Rabbits will become [[obesity|obese]] and may develop muscular, cardiovascular, and skeletal issues from a prolonged sedentary lifestyle. Possible medical issues include [[sore hocks]] (ulcerative pododermatitis), [[osteoporosis]], [[sludge|urine sludging]], and [[Broken bones|spinal fractures]].

=== Exercise pens ===
{{right-image|file=X-pen.jpg|caption=A 4'x8' 48" tall exercise pen setup for two bonded rabbits with fleece blankets as flooring.}}
<b>Exercise pens</b> or <b>x-pens</b>, made of metal and usually marketed for puppies and available in pet stores, are the current modern recommendation for basic housing for a rabbit. Plastic play yard for human toddlers may also be appropriate if the rabbits are not plastic chewers. {{bad|Do not use fabric playpens as rabbits can easily chew through them and escape in a matter of minutes.}}

{{right-image|file=LMN-vacationpen.jpg|caption=Linus, Maliketh, and Nibbly hanging out in their x-pen setup at their pet-sitter’s house.}}
{{right-image|file=XXLRabbitRun.jpg|caption=Dangerous Run Equipment... 5” XXL Metal Rabbit Run distributed by Bunny Business Ltd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161231192850/http://fbrc.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238%3Adangerous-run-equipment&catid=30&Itemid=157 More information.]}}

Advantages over a traditional cage, hutch, or dog crate include the following:
* Extremely portable (great if you [[travel]] with your rabbit)
* Easy to reconfigure and move around the house
* Can also be used outside (always with supervision)
* Lots of room for litter boxes, hidey houses, [[toys]], etc.
* exercise pen walls are easy mounting locations for bottles, hay racks, toys, etc.
* Lots of space for your money
* Unlike cages, hutches, and dog crates, exercise pens that meet appropriate housing standards can easily be found.

Exercise pens are much more portable than a traditional cage, hutch, or dog crate and do not require as much up-front work as an NIC cube condo. The downsides are that you need to provide hiding houses in addition to the exercise pen itself, and this can take away from the portability somewhat. It should be stressed that the combination of an animal carrier and an exercise pen to set up at your new location is probably the easiest way to [[travel]] with your rabbit. Because the exercise pen folds, it can easily fit in the trunk or back seat of a small car.

Another handy use of an exercise pen is to keep a free-roaming, fully trained bunny from getting into certain areas. Perhaps your bunny only has unsupervised access to the kitchen or the laundry room. You can use an exercise pen to block off access out of these rooms. You can also use an exercise pen to keep your rabbit away from your bed, the TV stand, or similar cord jungle.

<div class="box">
The following are some tips about how to use your exercise pen:

* Set up your pen against a wall to maximize the space you get.
* Use an exercise pen to confine a free-roaming rabbit when you're out of the house, cleaning, or the door is open.
* Attach accessories like water bottles, hayracks, etc. directly to the exercise pen.
* You can use wood or PVC to create a frame for the exercise pen to prevent your rabbit from pushing the edges out. Additionally, if you use a PVC frame and use blankets for flooring, you can also use {{amazon|id=product/B07GTZ9LP8|name=snap clamps}} to clamp down fleece blankets and bedsheets to the frame to prevent rabbits from tugging up the flooring. <div class="inline-image-block">{{post-image|file=HRS_chicago_xpen_pvc_frame.jpg|caption=An example of an exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon pvc frame.jpg|caption=A sample temporary boarding exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}</div>
</div>

Exercise pens can be generally be bought for anywhere from $30-$150. You may find them second-hand on classified ads like Craiglist and Kijiji for even cheaper. Note, be sure to sanitize any second-hand or reused pens. Exercise pens generally outcompete cages in terms of square footage per dollar.

If your bunny is not a jumper, 24" tall exercise pens can be sufficient. Otherwise, 36" or higher is recommended for most rabbits unless you know they are lazy and not escape-prone.

<div class="box">
Some rabbits also learn to climb the panels and will need a cover to prevent them from escaping. [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/videos/vb.496427947051707/1370724062955420/?type=2&theater Example video on Facebook.] {{right-image|file=SDHRS-xpen-lid.jpg|caption=A wire exercise-pen with a fitted metal wire lid to prevent escape. Source: [https://sandiegorabbits.org/education/x-pen-living San Diego House Rabbit Society]}}

A few cover options:

* {{amazon|id=B0002H3QX4|name=Midwest 4x4 wire top}}
* Using a fitted full-size sheet and clip to sides with binder clips.

See the FAQ question [[Housing_FAQ#How_do_I_stop_my_rabbit_from_jumping_out_of_their_enclosure?|"How do I stop my rabbit from jumping out of their enclosure?"]] for more tips on foiling mischievous escape-prone rabbits.

The wire tops are especially helpful if you have other pets like dogs and cats in the household and need to prevent them from climbing or jumping the fence to reach your rabbit.
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some popular simple wire pens are the following:

* {{amazon|id=B00063KG0U|name=24"-48" Midwest exercise pen, gold, with door}}
* {{amazon|id=B005U6UQ62|name=24"-48" Petmate exercise pen, black, with door}}
* {{amazon|id=B07584TRXX|name=24"-48" AmazonBasics exercise pen, black, with door}}
* {{amazon|id=B014EYSFJK|name=24"-48" BestPet exercise pen, black, no door}}
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Tiny baby bunnies '''should not be placed''' in a regular exercise pen without additional barriers as they can easily squeeze out between the bars. You will either need to cut out 12-18" strips of cardboard and attach them to the bottom half of the pen to cover and make it solid until the babies grow bigger or find an exercise pen with only 1"-spaced bars such as the following:

* {{amazon|id=B0002ARQT6|name=Marshall Small Animal Playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B0013TT2SS|name=Marshall Pet Products Pet Deluxe Play Pen, Small}}
* {{amazon|id=B000MD3OJO|name=Kaytee Pet-N-Playpen for Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Ferret}}

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gJdT9HEAg60|name=CamberAdventures. (2014). Rabbit 1 Fence 0}}
{{youtube|id=gcy41CbEQ50|name=u/letthemeatcakex. (2015). Well, that's not gonna work...}}
{{youtube|id=n0K4hWkn66M|name=u/Bjjkwood. (2018). my dwarf hotot, Thor, is all fluff...}}
</div>

</div>

==== Heavy duty ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some heavy duty pen choices:

* {{amazon|id=B003XTYN4Y|name=BestPet 8-32 panels 24”-40” height heavy duty playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B0B4D9HFY6|name=TAVATA 8-24 panels 24"-40" height heavy duty playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B0C3HYJCWB|name=FXW Rollick 2-48 panels 24"-50" height heavy duty playpen}}

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen2.jpg|thumb|BestPet heavy duty playpens comes with 8 panels in a number of heights and can be linked together. One of the panels has a built in door and they are made out of metal. You can [https://www.amazon.com/BestPet/b/ref=wabbi-20?ie=UTF8&node=2583232011&field-lbr_brands_browse-bin=BestPet find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.|x200px]]</div>
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen1.jpg|thumb|BestPet mockup using two sets for a total of 16 panels.|x200px]]</div>
</div>
</div>

==== Plastic ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some clear plastic panel pen options:

* [https://clearlylovedpets.com/ Lucidium Pens] by Clearly Loved Pets
* {{amazon|id=B06XTG94TH|name=Tespo Dog Playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B07FQ411ZH|name=SONGMICS Pet Playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B0781JFDVJ|name=MAGINELS Pet Playpen}}
* {{amazon|id=B081CTZK66|name=C&AHOME Pet Playpen}}

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HRS Lucidium pen.jpg|caption=A Lucidium Pen at the House Rabbit Society.}}
{{post-image|file=DelilahsNewHouse1.jpg|caption=Delilah in her new house build with a Tespo Playpen|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=ButtercupAndFuzzyWuzzy-PenAll.jpg|caption=Different pen set-ups for Buttercup and Fuzzy Wuzzy|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=TespoPetPenTransparent.jpg|caption={{amazon|id=B06XTG94TH|name=Tespo pen}} with transparent panels. In the UK, look for the {{amazon|id=B076Y9FTF7|name=Koossy brand.}}}}
</div>

</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Please be aware that some especially stubborn rabbits may chew through the plastic panels.

{{post-image|file=Melissa tespo pen.png|caption=A rabbit that started to chew an exit in their Tespo pen. Used with permission from Melissa P.}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some plastic pen options:

* {{amazon|id=B00D5P846Y|name=IRIS USA Indoor/Outdoor Plastic Pet Pen with 4 Panels Blue Moon}}

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen2.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen with door in blue. They come in a number of different sizes & colors and they are made out of plastic. You can [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=srs%3D13973855011%26search-alias%3Dspecialty-aps&field-keywords=IRIS+Pet+Pen find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.}}
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen1.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen mockup with door in white.}}
</div>

* {{amazon|id=B00E3AMCSQ|name=Petyard Passage 8-Panel Pet Containment with Swinging Door}}
</div>

Here are some links with more information on using an x-pen for your rabbit.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/housing/x-pen-living-can-improve-your-rabbits-life X-Pen Living Can Improve Your Rabbit's Life]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/x-pen.htm Setting up the X-Pen]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-4/pen-living.html Beyond Cages: The Possibilities of Pen Living]
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, [http://www.ohare.org/vol5_3.htm#pens The Advantages of Exercise Pens]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/exercisepens.pdf Exercise Pens]

=== Wire cube DIY pens ===
{{right-image|file=Bnb-condo.jpg|caption=A sample wire cube rabbit condo. Source: [https://www.bunniesandbeyond.org/habitat.html Bunnies & Beyond]}}
<b>Wire cube DIY pens</b> can potentially be a cheaper alternative to alternative housing choices, but they require some work to assemble, in addition to careful planning. These condos are great for jumpers that will escape open-top pens. You can also build them to suit non-rectangular corners of your home to fit around your furniture. They may also be called C&C (cube & coroplast) cages from the guinea pig terminology or Neat Idea Cubes (NIC) cages, the original brand that started making wire cube storage systems.

The basic theory behind this style of housing is to assemble the wire shelving solutions available in stores into a gridded pen using zip-ties. Aspirational owners can even decide to make multi-story condos using additional wood or shelving. You can easily adjust the size of the gridded pen and condo to suit the shape and size you want. <b>Note that the minimum enclosure size for the base floor should be at least 16 sq. ft before you begin building taller with more floors.</b> This can be met by either leaving a smaller condo permanently open on the bottom to a large penned area or room or planning for appropriate full condo size.

However, something to keep in mind is the additional costs of necessary supports, suitable flooring, and other components that may be required to ensure the enclosure is spacious, practical, and safe. These wire shelving solutions were not designed originally to be repurposed as gridded pet pens, even though marketing has taken that approach. Using only the connectors provided, building without considering the weight of your rabbit, and/or creating large/wide upper levels without considering lack of bottom supports can all lead to an unsafe enclosure.

<div class="blue">
Some stores you can buy wire grid panels from are the following:
* United States
** Amazon.com - {{amazon|id=B007ELALZC|name=6-box set (23 panels)}}, {{amazon|id=B0028SHGNQ|name=set of 48 panels}}, {{amazon|id=B07ZGH442J|name=Tespo pack}}
** [https://www.staples.com/whitmor-black-wire-storage-cubes-14-5-h-x-14-5-w-x-14-25-d-4-ct-6070-1723/product_2843040 Staples (23 panels)]
** [https://www.target.com/p/costway-6-cube-grid-wire-organizer-wardrobe-shelves-bookcase-diy/-/A-83742792 Target]
** [http://www.homedepot.com/p/Honey-Can-Do-30-375-in-x-44-625-in-Silver-Stackable-6-Cube-Organizer-SHF-01794/203215487 Home Depot (23 panels)] - Be careful, 6 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.com/store/product/simply-essential-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey-set-of-4/5565513 Bed Bath & Beyond]
** [http://www.storesupply.com/c-518-mini-grid-display-unit.aspx Store Supply Warehouse (individual)]
** [https://www.sevilleclassics.com/products.php?cid=135,137,138 Seville Classics (9 panels)]
** Pre-made NIC DIY kits available [http://www.ebay.com/usr/bunnycondos on Ebay by bunnycondos]
* Canada
** {{amazon|id=B000LRBSFI|name=Amazon.ca (16 panels)}}
** [http://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/3-wire-cube/6000112169710 Walmart (13 panels)] - Be careful, 8 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.ca/store/product/relaxed-living-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey/5313247 Bed Bath & Beyond (18 panels)]
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' You will need to make sure the type of wire shelving you purchase should have the grates '''relatively small''' so your rabbit cannot get his head through. Otherwise, your rabbit may get injured or strangled. There is one type sold at Target and other stores that has bigger grates than the rest. These should either be discarded or used as unreachable walls, shelves, or pen tops. If they have to be used, cover them with cardboard or double grate them to make the holes smaller.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels1.jpg|caption=NOTE: "Essential Home" brand cube panels have both 1-1/2" square <I>and</I> the larger 2-1/2" square panels, in the same package. A warning was posted to facebook about this by C.William, as her rabbit got his head stuck in the larger size and had to be cut free. Full [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ post here.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels2.jpg|caption="Essential Home" panel after Lafayette had to be cut free from a larger opening panel. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ Pics] by C.William.}}
{{gallery-image|file=TargetGrates.jpg|caption=Larger wire grid panels}}
</div>

Also, when using zip ties, make sure to have the tie wrap ends face the '''outside''' of the gridded pen so that if you accidentally forget to clip one, it does not cause eye injury to your rabbit.

'''Examples of rabbits escaping wire cube pens:'''
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=tX-1KkRybX8|name=u/elainele_2194. (2020). Can't wait to start self-quarantine...}}
{{youtube|id=Il-Sf8lp4m0|name=(2018). Little Alki isn’t as big as he looks}}
{{youtube|id=hJlE7TxZV7c|name=(2017). Bunny Escapes Gate}}
{{youtube|id=17MHvMuIFu4|name=Bunny Escaping NIC Pen}}</div>

'''Signs of Poor Construction:'''
* 1. '''Inconsistent gap sizes across connected grids''' - The most sturdy foundation (which you then reinforce with zip ties and other supports) comes from grids that are all manufactured perfectly square and are properly fit into each connector. This will result in parallel gaps all around your build. Any warping or improper connector fitting works against your build's stability and overall safety.
* 2. '''Bulging connectors''' - If your connectors appear to "bulge" where grid corners are inserted, this is a sign of poorly fit parts, low-quality connectors, and/or too much stress (i.e., weight) in a given area. Connectors are plastic, so any defects or signs of cracking should be immediately replaced and additional supports added as necessary. If well-built and constructed, no connectors should bulge or crack.
* 3. '''Bowing/Sagging grids''' - Under no circumstance should any grids begin to show warping, bowing, or sagging. If well-built and constructed, all grids should retain their perfectly flat and square shape. Failure to maintain shape means there is inadequate support for the weight the grids are holding.
* 4. '''Noisy''' - If you touching or your rabbit moving in the build consistently causes rattling, squeaking, or similar noises, this can be a sign of loose parts and/or bad connectors. If well-built and constructed, your build should be silent with exception of any binder clips or other supports you have used to reinforce the structure that are not tightly fastened.
* 5. '''Need to re-attach connectors''' - Once fit into a connector, no grid should be able to slip out. If sections of your build require regular "popping back in" of particular grids to connectors, directly address the problem through replacing parts and/or using zip ties-- this should not be happening in a well-built and constructed wire cube enclosure.
</div>

</div>

Some examples and instructions to set up wire cube condos can be found at the following pages.
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/NIC-plans.pdf NIC Cube Rabbit Cage Construction]
* Build a Rabbit Condo. [http://www.rabbitcondo.com/moredetails.htm More Rabbit Condo Details]
* 3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120809071305/http://www.3bunnies.org/oliver_nic.htm Oliver's New Home]
* [http://www.guineapigcages.com/ Cavy Cages]
* House Rabbit Network. [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/building-a-neat-ideas-cube-condo/ Building a Neat Ideas Cube Condo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060112092007/http://princessblackie.homestead.com:80/ Princess Blackie's Web Page]
* [http://sprowtybun.tripod.com/nic.html Cages that are easy to build and inexpensive!]
* Brey family. [http://breyfamily.net/bunnycage.html How To Build an Indoor Bunny Cage]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091121/http://www.wisconsinhrs.org/Articles/Project%20NIC%20Bunny%20Condo.htm A Project Idea: Bunny Condo from Neat Idea Cubes]
* Bunny Blurbs, by /u/nafalie. [http://bunnyblurbs.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/bun-estates/ Bun Estates]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/build_indoor_house.html Build an indoor house]
* BudgetBunny. [http://budgetbunny.ca/2011/01/18/building-your-own-bunny-condo-a-step-by-step-how-to/ Building Your Own Bunny Condo – A Step By Step How To]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbit-cages-cubes.asp Making a Cube Rabbit Cage]
* sunflowerb. [http://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/5407475.html# Alonso's New Home: My DIY bunny cage]

<div class="note">
For a useful tool to help plan out your gridded pen, please see the following post by u/WickAndFable - [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/pvav6e/housing_online_tools_for_gridcage_planning/ Housing: Online Tools for Grid-Cage Planning]
</div>

The following are some videos about setting up a NIC condo.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=hbt7G4252i0&feature=plcp|name=BudgetBunny: Building Your Own Rabbit Condo}}
</div>

Here are some relevant discussions about NIC condos.
* RabbitsOnline. (2021). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/need-help-deciding-on-which-nic-cube-set-to-get-zip-ties-etc.102559/ Need Help Deciding On Which NIC Cube Set To Get - Zip Ties Etc.]
* BinkyBunny.com. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/120480/Default.aspx Do you have a Bunny Condo???]

=== Dog crates ===
[[File:DoubleBunnyQuick-dog-crate.jpg|thumb|right|A rabbit lounging in a dog crate.]]
<b>Dog crates</b> can be used for rabbit housing, but they (yes, even the extra large ones) are only appropriate as temporary housing in emergency intake situations such as in shelter or rescue settings, in instances of medically necessary cage rest for [[broken bones]], or left open all the time.

They can be an excellent option for a "safe space" that a rabbit can willingly retreat to, but it is important that <b>the door remains open at all times,</b> allowing the rabbit access to a larger exercise pen or free roam area. The large doors make them easy to clean, and the plastic pans on the floor help to protect your flooring underneath.

While dog crates may collapse easily for travel, they can weigh much more than tall x-pens and be difficult to easily move.

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Traction material such as blankets and towels is recommended on the bottom floor, especially if there are two levels in the dog crate. Rabbits can fatally injure themselves by slipping when jumping down. Additionally, slippery flooring often leads to joint issues or even splayed legs.

* u/grow_something. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ihgyt/modifying_dog_cage/cugme7x Comment on post "Modifying dog cage?"]
</div>

<div class="note">
If you must temporarily make do with confining your rabbit to only a dog crate outside of specific veterinary-guided medical reasons, your rabbit should receive as many hours as possible of [[exercise]] time every day to stretch out their legs. <u>If circumstances only allow for a small cage or hutch as housing with no hope of improvement, [[rehoming]] your rabbit is heavily encouraged for your rabbit's welfare.</u>
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some models available on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B000BQRCWM|name=Home On-The-Go Dog Crate in Black, 49.5"x29-3/8"x32.25"}}
* {{amazon|id=B000OX89XI|name=Midwest Homes for Pets Single Door iCrate Dog Crate, 48"x30"x33"}}
* {{amazon|id=B000QFWCLY|name=Midwest Homes for Pets Double Door iCrate Dog Crate, 48"x30"x33"}}
* {{amazon|id=B005VVWBVY|name=Midwest Solution Series "Ginormus" Double Door Dog Crate, 54"x37"x45"}}
</div>

Here are some guides on using and converting one to a rabbit abode.
* Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600822095606/ JoJo's Guide to converting a dog crate / cage into a rabbit cage]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrates.asp Dog Crates as Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrate_shelf.asp Rabbit Cage Shelf Instructions]

Below are some relevant discussions.
* BunSpace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=867 Rabbits in dog crate cages? I want to see your pictures!]

=== Commercial cages and hutches ===
[[File:Munion footfoot cage.jpg|right|thumb|A rabbit in a cage large enough to fit a small hiding box.]]
Most commercial cages and hutches advertised towards rabbits are <b>far too small for any size of rabbit</b> and rarely let a rabbit stretch out or sit up. Cages and hutches are only appropriate for temporary housing in emergency intake situations such as in shelter or rescue settings, in instances of medically necessary cage rest for [[broken bones]], or left open all the time.

If you use a commercial cage or hutch as a home base as a litter box and the rabbit is free-roaming, size is not so much of an issue. It can become a large problem when the rabbit is shut in for hours on end. If your rabbit cannot be free-roam, they must be used in combination with one or more permanently attached [[Housing#Exercise_pens|exercise pen(s)]].

If you must temporarily make do with confining your rabbit to only a cage or hutch outside of specific veterinary-guided medical reasons, your rabbit should receive as many hours as possible of [[exercise]] time every day to stretch out their legs. <u>If circumstances only allow for a small cage or hutch as housing with no hope of improvement, [[rehoming]] your rabbit is heavily encouraged for your rabbit's welfare.</u>

<div class="bad">
Be especially careful of cages and hutches with a '''wire floor'''. Rex and heavy breeds are especially prone to [[sore hocks]] in wire-bottomed cages/hutches due to the uneven pressures of the wires. Additionally, untrimmed nails and toes can get caught in inappropriately-sized holes and be broken. If you must use a cage or hutch with wire flooring, we recommend covering the entire bottom with more solid flooring such as resting mats, cardboard, or blankets and towels instead. If a rabbit is litter-trained, there is no reason to need a wire-bottomed cage or hutch.

The following links are some <b>graphic</b> images of rabbits that were found inappropriately kept on wire flooring:

* Bunny Binkies Club. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBinkiesClub/posts/1109679269449517 Jalen's story]
* Bunny Puffs Exotic Refuge. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnypuffsrefuge/posts/858889187869573 Chocolate's story]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/IndianaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/2532369886808686 Gianna's story]
</div>

If you buy a cage or hutch with a solid slick plastic flooring, cover the bottom with another surface like a towel or grass mats or use the entire surface as a [[litter box]]. Jumping around on the slippery surface can predispose rabbits to hip problems.<ref>Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/rabbit-care/housing WHRS Rabbit Care Guidelines]</ref>

<div class="bad">
Please be wary of cages/hutches with <b>multiple stories.</b> Make sure that the floors are not too far apart (<18"), and the rabbits have secure footing and enough space to comfortably hop up and down to prevent injuries if you choose to use one.

* u/Rabus. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/k6lo0l/my_bunny_broke_her_spine_today_a_warning_to_not/ My bunny broke her spine today - A warning to not buy two story cages & a question if anyone saw a similiar case]
* u/grow_something. (2014). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ihgyt/comment/cugme7x/ Rabbit jumped down from divider in dog kennel and broke their back]
</div>

Look for cages and hutches with a side door to allow the bunny to hop in and out on their own and possibly an additional top-loading door for ease of cleaning.

<div class="note">
If the cage/hutch door opens on the side as a ramp and is made wire, <b>cover the wire door</b> with something solid like cardboard or a blanket or towel so that the rabbit's feet cannot accidentally be caught between the bars when entering or exiting. The top of the wire cage/hutch should be covered similarly. Injuries that can result from caught toes and limbs can range from broken nails, sprains, fractures, dislocations, and completely [[broken bones]].

* Hayley Simon. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161380840288809/ Baby rabbit got foot stuck in wire, was found hanging upside down, and fatally injured herself.] {{RIP}}
* u/GoddessOfMyKitchen. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/sxsp9z/first_vet_stay/ 3-month-old rabbit climbed on top of cage and broke one of her back legs.]
* Reddit. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/l7qfgu/she_likes_to_jump/gl8pbu3/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 Comment thread of users that knew of or had rabbits that had limbs caught in wire cages with deadly results.]
* u/tomb1125. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a17wa8/how_do_i_know_if_my_rabbit_broke_his_leg/ Rabbit jumped off cage and his hind leg was stuck between bars.]
* New Jersey House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/1160259617463268 Rabbit back leg slipped between bars of wire cage door.]
* Nutmeg. (2018). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/block-off-top-of-cage-ideasaeaeaeae/ Rabbit got foot caught on top of cage when trying to hop off.]
</div>

<div class="bad">
Never use glass aquariums because they are rarely large enough and do not have enough air circulation. Rabbits overheat very easily.
</div>

<div class="blue mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<b>Commercial cages and hutches available online for purchase</b>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Some extra-large cages available on Amazon that may be appropriate for using as a home base in a larger living space:
* {{amazon|id=B0133LNLJY|name=Ferplast Krolik 160 Rabbit Cage, 64"L x 24"W x 20"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B0133LNLS0|name=Ferplast Krolik 140 Plus Rabbit Cage, 56"L x 24"W x 20"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B00513C1XU|name=Super Pet My First Home Giant Rabbit Habitat, 47"L x 24"W x 24"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B009T3BHYM|name=Pawhut 47" Portable Wire Bunny Rabbit / Ferret / Guinea Pig Hutch House, 47.2"L x 22.8"W x 19.7"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B007BNE1YA|name=Living World Deluxe Pet Habitat, X-Large, 46-8/9"L x 22-4/5"W x 24"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B008MZML4S|name=My First Home 2-Piece Giant Rabbit Habitat with Casters, 48"L x 24"W x 16.5"H}}
* {{amazon|id=B003SLSI0C|name=Prevue Hendryx 525GRN Small Animal Tubby, Extra Large, 47-1/4"L x 24-1/4"W x 21-1/2"H}}
* {{amazon|id=product/B0006L12W8|name=Prevue Pet Products Small Animal Cage with Stand 620 Powder Blue and White, 47"L x 22"W x 37"H}}

Some businesses that craft larger cages with solid flooring options:
* Leith Petwerks, Inc. [https://www.petwerks.com/collections/housing Housing]
* KW Cages. [https://www.kwcages.com/cages/bunny-villa.html Bunny Villa]
* My Pet Cages by Ultra Lite. [https://mypetcages.com/collections/kitty-condos Kitty Condos]
</div>
</div>

The following are some guides on choosing a commercial cage or hutch to use indoors. Remember that the cage or hutch should only be used as emergency temporary housing or for [[Broken_bones#Putting_a_rabbit_on_cage_rest|medically-necessary cage-rest]]; otherwise, it should be left open at all times. Cages and hutches that are elevated should exclusively be used in instances where the door stays closed (such as with cage-rest). Otherwise, the rabbit could easily fall and get hurt upon exiting.
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages.asp Rabbit Cage Reviews]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages_choosing.asp Choosing an Indoor Rabbit Cage]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/two-storey-rabbit-cages.asp Two Storey Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/plastic-rabbit-hutch.asp Plastic Rabbit Hutches]

=== Other custom enclosures ===
You can also come up with your own DIY custom enclosures using wood, metal, re-purposed furniture, and other materials. Keep in mind [[Housing#Size_guidelines|the proper dimensions]] you will need for a comfortable-sized enclosure for your rabbit. Remember to make any slats fairly close together so that the rabbit will not get their head stuck and be accidentally injured or strangled.

Using chicken wire is not recommended as rabbits can chew through it very easily and dogs and raccoons can as well. Use hardware cloth or at the minimum 19-gauge wire mesh.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Thecurlybuzz-fondupot-customhutch.jpg|caption=[https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/kg8r0z/dad_built_the_baby_handsome_a_new_palace/ Custom palace] built by /u/fondupot for /u/thecurlybuzz's rabbit.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Hutches-to-rabbitat1.jpg|caption=Converted hutches into a functional DIY Rabbitat by [http://www.reddit.com/user/kindapinkypurple kindapinkypurple] on [http://www.reddit.com/r/rabbits /r/rabbits]. [https://imgur.com/a/meHU6 Pictures & directions.]}}
</div>

The following are some examples of custom-made rabbit housing enclosures.
* Grace Bonney, [http://www.designsponge.com/2009/07/diy-project-nicoles-modern-bunny-hutch.html DIY Project: Nicole's Modern Bunny Hutch]
* IKEAhackers.net
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2010/10/super-rabbit-condo.html Super Rabbit Condo]
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2013/05/rabbit-hutch-for-amigo-by-evelien-lulofs.html Rabbit hutch for Amigo by Evelien Lulofs]
* Jason Griffith, [http://ana-white.com/2012/05/two-story-rabbit-hutch Two Story Rabbit Hutch]

== Enclosure setup ==
[[File:Lydia portable setup.jpg|thumb|right|A sample portable exercise pen setup with a waterproof vinyl layer underneath at a workplace for a ~6 lb lop rabbit foster.]]
Regardless of the enclosure you choose, there should always be some basic items in your rabbit's housing enclosure.

* [[Litter Training| Litter box]]
* Hay {{amazon|id=B005FU4Z8I|name=rack}} or {{amazon|id=B0006G7TCU|name=holder}} if you don't place hay in the litter box. See [[Hay]] for DIY options.
* {{amazon|id=B0002AS9M4|name=Water bowl}} or {{amazon|id=\B002DX1GPA|name=water bottle}} at least one for every rabbit. For those that would prefer to fill up water less or have heavy drinker, try {{amazon|id=B002RT8M84|name=water dispensers}}. See [[Diet]] for more information on pros and cons of both options.
* {{amazon|id=B0002AS9M4|name=Heavy duty ceramic bowls}} for food (if used), at least one for every rabbit - if you use plastic, be careful that the bunny may flip it over or chew on it. Food bowls are technically unnecessarily - you may scatter feed [[pellets]] on the floor or use foraging mats or puzzle balls to increase foraging and decrease [[choking]] risks. Vegetables can be tossed on the floor or in the litter box for feeding.
* [[Toys]] - chewing material, digging material, throwable objects, etc.
* Soft flooring - be sure that your rabbit does not ingest this. See notes below for more recommendations.
* Hidey house - empty cardboard box, bunny-safe wooden castles, overturned baskets with 2+ entry holes cut out, towel draped over one corner. See [[Toys]] for more toy ideas.

=== What kind of flooring is good for rabbits? ===

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Floor.png|caption=Flowchart of flooring suggestions by discord user Hyla.|width=x350}}
</div>

Popular soft flooring materials include the following:

* low-pile rugs - Popular affordable options in the US include [https://www.homedepot.com/p/Foss-Unbound-Smoke-Gray-Ribbed-6-ft-x-8-ft-Indoor-Outdoor-Area-Rug-CP45N41PJ1VH/202800194 6 ft. x 8 ft. Indoor/Outdoor Area Rug (Home Depot)], [https://thecouponproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DSCN8062-Medium.jpg 6x9 indoor/outdoor rug (Costco in-store)]. Look for tight-woven machine made rugs without loose fibers to make it more difficult for rabbits to grab with their teeth and claws to dig up. Keeping the rug edges out of reach also helps prevent destruction. {{right-image|file=SneakyDragon-OlefinDestructiong.jpg|caption=The limit of rabbit destruction with months of work on a {{amazon|id=B006BNFCQM|name=machine-made low-pile olefin rug.}}}}
* rabbit-safe edible rugs made of jute, sisal, or seagrass are optimal for bunnies who chew their carpets or blankets
* fleece blankets - consider buying fleece by the yard from a fabric store
* bed sheets - can be layered over padded flooring to catch hay and poop for easy clean-up
* comforters
* moving blankets from the hardware store
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/tmyux8/cheap_and_easy_bunnysafe_rugs_to_provide/ DIY rugs made with cardboard, velcro, and towels]
* synthetic sheepskin such as [https://pettreasures.com/products/steri-lon%C2%AE-by-the-roll-copy-1 STERI-LON], [https://www.essentialmedicalsupply.com/sheepette-synthetic-lambskin-bed-pad-30-x-60 sheepette], [https://home-medical-supply.com/products/6264-off-white PCP 6264], and [https://skil-care.com/product/synthetic-sheepskin-pads/ Skil-Care synthetic sheepskin] provide maximum padding and washability for rabbits with impaired mobility, incontinence, or sore hocks.

To protect hardwood floors or existing carpet, be sure to add a <b>waterproof barrier</b> underneath the soft flooring you decide to use. Examples include the following:

* vinyl sheet, PVC, or linoleum rolls (e.g. {{amazon|id=B000XMG8ZG|name=clear marine vinyl}}, {{amazon|id=B07ZQLPN5Q|name=plastic table protector}})
* {{amazon|id=B00LS9UD2M|name=shower curtain}}
* {{amazon|id=B00G70OLMK|name=plastic chair mat}}
* {{amazon|id=B000WN6ZCW|name=foam playpen pieces}}
* {{amazon|id=B004X165F6|name=foam equipment mats}} (Warning: bunnies may gnaw off the treadmill pattern)
* {{amazon|id=B003AY7GIC|name=whelping pads}}, {{amazon|id=B091GLJKSD|name=washable pee pads}}, and {{amazon|id=B09W8W363B|name=pet blankets}}
* {{amazon|id=B000FED594|name=bed pads}}
* {{amazon|id=B003TPJRCU|name=plastic sheets}}

<div class="bad">Make sure to keep an eye on your rabbit for ingestion of materials.</div>

'''General [[bedding]] in an enclosure is ''not needed''.''' It will confuse the rabbit when trying to [[Litter Training| litter train]] the rabbit. The only [[bedding]] and litter needed is in the litter box.

<div class="note">Please keep in mind that most rabbits will slip and slide on slick flooring such as hardwood, tile, or laminate due to their lack of paw pads like a cat or dog. Placing down more appropriate flooring with traction such as rugs, bathroom mats, blankets, towels, cardboard, or foam will likely encourage your rabbit to come out and explore more often as they feel more familiar with their environment.</div>

<b>Extra resources:</b>
* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/w4Hg8 Why proper flooring is important for your pet rabbit.]

=== Housing galleries ===
Below are some galleries of example rabbit housing setups.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/gallery.asp Rabbit Housing Gallery]
* Plüschnasen, [http://www.plueschnasen.de/gehegebilder.html Gehegebilder]
* The Bunny Groomer, [http://www.bunnygroomer.com/environments.html Environments]
* Pinterest, [http://www.pinterest.com/best4bunny/rabbit-housing-ideas/ Rabbit Housing Ideas]
* Pinterest, [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-housing/ rabbit housing]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycondo/ #bunnycondo]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycage/ #bunnycage]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/rabbitcage/ #rabbitcage]

== Free range rabbits ==
{{right-image|file=Jadeycakes alice cat gate.jpg|caption=A large white rabbit enclosed in a bedroom with a baby gate.}}
Untrained rabbits should be kept in an enclosure during the night and while you are away from home. When you see consistent litter habits when your rabbit is let out to play, you might think about letting them roam free range permanently with a home base. Some rabbits can also naturally be free-roam on rugs with the use of slick hardwood or tile as an invisible fence.

Note that an adult bunny will probably be easier to train and less destructive than a juvenile or baby.<ref>JSPCA. (n.d.). JSPCA House Rabbits Training Fact Sheet. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from https://media.wix.com/ugd/bae167_5429538f939f42c0983cf700ee6698f8.pdf</ref>

<div class="note"><b>Not all rabbits are good candidates for permanent free-roam, and this is okay.</b> If your rabbit tends to be extremely destructive (eating walls, chewing baseboards, destroying beds and sofas) when left alone, then it is a much better idea to keep them enclosed in a fully [[bunny-proofing|bunny-proofed]] penned area when you are not around for their safety.</div>

Several prerequisites are needed, however.
* Block off locations you do not wish the bunny to be in with baby gates, fences, or doors. Be sure that they cannot jump over them. [http://www.homedepot.com/p/JELD-WEN-36-in-x-80-in-6-Panel-Unfinished-Dutch-Fir-Wood-Prehung-Front-Door-with-Brickmould-O11687/203386287 Dutch doors] are great option if you'd like the flexibility of a regular solid door with a baby gate.
<div class="bad" style="margin-left:20px">Please be cautious when choosing a baby gate. Most dog gates will have bars too wide for a rabbit - they will need to reinforced with hardware cloth, wire panels, or plastic to prevent a rabbit from squeezing through or getting stuck. Ideally, the width between bars should be less than 1.5" for an adult rabbit, and less than 1" for a baby rabbit.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten1.jpg|caption=This plastic gate was no match for A.Chaney's rabbit. [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10208831759851955&set=pcb.10154190812168809&type=3&theater Image source.]|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=HoneyGetsStuckBabyGate1a.jpg|caption=The bar openings were to large for R.Hunt's rabbit. Honey was stuck but quickly freed. Picture used with direct permission.|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten2a.jpg|caption=A plastic gate that was no match for Hashtag. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4wmbsp/3_months_old_and_i_already_have_an_escape_artist/ Image source], (c) /u/coreyryan94|width=x250}}
</div>
</div>

<div class="blue" style="margin-left:20px">
Some models available on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B0CNKKWRFS|name=30" DEARBB Extra Wide Baby Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
* {{amazon|id=B0C3M5QL4X|name=AIKSSOO 55" Extra Tall Cat Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
* {{amazon|id=B0CCJN2SP6|name=COMOMY 71" Extra Tall Pet Gate - 1.37" gap between bars}}
</div>
* Fully [[bunny-proof]] the place where the rabbit will be roaming. Make sure there is nothing that he can get under or over that could possibly harm them. Hide all belongings that you don't want possibly destroyed, and make sure all dangerous items are also out of reach.
[[File:Giant_rug_Luna.jpg|thumb|right|An example setup on a giant rug where the rabbits are naturally limited by hardwood. Vinyl is placed underneath the rug to prevent damage to the hardwood from pee accidents.]]
* The bunny should still have a home base such as a large cage or pen with a den available to them. This allows them to have a place to retreat to for peace and quiet. Things that should be provided in this base or nearby include a litter box, hay, and water.

* Make sure the place has proper flooring allowing the rabbit to hop, stand, and run without slipping -- a concern especially important for older rabbits. Provide a soft surface for sleeping.

* Provide plenty of environmental enrichment activities such as cardboard box forts, toys, telephone books, and digging boxes. See [[Toys]] for more options. If you have two or more rabbits bonded, they can provide entertainment for each other.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=9SBXynHA_Hw|caption=Rabbit Proofing With Webseth And Sam}}
</div>

The following are links with more information about free range house rabbits and how to train them.
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00man/MammalHusbandryTechniques/Indiv_Techniques/Accom_HouseRabbit.htm Accommodation of House Rabbits (Mammal Husbandry and Management)]
* The Rabbit House. (2014). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/freerange.asp Free Range House Rabbit]
* Bunny Approved. (2013). [http://bunnyapproved.com/life-with-a-free-range-rabbit/ Life with a Free Range Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. (2016). [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]. See the sections ''Can the rabbit have a running space?'' and ''So what’s the actual method?''.

== Further reading ==
* RSPCA, [http://www.rspca.org.uk/ImageLocator/LocateAsset?asset=document&assetId=1232725725160&mode=prd Rabbit Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-8/multi-maintenance.html Multi-Maintenance]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/housing.html FAQ: Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space.html A Sense of Place and Space]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space-update.html Housing Update]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles.html#housing Articles]
* House Rabbit Network, Suzanne Rubins and Suzanne Trayhan, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/houses.shtml Rabbit Real Estate: Housing Options for Your Pet Rabbit]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/Cages/cage.html To Cage or Not to Cage]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/cagescondos.pdf Cages and Condos]
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue, [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/choosing-housing.html Choosing rabbit housing]
* bunnymama.com, [http://bunnymama.com/Care/CageOrPen.aspx Cage or Pen Area?]
* Bunny Approved, [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-rabbit-housing/ Indoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/cages.htm Home Sweet Home: How to house your rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

Here are some relevant videos you may watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=hJgKralhCUc|caption=Indoor Housing for your bunny}}
{{youtube|id=6V5aAgkvSZA|caption=Indoor Rabbit Cages}}
{{youtube|id=m4z_Mrg-lpc|caption=A Hutch is Not Enough}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

File:X-pen.jpg

2026-04-29T05:56:05Z

SneakyDragon: SneakyDragon uploaded a new version of File:X-pen.jpg

Weight management

2026-04-24T19:22:44Z

SneakyDragon: /* Treatment */

__TOC__
Just like humans, weight management for rabbits is important to promote health, vigor, and an extended life span.

== Body condition scoring ==
In trials conducted at the University of Edinburgh, the rib area proved to be the most useful for assessing body fat, with the hips and spine only showing appreciable changes at extremes of body weight. The ribs are felt just behind the elbow, and the greater the pressure required, the more fat is present.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:62</sup>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Body condition scoring in rabbits<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:70</sup>
! width=20%|Score 1<br/>Emaciated
! width=20%|Score 2<br/>Lean
! width=20%|Score 3<br/>Ideal
! width=20%|Score 4<br/>Fat
! width=20%|Score 5<br/>Obese
|-
|
* Pelvis and ribs are very easily palpated and very sharp
* '''Ribs feel like a pocket full of rulers'''
* Concave rump area
|
* Pelvis and ribs easily palpated and feel sharp
* Rump area is flat
|
* Pelvis and ribs easily palpated but rounded edges
* '''Ribs feel like a pocket full of pens'''
* Rump area is flat
|
* Firm palpation required to palpate ribs
* Rump round
|
* Hard to palpate ribs
* '''Ribs can’t be felt'''
* Rump very convex
|}
{{right-image|file=Oxbow_Rabbit_Body_Condition_Chart_1.png|caption=[https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-tell-if-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-is-overweight-or-underweight/ Oxbow body condition chart.]}}
{{right-image|file=Pet size-o-meter.jpg|caption=Pet Size-O-Meter diagram.}}
<div class="note">
There are many different charts and infographs that try to give a general overview of a rabbit's weight range. Some give good general information, but none take into the account that, depending on the rabbit's breed, rabbits can have different body types. It is best to consult your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] if you have any concerns about your rabbit's weight.
</div>

List of the [[Breeds|body types]] from ARBA:<ref>ARBA. (2014). Proper Posing and Evaluation. Retrieved 1 April 2016 from https://www.arba.net/PDFs/PosingSpring2014.pdf</ref>
* '''Full arched''': Belgian Hare, Britannia Petite, Checkered Giant, English Spot, Rhinelander, and Tan.
* '''Semi arch''': American, Beveren, English Lop, Flemish Giant, and Giant Chinchilla.
* '''Compact''': American Fuzzy Lop, English Angora, Standard Chinchilla, Dutch, Dwarf Hotot, Florida White, Havana, Holland Lop, Jersey Wooly, Lilac, Lionhead, Mini Lop, Mini Rex, Mini Satin, Netherland Dwarf, Polish, Silver, and Thrianta.
* '''Commercial''': French Angora, Giant Angora, Satin Angora, Blanc de Hotot, Champagne d’Argent, Californian, Cinnamon, American Chinchilla, Creme d’Argent, French Lop, Harlequin, New Zealand, Palomino, Rex, American Sable, Satin, Silver Fox, and Silver Marten.
* '''Cylindrical''': Himalayan

Here are links with information on how to score the body condition of your rabbit.
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/ROSpring10-Bodyconditionscore.pdf Why do I need to body condition score my rabbit?]

== Overweight rabbits ==
Obesity is an extremely common and often debilitating problem in pet rabbits. It can pose an increased risk for other diseases such as cardiovascular, orthopedic, and liver disease as well as dermatitis and [[flystrike]].

Fat rabbits have high resting heart rates and can develop hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. They are unable to groom inaccessible parts such as the nape of the neck and the base of the tail or reach to consume [[cecals]]. Arthritic conditions are exacerbated by obesity. Sludgy urine and cystitis are also associated with inactive overweight rabbits.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:54</sup>

=== Causes ===
* Inadequate '''exercise''' — Many rabbits are kept in small cages for long periods of time with limited access to exercise areas. Most cages sold are often inadequate in size as well.
* '''Dietary''' factors — Most commercial pelleted diets are very nutrient dense. Free-choice or overfeeding of pellets is one of the primary causes of obesity in rabbits.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Barbara L. Oglesbee, {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Small Mammals''}}, 2e.</ref> Owners may also overfeed treats.
* '''Habitual''' factors — Some rabbits refuse to eat hay or other foods in coarse, indigestible fiber. Increasing age may also contribute.

Caged, inactive, middle-aged rabbits of either gender are at increased risk. Dwarf and lop breeds may also be predisposed to obesity.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

=== Symptoms ===
* Excess amounts of body fat for body size.
* Ribs are not palpable and have an overlying layer of fat. Rolls of fat extend over rear limbs or hindquarters.
* Lethargy, weakness.
* Feces or cecotrophs pasted to bottom region due to inability to groom or consume cecotrophs.
* Flaky dermatitis in shoulder area due to inability to groom.
* Moist dermatitis of dewlap (especially in female rabbits).

=== Treatment ===
{{youtube|id=N8GUeE7IVb8|caption=How to Help an Overweight Rabbit}}
Weight reduction can only be achieved in rabbits by providing a diet low in digestible [[fiber]] and high in indigestible fiber. A high fiber, low calorie diet that would result in weight loss in humans and other animals may not have any effect in rabbits. The cecal micro-organisms can digest fiber to release volatile fatty acids that can be converted into [[fat]].<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:54</sup>

* Keep the rabbit's bottom clean, dry, and free of fecal matter.
* Remove matted hair through [[Grooming#Trimming fur|clipping or trimming]].
* Treat dermatitis.
* Provide soft, clean flooring to help prevent [[sore hocks]].
* Increase activity by providing access to exercise areas. Feed their pellets in puzzle [[toys]] and forage mats to encourage more activity.
* Reduce volume of pelleted foods. A maximum of 1/4 cup of pellets per 5 lbs body weight is recommended. Also consider switching to a high-fiber [[Pellets|pellet]] such as Oxbow. {{bad|Do not feed pellet mixes containing seeds and/or dried fruit.}}
* Offer a large selection of fresh, moistened [[Veggies|greens]].
* Feed high-quality timothy or grass hay.
* Limit fresh [[Treats|fruits]] and non-leafy [[Veggies|vegetable]] treats to 2 to 3 tsp per 5 lbs of body weight daily.
* Strictly prohibit simple sugars (yogurt drops, candies, cookies), high starch foods (bread products, grains, nuts, cereals, oats, peas), and legumes until rabbit is back to optimal weight.

<div class="txt-warning">{{bad|'''Warning:'''}} Do not fast rabbits or make sudden, drastic reductions in available foods as this may predispose the rabbit to fatty liver disease ([[hepatic lipidosis]]) or [[GI stasis]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/></div>

=== Experiences ===
The following are stories of obese rabbits that had many serious health complications that made it much more difficult for appropriate treatment.
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/2112526432169216 Pumba's story]
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/1827252304029965 Gardenia's story with flystrike] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/1719906121431251 Howie's story]
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/photos/a.253934198028458/814980691923803/ Czesio's story]

=== Additional resources ===
The following links contain more information about caring for overweight rabbits.
* Dr. Jackie Schulman, DVM, [http://www.rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/obesity.pdf Obese Rabbits At Risk]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/fat_bun.htm Is your rabbit too fat?]
* House Rabbit Network, Astrid M. Kruse, DVM, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/obese.shtml Weight Watching for Rabbits]
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157629254178648/ Jojo's Guide to Weight / weight loss and how to diet]
* Christine Carter, [http://www.petrabbitworld.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/the_fat_rabbit.pdf The Fat Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, Sandi Ackerman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/5-6/obesity.html The Perils of Bunny Obesity]
* PetEducation.com, [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1803&aid=3400 Obesity-Related Health Problems in Rabbits]

== Underweight rabbits ==
A couple ways to help rabbits gain weight are the following:
* Increase portion of daily [[pellets]] or free-feed if necessary.
* Supplement a higher [[protein]] pellet. e.g. at least 16% protein or alfalfa pellets.
* Feed some alfalfa or other legume [[hay]] in addition to regular grass hay.
* Feed a little bit of grain and seeds every couple of days. These foods are high in carbs and fats. See [[Treats]] for more details.
* Add some plant-based protein powder in a pellet or recovery food mash. {{amazon|id=B00CRAS86E|name=Soy}} and {{amazon|id=B00CRAS86E|name=pea}} protein powder are popular choices.
* Add some {{amazon|id=B0009YFPSO|name=Calf Manna}} as a supplement to your rabbit's food.
* Talk to your vet whether a motility drug such as cisapride or metoclopramide would be appropriate to increase a rabbit's appetite.

<div class="note">
If your rabbit is still unable to gain weight with increased calories in their diet, please make sure to discuss with your veterinarian if there are still other underlying health conditions that may be causing the [[cachexia]] (severe weight loss). Issues such as untreated infections and abscesses can cause increased metabolic consumption.
</div>

Below are sites with more information about caring for underweight rabbits.
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/diet-weightgain.asp Weight Gain Diet for Underweight Rabbits]

== Managing diets for bonded rabbits ==

For bonded rabbits that require different diets due to weight, there are a few ways to feed them:

* Completely separate them for meals in different areas until they are done with their pellet and vegetable meals. This will allow the underweight rabbit to eat their full share and restrict the overweight rabbit from eating their partner's. One simple way is to feed one in an exercise pen and the other outside.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Speakstruth Sprout Peapod separation.jpg|caption=Keeping two rabbits separate with an exercise pen when only one needs additional food.}}
</div>
* Feed the underweight bunny first before allowing other rabbits to join them.
* Distract the other bunnies with lower calorie foods like vegetables and branches while the underweight rabbit eats pellets and other treats.
* For a more high-tech solution, you can use a {{amazon|id=B00O0UIPTY|name=smart chip feeder}} or make a feeding tote with a {{amazon|id=B003EGIM3O|name=microchip pet door}} installed to allow the slower eater to graze to their heart's content without allowing other faster eaters to steal their food. You may need to teach your rabbit how to use the pet door to go in and out.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-smart-feeder.jpg|caption=A [[megacolon]] rabbit laying next to a {{amazon|id=B00O0UIPTY|name=SureFeed microchip pet feeder}} Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/verdauung-magen-darm/megacolon-syndrom-kaninchen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-feeding-station1.jpg|caption=A carrier with a smart cat flap installed. Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/zahnerkrankungen/ernaehrung-bei-zahnerkrankungen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-feeding-station2.jpg|caption=A custom-made box with a smart cat flap installed. Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/zahnerkrankungen/ernaehrung-bei-zahnerkrankungen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/rabbit-weight.asp Monitoring Your Rabbit's Weight]
* Nock's Rabbitry, Pamela Nock, [http://nockrabbits.com/RabbitWeight.pdf Rabbit Weight Management]
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Body_shape/Type_rabbit_en.htm Administration of drugs: the conformation of the rabbit body can be misleading...]
* Colorado House Rabbit Society, [https://coloradohrs.org/one-fat-and-one-skinny-in-a-pair/ One Fat and One Skinny in a Pair]. (2012).

== See also ==
* [[Anorexia]]
* [[Cachexia]]
* [[Cecotropes]]
* [[Diet]]
* [[Flystrike]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Pellets

2026-04-24T19:22:28Z

SneakyDragon: /* What amount of pellets should I feed my rabbit? */

__TOC__
Pellets provide rabbits with an easy source of essential nutrients. Some rabbit owners choose to feed their rabbits a [[pellet-free diet]] due to teeth problems, chronic GI issues, and obesity. However, a pellet-free diet requires much more effort and care as a rabbit can easily suffer from malnutrition without the provision of [[Nutrition|proper vitamins and minerals]].

== What amount of pellets should I feed my rabbit? ==
[[File:2014HRSEducationalConference_pellets1.jpg|thumb|"How much should I feed?" chart from the 2014 HRS Educational Conference - [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205036401842595&set=p.10205036401842595&type=1&theater source]|250px]]
For an '''adult rabbit''' over 6-7 months of age, we recommend that you feed <b>at most 1/4 cup</b> of pellets per rabbit per day for every 5 lbs of rabbit. Too many pellets may lead to [[obesity]], a lack of [[Malocclusion|teeth wear]], [[Cecal Pellets|cecal]] overproduction, [[poopy butt]], and behavioral disorders.<ref name="rm&s"/>

However, '''baby rabbits''' under the age of 6-7 months can be fed unlimited young rabbit pellets, as their bones and muscles need plenty of protein and calcium for proper growth.<ref name="danadiet"/> For babies, an [http://www.amazon.com/PetSafe-Healthy-Station-Small-PFD17-11858/dp/B002RT8M4I/ auto feeder] may be appropriate so that you will not need to check on the bowl constantly to top it off.

<div class="note">
Please note that you can feed even less pellets than recommended for a healthy rabbit. The proper balance of hay, vegetables, pellets, and fruit may be different for each rabbit in your home and may change for an individual rabbit as they grow older or as their health changes.
</div>

== How should I change pellets for my rabbit? ==
Due to their sensitive digestion, it is a good idea to slowly transition pellets each time you change to a new brand for your rabbit. Some rabbits may end up with soft [[poop|poops]] or even [[stasis]] if new foods are introduced too much too quickly. A good rule of thumb is to introduce new pellets at about 25% increase per week. If you do not have any more old pellets on hand to transition with, start with a single tablespoon or pinch of pellets for a week, and slowly increase the daily pellet amount per week as the rabbit shows no sign of stomach upset.

{{right-image|file=Oxbow transition food.png|caption=Diet transition charts from Oxbow for different amounts of food per day.}}
The following resources have some more details about transitioning food for rabbits:
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-transition-your-pets-food How to Transition Your Pet’s Food]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=KYT1oh0vDLY|name=StormyRabbits. (2017). How to Switch Your Rabbits Food}}
{{youtube|id=VOXLMF1wePQ|name=Bunny Basics. (2015). Changing Your Rabbit's Diet - Pellet Transition | Bunny Basics}}
</div>

== What different types of pellets are there? ==
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-Timothy-Quote1.png|<span class="red">Pertaining to pellets</span> - "The Difference Between Alfalfa and Timothy Hay" by Supreme Pet Foods}}
The type of pellet (alfalfa or timothy) fed usually depends on the age of your rabbit. Generally, alfalfa-based pellets should be fed to rabbits under 7 months old and timothy-based pellets to rabbits over 7 months old. However, it ultimately depends on the nutrition values listed on the back of the bag. '''Both types of pellets can meet nutritional requirements for rabbits.'''<ref>Susan Smith, Ph.D, Alfalfa- and Timothy-Based Pellets: What’s the “Skinny?”, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/aboutus/Newsletters/San_Diego_Spring_2004.pdf San Diego Rabbit News, Spring 2004]</ref> Typically, commercial alfalfa-based brand pellets will have more calories, protein, and fat, and less fiber than a timothy-based brand. See [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]] for more information about some acceptable brands for both adult and young rabbits.

Rabbit pellets can also come in two different types based on manufacturing method: <b>compressed</b> and <b>extruded</b>. Compressed pellets like Oxbow Essentials and Sherwood Forest are made into a small pellet form with compression at low temperatures. Pellet binders are often used to improve the cohesion of the pellet.<ref>Insta-Pro International. (n.d.). Pellet Mill vs. Extrusion. Retrieved 05 Nov 2021 from https://www.insta-pro.com/en/blog/nutritionandtechnologies/pelleting-mill-vs-extrusion/</ref>

Extruded pellets like Supreme Science Selective, also called <b>nuggets</b>, are first ground and mixed, then pasteurized at a high temperature, which breaks down the starch and protein bonds. Afterwards, the mixture is pushed through a die, and the sudden drop in temperature after the feed emerges from the die into the cooler air causes the starch molecules to explode into low-density lightweight pellet.<ref>Equus. (2019). Extruded feed explained. Retrieved 05 Nov 2021 from https://equusmagazine.com/horse-care/extruded-feed-explained-29640</ref> The extrusion process makes starches and other nutrients easier to digest, and fiber length can be greater in an extruded pellet compared to a compressed pellet.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Behaviour-Health-Emilie-Buseth/dp/1780641907/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit behaviour, health and care''.]</ref>

<div class="note">
For pellets, especially the smaller compressed pellets, please be mindful of possible [[choking]] hazards. Some rabbits can choke when they eat pellets too fast without chewing, especially if they have pre-existing [[teeth|dental issues]]. Consider feeding them scattered on the ground or mixed in hay or other puzzle and foraging toys to prevent choking incidents.
</div>

== Why shouldn't I feed my rabbit a muesli mix pellet? ==
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Good rabbit pellet.jpg|caption=Good rabbit pellets appearance|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=Bad rabbit pellets.jpg|caption=<span class="bad">Bad rabbit pellets appearance</span>|width=x200}}
</div>

Good pellets do not include whole dried fruit, seeds, nuts, or other colored crunchy things. There should be only pellets and maybe hay and herbs and nothing else. As Town & Country Veterinary Hospital says,<ref>Town & Country Veterinary Hospital, Charlene Arendas, DVM, [http://www.tc-vet.com/rabbits.html Quick Tips for Rabbits and Guinea Pigs]</ref><blockquote>The problem with these foods is that each type of seed or ingredient has different nutritional content, and pets develop preferences for certain seeds or pieces. They can easily develop a deficiency when they become “picky eaters” and only eat certain parts of their food. </blockquote>

Additionally, key findings from a research study conducted by The University of Edinburgh in conjunction with Burgess Pet Care<ref>Burgess Pet Care [http://www.burgesspetcare.com/ Looking after your pets]</ref> suggested that feeding muesli-style diets to rabbits is associated with abnormalities that can lead to painful dental and digestive problems, such as [[dental disease]], lower gut motility, selective feeding, [[obesity]] and urinary tract [[stones]] or [[sludge]].<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week, [http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research The Research]</ref>

Dr. Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/the-problem-with-muesli-mixes The problem with muesli mixes]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref>
<blockquote>The ingredients of muesli mixes are not sufficiently tough and fibrous to wear the teeth correctly and to keep the guts working properly. They are also fattening and can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies... The vitamin and mineral supplement comes in powder form, so it is usually incorporated into the compressed grass based pellets... The pellets are the least palatable ingredient of muesli mixes so most rabbits do not eat them and they are left in the bottom of their food bowl only to be discarded by the owner, along with the vitamin and mineral supplement they contain... If young rabbits do not get enough calcium, the bone surrounding the teeth is weakened so that the roots of the teeth press on the nerve supply to the teeth when the baby rabbit tries to eat hard food, such as hay. These rabbits never eat hard food so the owners think their rabbit 'doesn't like hay' even though they give it to them.</blockquote>

Some of these muesli mixes may contain foods such as corn and beans which are not recommended for rabbits to eat in general. These foods have the possibility of causing GI obstructions.<ref name="rm&s"/>

For further reading, please see the following:

* Cayla Iske, PhD. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/the-truth-about-mixes-and-your-pets-health The Truth About Mixes And Your Pet’s Health]

== How can I tell if a pellet is sufficiently nutritious? ==
When choosing a pellet, you should look at the '''guaranteed analysis''' on the feed label to find out how much of various critical nutrients are in the feed, usually by percentage. The following recommendations are for adult rabbits. Growing junior rabbits can have higher protein, fat, and calcium contents.

Dana Krempels, Ph.D., recommends that a good pellet should have the following qualities:<ref name="danadiet">Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/diet.html What Should I Feed my Bunny?]</ref>
* at least 22% crude fiber
* no more than approximately 14% [[protein]]
* about 1% [[fat]]
* about 1.0% [[calcium]]

The ''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine'' (2e) recommends the following food analysis:<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref>
* Crude Fiber: > 18%
* Indigestible fibre: > 12.5%
* [[Protein|Crude protein]]: 12–16%
* [[Fat]]: 1–4%
* [[Calcium]]: 0.6–1.0%
* Phosphorus: 0.4–0.8%
* [[Vitamin A]]: 6 000–10 000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin D]]: 800–1200 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin E]]: 40–70 mg/kg
* Trace elements: Magnesium 0.3%, Zinc 0.5%, Potassium 0.6–0.7%

Suzanne Trayhan recommends the following:<ref name="hrnsuz">House Rabbit Network, Suzanne Trayhan, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/pellet.shtml How to Choose a Good Pellet]</ref>
* at most around 14% [[protein]] for normal rabbits, 16% protein for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired breeds]] such as angoras, jersey wooleys, etc.
* at least 20% fiber
* 1-1.5% [[fat]]
* below 1% [[calcium]]

Lucille Moore recommends the following analysis:<ref name="lucille">Moore, L. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Edition/dp/1626463999/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><ref name="rnnh3">Lucille Moore. (2017). Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing. (3rd ed.).</ref>
* Calcium: 0.6% minimum and 1.1% maximum unless rabbit has special need of low-calcium feed
* Crude [[fiber]]
** 16-18% minimum, 20% maximum for most rabbits
** 20-25% for rabbits kits between 3 and 9 weeks of age
* Crude [[protein]]
** 13-17% for pet rabbits
** 17-20% for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired]], outside, and lactating rabbits and larger breeds (e.g. Flemish, Checkered Giant)
** 12-13% for [[Baby|young rabbits]] between 3-9 weeks of age to help prevent potentially fatal digestive disorders
* Crude [[fat]]
** 1-5% for the general rabbit
** 3-6% for [[pregnant]] or lactating does
** 4-8% for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired]], wool-producing rabbits (e.g. American Fuzzy Lop, Jersey Wooly, Angora)
* [[Phosphorus]]: 0.4% minimum
* [[Salt]]: 0.5% minimum and 1.0% maximum
* [[Vitamin A]]: 6,000-10,000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin D]]: not over 2,000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin E]]: 17-50 mg/kg

In general, the lower the protein level and the higher the fiber, the better. Rabbits should have very little fat in their diets - 5% in some pellets is way too high for a house rabbit. You will want a low number for calcium, especially in rabbits with bladder, sludge, or kidney problems.<ref name="hrnsuz"/> See [[Nutrition for Rabbits]] for more details.

As Trayhan further says,<ref name="hrnsuz"/><blockquote>It can be difficult to find a pellet that matches all of the requirements. In that case, try to choose one that is as close as possible. Focus on the factors that are most important to your needs. If you have a rabbit with kidney/sludge problems, then get a low calcium number. If your rabbit is obese, concentrate on low fat and high fiber. For rabbits with gut problems, I would want high fiber.</blockquote>

== How should I store my pellets? ==
Rabbit pellets should be stored in a cool (15°C/59°F) dry vermin-proof place and be fed within 90 days of milling date.<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Medicine-Surgery-Self-Assessment-Veterinary/dp/1840760729/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.]</ref> Buying rabbit food in bulk is discouraged for owners with a small number of rabbits as food older than 6 months has a compromised nutritional quality due to degradation of vitamin content, especially over hot summer months.<ref name="rm&s"/> The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E may have a shelf-life of only 3 months.<ref name="lucille"/>

== What ingredients can be in rabbit pellets? ==
Rabbit pellets can contain many ingredients that might not be readily understandable to a rabbit owner. On a feed label, ingredients will be listed in order with the ingredient present in the highest amount listed first.

=== Specific ingredients ===
The following are ingredients that may be found in rabbit pellets and a description of what they are and its use.

* '''Acetic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Ammonium hydroxide''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Ascorbic acid''': source of Vitamin C.
* '''Beet pulp''': fibrous material left over after the sugar is extracted from sugar beets. An energy concentrate high in highly digestible fiber, pectins, and sugars. <ref>C De Blas, R Carabaño, [https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/wrs/article/download/268/255 A review on the energy value of sugar beet pulp for rabbits]</ref>
* '''Benzoic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Calcium carbonate''' or '''limestone''': calcium ingredient.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Calcium propionate''': mold inhibitor.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Canola meal''': produced from canola seed following oil extraction. Protein ingredient. <ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/52 Rapeseed meal and canola meal]</ref>
* '''Choline chloride''': choline, or vitamin B4, ingredient.<ref>Livestrong.com. (2016). Uses of Choline Chloride. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/218650-uses-of-choline-chloride/</ref>
* '''Citric acid''': Preservative. Also a growth and immunity promoter.<ref>MR Debi, KMS Islam, MA Akbar, [http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJAS/article/view/9685 Response of growing rabbits to different levels of dietary citric acid]</ref>
* '''Corn gluten meal''': added for palatability.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''''Lactobacillus''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Lignin sulfonate''': a by-product from making paper. Used as a pellet binder.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Non-dietary nitrogen (NDN)''': <font color="red">Should not be found in rabbit food.</font> Rabbits do not utilize NDNs well and can cause toxicity.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Magnesium oxide''': magnesium ingredient.
* '''Mixed tocopherils''': source of Vitamin E. They are antioxidants found in nature and are used in fats, oils, and in a wide range of fat-containing food and feed products and contain natural mixtures of d-alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols.<ref>Archer Daniels Midland Company, [http://www.adm.com/EN-US/PRODUCTS/FOOD/VITAMIN_E/Pages/default.aspx Natural-Source Vitamin E]</ref>
* '''Molasses''' or '''cane molasses''': added for palatability and as a binder.<ref name="sphing"/><ref>Riverina. (2015). Molasses. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/molasses.htm?y=318</ref> High in magnesium.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Monosodium phosphate''': phosphate ingredient.<ref>Riverina (Australia) Pty Ltd, [http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/calcium_and_phosphorus_sources.htm Calcium and Phosphorus Sources]</ref>
* '''Oat mill by-product''': brans or middlings.<ref name="lucille"/> Obtained after the transformation of groats into oatmeal. High in indigestible fiber with low protein.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/707 Oat hulls and oat mill feed]</ref>
* '''Papaya''': aids digestion.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Propionic acid''': mold inhibitor.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Rosemary extract''': natural antioxidant.<ref>Nutrafur, [http://www.nutrafur.com/rosemary-extract/ Rosemary Extract]</ref>
* '''''Saccharomyces''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Safflower meal''': protein ingredient.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/49 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal]</ref>
* '''Safflower oil''': added for palatability.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Sodium bentonite''': pellet binder.<ref name="sphing"/><ref>Riverina. (2015). Sodium Bentonite. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/sodium_bentonite.htm?y=278</ref> A clay mineral often used as cat litter.
* '''Sodium lignosulfonate''': pellet binder.<ref>Premex, [http://www.premexinc.com/business_units/additives/pellet_binders.html Pellet Binders]</ref>
* '''Sorbic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Soybean hulls''': fiber ingredient. Cheaper and contains more fiber than timothy hay.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Soybean meal''': a by-product of the extraction of soybean oil. Protein ingredient.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/674 Soybean meal]</ref>
* '''''Streptococcus''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Timothy hay meal''': ground up timothy hay. Makes the hay more digestible without sacrificing long-stem fiber.<ref name="sphing">Sherwood Pet Health. (n.d). Sherwood Rabbit Food Ingredients. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://sherwoodpethealth.com/rabbit-food-ingredients-comparison/#haymeal</ref>
* '''Wheat middlings''': granular by-product of grain milling.<ref name="lucille"/> High in digestible fiber and have energy values similar to corn.<ref>Stephen Boyles, [http://beef.osu.edu/library/wheatmid.html Wheat Middlings]</ref> Cheap source of protein and carbohydrates.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Yeast cell wall extract''': prebiotic rich in mannan sugar moieties of long chain oligosaccharides collectively known as mannanoligosaccharides (MOS).<ref name="harrisonextra">Harrison Pet Products Inc, [http://www.harrisonpet.com/index.php?p=download&file=36 Extra Nutritional Ingredients]</ref>
* '''Yucca''': helps control ammonia in rabbit waste.<ref name="lucille"/> Also aids in fat digestion in the small intestine.<ref name="harrisonextra"/>

=== Collective terms ===
'''Collective terms''', also known as '''group terms''', may be present on a rabbit feed label. As Lucille Moore writes, <ref name="lucille"/>
<blockquote>
It has been claimed that only lesser-quality feeds have group terms listed, and this is done as a cost cutting measure so the manufacturer can use lower-quality ingredients. This is not necessarily true: many reputable feed manufacturers use the terms in order to be able to produce a nutritionally consistent product. The nutritional quality of any feed ingredient can vary significantly, depending upon multiple factors, and using the group terms allows manufacturers to keep the nutrition of the product the same without having to constantly relabel (and raise the price).
</blockquote>

The following is a list of ingredient collective terms with what food products in varying quantities may be present in the feed.

* '''Animal products''': bone meal, meal, blood meal, fish meal, and feathers.<ref name="lucille"/> <font color="red">''Should not be found in rabbit feed.''</font>
* '''Animal protein products''': hydrolyzed poultry feathers, fish meal, milk products, and other items not natural to a rabbit's digestive tract.<ref name="lucille"/> <font color="red">''Should not be found in rabbit feed.''</font>
* '''Forage products''': alfalfa meal, grass hay, soybean hay, lespedeza meal, dehydrated silages.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Grain products''': barley, oats, wheat, corn, rice, rye.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Molasses products''': beet or sugar cane molasses, beet pulp.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Processed grain byproducts:''' wheat millings, corn, gluten feed, rice bran, wheat bran, brewers' dried grains, distilled dried grains.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Plant protein products''': cottonseed, soybean, canola, peanut, linseed and sunflower meals, cultured yeast.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Roughage products''': hulls of cottonseed, soybeans, oats, peanuts, rice; apple products, beet pulp, citrus pulp.<ref name="lucille"/>

=== Extra resources ===
The following articles include more information about the ingredients of pellets.
* Laurie Stroupe, [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-health-feeding/pellet-ingredients-nutrition/ What Makes a Nutritious Commercial Rabbit Pellet?]

Below are discussions about pellet ingredients.
* Reddit.com, [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/xitfd/pellet_ingredients/ Pellet Ingredients]

A table of the ingredients of common rabbit pellets can be found in the article [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]].

== Further reading ==
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/rabbit-food.asp Dry Food (Concentrates)]
* Susan Smith, Ph.D, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001435/http://www.wisconsinhrs.org:80/Articles/Pellet%20Types.htm Alfalfa- and Timothy-Based Pellets: What’s the “Skinny?”], June 2003
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-4/pellets.html Natural Nutrition Part II: Pellets and Veggies]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-4/pellet-info.html Pellets' Place in the Mature Rabbit's Diet]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/pellets Pellets]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/rabbitfood.asp Choosing the Right Rabbit Food for Your Bunny]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/pellets.pdf Commercial Pellets]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://sandiegorabbits.org/diet/pellets.html Rabbit Pellets]
* Bucky's Bunny Barn, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Diet.html Rabbit Diet Information]
* The Nature Trail, Laurie Stroupe, [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-health-feeding/pellet-formula-nutrition/ Nutritious Rabbit Pellets: How to Choose a High-Quality Feed]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Pellet-Free Diet]]
* [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Pellets

2026-04-24T19:22:18Z

SneakyDragon: /* What amount of pellets should I feed my rabbit? */

__TOC__
Pellets provide rabbits with an easy source of essential nutrients. Some rabbit owners choose to feed their rabbits a [[pellet-free diet]] due to teeth problems, chronic GI issues, and obesity. However, a pellet-free diet requires much more effort and care as a rabbit can easily suffer from malnutrition without the provision of [[Nutrition|proper vitamins and minerals]].

== What amount of pellets should I feed my rabbit? ==
[[File:2014HRSEducationalConference_pellets1.jpg|thumb|"How much should I feed?" chart from the 2014 HRS Educational Conference - [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205036401842595&set=p.10205036401842595&type=1&theater source]|250px]]
For an '''adult rabbit''' over 6-7 months of age, we recommend that you feed <b>at most 1/4 cup<b/> of pellets per rabbit per day for every 5 lbs of rabbit. Too many pellets may lead to [[obesity]], a lack of [[Malocclusion|teeth wear]], [[Cecal Pellets|cecal]] overproduction, [[poopy butt]], and behavioral disorders.<ref name="rm&s"/>

However, '''baby rabbits''' under the age of 6-7 months can be fed unlimited young rabbit pellets, as their bones and muscles need plenty of protein and calcium for proper growth.<ref name="danadiet"/> For babies, an [http://www.amazon.com/PetSafe-Healthy-Station-Small-PFD17-11858/dp/B002RT8M4I/ auto feeder] may be appropriate so that you will not need to check on the bowl constantly to top it off.

<div class="note">
Please note that you can feed even less pellets than recommended for a healthy rabbit. The proper balance of hay, vegetables, pellets, and fruit may be different for each rabbit in your home and may change for an individual rabbit as they grow older or as their health changes.
</div>

== How should I change pellets for my rabbit? ==
Due to their sensitive digestion, it is a good idea to slowly transition pellets each time you change to a new brand for your rabbit. Some rabbits may end up with soft [[poop|poops]] or even [[stasis]] if new foods are introduced too much too quickly. A good rule of thumb is to introduce new pellets at about 25% increase per week. If you do not have any more old pellets on hand to transition with, start with a single tablespoon or pinch of pellets for a week, and slowly increase the daily pellet amount per week as the rabbit shows no sign of stomach upset.

{{right-image|file=Oxbow transition food.png|caption=Diet transition charts from Oxbow for different amounts of food per day.}}
The following resources have some more details about transitioning food for rabbits:
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-transition-your-pets-food How to Transition Your Pet’s Food]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=KYT1oh0vDLY|name=StormyRabbits. (2017). How to Switch Your Rabbits Food}}
{{youtube|id=VOXLMF1wePQ|name=Bunny Basics. (2015). Changing Your Rabbit's Diet - Pellet Transition | Bunny Basics}}
</div>

== What different types of pellets are there? ==
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-Timothy-Quote1.png|<span class="red">Pertaining to pellets</span> - "The Difference Between Alfalfa and Timothy Hay" by Supreme Pet Foods}}
The type of pellet (alfalfa or timothy) fed usually depends on the age of your rabbit. Generally, alfalfa-based pellets should be fed to rabbits under 7 months old and timothy-based pellets to rabbits over 7 months old. However, it ultimately depends on the nutrition values listed on the back of the bag. '''Both types of pellets can meet nutritional requirements for rabbits.'''<ref>Susan Smith, Ph.D, Alfalfa- and Timothy-Based Pellets: What’s the “Skinny?”, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/aboutus/Newsletters/San_Diego_Spring_2004.pdf San Diego Rabbit News, Spring 2004]</ref> Typically, commercial alfalfa-based brand pellets will have more calories, protein, and fat, and less fiber than a timothy-based brand. See [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]] for more information about some acceptable brands for both adult and young rabbits.

Rabbit pellets can also come in two different types based on manufacturing method: <b>compressed</b> and <b>extruded</b>. Compressed pellets like Oxbow Essentials and Sherwood Forest are made into a small pellet form with compression at low temperatures. Pellet binders are often used to improve the cohesion of the pellet.<ref>Insta-Pro International. (n.d.). Pellet Mill vs. Extrusion. Retrieved 05 Nov 2021 from https://www.insta-pro.com/en/blog/nutritionandtechnologies/pelleting-mill-vs-extrusion/</ref>

Extruded pellets like Supreme Science Selective, also called <b>nuggets</b>, are first ground and mixed, then pasteurized at a high temperature, which breaks down the starch and protein bonds. Afterwards, the mixture is pushed through a die, and the sudden drop in temperature after the feed emerges from the die into the cooler air causes the starch molecules to explode into low-density lightweight pellet.<ref>Equus. (2019). Extruded feed explained. Retrieved 05 Nov 2021 from https://equusmagazine.com/horse-care/extruded-feed-explained-29640</ref> The extrusion process makes starches and other nutrients easier to digest, and fiber length can be greater in an extruded pellet compared to a compressed pellet.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Behaviour-Health-Emilie-Buseth/dp/1780641907/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit behaviour, health and care''.]</ref>

<div class="note">
For pellets, especially the smaller compressed pellets, please be mindful of possible [[choking]] hazards. Some rabbits can choke when they eat pellets too fast without chewing, especially if they have pre-existing [[teeth|dental issues]]. Consider feeding them scattered on the ground or mixed in hay or other puzzle and foraging toys to prevent choking incidents.
</div>

== Why shouldn't I feed my rabbit a muesli mix pellet? ==
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Good rabbit pellet.jpg|caption=Good rabbit pellets appearance|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=Bad rabbit pellets.jpg|caption=<span class="bad">Bad rabbit pellets appearance</span>|width=x200}}
</div>

Good pellets do not include whole dried fruit, seeds, nuts, or other colored crunchy things. There should be only pellets and maybe hay and herbs and nothing else. As Town & Country Veterinary Hospital says,<ref>Town & Country Veterinary Hospital, Charlene Arendas, DVM, [http://www.tc-vet.com/rabbits.html Quick Tips for Rabbits and Guinea Pigs]</ref><blockquote>The problem with these foods is that each type of seed or ingredient has different nutritional content, and pets develop preferences for certain seeds or pieces. They can easily develop a deficiency when they become “picky eaters” and only eat certain parts of their food. </blockquote>

Additionally, key findings from a research study conducted by The University of Edinburgh in conjunction with Burgess Pet Care<ref>Burgess Pet Care [http://www.burgesspetcare.com/ Looking after your pets]</ref> suggested that feeding muesli-style diets to rabbits is associated with abnormalities that can lead to painful dental and digestive problems, such as [[dental disease]], lower gut motility, selective feeding, [[obesity]] and urinary tract [[stones]] or [[sludge]].<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week, [http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research The Research]</ref>

Dr. Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/the-problem-with-muesli-mixes The problem with muesli mixes]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref>
<blockquote>The ingredients of muesli mixes are not sufficiently tough and fibrous to wear the teeth correctly and to keep the guts working properly. They are also fattening and can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies... The vitamin and mineral supplement comes in powder form, so it is usually incorporated into the compressed grass based pellets... The pellets are the least palatable ingredient of muesli mixes so most rabbits do not eat them and they are left in the bottom of their food bowl only to be discarded by the owner, along with the vitamin and mineral supplement they contain... If young rabbits do not get enough calcium, the bone surrounding the teeth is weakened so that the roots of the teeth press on the nerve supply to the teeth when the baby rabbit tries to eat hard food, such as hay. These rabbits never eat hard food so the owners think their rabbit 'doesn't like hay' even though they give it to them.</blockquote>

Some of these muesli mixes may contain foods such as corn and beans which are not recommended for rabbits to eat in general. These foods have the possibility of causing GI obstructions.<ref name="rm&s"/>

For further reading, please see the following:

* Cayla Iske, PhD. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/the-truth-about-mixes-and-your-pets-health The Truth About Mixes And Your Pet’s Health]

== How can I tell if a pellet is sufficiently nutritious? ==
When choosing a pellet, you should look at the '''guaranteed analysis''' on the feed label to find out how much of various critical nutrients are in the feed, usually by percentage. The following recommendations are for adult rabbits. Growing junior rabbits can have higher protein, fat, and calcium contents.

Dana Krempels, Ph.D., recommends that a good pellet should have the following qualities:<ref name="danadiet">Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/diet.html What Should I Feed my Bunny?]</ref>
* at least 22% crude fiber
* no more than approximately 14% [[protein]]
* about 1% [[fat]]
* about 1.0% [[calcium]]

The ''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine'' (2e) recommends the following food analysis:<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref>
* Crude Fiber: > 18%
* Indigestible fibre: > 12.5%
* [[Protein|Crude protein]]: 12–16%
* [[Fat]]: 1–4%
* [[Calcium]]: 0.6–1.0%
* Phosphorus: 0.4–0.8%
* [[Vitamin A]]: 6 000–10 000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin D]]: 800–1200 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin E]]: 40–70 mg/kg
* Trace elements: Magnesium 0.3%, Zinc 0.5%, Potassium 0.6–0.7%

Suzanne Trayhan recommends the following:<ref name="hrnsuz">House Rabbit Network, Suzanne Trayhan, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/pellet.shtml How to Choose a Good Pellet]</ref>
* at most around 14% [[protein]] for normal rabbits, 16% protein for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired breeds]] such as angoras, jersey wooleys, etc.
* at least 20% fiber
* 1-1.5% [[fat]]
* below 1% [[calcium]]

Lucille Moore recommends the following analysis:<ref name="lucille">Moore, L. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Edition/dp/1626463999/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><ref name="rnnh3">Lucille Moore. (2017). Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing. (3rd ed.).</ref>
* Calcium: 0.6% minimum and 1.1% maximum unless rabbit has special need of low-calcium feed
* Crude [[fiber]]
** 16-18% minimum, 20% maximum for most rabbits
** 20-25% for rabbits kits between 3 and 9 weeks of age
* Crude [[protein]]
** 13-17% for pet rabbits
** 17-20% for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired]], outside, and lactating rabbits and larger breeds (e.g. Flemish, Checkered Giant)
** 12-13% for [[Baby|young rabbits]] between 3-9 weeks of age to help prevent potentially fatal digestive disorders
* Crude [[fat]]
** 1-5% for the general rabbit
** 3-6% for [[pregnant]] or lactating does
** 4-8% for [[long-haired rabbits|long-haired]], wool-producing rabbits (e.g. American Fuzzy Lop, Jersey Wooly, Angora)
* [[Phosphorus]]: 0.4% minimum
* [[Salt]]: 0.5% minimum and 1.0% maximum
* [[Vitamin A]]: 6,000-10,000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin D]]: not over 2,000 IU/kg
* [[Vitamin E]]: 17-50 mg/kg

In general, the lower the protein level and the higher the fiber, the better. Rabbits should have very little fat in their diets - 5% in some pellets is way too high for a house rabbit. You will want a low number for calcium, especially in rabbits with bladder, sludge, or kidney problems.<ref name="hrnsuz"/> See [[Nutrition for Rabbits]] for more details.

As Trayhan further says,<ref name="hrnsuz"/><blockquote>It can be difficult to find a pellet that matches all of the requirements. In that case, try to choose one that is as close as possible. Focus on the factors that are most important to your needs. If you have a rabbit with kidney/sludge problems, then get a low calcium number. If your rabbit is obese, concentrate on low fat and high fiber. For rabbits with gut problems, I would want high fiber.</blockquote>

== How should I store my pellets? ==
Rabbit pellets should be stored in a cool (15°C/59°F) dry vermin-proof place and be fed within 90 days of milling date.<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Medicine-Surgery-Self-Assessment-Veterinary/dp/1840760729/wabbi-20 ''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.]</ref> Buying rabbit food in bulk is discouraged for owners with a small number of rabbits as food older than 6 months has a compromised nutritional quality due to degradation of vitamin content, especially over hot summer months.<ref name="rm&s"/> The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E may have a shelf-life of only 3 months.<ref name="lucille"/>

== What ingredients can be in rabbit pellets? ==
Rabbit pellets can contain many ingredients that might not be readily understandable to a rabbit owner. On a feed label, ingredients will be listed in order with the ingredient present in the highest amount listed first.

=== Specific ingredients ===
The following are ingredients that may be found in rabbit pellets and a description of what they are and its use.

* '''Acetic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Ammonium hydroxide''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Ascorbic acid''': source of Vitamin C.
* '''Beet pulp''': fibrous material left over after the sugar is extracted from sugar beets. An energy concentrate high in highly digestible fiber, pectins, and sugars. <ref>C De Blas, R Carabaño, [https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/wrs/article/download/268/255 A review on the energy value of sugar beet pulp for rabbits]</ref>
* '''Benzoic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Calcium carbonate''' or '''limestone''': calcium ingredient.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Calcium propionate''': mold inhibitor.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Canola meal''': produced from canola seed following oil extraction. Protein ingredient. <ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/52 Rapeseed meal and canola meal]</ref>
* '''Choline chloride''': choline, or vitamin B4, ingredient.<ref>Livestrong.com. (2016). Uses of Choline Chloride. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/218650-uses-of-choline-chloride/</ref>
* '''Citric acid''': Preservative. Also a growth and immunity promoter.<ref>MR Debi, KMS Islam, MA Akbar, [http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJAS/article/view/9685 Response of growing rabbits to different levels of dietary citric acid]</ref>
* '''Corn gluten meal''': added for palatability.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''''Lactobacillus''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Lignin sulfonate''': a by-product from making paper. Used as a pellet binder.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Non-dietary nitrogen (NDN)''': <font color="red">Should not be found in rabbit food.</font> Rabbits do not utilize NDNs well and can cause toxicity.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Magnesium oxide''': magnesium ingredient.
* '''Mixed tocopherils''': source of Vitamin E. They are antioxidants found in nature and are used in fats, oils, and in a wide range of fat-containing food and feed products and contain natural mixtures of d-alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols.<ref>Archer Daniels Midland Company, [http://www.adm.com/EN-US/PRODUCTS/FOOD/VITAMIN_E/Pages/default.aspx Natural-Source Vitamin E]</ref>
* '''Molasses''' or '''cane molasses''': added for palatability and as a binder.<ref name="sphing"/><ref>Riverina. (2015). Molasses. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/molasses.htm?y=318</ref> High in magnesium.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Monosodium phosphate''': phosphate ingredient.<ref>Riverina (Australia) Pty Ltd, [http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/calcium_and_phosphorus_sources.htm Calcium and Phosphorus Sources]</ref>
* '''Oat mill by-product''': brans or middlings.<ref name="lucille"/> Obtained after the transformation of groats into oatmeal. High in indigestible fiber with low protein.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/707 Oat hulls and oat mill feed]</ref>
* '''Papaya''': aids digestion.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Propionic acid''': mold inhibitor.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Rosemary extract''': natural antioxidant.<ref>Nutrafur, [http://www.nutrafur.com/rosemary-extract/ Rosemary Extract]</ref>
* '''''Saccharomyces''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Safflower meal''': protein ingredient.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/49 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal]</ref>
* '''Safflower oil''': added for palatability.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Sodium bentonite''': pellet binder.<ref name="sphing"/><ref>Riverina. (2015). Sodium Bentonite. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://www.riverina.com.au/website/animal/sodium_bentonite.htm?y=278</ref> A clay mineral often used as cat litter.
* '''Sodium lignosulfonate''': pellet binder.<ref>Premex, [http://www.premexinc.com/business_units/additives/pellet_binders.html Pellet Binders]</ref>
* '''Sorbic acid''': mold inhibitor.
* '''Soybean hulls''': fiber ingredient. Cheaper and contains more fiber than timothy hay.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Soybean meal''': a by-product of the extraction of soybean oil. Protein ingredient.<ref>Feedipedia, [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/674 Soybean meal]</ref>
* '''''Streptococcus''''': probiotic/prebiotic.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Timothy hay meal''': ground up timothy hay. Makes the hay more digestible without sacrificing long-stem fiber.<ref name="sphing">Sherwood Pet Health. (n.d). Sherwood Rabbit Food Ingredients. Retrieved 05 Jan 2017 from http://sherwoodpethealth.com/rabbit-food-ingredients-comparison/#haymeal</ref>
* '''Wheat middlings''': granular by-product of grain milling.<ref name="lucille"/> High in digestible fiber and have energy values similar to corn.<ref>Stephen Boyles, [http://beef.osu.edu/library/wheatmid.html Wheat Middlings]</ref> Cheap source of protein and carbohydrates.<ref name="sphing"/>
* '''Yeast cell wall extract''': prebiotic rich in mannan sugar moieties of long chain oligosaccharides collectively known as mannanoligosaccharides (MOS).<ref name="harrisonextra">Harrison Pet Products Inc, [http://www.harrisonpet.com/index.php?p=download&file=36 Extra Nutritional Ingredients]</ref>
* '''Yucca''': helps control ammonia in rabbit waste.<ref name="lucille"/> Also aids in fat digestion in the small intestine.<ref name="harrisonextra"/>

=== Collective terms ===
'''Collective terms''', also known as '''group terms''', may be present on a rabbit feed label. As Lucille Moore writes, <ref name="lucille"/>
<blockquote>
It has been claimed that only lesser-quality feeds have group terms listed, and this is done as a cost cutting measure so the manufacturer can use lower-quality ingredients. This is not necessarily true: many reputable feed manufacturers use the terms in order to be able to produce a nutritionally consistent product. The nutritional quality of any feed ingredient can vary significantly, depending upon multiple factors, and using the group terms allows manufacturers to keep the nutrition of the product the same without having to constantly relabel (and raise the price).
</blockquote>

The following is a list of ingredient collective terms with what food products in varying quantities may be present in the feed.

* '''Animal products''': bone meal, meal, blood meal, fish meal, and feathers.<ref name="lucille"/> <font color="red">''Should not be found in rabbit feed.''</font>
* '''Animal protein products''': hydrolyzed poultry feathers, fish meal, milk products, and other items not natural to a rabbit's digestive tract.<ref name="lucille"/> <font color="red">''Should not be found in rabbit feed.''</font>
* '''Forage products''': alfalfa meal, grass hay, soybean hay, lespedeza meal, dehydrated silages.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Grain products''': barley, oats, wheat, corn, rice, rye.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Molasses products''': beet or sugar cane molasses, beet pulp.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Processed grain byproducts:''' wheat millings, corn, gluten feed, rice bran, wheat bran, brewers' dried grains, distilled dried grains.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Plant protein products''': cottonseed, soybean, canola, peanut, linseed and sunflower meals, cultured yeast.<ref name="lucille"/>
* '''Roughage products''': hulls of cottonseed, soybeans, oats, peanuts, rice; apple products, beet pulp, citrus pulp.<ref name="lucille"/>

=== Extra resources ===
The following articles include more information about the ingredients of pellets.
* Laurie Stroupe, [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-health-feeding/pellet-ingredients-nutrition/ What Makes a Nutritious Commercial Rabbit Pellet?]

Below are discussions about pellet ingredients.
* Reddit.com, [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/xitfd/pellet_ingredients/ Pellet Ingredients]

A table of the ingredients of common rabbit pellets can be found in the article [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]].

== Further reading ==
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/rabbit-food.asp Dry Food (Concentrates)]
* Susan Smith, Ph.D, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001435/http://www.wisconsinhrs.org:80/Articles/Pellet%20Types.htm Alfalfa- and Timothy-Based Pellets: What’s the “Skinny?”], June 2003
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-4/pellets.html Natural Nutrition Part II: Pellets and Veggies]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-4/pellet-info.html Pellets' Place in the Mature Rabbit's Diet]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/pellets Pellets]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/rabbitfood.asp Choosing the Right Rabbit Food for Your Bunny]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/pellets.pdf Commercial Pellets]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://sandiegorabbits.org/diet/pellets.html Rabbit Pellets]
* Bucky's Bunny Barn, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Diet.html Rabbit Diet Information]
* The Nature Trail, Laurie Stroupe, [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-health-feeding/pellet-formula-nutrition/ Nutritious Rabbit Pellets: How to Choose a High-Quality Feed]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Pellet-Free Diet]]
* [[Rabbit Pellets Comparison Chart]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]

Weight management

2026-04-24T19:21:23Z

SneakyDragon: /* Treatment */

__TOC__
Just like humans, weight management for rabbits is important to promote health, vigor, and an extended life span.

== Body condition scoring ==
In trials conducted at the University of Edinburgh, the rib area proved to be the most useful for assessing body fat, with the hips and spine only showing appreciable changes at extremes of body weight. The ribs are felt just behind the elbow, and the greater the pressure required, the more fat is present.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:62</sup>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Body condition scoring in rabbits<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:70</sup>
! width=20%|Score 1<br/>Emaciated
! width=20%|Score 2<br/>Lean
! width=20%|Score 3<br/>Ideal
! width=20%|Score 4<br/>Fat
! width=20%|Score 5<br/>Obese
|-
|
* Pelvis and ribs are very easily palpated and very sharp
* '''Ribs feel like a pocket full of rulers'''
* Concave rump area
|
* Pelvis and ribs easily palpated and feel sharp
* Rump area is flat
|
* Pelvis and ribs easily palpated but rounded edges
* '''Ribs feel like a pocket full of pens'''
* Rump area is flat
|
* Firm palpation required to palpate ribs
* Rump round
|
* Hard to palpate ribs
* '''Ribs can’t be felt'''
* Rump very convex
|}
{{right-image|file=Oxbow_Rabbit_Body_Condition_Chart_1.png|caption=[https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-tell-if-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-is-overweight-or-underweight/ Oxbow body condition chart.]}}
{{right-image|file=Pet size-o-meter.jpg|caption=Pet Size-O-Meter diagram.}}
<div class="note">
There are many different charts and infographs that try to give a general overview of a rabbit's weight range. Some give good general information, but none take into the account that, depending on the rabbit's breed, rabbits can have different body types. It is best to consult your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] if you have any concerns about your rabbit's weight.
</div>

List of the [[Breeds|body types]] from ARBA:<ref>ARBA. (2014). Proper Posing and Evaluation. Retrieved 1 April 2016 from https://www.arba.net/PDFs/PosingSpring2014.pdf</ref>
* '''Full arched''': Belgian Hare, Britannia Petite, Checkered Giant, English Spot, Rhinelander, and Tan.
* '''Semi arch''': American, Beveren, English Lop, Flemish Giant, and Giant Chinchilla.
* '''Compact''': American Fuzzy Lop, English Angora, Standard Chinchilla, Dutch, Dwarf Hotot, Florida White, Havana, Holland Lop, Jersey Wooly, Lilac, Lionhead, Mini Lop, Mini Rex, Mini Satin, Netherland Dwarf, Polish, Silver, and Thrianta.
* '''Commercial''': French Angora, Giant Angora, Satin Angora, Blanc de Hotot, Champagne d’Argent, Californian, Cinnamon, American Chinchilla, Creme d’Argent, French Lop, Harlequin, New Zealand, Palomino, Rex, American Sable, Satin, Silver Fox, and Silver Marten.
* '''Cylindrical''': Himalayan

Here are links with information on how to score the body condition of your rabbit.
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/ROSpring10-Bodyconditionscore.pdf Why do I need to body condition score my rabbit?]

== Overweight rabbits ==
Obesity is an extremely common and often debilitating problem in pet rabbits. It can pose an increased risk for other diseases such as cardiovascular, orthopedic, and liver disease as well as dermatitis and [[flystrike]].

Fat rabbits have high resting heart rates and can develop hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. They are unable to groom inaccessible parts such as the nape of the neck and the base of the tail or reach to consume [[cecals]]. Arthritic conditions are exacerbated by obesity. Sludgy urine and cystitis are also associated with inactive overweight rabbits.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:54</sup>

=== Causes ===
* Inadequate '''exercise''' — Many rabbits are kept in small cages for long periods of time with limited access to exercise areas. Most cages sold are often inadequate in size as well.
* '''Dietary''' factors — Most commercial pelleted diets are very nutrient dense. Free-choice or overfeeding of pellets is one of the primary causes of obesity in rabbits.<ref name="b5vc:sm">Barbara L. Oglesbee, {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Small Mammals''}}, 2e.</ref> Owners may also overfeed treats.
* '''Habitual''' factors — Some rabbits refuse to eat hay or other foods in coarse, indigestible fiber. Increasing age may also contribute.

Caged, inactive, middle-aged rabbits of either gender are at increased risk. Dwarf and lop breeds may also be predisposed to obesity.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>

=== Symptoms ===
* Excess amounts of body fat for body size.
* Ribs are not palpable and have an overlying layer of fat. Rolls of fat extend over rear limbs or hindquarters.
* Lethargy, weakness.
* Feces or cecotrophs pasted to bottom region due to inability to groom or consume cecotrophs.
* Flaky dermatitis in shoulder area due to inability to groom.
* Moist dermatitis of dewlap (especially in female rabbits).

=== Treatment ===
{{youtube|id=N8GUeE7IVb8|caption=How to Help an Overweight Rabbit}}
Weight reduction can only be achieved in rabbits by providing a diet low in digestible [[fiber]] and high in indigestible fiber. A high fiber, low calorie diet that would result in weight loss in humans and other animals may not have any effect in rabbits. The cecal micro-organisms can digest fiber to release volatile fatty acids that can be converted into [[fat]].<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:54</sup>

* Keep the rabbit's bottom clean, dry, and free of fecal matter.
* Remove matted hair through [[Grooming#Trimming fur|clipping or trimming]].
* Treat dermatitis.
* Provide soft, clean flooring to help prevent [[sore hocks]].
* Increase activity by providing access to exercise areas. Feed their pellets in puzzle [[toys]] and forage mats to encourage more activity.
* Reduce volume of pelleted foods. A maximum of 1/8 cup of pellets per 5 lbs body weight is recommended. Also consider switching to a high-fiber [[Pellets|pellet]] such as Oxbow. {{bad|Do not feed pellet mixes containing seeds and/or dried fruit.}}
* Offer a large selection of fresh, moistened [[Veggies|greens]].
* Feed high-quality timothy or grass hay.
* Limit fresh [[Treats|fruits]] and non-leafy [[Veggies|vegetable]] treats to 2 to 3 tsp per 5 lbs of body weight daily.
* Strictly prohibit simple sugars (yogurt drops, candies, cookies), high starch foods (bread products, grains, nuts, cereals, oats, peas), and legumes until rabbit is back to optimal weight.

<div class="txt-warning">{{bad|'''Warning:'''}} Do not fast rabbits or make sudden, drastic reductions in available foods as this may predispose the rabbit to fatty liver disease ([[hepatic lipidosis]]) or [[GI stasis]].<ref name="b5vc:sm"/></div>

=== Experiences ===
The following are stories of obese rabbits that had many serious health complications that made it much more difficult for appropriate treatment.
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/2112526432169216 Pumba's story]
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/1827252304029965 Gardenia's story with flystrike] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/posts/1719906121431251 Howie's story]
* Rabbit Rescue in Torun. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbits.torun/photos/a.253934198028458/814980691923803/ Czesio's story]

=== Additional resources ===
The following links contain more information about caring for overweight rabbits.
* Dr. Jackie Schulman, DVM, [http://www.rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/obesity.pdf Obese Rabbits At Risk]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/fat_bun.htm Is your rabbit too fat?]
* House Rabbit Network, Astrid M. Kruse, DVM, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/obese.shtml Weight Watching for Rabbits]
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157629254178648/ Jojo's Guide to Weight / weight loss and how to diet]
* Christine Carter, [http://www.petrabbitworld.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/the_fat_rabbit.pdf The Fat Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, Sandi Ackerman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/5-6/obesity.html The Perils of Bunny Obesity]
* PetEducation.com, [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1803&aid=3400 Obesity-Related Health Problems in Rabbits]

== Underweight rabbits ==
A couple ways to help rabbits gain weight are the following:
* Increase portion of daily [[pellets]] or free-feed if necessary.
* Supplement a higher [[protein]] pellet. e.g. at least 16% protein or alfalfa pellets.
* Feed some alfalfa or other legume [[hay]] in addition to regular grass hay.
* Feed a little bit of grain and seeds every couple of days. These foods are high in carbs and fats. See [[Treats]] for more details.
* Add some plant-based protein powder in a pellet or recovery food mash. {{amazon|id=B00CRAS86E|name=Soy}} and {{amazon|id=B00CRAS86E|name=pea}} protein powder are popular choices.
* Add some {{amazon|id=B0009YFPSO|name=Calf Manna}} as a supplement to your rabbit's food.
* Talk to your vet whether a motility drug such as cisapride or metoclopramide would be appropriate to increase a rabbit's appetite.

<div class="note">
If your rabbit is still unable to gain weight with increased calories in their diet, please make sure to discuss with your veterinarian if there are still other underlying health conditions that may be causing the [[cachexia]] (severe weight loss). Issues such as untreated infections and abscesses can cause increased metabolic consumption.
</div>

Below are sites with more information about caring for underweight rabbits.
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/diet-weightgain.asp Weight Gain Diet for Underweight Rabbits]

== Managing diets for bonded rabbits ==

For bonded rabbits that require different diets due to weight, there are a few ways to feed them:

* Completely separate them for meals in different areas until they are done with their pellet and vegetable meals. This will allow the underweight rabbit to eat their full share and restrict the overweight rabbit from eating their partner's. One simple way is to feed one in an exercise pen and the other outside.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Speakstruth Sprout Peapod separation.jpg|caption=Keeping two rabbits separate with an exercise pen when only one needs additional food.}}
</div>
* Feed the underweight bunny first before allowing other rabbits to join them.
* Distract the other bunnies with lower calorie foods like vegetables and branches while the underweight rabbit eats pellets and other treats.
* For a more high-tech solution, you can use a {{amazon|id=B00O0UIPTY|name=smart chip feeder}} or make a feeding tote with a {{amazon|id=B003EGIM3O|name=microchip pet door}} installed to allow the slower eater to graze to their heart's content without allowing other faster eaters to steal their food. You may need to teach your rabbit how to use the pet door to go in and out.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-smart-feeder.jpg|caption=A [[megacolon]] rabbit laying next to a {{amazon|id=B00O0UIPTY|name=SureFeed microchip pet feeder}} Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/verdauung-magen-darm/megacolon-syndrom-kaninchen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-feeding-station1.jpg|caption=A carrier with a smart cat flap installed. Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/zahnerkrankungen/ernaehrung-bei-zahnerkrankungen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Kaninchenwiese-feeding-station2.jpg|caption=A custom-made box with a smart cat flap installed. Source: [https://kaninchenwiese.de/gesundheit/zahnerkrankungen/ernaehrung-bei-zahnerkrankungen/ kaninchenwiese.de]}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/rabbit-weight.asp Monitoring Your Rabbit's Weight]
* Nock's Rabbitry, Pamela Nock, [http://nockrabbits.com/RabbitWeight.pdf Rabbit Weight Management]
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Body_shape/Type_rabbit_en.htm Administration of drugs: the conformation of the rabbit body can be misleading...]
* Colorado House Rabbit Society, [https://coloradohrs.org/one-fat-and-one-skinny-in-a-pair/ One Fat and One Skinny in a Pair]. (2012).

== See also ==
* [[Anorexia]]
* [[Cachexia]]
* [[Cecotropes]]
* [[Diet]]
* [[Flystrike]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Special needs rabbits

2026-04-22T19:51:38Z

SneakyDragon: /* Hydrotherapy */

{{incomplete}}
{{#seo:
|description=Resources & links for special needs rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/d/d4/AngelDolly1.jpg
}}
__TOC__
{{right-image|file=AngelDolly1.jpg|caption=Dolly in one of her wheelchairs. Unfortunately she passed away in September 2014. Her picture is (c) and used with direct permission from her parents. You can [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit find more information about Dolly here.]}}
{{right-image|file=LilacsWheelChair1.jpg|caption=Lilac's cart is loosly based on Sharon's cart but has been modified because both of Lilac's back legs are splayed directly out. [https://www.motionrc.com/products/dubro-micro-sport-wheels-3-2-pack Source for wheels.] Images are (c) and used with direct permission from TiffanyB.}}

== Blind rabbits ==
The following contain more information about blind rabbit care.
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/blindness.html Blindness in Rabbits]
* Bunny Eats Design. (2014). [http://bunnyeatsdesign.com/2014/10/21/10-tips-blind-rabbit/ Tofu Tuesday: 10 tips for looking after a blind rabbit]
* Joanna Campbell. [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/blind-rabbit-care/ Do Blind Rabbits Need Special Care?]
* Lucile Moore & Kathy Smith. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E82PBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false ''When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods'' > Loss of Sight]
* Kathy Smith. (2003). [[Media:Kathysmith-blindness.pdf|Blindness ]] [PDF]

Below are some more discussions about caring for blind rabbits.
* BinkyBunny. (2017). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/caring-for-a-blind-rabbitae-2/ Caring for a blind rabbit?]
* u/amberlynns. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ii986/anyone_with_blind_bunny_experience/cugvh6o/ Caring for Bandit the blind bunny]
* BinkyBunny. (2009). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/thoughts-and-suggestions-for-chuckae-update-videos/ Thoughts and suggestions for Chuck? Update-videos!!]
* BinkyBunny. (2010). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/tashi-the-blind-bunny/ Tashi the Blind Bunny]

== Deaf rabbits ==
Below are some useful articles for owners of rabbits that are deaf or hard-of-hearing.
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, Harelines, Volume 2 Number 1, Cindy Scheel, [http://www.ohare.org/vol2_1.htm#deaf How can you be deaf with ears like That?]

Here are some useful discussions about deaf bunnies:
* Rabbits Online, [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f14/calling-those-deaf-bunnies-24674/ Calling those with deaf bunnies...]
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157606540581290/ Deaf bunny – exchange of experience?]
* Bunspace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=4789 Symptoms of deafness]

== Physically-disabled rabbits ==
Supplies:
* Underpads, Peepads, and Training Pads: [https://www.ezwhelp.com/ EZwhelp], [http://www.allegromedical.com/ Allegro Medical], [http://www.peapodmats.com Peapod Mats], [http://protectivebedding.com/reusable-waterproof-underpad.html?gclid=CMC3scaTwM4CFYM6gQodbyoF_Q Protective Bedding]...

The following are some more resources that may be helpful with treating urine scald, which is especially common in disabled bunnies:
* Pam H. (2016). [[Media:Preventing_Urine_Scald_with_Disabled_Bunnies.pdf|Preventing Urine Scald with Disabled Bunnies]] [PDF]
* Audrey Libouton. [http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Antibiotics/cream/antibiotic_cream.htm Cream that helps treat urine burn in rabbits]

Some case studies about lame rabbits and the decision to amputate a limb or not:
* Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/case-of-the-month/to-amputate-or-not-to-amputate A lame rabbit]. Published Sep 2015.

More Diaper Information:

<blockquote>"Healthy rabbits do not need to wear a diaper at all. Rabbits are very clean animals, they will use a litter box once trained. Bunnies who are not neutered or spayed will territory mark with their poo pellets. Every now again a poop may not make it into the litter box, a simple sweep with a dust pan and broom is all it takes to clean it up." - <I>[http://www.sunshinecavies.com/2017/03/diapers-for-rabbits.html Sunshine Cavies]</i></blockquote>

* Sunshine Cavies blog, by Kaitlen Rose, [http://www.sunshinecavies.com/2017/03/diapers-for-rabbits.html Diapers for Rabbits?]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:BunnyDiapers1.png|thumb|Diapers should only be used in rare cases on some disabled rabbits. See your rabbit-savvy vet about this! Oliver wearing one of many designs of diapers from [https://bunnydiapers.com/ BunnyDiapers.com.]|x250px]]</div>
</div>

== Carts ==
Please check in with your rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] for their opinion on carts for your specific disabled rabbits before proceeding with purchase or creation. Some veterinarians prefer not to recommend them due to orthopedic reasons.

Information and examples of where to obtain carts and wheelchairs along with custom DIY examples and plans for carts and wheelchairs for your rabbit:
* Dolly - A Little Disabled Rabbit. [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit/posts/497152333749353 Wheelchair plans]
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/wheelchairs.html Wheelchairs]
* Instructables. [https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-a-Cat-Wheelchair/ How to Make a Cat Wheelchair]

* [https://crispys3dprinting.com/ Crispys3DPrinting]
* Dogs To Go. [https://www.dogstogo.net/products/ Products]
* K9 Carts. [https://www.k9carts.com/ Wheelchairs]
* Doggon' Wheels. [https://doggon.com/rear-wheel-carts-1 Rear support wheelchairs]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Y_EIC3D0T24|caption=Walkin' Pets. (2022). Disabled rabbit in a Walkin' Wheels pet wheelchair}}
{{youtube|id=sRSHQAvC9XY|caption=Bunny Creations. (2021). how to make a cart for your disabled rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=8mq0JBQOjJI|caption=stewj34. (2010). Jellybean getting into his wheels and harness and go exploring.. An example of a custom PVC DIY cart and harness.}}
{{youtube|id=Vnl31iTaJSY||caption=[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=425226125751108 Live Freely Sanctuary.] (2021). A very good video of Desi's DIY hammocks & carts}}
{{youtube|id=J2ZOjPea5h8|caption=Dancing Rabbit. (2015). 12 yr old Ebony (spondylosis) trying her new wheels outside!}}
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Sharons'sRabbitCartAll.jpg|caption=The original cart plans from Sharon. [https://www.facebook.com/dollyalittledisabledrabbit/photos/pcb.497152333749353/497151670416086/?type=3&theater Source.] Image is (c) and used with direct permission from Sharon.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Marie'sCart1.jpg|caption=Marie had a fractured spine and lived 3.5 more years a happy girl free of pain. She was full of spunk until 24 hours before she passed.}}
{{gallery-image|file=ShelleySchnieppThraen-cart1a.jpg|caption=Example of a DIY PVC based hammock cart.}}
{{gallery-image|file=ButtercupCartD.jpg|caption=Buttercup's cart made with PVC and old toy truck wheels.}}
</div>

A few experiences:

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1681051228917083 Rabbit zooming in a wheelchair]

== Tripod rabbits ==
Tripod rabbits are bunnies that have had a limb amputated for various reasons.

The following are some more resources about limb loss in rabbits:
* DisabledRabbits.com, [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/limb-loss.html Limb Loss in Rabbits]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=bVcJl2bitec|caption=Dancing Rabbit. (2017). Avery, two weeks after hind leg amputation, hanging out with his girl Jewel. You can find a video of the leg before his amputation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfGsuBnXf08 here.]}}
</div>

Here are some stories about rabbits that have had a limb amputated.
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6505243519515886 A leg amputation for Archie due to severely broken bones after a fight with brother] {{Graphic}}
* Ohana Animal Hospital. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2219034834980790&id=1753925368158408 Bun Bun's story]
* Rabbit Rescue & Rehab. (2019). [https://www.rabbitrescueandrehab.org/blaze-s-story Blaze, the Brave Bunny Rescued From a Magic Show] - [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRescueRehab/posts/2152620284751156 video update]
* House Rabbit Society. (2016). [https://rabbit.org/meet-kevin/ Meet Kevin!]
* House Rabbit Society. (2014). [https://rabbit.org/video-of-the-day-clarence-the-three-legged-rabbit/ Video of the Day: Clarence the Three Legged Rabbit]
* Ellie Hulse. (2014). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/three-legs-no-problem/ Three Legs - No Problem!]
* Tripawds. (2012). [https://tripawds.com/2012/08/20/the-miracle-of-clyde-the-three-legged-senior-tripawd-rabbit/ The Miracle of Clyde the Three-legged Senior Tripawd Rabbit]
* Melissa K. Bevington. (2010). [https://rabbit.org/kennys-story-adjusting-to-life-with-three-legs/ Kenny's Story: Adjusting to life with three legs]
* Bibble's Bunny Sanctuary. [https://sites.google.com/site/bibblesbunnysanctuary/rabbit-health/special-needs-bunnies-1 three legged bunnies]

The following are some discussions about tripod bunnies.
* BinkyBunny.com. (2011). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/115154/Default.aspx Tripod Bunnies]
* Bunspace. (2008). [http://www.bunspace.com/groups/topic?tid=442 Tripod Rabbits]
* Rabbits United. (2013). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?403930-Please-meet-my-tripod-foster-bunny Please meet my tripod foster bunny.......]
* r/rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ds6z2/flemish_giant_advice_needed/ Flemish Giant advice needed]

The following are some tripod bunny pages.
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/TobyTrefoil/ Toby Trefoil, the Tripod bunny]

== Hydrotherapy ==
{{right-image|file=HydrotherapyPumbaAtHydro-Paws1.jpg|caption=Here is Pumba during another one of his swim and physio sessions. "Tonight we did some physio on the bodyboard to encourage movement." - [https://www.facebook.com/hydropaw/posts/1706744699577122 Source Hydro-paws.]}}
{{right-image|file=BigglesSwimming.png|caption=Biggles working with his hydrotherapist, Tom Nowicki, at HipDog. [http://www.rabbitcare.org/swimming.htm NY HRS]}}

In some cases, rabbits can do very well with hydrotherapy. These facilities are specifically designed for small animals and the staff is expertly trained to deal with rabbits in and around water. {{warn|Please do not submerge your rabbit in a pool or large body of water without veterinary instruction or supervision.}}

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=j-Uoz9O-VJA|caption=Delilah at her 6th session of hydrotherapy at [https://www.facebook.com/topdoghydrotherapy/posts/1042195525885880 Top Dog Hydrotherapy.] Here she is working on the treadmill for possible osteoarthritis in her hind legs and lumbar spine region.}}
{{youtube|id=rfVK28Dl6Ew|caption=Example video of Heidi during her 19th hydrotherapy session. Treefern74 has [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDn6HYWlYHq8VcSP-FQkIsw a number of videos showing Heidi during different sessions.]}}
</div>

More information on hydrotherapy for rabbits:

* F5RS Rabbit Rescue & Sanctuary. (2026). [https://www.instagram.com/reels/DXXv-NLArV5/ Minka the lop rabbit at her first hydrotherapy session]
* Barbara Rainey. (2003). [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/37007168/2003-rabbit-rescue-rehab NYC Metro Rabbit News, Fall 2003,] "Swimming to Success"

== Online communities ==
Below are some online communities geared towards special needs rabbits that you can join.
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/HelpforHeadTiltHoppers/ Help for Head Tilt Hoppers] (public group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/201759429869484/ Disabled Rabbits] (private group)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/547897018681987/ Disabled Rabbits Rescues Only -NO BREEDERS] (private group)

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/ DisabledRabbits.com]
* Cats & Rabbits & More, Lucile Moore, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/the_special_world_of_special_needs/ The Special World of Special Needs]
* Lucile Moore & Kathy Smith, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/educ/SpecialCare.pdf When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/special.html Special Needs Rabbits & Other Animals]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/critically-ill.html Caring for the Chronically Ill]

The following are videos of some disabled rabbits:
{{youtube|id=2r0Kz774piw|caption=CVM bunnies}}

Below are related link collections.
* Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://catsandrabbitsandmore.com/disabled_rabbits Disabled Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Elderly rabbits]]
* [[Urinary incontinence]]

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]

Uterine cancer

2026-04-14T09:32:16Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

{{incomplete}}
'''Uterine cancer''', also known as uterine or '''endometrial adenocarcinoma''' or '''uterine neoplasia''', is a serious risk for intact female rabbits. Uterine adenocarcinoma is a gland-like malignant type of tumor that arises from the secretory tissue that lines the inner cavity of the uterus. The tumors usually arise from the endometrial or inside layers of the uterus.

Reported incidence rates of uterine cancer in rabbits have ranged from 50%-80% in female rabbits over 4 years of age, especially in certain breeds.<ref name="bsava">British Small Animal Veterinary Association, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101031000821/http://www.bsava.com:80/Advice/PolicyStatements/NeuteringofRabbits/tabid/162/Default.aspx Policy Statement on the Neutering of Rabbits]</ref> For this reason alone, rescues and veterinarians strongly recommend the [[spaying]] of female non-breeding rabbits.
__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
Intact female rabbits over 3-4 years of age are most at risk.

* Blood in urine.
* Vaginal discharge stained with blood.
* Cysts in the mammary glands and mammary growths.
* Cloudy fluid that may come from the mammary glands.
* Behavioral changes, including aggressiveness.
* Lethargy, inability to eat, and pale mucous membranes.
* Abdominal masses

== Experiences ==
Below are some anecdotes about encounters with uterine and other reproductive cancers in rabbits - some operable, some not.

* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2026). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0exxaxc5SwuiWuppwVfwApLhwcichBGvDrZ2A3CzmzTJ329oJtUMHrHboVPMAH52Bl 4-year-old lop presented to clinic with blood in urine, diagnosed with uterine disease, and treated with a spay] {{graphic}}
* SaveABunny. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/SaveABunny/posts/pfbid0J5QcDza1nb3ZbRNEbXFh7U83EufPgFqYF3xu6wQkWE7ofPQYj9vNgAA1aGZjmHuLl Female rabbit was euthanized due to metastatic cancer because the rabbit had not been spayed before coming into the rescue's care.]
* u/FurstRoyalty-Ties. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1f980pa/today_we_had_to_say_goodbye_to_our_beloved_female/ Elderly female rabbit was euthanized for uterine cancer and a severe infection.] {{RIP}}
* Everybunny Counts Rabbit Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/EverybunnyCounts/posts/pfbid02H9HYAhcHfdqDXyeqSkPrqBgk2QKKbAYRWHAnb6wsFdkai5j4SdqYjX7PauWnW1Pjl Aspen's story] {{Graphic}} {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/pfbid027LFxGG3hWqC653jYtc8ip6SVKHs7ndHEt16oAokZ3Jo6AHxDqJi6gx7XCBST87Ybl 7-year-old rabbit rescued from living in a hamster cage found with metastasized uterine cancer] {{graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Dr. Alisa Rassin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnyvetrassin/posts/pfbid026aZ4nifLp94satTYJDtJZY8bPqnjyeEwNdm8Xt1vpDCWrtXSsKEkKUTh6JMu8QJsl Elderly unspayed female rabbit was diagnosed with unoperable metastatic reproductive cancer.] {{RIP}}
* Lori Mills. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/princess.tribble/posts/pfbid0qwTXxwZyZYnpWpNzAZzQoCjsYUgpkoEnB5RN8uTYGnnWLRe7b6mMkyEQ5pDZnPNAl A surrendered 10-year-old female rabbit that was euthanized due to multiple cancers all over her stomach area, likely from being unspayed.] {{Graphic}} {{RIP}}
* u/BronstigHertje. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/uimaz4/my_bun_died_from_cancer_in_my_arms_how_to_deal/ My bun died from cancer in my arms.] {{RIP}}
* u/the57thdoctor. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/u1nyq2/i_never_posted_carmie_on_here_before_however/ I never posted Carmie on here before. However, recently she was diagnosed with uterine caner. She’s older at 8 & in my opinion deserves to be remembered. Such a behaved bun & unique character/ears.] {{RIP}}
* u/dubbledubblepls. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/tjau00/keep_my_baby_cadbury_in_your_thoughts_shes_off_to/ 9-year-old rabbit diagnosed with uterine cancer after finding blood clots in urine]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=827701151169829 Raichu's story]
* Toni Eisman. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159713114853809/ Onyx and Pyrites' stories]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6301029219937318 Lottie' story] {{graphic}}
* Safe Haven Rabbit Rescue, Inc. (2020). [https://www.safehavenrr.org/heartsforhope Hope's story]
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/photos/a.533195630098053/2348236181927313/ Midna's story]
* u/kingbun7. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dv1fbf/im_writing_this_post_to_remember_my_baby_sweetpea/ Sweetpea's story]
* ‎Debbi Braunschweiger‎. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10157436446083809/ Charlotte's story] {{RIP}}
* Bunny Bun Hub. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnybunhub/posts/427690317924595 Uterine cancer detection]
* Angie Bell. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/angie.bell.391/posts/3199588630112869 Pictures of uterine cancer] {{graphic}}
* u/octopusbackpack. (2017). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5fqvtj/my_bunbun_has_uterine_cancer_advice/ My bun-bun has uterine cancer. Advice?]
* Facebook. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/sweetiesjourney/posts/715497098599192 Sweetie's Journey], [https://www.facebook.com/pg/sweetiesjourney/photos/?tab=album&album_id=736251953190373 Stories about other rabbits that had/have uterine cancer]
* u/Minniebunny. (2014). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2k6ohp/miss_celie_will_live_to_be_an_old_bunny_thanks_to/ Miss Celie will live to be an old bunny, thanks to the /r/rabbits community (more in comments).]
* NYDesi80. (2011). [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f27/uterine-cancer-worried-need-some-advice-64287/ Uterine Cancer ... Worried and Need some Advice]
* Rachel Cama-Lekx. (2006). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/eves-story-the-consequences-of-not-spaying/ Eve's Story: The Consequences of Not Spaying]
* Miriam's Bunnies. (2000). [http://www.mybunnies.com/onyx_surgery.htm Onyx's story]

== Further reading ==
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/reproductive/c_rb_uterine_adenocarcinoma#.UHZcbsXA-So Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/care/bibliography.html Medical Bibliography]
* Vetstream. [https://www.vetstream.com/treat/lapis/freeform/uterine-adenocarcinoma Uterine adenocarcinoma]
* Dr Jay E. Hreiz. (2013). [http://msue.anr.msu.edu/uploads/219/38708/Uterine_Adenocarcinoma_in_Rabbits_Jan-Feb_20130001.pdf Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits]

The following are scientific papers analyzing the statistics of uterine disorders in intact female rabbits.
* Johanna Mäkitaipale et al. (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506322000015 Prospective survey of neoplastic and non-neoplastic uterine disorders in 116 domestic rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>)]
* Berit Baum. (2021). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03009858211002190 Not Just Uterine Adenocarcinoma—Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Masses in Domestic Pet Rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>): A Review]
* Frank Künzel et al. (2015). [https://meridian.allenpress.com/jaaha/article-abstract/51/1/8/183260/Uterine-Disorders-in-50-Pet-Rabbits Uterine Disorders in 50 Pet Rabbits]
* B. Walter et al. (2010). [https://wabbitwiki.com/images/a/a9/Uterinedisordersin59rabbits.pdf Uterine disorders in 59 rabbits] {{PDF}}
* Kumiko Saito et al. (2002). [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/64/6/64_6_495/_article/-char/ja/ Uterine Disorders Diagnosed by Ventrotomy in 47 Rabbits]
* Th. A. M. Elsinghorsa et al. (1984). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01652176.1984.9693937 Comparative pathology of endometrial carcinoma]
* Theodore H. Ingalls et al. (1964). [http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/5/799.short Natural History of Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus in the Phipps Rabbit Colony]
* E. Cotchin. (1964). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2071320/ Spontaneous Uterine Cancer in Animals]
* Harry S. N. Greene. (1959). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb44573.x/abstract Adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus in the rabbit.]

== See also ==
* [[Pyometra]]
* [[Spaying and neutering rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Reproductive issues]]

Tetanus

2026-04-14T09:27:04Z

SneakyDragon: Created page with "{{incomplete}} == Experiences == * Kailey Anderson et al. (2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506320301075 Naturally occurring tetanus in a rabbit (*Oryctolagus cuniculus*) associated with *Psoroptes cuniculi* otitis] == Further reading == * VetLexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/lapis/microbiology/articles/tetanus/ Tetanus] Category:Health"

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
* Kailey Anderson et al. (2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506320301075 Naturally occurring tetanus in a rabbit (*Oryctolagus cuniculus*) associated with *Psoroptes cuniculi* otitis]

== Further reading ==
* VetLexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/lapis/microbiology/articles/tetanus/ Tetanus]

[[Category:Health]]

Malocclusion

2026-04-11T19:47:05Z

SneakyDragon: /* Incisor malocclusion */

<b>Malocclusion</b> in rabbits occurs when their teeth are misaligned and lead to overgrown teeth.

The exact cause of dental disease in rabbits is unclear, although it is likely to be multifactorial and involve the following:<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref>
* Inadequate teeth wear due to insufficient coarse fiber in the diet.
* [[Nutrition|Nutritional]] deficiency, including calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, magnesium and protein.
* Genetic disposition - Netherland Dwarfs and lop-eared rabbits with flat faces seem to be especially susceptible.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=F-_IW5wYLgA|name=Howcast. (2013). Do Rabbit Teeth Need to Be Trimmed?}}
</div>

== Incisor malocclusion ==
{{right-image|file=TRS-202302-malocclusion-incisors.jpeg|caption=A rabbit owned by a homeless woman in Sydney with severe neglected incisor malocclusion and in need of veterinary care. [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitSanctuary/posts/pfbid02E2WbyfySeAnkTfeyKSX5A5gE3anKs8ZS2k7RgsTE2MxADKzdWJ7qHSsQE9AVp2Scl source]}}
Rabbits have six incisor teeth - two on top, two on bottom, and two peg teeth located behind the top teeth. Normal incisor wear, growth, and eruption in healthy rabbits is balanced to a rate of about 3mm a week.<ref>A. Meredith. (n.d.). Rabbit Dentistry. Retrieved 29 Apr 2020 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Differential/Rabbit_dentistry.pdf</ref>

<div class="bad">'''Never attempt to trim your rabbit's incisors at home. This can seriously harm your rabbit and cause pain and irreversible damage. Make sure that veterinary professionals that are trimming your rabbit's incisors use a dremel, not clippers.

Frequently observed dental problems from trimming with a cutter or nail clipper include the following:<ref>MediRabbit.com. (n.d.). Never trim the incisors of your rabbit yourself !!! Retrieved 29 Apr 2020 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Treatment/Clipping.htm</ref>

* Sharp edges, that can hurt the rabbit when eating or grooming.
* Stress fracture or longitudinal cracks in the tooth, either in the visible part or under the gum line.
* Tooth growth stopping due to damage of the tooth root (endodontic diseases).
* Exposure of the dental pulp resulting in pulpitis (inflammation of the most internal part of a tooth, the dental pulp).
* [[Abscesses|Abscessation]] and changes of the surrounding tissues and the alveolar bone.
* [[Broken bones|Fracture]] of the jaw bone.
* Pain due to the sudden concussion of the dental pulp and nerves in the periodontal and periapical tissues surrounding the tooth root, due to the enormous amount of energy released into the tooth during the clipping.

The following are more articles about why not to trim incisors without a dremel:

* MediRabbit.com. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Treatment/Clipping.htm Never trim the incisors of your rabbit yourself !!!]

<b>Experiences:</b>
* u/heldagxhost. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1j6v5m3/comment/mgt9scz/ Rabbit had monthly incisor trims with a clipper that eventually led to loose roots and infection, necessitating full extraction]
* Bunny Brigade Inc. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=879603466468250 Surgical footage of a rabbit that had to undergo 5 surgical procedures after owners attempted to trim teeth on their own.] {{graphic}}
</div>

=== Extra resources ===
* PetMD. [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/mouth/c_rb_incisor_malocclusion_overgrowth Abnormality of Incisor Teeth in Rabbits]

== Incisor removal ==
For rabbits that require regular incisor trims, removing the problematic incisors completely may be a good choice as a semi-permanent solution, although the upfront cost may be high. The surgery should be completed by a rabbit-savvy veterinarian experienced in the procedure to reduce the risk of missing teeth remnants in the gums - any teeth parts left can regrow into full teeth again and require trims and another extraction again.

=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets . (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02wTFaeiYWnCrJ2Vc2oYtEQ6p1da8vab1bLRGpoV4kuYnWbvZiJ8YJ8qVPQhqyaYFol Lop required incisor removal due to a dental abscess] {{graphic}}
* Bessbrook Vet Clinic. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bessbrookvet/posts/pfbid0gjSBQf2NYN6vv3SQxDizyWQWeat658MPpg9XkDa5DDjGxqLEMRwZdTy6eC98hMVvl Max's story] {{graphic}}
* u/headpeon. (2019). Experience with Percy's teeth removal: [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/di8wlw/there_is_a_90_chance_my_rabbits_incisors_will/f454qsq/ comment 1], [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/ak1tj0/planning_on_removing_my_rabbits_front_teeth/ef214is/ comment 2], [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/aol5mg/percy_the_white_wonderbun_is_a_doofus_dumped_his/ post 3]
* Angie Bell. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/angie.bell.391/posts/2569924389745966 Minto's story]
* Bunny Lu Adoptions, Inc. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2010842242334300&id=119215644830312 Incisor extraction for Oreo]
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/photos/a.1523409517932489/2106249632981805/ Pictures of removed incisors] {{graphic}}
* Allambie Vet. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/AllambieVet/photos/a.366496413371758/2002610179760365/ Phoebe] {{graphic}}
* Dr Bree. (2017). [https://www.facebook.com/DrBreeTalbot/posts/2309165622641416 A bunny that required incisor removal due to malocclusion and disease] {{graphic}}
* Contra Costa Rabbit Rescue. (2017). [https://www.facebook.com/contracostarabbitrescue/photos/a.307200705985076/1560133597358441/ Astro's incisor removal]
* u/zealotlee. (2015). [https://redd.it/2zd0r9 Sushi is going in for lateral ear surgery to remove a staph infection AND getting his incisors removed today.]
* r/Rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/39p3md/any_buns_with_malocclusion_out_there/ any buns with malocclusion out there?]

=== Extra resources ===
* John G A Robinson. [https://vet-ecpd.com/content/uploads/2018/03/BSAVA-rabbit-practical-notes-JR.pdf Rabbit Dentistry]
* Vetlexicon. [https://www.vetlexicon.com/treat/lapis/technique/incisor-teeth-extraction Incisor teeth: extraction]

== Molar spurs ==
{{right-image|file=RabbitSpurs-TeethMolar.png|caption="This is what every vet needs to show a rabbit owner instead of just saying 'there are a few tiny spurs.' I never knew exactly what was involved with spurs that couldn't be seen with a vet looking in the bunny's mouth." - [https://www.facebook.com/218528305164333/photos/a.221048688245628.1073741828.218528305164333/221048668245630/?type=3&theater Dental rabbits resources], on Facebook.}}
{{right-image|file=Whuffle molarspurs 2006.jpg|caption=Some endoscopic images from a dental procedure - the top two are before, the bottom two are after. [https://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/2841528.html source]}}
=== Experiences ===
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02KFed4wLV7M8VgnLrSXCLmkQNVj7UKWnpHW82TXKQtoNvKEMgTzWxHCQ4fb1Z6D7ql 5-year-old dwarf lop Bok Choy required a pulpectomy to remove three problematic teeth] {{graphic}}
* Pete the Vet. (2017). [https://www.petethevet.com/button-had-stopped-eating-and-was-rubbing-at-his-mouth/ 3-year-old lop Button had a single sharp spur]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/404617319721728/ Dental woes of 2 rescued rabbits that required trimming and removal]

=== Extra resources ===
* Jean Silva. [http://www.bunssb.org/bunnies/molar-spurs/ Molar Spurs].
* WikiVet. (2012). [https://en.wikivet.net/Cheek_Teeth_Malocclusion_%E2%80%93_Rabbit Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]

== Experiences ==
The following are stories of rabbits with severe malocclusion in both incisors and molars.

* Debbie Hanson. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Dental_diseases/Stella/Stella.htm Stella's story]] {{graphic}}

== Online support communities ==
The following are some communities for owners with rabbits with dental problems:

* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1200692033665942 Rabbit dental support group] (Private)

== Further reading ==
* Andrew Spanner BVSc(Hons) MVetStud. (2020). [https://www.walkervillevet.com.au/blog/overgrown-rabbit-teeth-trimming-vs-removal/ Overgrown Rabbit Teeth: Trimming vs Removal]
* Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2019). [http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit-teeth-problems/ Rabbit Teeth Problems] {{graphic}}
* Belle Mead Animal Hospital. (2016). [https://www.bellemeadanimalhospital.com/blog/rabbit-teeth-malocclusion-detection-and-treatment/ Rabbit teeth malocclusion – detection and treatment]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/netherland-dwarf-dental-malocclusion Netherland Dwarf - Dental Malocclusion]
* Angela Lennox, DVM, DABVP. (2008). [https://www.dvm360.com/view/dentistry-rabbits-proceedings Dentistry of rabbits (Proceedings)]
* Tania Castaneda. (2002). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/what-to-do-when-bunny-foo-wont-chew/ What to Do When Bunny Foo Won't Chew]
* Sari Kanfer, DVM. (2002). [https://www.mybunny.org/info/dental-problems-in-rabbits/ Dental Problems in Rabbits]

The following are some videos of teeth surgeries in rabbits:
* YouTube, FastUpOnRabbitCare
** [http://youtu.be/46slQO1APuw Surgical Correction of Molar and Incisor Malocclusions:Chapter 1: Incisor and Molar Trimming] {{graphic}}
** [http://youtu.be/Cjq2ONxt3Jg Mandibular and Maxillary Molar Extractions] {{graphic}}
** [http://youtu.be/s-yqxn9P_0I Dental] {{graphic}}
* Bird and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/beacvet/videos/1824954617603564/ Facebook video of a mouth exam of a sedated rabbit with molar spurs.]

== See also ==
* [[Hay]]
* [[Teeth]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Digestive issues]]

Hay

2026-03-26T05:30:57Z

SneakyDragon: /* How should I give my rabbits hay? */

{{#seo:
|description=Hay info for rabbits including: Why hay, Cuttings, Types, Storage, Danger, and others... along with tips and resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/15/Speakstruth_toby_bunny_haybox.jpg
}}
Hay is simply a dried, preserved, fibrous plant material. The fiber content of hay that stimulates peristalsis and supports bacterial growth and gastrointestinal pH for proper digestion in hindgut fermenters like rabbits.<ref name="novetbg"/>

__TOC__
== Why should rabbits eat hay? ==
Hay is the most important part of a rabbit's diet. It is the prime source of fiber to keep the GI tract of a rabbit working properly and also helps grind down teeth to prevent overgrowth. See [[Teeth]] for more information as to what sort of problems a lack of fiber in their diet can cause. Hay can also serve as entertainment as it takes a while to chew. Some bunnies like digging and rearranging their hay. Rabbits will not gain weight on an unlimited proper hay diet.

<div class="note">
'''Do note that a rabbit eating only hay is not sufficient for a healthy nutritious long-term diet.''' Not only can too much indigestible fiber lead to an impacted cecum, but rabbits also receive very little nutrition from hay because it passes so rapidly through the gut.<ref>Moore, L. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Nutrition-Nutritional-Healing-Lucile/dp/1602647852/ ''Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing''. (1st ed.).]</ref> Vitamin content is either in very low amounts or nonexistent in hay.<ref>Krishona Martinson, PhD, and Marcia Hathaway, PhD, University of Minnesota, [http://blog.lib.umn.edu/efans/horse/2012/06/what-is-the-vitamin-content-of-grass-hay.php What is the vitamin content of grass hay?]</ref> In addition to hay, rabbits require more easily-digested foods from which to obtain the nutrition necessary to maintain their bodies. However, it is safe to put your rabbit on a hay-only diet for a couple of weeks or longer due to problems like an overproduction of [[cecotrophs]] or running out of other food supplies, but owners should be mindful and closely monitor for any weight loss.<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week. (2013). The Research. Retrieved 01 May 2013 from https://web.archive.org/web/20130702072044/http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research</ref><ref>Ref2014. (2014). Impact case study. Retrieved 02 Jun 2017 from http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/23915.</ref>
</div>

The following links contain more information about the importance of hay in a rabbit's diet.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-3/fiber.html Natural Nutrition Part I: The Importance of Fiber]
* Marcus Clauss, PD Dr. med. vet, MSc, Dip, ECVN, [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Hay.pdf Clinical Technique: Feeding Hay to Rabbits and Rodents]
* MediRabbit, Camilla Bergstrøm, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Hay/Hay_en.htm Feeding the house rabbit 1: Hay and straw]

== Cuttings of hay ==
Some hays (mostly timothy) will also come with a choice of first, second, or third cuttings. In the continental US, hay is usually harvested starting in March to mid-November. The most active harvesting dates are usually June to September.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. (1997). ''Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for US Field Crops''. Retrieved 7 March, 2016, from http://swat.tamu.edu/media/90113/crops-typicalplanting-harvestingdates-by-states.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
|+ Comparison of Stages in Cutting Hay<ref name="novetbg"/>
|-
! Immature Hay !! Mature Hay
|-
|
* Lower fiber content (can be <20% crude fiber)
* Lower ADF content
* Higher protein level
* More leaves
* May cause soft stools in some animals
|
* Higher fiber content
* Higher ADF content
* Lower protein level
* Higher stem content
* May not be as palatable
|}
{{right-image|file=Hay-Cut-Comparison1.jpg|caption=Comparison of hay cuts - [https://wagonwheelfarmny.com/hay-and-straw/ image source.]}}
=== First cutting ===
The first growth off of a field for the year is the ''first cutting''. Generally, the first cutting should be harvested when relatively immature (pre-bloom stage), before the plant is allowed to mature to the point where the stem becomes larger and coarser.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Second cutting ===
A ''second cutting'' is the second crop taken off a field that has already been harvested once in that given year. Depending upon the temperatures of the days and nights, it typically takes 40-45 days for regrowth of alfalfa, mix hay, and orchardgrass, and 55- 60 days for regrowth of timothy.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The second cutting usually has a larger percentage of leaves to stems, has a finer and softer stem, has increased percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and has a lower crude fiber percentage depending on the maturity of the grass when it was cut.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

Anecdotally, 1st and 2nd cutting timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhea and weight problems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

=== Third cutting ===
If the growing season is long enough on any given year, it may be possible to secure a ''third cutting'' on a field. The third cutting is typically very soft hay that is primarily leaves with very few small stems.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> As a result, it can be much more palatable to picky rabbits who might not like the more immature and more fibrous 1st and 2nd cuttings.

=== Extra resources ===
For more resources on the topic, see the links below.
* Oxbow. (2023). [https://oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/hay-cuttings-fact-vs-fiction/ Hay Cuttings - Fact vs. Fiction]
* Small Pet Select. (2022). [https://smallpetselect.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-all-3-cuts-of-timothy-hay/ Everything You Need To Know About All 3 Cuts of Timothy Hay]
* Linda Sterett-Fogarty. (2011). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]

== What types of hay can rabbits eat? ==
[[File:Speakstruth toby bunny haybox.jpg|thumb|right|Two rabbits enjoying fresh hay in a box.]]
There are many types of hay available on the market, however, rabbits should be consuming alfalfa (a legume hay) when young and grass hays when older. All grass hays, including but not limited to timothy, orchard, oat, brome, and johnson grass, are suitable for mature herbivores, because they contain levels of protein and calcium that are appropriate for adult diets. Legume hays, such as alfalfa (lucerne), clover, vetch, peanut and pea, have relatively high protein and calcium contents which make them beneficial for growing and pregnant/lactating rabbits, but unsuitable for healthy adults. Some legume hays also contain high levels of oxalic acid, which may lead to precipitation of calcium oxalate in the urine of some animals result in [[bladder sludge]].<ref name="novetbg">Exotic Animal, [https://www.oxbowaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dawns-Exotic-DVM-article-Hay-Scinence2003.pdf Application of Hay Science]</ref> Regardless of age, you should consult a knowledgeable rabbit vet if your rabbit has any health conditions or struggles with nutrition/weight, as they may benefit from a different diet than the what is standard for their age.

If you decide to buy by the bale, make sure the hay is '''horse quality''', not cow quality, because horses have comparable sensitivity to rabbits while cows are more tolerant of lower-quality hay. Additionally, please avoid hays that have added ingredients such as oils (something that is sometimes added for horses or other species).

Here are some links for more general information, as well as pictures of various types of hay:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet.php#hay All About Hay]
* Atascadero Hay & Feed. [http://www.atascaderohayandfeed.com/hay.html Hay]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/grass-hay.asp Grass and Hay for Rabbits]
* Vancouver Rabbit Rescue & Advocacy. [https://www.vrra.org/wp-beta1/wp-content/uploads/bunphotos/Types-of-Rabbit-Hay.pdf Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass] [PDF]

=== What is the best type of hay for my rabbit? ===
While timothy hay is the most popular type of hay marketed to adult rabbits, <b>the best type of hay for your rabbit is any kind of grass hay that is rabbit-safe that your rabbit is willing to eat heaping piles of</b>, whether that be orchard grass, oat, bermuda, rye, or other suitable grass hays, as long as it doesn't cause digestive issues like [[Poopy_butt|excess cecals]] or diarrhea.

This similarly applies with [[#Cuttings_of_hay|type of cutting]] - if your rabbit is willing to eat large amounts of third cutting timothy hay but will not eat much of first cutting timothy, we do not recommend forcing them to eat the one they dislike, especially if your rabbit ends up avoiding the hay completely. Overall fiber and consumption amount is most important, especially to prevent [[Teeth#Dental_problems|dental issues.]]

We generally recommend feeding a mixture of grass hays to help maintain interest and give some variety to your rabbits' diet. It is also useful to know which hay types that your rabbits are willing to eat in case of [[Disaster_planning_with_rabbits|supply issues]].

Lastly, please note that not all hay brands/products are equal. Some rabbits may generally enjoy a specific kind of hay (orchard, for example), but dislike hay from a certain company due to their hay being poor quality. There have been many cases where a rabbit refuses to eat a specific brand of hay because it is not up to their standards, despite usually loving that particular hay cultivar in general. Sometimes switching to a different brand of hay can make a huge difference in encouraging your rabbit to consume hay regularly and with eagerness.

=== How do I switch hay types for my rabbit? ===
Unlike higher nutrition foods like pellets and vegetables, you can freely introduce new hay to your rabbits without transitioning. Hay is mostly fiber that generally should not upset rabbit stomachs when switched suddenly. However, it is not a bad idea to mix hays in case your rabbit is a picky eater.

If you are transitioning a rabbit from alfalfa (or other legume hay) to a grass hay, you can make a gradual transition and mix less and less alfalfa hay into the grass hay until you run out.

Do note that some rabbits may be [[Rabbit allergies|allergic]] to certain types of hay, especially if one is dustier. Monitor your rabbit for [[snuffles|increased sneezing]] when changing between types of hay.

=== Alfalfa ===
{{right-image|file=Alfalfa-hay.jpg|caption=Alfalfa hay closeup.}}
Alfalfa, also known as <i>lucerne</i> or <i>luzerne</i> in some countries, is a herbaceous perennial legume that originated near Iran. It has a high mineral content and contains at least 10 different vitamins.<ref name="HRSlindahay">House Rabbit Society, Linda Sterett-Fogarty, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-7/hay.html Hay in Your Bunny's Diet - Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion]</ref> Alfalfa is high-fiber like grass hays but also contains more protein, energy and calcium.<ref name="ata">Atascadero Hay & Feed, [http://www.atascaderofeed.com/hay.html Hay]</ref> As a result, alfalfa should only be fed to growing young bunnies under the age of 7 months. For the older bunny, constant alfalfa hay consumption can lead to gummy droppings, weight gain, sludge, and cecal pellets not being eaten.<ref name="sdhrshay"/> Additionally, the calcium in alfalfa hay can predispose rabbits to [[urolithiasis]] when fed in large amounts.<ref name="BSAVAManual">Meredith, A & Redrobe, S. (2001). [http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Exotic-British-Veterinary-Association/dp/0905214471 ''BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets''. (4th ed.).]</ref>

Alfalfa is typically distinguished by their usually brittle stalks with flat green to brown leaves. Hay can vary from dark lime-green to yellow, green, or brown depending on the season. <ref name="sdhrshay">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/diet/hay_grass.html Types of Hays and Grasses]</ref>

The following is crude analysis for various types of alfalfa hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Alfalfa cubes ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"| 1.30
|-
| Alfalfa, fresh ||align="center"| 24 ||align="center"| 19 ||align="center"| 27 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom ||align="center"| 90 ||align="center"|19 ||align="center"| 28 ||align="center"| 1.41
|-
| Alfalfa hay, midbloom ||align="center"| 89 ||align="center"| 17 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.40
|-
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 1.20
|-
| Alfalfa hay, mature ||align="center"| 88 ||align="center"| 13 ||align="center"| 38 ||align="center"| 1.18
|}

=== Timothy ===
[[File:Timothy-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Timothy hay closeup.]]
Timothy grass, a perennial bunchgrass, is a cool-season forage grass.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/> Timothy hay is the most popular hay fed to rabbits. It looks like a dried fairly wide blade of grass, and its color is a soft green to grey or brown-green. Timothy hay also has "solid cattails" which distinguishes it from Orchard grass which has "broken cattails."<ref name="sdhrshay"/>

Many people who are allergic to hay have the worst symptoms with timothy hay. Consider switching to a less dusty hay if you are allergic to hay. Many rabbit owners have seen great improvement when switching to orchard grass hay.

The following is crude analysis for various types of timothy hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Timothy, fresh, pre-bloom ||align="center"|26 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 0.40
|-
| Timothy hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.58
|-
| Timothy hay, full bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 8 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| 0.43
|}

=== Oat hay ===
[[File:Oat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Oat Hay closeup.]]
The San Diego House Rabbit Society states,<ref name="sdhrshay"/> <blockquote>If bun's diet is high in oat hay, the pellets she produces will be larger, lighter in color, and will look like sawdust if crushed. Many bunnies would benefit from eating more oat hay, an excellent preventative for GI Stasis.</blockquote>

The following is crude analysis for oat hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Oat hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"|0.40
|}

As one can see, oat hay is a perfectly acceptable alternative to the more popular timothy, orchard grass, and meadow hay and has a very similar basic nutrition. The "oat" in the name may be misleading, and some may think it is more fattening and should be a treat, but the hay is cut before the actual oat kernel is fully mature. As a result, the seed heads consist of mostly oat husks that are rich in fiber.<ref>Oxbow. (2013). Oat Hay. Retrieved 9 March, 2016, from http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1529</ref>

Oat hay can also differ greatly in color from a pale green to a golden yellow, depending on how close to maturity the hay is harvested. The closer to maturity, the more golden the hay will be. A good-quality cereal hay is harvested when the grain is immature (soft dough stage) and the leaves and stems are still green, and therefore higher in digestible nutrients. If the cereal hay is harvested after the grain is removed, it is no longer considered hay but straw.<ref name="hay4horses">Mark Llewellyn, [http://www.ker.com/library/equinews/v13n4/v13n406.pdf Hay Selection for Horses]</ref>

<div class="note">
Uncommonly, rabbits can be gluten intolerant, and feeding oat hay may cause chronic diarrhea and [[poopy butt]]. While oats themselves do not have gluten, the grass is often contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye during harvesting.<ref>Iva Hoffmanová et al. (2019). The Pros and Cons of Using Oat in a Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Patients. Retrieved 14 May 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835965/#sec4-nutrients-11-02345title.</ref>

* The Rabbit Doctors. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/2913455185541410 Diarrhea in 11 rabbits improved by removing all sources of gluten in the diet (hay, treats, and pellets)]
</div>

=== Bermudagrass ===
[[File:Bermuda-grass.jpg|thumb|right|Bermuda grass hay closeup.]]
This hay is made from the same grass common in many lawns.

The following is crude analysis for various types of bermuda grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bermudagrass coastal hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Bermudagrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|29 ||align="center"| 0.46
|}

=== Orchardgrass ===
Orchardgrass, also known as ''cocksfoot'' or ''orchard grass'', is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. It is a cool season grass that grows in clumps or tufts and has a fibrous root system.<ref name="HRSlindahay"/>

The following is crude analysis for various types of orchard grass hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Orchardgrass, fresh, early bloom ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"|0.33
|-
| Orchardgrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"|0.32
|}

=== Meadow hay ===
Meadow hay is not a specific type of grass, but instead, it is a blend of soft grasses grown in a meadow. Sometimes other plants such as dandelions, thistles, clover, and other rabbit-safe weeds may also make it into the bale.

The following is crude analysis for various types of meadow hay from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed"/>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Meadow hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.61
|}

=== Other hay ===
The following is crude analysis for various types of hay not in the above categories from the 2015 Feed Composition Tables.<ref name="2015feed">BeefMagazine.com. (2015). 2015 Feed Composition Table. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 from http://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/beefmagazine.com/files/uploads/2015/02/2015-BEEF-Magazine-Feed-Comp-Tables.pdf</ref> These are all also safe to feed your rabbit if you wish, but please be careful of the higher calcium and protein contents in the legume hays. Like alfalfa, legume hays are not appropriate to feed to adults regularly as part of their diet but is okay as a treat.

'''Grass hays'''
[[File:Wheat-hay.jpg|thumb|right|Wheat hay closeup.]]
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Bahiagrass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 6 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| 0.47
|-
| Barley hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"|28 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Bromegrass hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 35 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Canarygrass hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"|0.38
|-
| Elephant (napier) grass hay, chopped ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|9 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|0.35
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, early bloom ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| 25 ||align="center"|0.48
|-
| Fescue, KY 31, hay, mature||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 0.45
|-
| Grass hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"|10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.60
|-
| Kenaf hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|31 ||align="center"| N/A
|-
| Prairie hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|7 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"|0.40
|-
| Rye grass hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|10 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"|0.45
|-
| Sanfoin hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"|14 ||align="center"|24 ||align="center"|N/A
|-
| Sudangrass hay ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| 0.50
|-
| Triticale hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"|34 ||align="center"| 0.30
|-
| Wheat hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"|9 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"|0.21
|-
| Wheatgrass, crested, hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| 33 ||align="center"| 0.33
|}

'''Legume hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Birdsfoot trefoil hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 31 ||align="center"| 1.73
|-
| Clover, ladino, hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|21 ||align="center"| 22 ||align="center"| 1.35
|-
| Clover, red, hay ||align="center"|88||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.50
|-
| Clover, sweet, hay ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| 1.27
|-
| Kudzu hay ||align="center"|90||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 3.00
|-
| Lespedeza hay ||align="center"|92 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| 30||align="center"| 1.10
|-
| Pea Vine hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"|32 ||align="center"| 1.25
|-
| Soybean hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 16 ||align="center"|33 ||align="center"| 1.28
|-
| Vetch hay ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"|30 ||align="center"| 1.25
|}

'''Miscellaneous hays'''
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Kochia hay ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"|27 ||align="center"| 1.00
|}

=== Straw ===
Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants like wheat and a by-product of harvest. If any seeds or grains remain on the stalks, it is by accident. Hay refers to grasses or legume plants cut down fresh and baled for animal feed.<ref>Root Simple, [http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/02/my-mental-glitch-hay-vs-straw.html My mental glitch: hay vs. straw]</ref> Grain hay such as oat, barley, and wheat hay may sometimes have a coloration similar to straw's when harvested closer to maturity, but the hay is cut before the seedheads are fully developed, so the nutrition is still in the stalks and not all in the seedheads. Grain hay should also have most of the seeds and grains on the stems. Hay bales are usually greener than straw bales, and the plant material finer. Straw bales are also usually half to a third of the weight of a hay bale due to the mostly hollow stalks.<ref>Amazonails, [http://www.amazonails.org.uk/hay-vs-straw-a-look-at-key-differences/ Hay vs. Straw: A Look at Key Differences]</ref>

'''Although rabbits eat it, straw is not recommended because it is low in nutrients and will lead to deficiencies if it is a major part of the diet.'''<ref>The British Rabbit Council, Anna Meredith, [http://www.thebrc.org/diet.htm The Importance of Diet in Rabbits]</ref> However, straw can be safely used as a bedding, especially for outdoor hutches during the winter.

The following is crude analysis for various types of straw from the 2012 Feed Composition Tables compiled by R.L. Preston, Ph.D.<ref name="2012feed">BeefMagazine.com, R.L. Preston, Ph.D., [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/2/2a/2012FeedComp.pdf 2012 Feed Comp]</ref>
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Dry Matter<br>(%) !!Crude Protein<br>(%) !!Crude Fiber<br>(%) !!Calcium<br>(%)
|-
| Barley Straw ||align="center"|90 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"| 42 ||align="center"|0.32
|-
| Bluegrass Straw ||align="center"|93 ||align="center"|6 ||align="center"|40 ||align="center"|0.20
|-
| Fescue (Red) Straw ||align="center"|94 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"| 0.00
|-
| Oat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"|4 ||align="center"|41 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Pea Vine Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| 49 ||align="center"| 0.75
|-
| Rice Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|38 ||align="center"| 0.23
|-
| Rye Straw ||align="center"|89 ||align="center"| 4 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|0.24
|-
| Soybean Straw ||align="center"|88 ||align="center"| 5 ||align="center"|44 ||align="center"|1.59
|-
| Wheat Straw ||align="center"|91 ||align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| 43 ||align="center"| 0.17
|}

Below are some links that go into greater detail about the differences between hay and straw.
* HubPages, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Do-Rabbits-Need-Straw-or-Hay Do Rabbits Need Straw or Hay?]

== What is good quality hay? ==
Good quality hay should be green and aromatic. It should not be overly dry, brown, damp, moldy or dusty.<ref name="novetbg"/>

Below are some links with more information about choosing good quality hay.
* Alex Rocateli, Hailin Zhang. (2017). [https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/evaluating-hay-quality-based-on-sight-smell-and-feel-hay-judging.html Evaluating Hay Quality Based on Sight, Smell and Feel – Hay Judging]
* Purina Mills. [https://www.purinamills.com/horse-feed/education/detail/six-signs-of-good-quality-horse-hay Six Signs of Good Quality Horse Hay]
* Oxbow. (2020). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/how-to-select-hay-your-rabbit-or-guinea-pig-will-love The Expert Guide To Selecting Fresh Hay Your Pets Will Love]
* Supreme. [https://supremepetfoods.us/blog/hay-hay-and-more-hay/ Hay, hay and more hay!]
* Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP. (2011). [https://lafeber.com/vet/hay-feeding-small-herbivores/ Hay: Feeding Small Herbivores]

== Where can I buy hay? ==
=== Pet store ===
Pet stores will carry a variety of hay (i.e. Timothy, orchard grass, alfalfa, etc.). Typically, the amount that can be bought will range from about 24 oz up to 5 pounds. Although it is convenient to buy hay at a local pet store, this is often an expensive option. A 64oz bag will usually last a couple of weeks at ~$8. Additionally, most pet store brands offer lower quality hay that is very hard and stalky. The recommended popular hay brand is [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=oxbow+hay Oxbow], although this may be quite expensive since they carry a premium price compared to other commercial brands.

Some brands may offer fruit mixed in the hay -- '''DO NOT BUY THESE'''. Only buy bags of hay with ''only'' hay in them and ''no other treats''. Dried herbs are acceptable, however. You can feed fresh healthy [[treats]] on the side, independent of the hay and easily rationed.

=== Through the local rabbit rescue ===
If you live in a location with a House Rabbit Society chapter or rescue, check and see if they sell boxes, flakes, or bales of hay at a cheap price! Of course, buying a bale yourself will be cheaper, but if you do not have the space to store it, support your local HRS chapter or rescue! They will most likely sell fresh hay at a better rate than the small bags at pet stores. Your bunny will most likely love and wallow in the fresh hay.

Some examples of House Rabbit Society chapters and rescues that sell hay include the following:
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, San Diego, CA -- $12 for 7-8lbs of hay.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/supplies/hay-sales-throughout-san-diego-county Hay Sales throughout San Diego County]</ref>
* House Rabbit Society Headquarters, Richmond, CA -- $5 for a flake (garbage bag full) of hay.<ref>Yelp, [http://www.yelp.com/biz/house-rabbit-society-richmond House Rabbit Society]</ref>
* Missouri House Rabbit Society, Kansas City, MO -- $23 for 12.5lbs, $45 for 25lbs, $75 for 40lbs.<ref>Missouri House Rabbit Society, [http://www.mohrs.org/hrswebpg4.html Products and Services]</ref>
* Lowcountry House Rabbit Society,Charleston, SC -- $17 for 10lbs, $25 for 20lbs.<ref>Lowcountry House Rabbit Society, [http://www.lowcountrybunny.com/topic.asp?pid=24 Rabbit Hay Sale]</ref>

=== Online in bulk ===
Some bunny owners like buying their hay online in bulk. These suppliers also typically ship much fresher hay than the average commercial brand. When bought in a large enough order, costs can be around $1/lb of hay depending on supplier.

<div class="box">
<b>United States (US):</b>
* [https://www.alfalfaking.com/ Alfalfa King] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Oat/Wheat/Barley)
* [https://americanpet.com/product-category/hay/ American Pet Diner] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Mountain)
* [https://andy.pet/collections/hay Andy by Anderson Hay] (Alfalfa, Timothy)
* [http://www.bingalingstore.com/hay/ Bingaling Bunnybox Store] (Orchard, Oxbow)
* [https://www.bluemountainhay.com/product-tag/bunny/?_categories=hay Blue Mountain Hay] (Alfalfa, Orchard, Meadow, Oat, Teff, Timothy)
* [http://www.bunnyluv.com/ BunnyLuv] (Oat, Timothy, Orchard)
* Chewy.com >> [https://www.chewy.com/s?rh=c%3A977%2Cc%3A978%2Cc%3A979%2CFoodForm%3AHay Pet Rabbit Hay]
* [https://www.farmerdavepetsupply.com/ Farmer Dave Pet Supply] (Timothy, Timothy/Orchard/Rye/Clover, Timothy/Clover)
* [https://www.gbpets.com/ Grandpa's Best] (Timothy, Orchard, Prairie, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/FaysPetHay FaysPetHay] (Timothy/Orchard)
* [https://highdesertfeeds.com/ High Desert Small Animal Feed] (Alfalfa, Timothy, Orchard)
* [http://www.oneearuphay.com/shop/ One Ear Up Hay] (Timothy, Meadow/Timothy/Clover, Orchard/Timothy/Clover, Alfalfa/Timothy/Orchard) - Use the coupon code 'HRS' to save 5%, and One Ear Up will also donate 5% of the purchase price to the House Rabbit Society.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-at-one-ear-up-hay-and-hrs-gets-5/ Shop At One Ear Up Hay, Get a Discount, and HRS Gets 5%]</ref>
* Petco >> [https://www.petco.com/shop/en/petcostore/category/small-animal/small-animal-food-treats/small-animal-hay-grass?ref=dfs Small Animal Hay & Grass]
* [http://www.rabbitholehay.com/ Rabbit Hole Hay] (Timothy, Orchard, Mountain, Alfalfa, Wheat/Barley/Oat)
* [http://smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Oat, Alfalfa) - Use the coupon code ‘House Rabbit Hay’ to receive free shipping on any timothy hay product you purchase from Small Pet Select. Additionally Small Pet Select will donate 10% of the purchase price of your timothy hay to HRS.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/shop-for-supplies/ Shop for Rabbit Supplies]</ref>
* [https://springalways.co/collections/animal-feed Spring Always] (Timothy, Alfalfa)
* [http://www.sweetmeadowfarm.com/products/ Sweet Meadow] (Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Canada:</b>
* [https://www.freshay.ca/ Freshay] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://haycountry.ca/collections/hay-new Hay Country] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://gethayday.com/ Hay Day] (Orchard/Timothy blend)
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/collections/hay Hop Online] (Oxbow, Small Pet Select)
* [https://www.meadowlofthay.com/ Meadowloft Hay] (Organic Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa)
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/ohhaythere Napoleon Bunnyparte] (Timothy)
* [https://parkfarms.ca/collections/frontpage Park Farms] (Timothy) - '''Ottawa/Gatineau delivery only'''
* [https://www.renspets.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oxbow+hay Ren's Pets] (Oxbow)
* [https://www.sparrowfarms.ca/shop/hay/14 Sparrow Farms] (Orchard, Oat, Timothy, Meadow, Alfalfa)
* [https://can.truecoloursproducts.com/collections/hay-shavings-pellets True Colours Products] (Timothy, Orchard, Ryegrass blend)
* [https://well.ca/searchresult.html?keyword=oxbow Well.ca] (Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>United Kingdom (UK):</b>
* [https://www.bunnybistro.co.uk/collections/hay-botanical-boxes Bunny Bistro] (Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/meadow-timothy-plus-freeze-dried-grass-c-70_90.html Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories] (Timothy, Rye/Timothy, Meadow/Timothy, Meadow, Ryegrass)
* [http://www.dustfreehay.co.uk/ DustFreeHay] (Meadow, Rye, Timothy)
* [https://healthyherby.co.uk/collections/healthy-herby-hay-and-straw Healthy Herby] (Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow, Orchard)
* [https://just4rabbits.uk/ Just4rabbits] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [https://happyhay.co.uk/rabbit-hay/ The Happy Hay Co.] (Crau, Meadow, Oat, Orchard, Ryegrass, Timothy)
* [https://www.hay-and-straw.co.uk/ Hay & Straw for Animals] (Ings, Meadow, Timothy/Rye)
* [https://haybox.club/ Hay Box] (Timothy, Meadow)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/edibles/hay-grasses.html The Hay Experts]
* [https://www.herbivoreshay.co.uk/copy-of-forage-boxes Herbivores Hay] ((Timothy/Ryegrass/Meadow, Timothy, Ryegrass, Meadow)
* [https://www.hoptoforage.co.uk Hop to Forage] (Timothy/Rye, Timothy/Meadow)
* [https://www.naturesownpets.co.uk/product-category/hay-straw-and-woodshavings/?customer=animal Nature's Own] (Meadow, Timothy)
* [https://nibbleandgnaw.com/collections/timothy-hay Nibble & Gnaw] (Timothy)
* [https://smallpetselect.co.uk/ Small Pet Select] (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa, Oat)
* [https://www.stoterfarm.com/ Stoter Farm] (Timothy)
* [http://www.timothyhay.co.uk/ Timothy Hay] (Timothy, Oat, Orchard)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>France:</b>
* [https://lefoindemonlapin.com/foin-de-crau-lapin/ Le Foin de mon Lapin] (Mixed Crau)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Australia:</b>
* [https://onestopbunnyshop.com.au/Hay-c38221094 One Stop Bunny Shop > Hay] (Oaten, Teff, Meadow/Rye, Lucerne, Oxbow)
* [https://pethorsefarm.com.au/collections/rabbit Pet, Horse, & Farm > Rabbit] (Oaten, Lucerne, Clover, Pasture)
* [https://the-rabbit-doctors.myshopify.com/collections/hay The Rabbit Doctors > Hay] (Oaten, Pasture, Oxbow)
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>Singapore:</b>
* [https://themoonbunny.co/collections/main-food The Moon Bunny] (Timothy, Wheatgrass, Oat, Ryegrass, Barley, Alfalfa)
</div>

[[File:Bale in Honda Fit.jpg|thumb|right|A California bale of hay in a Honda Fit.]]

=== By the bale ===
{{Main|[[Hay bale]]}}
The cheapest option typically is a bale of hay. One bale, usually ranging from about 70 to 110 lbs depending on type, can feed one rabbit for approximately a year. Prices vary depending on location from only $5 to about $30. However, this requires space to properly store the hay as it is easily perishable when wet.

You can obtain a bale of hay at local animal feed stores, select rabbit rescues, or farms. Be sure that if you purchase from a feed store or farm, the hay is horse-quality, not cow-quality. Cows have much more tolerant stomachs while horses are comparable to rabbits.

See [[Hay bale]] for more details on how to split and store hay.

=== Craigslist ads and word of mouth ===
Sometimes, you may be able to find private owners that wish to share a purchased bale of hay to make it more manageable. You may be able to get great deals this way. Look for owners of rabbits, chinchillas, or guinea pigs as they have similar hay requirements.

== How should I store my hay? ==
It is very important to keep hay '''dry''' and '''out of direct sunlight'''. Dampness will cause mold in the hay, and sunlight may leech out nutrients in the hay over time. The best location to store hay is in a cool indoor location out of direct sunlight.

Some good '''containers''' to store hay are cardboard boxes and plastic containers with holes drilled into the sides for air flow. Plastic garbage bags can also be used if you leave the top open for moisture to escape. Other ideas include [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-4D06-Configurations-23-Inch-Foldable/dp/B000JF8LSY/ laundry hampers] and [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A2N0BCM/ plastic totes].

If you must store hay '''outside''', invest in a waterproof tarp along with some bricks to keep the hay off the ground to prevent mold. Otherwise, if your hay is properly dry, a watertight [http://www.amazon.com/Suncast-DBW9200-Mocha-Wicker-99-Gallon/dp/B0044V3USU/ deck box] or large plastic tote can be appropriate.

If properly stored, hay can keep to '''over two years'''. However, the hay will drastically lose vitamins A & E after the first year.<ref>Rutgers. (n.d.). Ask the Expert -- Farm and Pasture Management > How long can one store hay? Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://esc.rutgers.edu/ask-the-expert/#how-long-can-one-store-hay</ref><ref>Clair Thunes, PhD. (2017). Nutrition Loss in Stored Hay. Retrieved 15 Apr 2019 from https://thehorse.com/19685/nutrition-loss-in-stored-hay/</ref>

Check out [[Hay_bale#Storing_a_bale_of_hay]] for more ideas on storing a large bale of hay.

The following links contain more information and options on how to properly store hay.
* FurryButts, [http://furrybutts.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/how-to-store-hay/ How to Store Hay]
* Misty Hollow Farm, [http://www.mistyhollowfarm.net/proper-hay-storage.html How to Store Hay]
* Guinea Pig Compendium, [http://www.aracnet.com/~seagull/Guineas/CavyCorner/storinghay.html Seagull's Storing Hay]
* Guinea Lynx, [http://www.guinealynx.info/hay.html Selecting, Purchasing and Storing Grass Hay]

=== SNORS ===
{{right-image|file=SNORS HowToStoreHay.jpg|caption="How to store hay."}}

Special Needs Older Rabbits Sanctuary ([https://www.facebook.com/snorssanctuary SNORS]) how to store hay tips.

Hay may be dried, but it needs to be able to breathe! Hay should be stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight and in a container where it can breathe and not get mouldy. You can store your hay in a loft, garage, shed or cupboard in the house. Store it in:

🌾 A cardboard box

🌾 A cotton laundry hamper

🌾 A linen basket

🌾 A jute sack

Do not store it in plastic bags or sealed plastic containers as this will encourage mould spores.

== How should I give my rabbits hay? ==
[[File:SneakyDragon_hayrack.jpg|thumb|right|A homemade DIY hay rack made from cardboard and extra NIC panels. See [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ here] for more pictures and diagrams on how to make your own.|180px]]
[[File:HayForRabbitsPintrest.png|thumb|right|Hay rack ideas on pintrest: [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/hay-for-rabbits/ Hay for rabbits.]|180px]]

There are many options available to dispense hay to your rabbits. Some owners directly place a layer of hay in the litter box. Others may use hay racks to try to minimize the amount of waste soiled by pee and poop. However, please note that some rabbits will still enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay rack before picking through and consuming the parts they like.

Commercially made hay racks can be easily found in pet stores and online. If you have extra wire grids left over from making a [[Housing#NIC DIY Cages|NIC cube condo]] for your rabbit, you can easily fashion a hay rack from those, too.

<div class="bad">
Be careful that your rabbit will not be able to jump in or get their head stuck in the hay dispenser.

We generally do not recommend the hay bag feeders with large holes for rabbits due to the risk of entanglement and eye injuries. If you do use a rack that rabbits can stick their full face in, please be sure to use soft hays like orchard, teff, and bermuda grass and avoid stalky hays like alfalfa, timothy, and oat.

* u/sneakers0023. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lg3hlr/psa_to_bunny_parents/ Rabbit was found dangerously entangled in a hay bag feeder.]
* Sudbury Bunny Rescue Room. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0vCAHiQ3VHjzrq6kuKRhTb2jWarLEmdYAAPKH8R4Ent5Rv49kUGYqTMuMcMDGgEcEl&id=61563367648213 Facebook video of a rabbit with their head stuck in hay bag.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HayFeeder-PleaseTakeCare1.png|caption=Great care must be taken when using a hanging hay rack with open holes! Image by [https://www.facebook.com/Best4bunny/photos/pb.593413294006137.-2207520000.1458087203./1186584668022327/?type=3&theater Best 4 Bunny]}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-SquishetteRomeo-haybag.jpg|caption=The pictured strawberry hay bag feeder with oat hay caused a permanent eye injury on the elderly mobility-impaired brown Netherland Dwarf rabbit.}}
{{post-image|file=SneakyDragon-Squishette-eye.jpg|caption=An eye injury (the bright white spot) on an elderly mobility-impaired Netherland Dwarf rabbit from using a hay bag feeder.}}
</div>
</div>

<div class="blue">
Below are some hay racks you can buy online.
* {{amazon|id=B06XGGKH8T|name=10" Niteangel Pet Wooden Hay Manger}}
* {{amazon|id=B07YBDVV6H|name=andwe Standing Hay Feeder}}
* Leith Petwerks Inc. (US)
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-12-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 12 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/mega-hay-rack-20-inch-wide Mega Hay Rack - 20 inch wide]
** [https://www.petwerks.com/products/petwerks-hay-loft Cardboard hay box]
* SaveABunny (US). [https://www.etsy.com/listing/67290023/saveabunnys-three-hole-hay-saver-box SaveABunny's Three Hole Hay Saver Box]
* Bunnease (Canada). [https://www.bunnease.com/product/hayfeeder Mrs. CleanHay Metal Double Hay Feeder]
* Search for [https://www.etsy.com/search?q=litter%20box%20hay%20feeder "litter box hay feeder" on Etsy]
</div>

The following links provide some options for non-commercial hay racks, either re-purposed household items or DIY solutions.
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-hay-rack/ DIY Hay Rack]
** kambrii. (2013). [http://imgur.com/a/3FKZW DIY Hay Rack]
** sneaky_dragon. (2012). [http://imgur.com/a/IZdSY#0 DIY Hay Rack]
* Special Bunny. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=529152667132147&set=a.324328827614533.72056.263110360403047&type=1&theater Special Bunny's All Season Hay Feeders]
* mocha200. (2012). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/new-diy-free-standing-hay-rack/ New DIY Free Standing Hay Rack!]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=n2mDMPFgbTw|name=101Rabbits. (2014). How to Make a Hay Box}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some repurposed items that could be used as hay racks are the following:
* Ikea, [http://www.ikea.com/au/en/catalog/products/10136512/ VARIERA Plastic bag dispenser]
</div>

Below are image galleries of hay racks that people have made.
* Guinea Pig Cages, [http://www.guineapigcages.com/photos/showgallery.php?cat=520 Hay Racks]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:HayRack1-LeelooSimon1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY wooden dowel hay rack being used by Leeloo and Simon . Photo © [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153510076548809/ B.Eaton], used with permission.|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:DIY-HayRack-kittymonger-Penelope-Beelze1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a DIY paper bag hay rack with Beelze & Penelope. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/kittymonger /u/kittymonger], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/esRMU More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Geekykitten-DIY-Hayfeeded1.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a custom DIY hay rack & litterbox with Kirby & Mayzy. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/geekykitten /u/geekykitten], used with permission. [http://imgur.com/a/dCY8Z More pictures.]|180px]]</div>
</div>

Here are some video reviews of hay racks that rabbit owners have tried.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=1dMlxj-_IWc|name=101Rabbits. (2012). Hay Rack Review!}}
</div>

== Encouraging your rabbit to eat hay ==
At the bare minimum, rabbits should be encouraged to eat at least 3 oz. of hay a day.<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/ ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref> A rabbit not eating enough hay can be prone to digestive and dental issues.

If your rabbit has suddenly stopped eating hay and other hard objects, please see a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] to consider ruling out [[teeth|dental issues]] as a cause. Radiographs may be necessary to check overgrown teeth roots if their incisors and molars look fine with a visual check.

Some ideas to help increase your rabbit's hay consumption are the following:<ref name="novetbg"/>
* Introduce a variety of grass hays at an early age to increase acceptance.
* Offer hay in generous amounts, at least half a body size in volume a day.
* Offer hay in multiple locations and in a variety of containers to encourage play.
* Use hay as a bedding or lounging space.
* Rabbits tend to like to eat their hay while simultaneously use their litter box.
* Do not remove hay unless it is soiled. Replacing the hay constantly encourages the rabbit to be picky and eat only leafy parts and not the stems which contain the most fiber.
* Hide pellets and other healthy treats like herbs to encourage foraging. See [[Treats#Online_rabbit_treat_stores|Online rabbit treat stores]] for sources.
* Shred carrots into a pile of hay to make a "hay salad".
* Lightly mist the hay with flavored water or diluted juice. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.
* As a last resort, steam hay to increase the moisture content, make it tender, and intensify the aroma and flavor. To steam hay, bring a pot of 1 inch of water to a boil. Place a handful of hay into a steaming basket and steam for 10-15 seconds. Fruit juice can be added to the water for flavor. Moistened hay should be discarded at the end of the day to prevent mold growth in their litter box.

Here are some links to read for more information on getting your rabbit to eat more hay.
* The Rabbit House. (2007). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2007/06/20/5-ways-to-get-your-to-rabbit-eat-more-hay/ 5 Ways to Get Your Rabbit to Eat More Hay]

== Possible dangers of hay ==
Hay can be the cause of uncommon accidents.

* '''Inhaled.''' This will often cause [[snuffles]] and [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] in rabbits if not removed.
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctors/posts/pfbid02uSsYKFeFG9s9Lbh9NvPFYMdeYyaLbag8UgbM1b1cF9Jcajo8TZSm9rJqrFh6xJSRl Angora rabbit had a grass seed lodged high in the nasal cavity, causing weepy left eye and sudden sneezing fits]
** The Unusual Pet Vets. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02ws8YKcQLL5vyNWQeKFCMHRiAQmnJCQVxrqQc8FLfmnNYcKkynscRBVqNdAiEwqNFl Monty the lop had a grass seed lodged in his nose, causing chronic sneezing]
** u/RevolutionaryTruth77. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/131a0jf/ummmwut/ Rabbit had inhaled a strand of hay that owner removed.] {{graphic}}
** The Rabbit Doctors. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=saved&v=3188200454765555 Video of hay seed removal from a nostril.] {{graphic}}
* '''Wrapped around limbs.''' [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205979703523096&set=a.1075741985195.2012379.1575577191&type=1 Timmy] a small 2 pound Lionhead, had a piece of hay wrapped around his foot and it was not noticed because of his long fur. The hay could not be seen and Timmy tried to chew his foot off. Luckily, with a very rabbit savvy vet, he only ended up losing the very tip of his toes. Something to watch for.
* '''Lodged in gums.''' [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153887198668809/ Milo] had developed an abscess on his cheek that was thought to maybe be from dental problems. During surgery, they determined it was actually a piece of hay that got lodged into his gums. Milo is ok so far but has a pretty nasty scar on his cheek that we have to watch for the next two weeks. The vet told Milo's parent that "it was just a unfortunate random act that I couldn't have prevented."
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=TimmyHayIssue1.jpg|caption=Timmy recovering with a foot wrap. Image (c) P.Murdock, used with permission.}}
{{post-image|file=MiloHayProblems1.jpg|caption=The hay that caused all of Milo's problems. Image (c) B.Menendez, used with permission.}}
</div>
* '''Stuck in the eyes.''' Rabbits can get small pieces of hay unfortunately stuck in their eyes and consequently cause serious eye injuries and ulcers, especially if they are fed with hay bags with stalky hay like timothy and alfalfa. It is important to notice if your rabbit has [[weepy eye|weepy eyes]] and take them to the [[emergencies|emergency]] veterinary hospital if you suspect an eye injury.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-1.jpg|caption=Owner found their rabbit with an eye squeezed shut with mucus. The rabbit persistently tried to paw and scratch at the irritated eye. The rabbit was rushed to an emergency veterinarian, and a large grass seed was removed. The rabbit was placed on pain medication and antibiotic eye drops due to an eye ulcer that had developed.}}
{{post-image|file=Tiki-hayeye-2.jpg|caption=The large grass seed that was removed.}}
</div>
* '''Foreign material found in hay''' Hay is harvested in fields, sometimes there may be foreign objects found in hay when bundled up. Ex. animal carcasses, metal, plastic or broken glass, etc. Keep an eye out for foreign objects to ensure your bunny does not ingest it or suffer any injuries.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Hay-bale-string.png|caption=Owner found plastic bale string in hay.}}

</div>

== Further reading ==
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/diet/hay Hay]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/hay.pdf Hay, Hay, Hay]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, Susan Smith, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/WHRS-Library_HayDemystified.pdf Hay Demystified]
* eHow, Emily Jacobson, [http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8411445_difference-hay-meadow-hay-rabbits.html Difference Between Timothy Hay & Meadow Hay for Rabbits]
* Journal of Animal Science, J. A. Newlander and W. H. Riddell, [http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/11/2/419.full.pdf+html Rate of Vitamin D Formation in Hay]
* University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Snider, H. J., [https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00snid Chemical composition of hay and forage crops as affected by various soil treatments]

== See also ==
* [[Diet]]
* [[Hay bale]]
* [[Nutrition for rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Diet]]

Fleas

2026-03-03T01:29:12Z

SneakyDragon: /* Unsafe treatments */ add DE with caution

__TOC__
[[File:MissStellaFleas-SRR.jpg|235px|thumb|right|Miss Stella with a bad case of fleas. The black dots are sometimes called flea dirt. "Flea dirt is the feces of fleas, which is a mix of blood meal and flea waste product." Picture used with direct permission from Sue Leigh from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/221359588042591/permalink/742219529289925/ Southampton Rabbit Rescue.]]]
Flea species that can naturally infest rabbits include the rabbit flea (''Spilopsyllus cuniculi''), the common Eastern rabbit flea (<i>Cediopsylla simplex</i>), the giant Eastern rabbit flea (<i>Odontopsyllus multispinosus</i>), and the sticktight flea (<i>Echidnophaga gallinacea</i>).<ref name="cb-parasites">David Eshar, DVM, DABVP (ECM), DECZM (SM & ZHM). (2019). Ectoparasites in Rabbits. Retrieved 19 Apr 2022 from https://cdn.brief.vet/web-files/DE/CB+Canadian+April+2019+Digital+Edition.pdf</ref> Infestations are typically found around the face and ears.<ref name="varga">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> This flea is a carrier of [[myxomatosis]].<ref>PiedPiper Northern Limited. (2002). Spilopsyllus cuniculi (The Rabbit Flea). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th5c.htm</ref>

The cat flea (''Ctenocephalides felis'') and the dog flea (''Ctenocephalides canis'') can also affect rabbits if they live with dogs or cats or live in an infested premises; however, the rabbit is not a natural host to these parasites.<ref>Bunny Lovers Unite. (2010). ***Jojo's guide to external parasites: fleas, ticks, mites, lice etc***. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157624352332773/</ref> Dog and cat fleas are usually found along the body and around the base of the tail.<ref name="varga"/>

== Symptoms ==
* Itchy flaky skin or ears with constant scratching and biting.
* Small dark spots on the skin indicative of flea feces. Placing a drop of water on one of these spots will result in the dissolving to a red or brown coloration.

Some rabbits may be asymptomatic.

== Treatment ==
If you have more than one type of animal in your household, try treating them first with oral or topical medications and use the flea comb approach with your rabbits. Usually, once you have eliminated the fleas on your other animals,
your rabbit’s problem will go away as well.<ref name="kathy"/>

Be sure to treat your home environment and the pet's living quarters while also treating your pets. This will help to eliminate the fleas faster and decrease their chances of survival or of eventually feeding off of you.

=== Flea medications ===
There are a variety of flea medications, but only a few can be safely used on rabbits. The exact dosage will vary based on the weight of your pet and the type of medication you choose. Consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate treatment option and dosage for your rabbit. Be sure to check whether a physical or digital prescription is needed in order to obtain the recommended medication for your rabbit. Pharmacies and pet stores, including those online, will not allow you to purchase certain medications without receiving a physical or digital copy of your pet's prescription from the vet.

<div class="bad">
Never use multiple flea and tick medications on your pet at the same time. A mixture of different chemicals can make a pet seriously ill, cause permanent damage, and even result in death.
</div>

The following are flea medications safe to use on rabbits:<ref name="medirabbit"/><ref name="kathy">Smith, K. (2003). Fleas. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://web.archive.org/web/20081120155120/http://www.lagomorphs.com/fleas.pdf</ref>

* '''selamectin:''' Revolution® (US), Paradyne® (US-[https://vcahospitals.com/ VCA]), or Stronghold® (Europe) - Pfizer, 18 mg/kg. A single topical (local) dose can be repeated once a week as necessary.<ref name="cb-parasites"/> Revolution kills adult fleas and prevents eggs from hatching by entering the bloodstream and spreading to sebaceous glands found below the skin's surface.<ref>Vet.com. (2009). Revolution. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.vet.com/dog_flea_meds/revolution.html</ref> It is also effective against several types of [[mites]] and [[ticks]].

* '''imidacloprid:''' {{amazon|id=product/B004QREPBS|name=Advantage® - Bayer}}, one single kitten dose application is generally sufficient to remove the fleas. If this is not the case, the treatment can be repeated once a week as necessary.<ref name="cb-parasites"/> The vapors of this product can lead to irritation of the eyes; it is thus recommended to aerate the room in which the rabbit lives. Advantage works by spreading through the surface of the skin through the hair root level upon application and impairs the flea's nervous system.<ref>Pet Shed. (n.d.). Advantage Flea Control for Dogs and Cats. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.petshed.com/petcyclopedia/about-advantage-flea-treatment.html</ref> There have been some deaths reported, but they have not been directly attributed to Advantage.<ref name="kathy"/> Advantage should not be used for very young (<6 months), elderly (6+ years), or compromised rabbits. Note: The original Advantage was discontinued by Bayer (in the USA) in 2011. It is still sold in many other parts of the world.

* '''lufenuron:''' {{amazon|id=B07JW2S2PQ|name=Program® - Novartis}}, 10 mg/kg. One sole treatment should be sufficient. If not, the treatment can be repeated after 30 days. Program® is an oral chitin inhibitor that prevents new eggs from hatching; however, it does not affect adult fleas, so other treatments will be needed to control severe infestations. Note: Program (suspension for cats) was discontinued in early 2012 when Novartis Animal Health closed its plant in Nebraska (USA). Old stock is still being sold in some countries.

With regard to Advantage vs. Advantage II:<ref>Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2016). Fleas on Rabbits. Retrieved 11 Oct 2016 from http://www.allearssac.org/fleas.html</ref><ref>Flea Bites 101. (2013). Advantage vs. Advantage II: What is the difference? Retrieved 12 Oct 2016 from http://fleabites101.com/advantage-vs-advantage-ii-difference/</ref>
<blockquote>
Advantage® was reformulated and is now labeled as Advantage II®. This new formulation contains treatments for other parasites in addition to fleas. Although it is still generally safe for rabbits, some rabbits have shown more sensitivity to this new formula. On the other hand, Revolution®, which is available only by prescription, treats both fleas and mites safely.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
The original Advantage formula only contained imidacloprid. Imidacloprid kills adult fleas and has some effect on flea larvae, but it does not kill flea eggs. Advantage II is infused with the insect growth regulating chemical called pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen artificially maintains elevated levels of the juvenile growth hormone in flea eggs, which prevents the eggs from hatching.
</blockquote>

Topical flea medications such as selamectin and imidacloprid are typically applied to the back of the neck or between the shoulder blades of an animal where it cannot be easily groomed off. Be sure to separate the fur at the chosen location and apply the medication directly to the skin surface at that one spot. If you have two or more rabbits, keep the rabbits separated for 12 hours to prevent ingestion by the other until the medication dries.<ref>Jeffrey R. Jenkins. (n.d.). Alert on Topical Flea Products. Retrieved 04 Feb 2020 from https://rabbit.org/health/frontline.html</ref>

=== Flea comb ===
A {{amazon|id=B0002RJMAK|name=flea comb}} is a non-toxic device that combs out fleas and eggs. This option is feasible for non-severe infestations.

To use a flea comb, a thorough combing should be given daily. Kill the fleas by dipping the comb in hot-warm soapy water or alcohol immediately after each stroke, and rinse the comb out before continuing with the next stroke. You do not want to potentially burn your rabbit's skin from the comb's hot temperature after being dipped into the water. Be sure to rinse or dip the comb in cool water and quickly wipe excess water off before running it through your rabbit's fur for the next stroke.

=== Environment ===
* [http://video.about.com/cats/Make-a-Homemade-Flea-Trap.htm Create your own flea trap with easily available materials at home.]

* '''Treating your home environment''' and the rabbit's living quarters is just as important as treating your pet rabbit. The most effective way to eliminate fleas in your home is to treat both your pet and your home environment simultaneously.
** Vacuum every day until you consistently see no more signs of fleas. (Stay persistent, as eggs in carpeting, fabrics, and other areas may continue to hatch.) Be sure to vacuum carpeted areas, floors, cracks along the wall and in hard floors, the pet's living quarters, furniture, any other non-washable fabrics or items.
** Empty the vacuum bag/container into a garbage bag outside as soon as you finish vacuuming (on the balcony or outside your apartment to prevent any escaping fleas from reentering your home.)
** Good way to check for fleas is to walk around with knee-high white socks. Fleas are attracted to bright/lighter colored fluffy things. By wearing white knee-high socks, the chances of them jumping on you is high. By doing so, you can see how many there are left and often times you're just a walking trap for them.
** Wash your curtains and any other pet bedding that can be washed. Do so with hot water and laundry detergent. Some people have used a mix of borax and hot water. Others have used lemon juice and vinegar.
** Wash your clothes daily with hot water and laundry detergent if the clothes are suitable to be washed with hot water.
** Keep the environment dry. Flea flourishes in hot and humid environments. It doesn't hurt to keep a dehumidifier in extra humid rooms or locations.

* '''Boric acid''', also known as '''borax''' and '''sodium polyborate''', is a natural environmental treatment usable in carpets that kills fleas and dries out their eggs. It is safe for both rabbits and owners. {{amazon|id=product|name=Fleabusters}} is one product that has been reported to very effective. <ref name="kathy"/>

* '''Fenoxycarb''' is a rabbit-safe insect growth regulator in the form of a synthetic hormone.

* Common table '''salt''' can also be used in your carpets to dry out flea eggs and larvae, similar to the effect on slugs and snails.<ref name="kathy"/> Salt should be reapplied after vacuuming.

* {{amazon|id=B0006ZHCK0|name='''Murphy’s Oil Soap'''}}, a natural, vegetable-based soap with a pleasant fragrance is a flea repellent usable on linoleum and other washable surfaces. <ref name="kathy"/>

<div class="txt-warning">

=== Unsafe treatments ===
* '''fipronil (Frontline® or Sentry® FIPROGUARD):''' Kathy Smith writes,<ref name="kathy"/> <blockquote>Several rabbits died or experienced [[seizures]] after receiving treatment with Frontline. Although the active ingredient is not supposed to cross into the central nervous system of mammals, the number of rabbit deaths reported suggests that this is not true for rabbits.</blockquote> While successful treatment with fipronil has been reported, its use is no longer recommended for rabbits due to multiple anecdotal reports of fatal poisoning among small or young rabbits. <ref>Wildpro. (n.d.). Fipronil Toxicity in Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/FipronilToxicityRabbits.htm</ref> Rabbits can exhibit signs or anorexia and lethargy, with or without seizures, or death within 24 hours. Seizures may also not be seen until 3-9 days after exposure. Death may not occur for a week or two after exposure.<ref name="ngfrontline">Ned Gentz. (2019). Frontline Is Toxic to Rabbits. Retrieved 04 Feb 2020 from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102924&id=7163827</ref><br/><br/>In the event of known application, rabbits should be treated for topical skin exposure with a warm water bath with shampoo and activated charcoal if ingested. Supportive care includes fluid therapy and force feeding. If seizures are seen, Valium or midazolam may be appropriate.<ref name="ngfrontline"/><br/><br/>The following are some additional resources on fiprinol poisoning in rabbits:

<div style="padding-left:25px">
* Laura Stern. (2015). [https://www.dvm360.com/view/fipronil-toxicosis-rabbits Fipronil toxicosis in rabbits]
* ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. [https://www.aspcapro.org/resource/shelter-health-poison-control/fipronil-intoxication-rabbits Fipronil Intoxication in Rabbits]
* vgr1.com. (2019). [http://vgr1.com/frontline/ Any product that uses Fipronil such as Frontline® (Original, Plus, Top Spot, or Gold) can kill your rabbit!!]
</div>

* '''Sentinal®:''' Kathy Smith writes,<ref name="kathy"/><blockquote>Some veterinarians have switched from Program to Sentinal for dogs. Sentinal has the same active ingredient as Program, along with a heart-worm preventative for dogs and should not be used on rabbits.</blockquote>
* '''flea collars:''' Impregnated anti-flea collars lead to severe irritation and burning of the skin. There are reported cases where the rabbit attempted to remove its collar, and died as a result of jamming its jaw in the collar.<ref name="medirabbit">van Praag, E. (n.d.). Fleas and Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/fleas/Fleas.htm</ref> Additionally, flea collars have dosages appropriate for much larger animals than rabbits.

* '''pyrethrin-based flea products:''' This includes pyrethrin-based flea baths, powders, and dips. While pyrethrin is a natural product derived from chrysanthemums, toxic effects have been reported following application of high concentrations of these products (sprays or spot-ons) on rabbits.<ref>Wildpro. (n.d.). Permethrin and Pyrethrin Toxicity in Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/PermethrinPyrethrinToxRabbits.htm</ref> Also, baths and dips will involve your rabbit getting wet, and rabbits and water are not a good mix as established in our [[Bathing]] article.

* <i>[Unless used with severe caution]</i> '''Diatomaceous earth''' or <b>DE</b> is effective as pest control for insects with an exoskeleton. What this substance does is it cuts into the bug's exoskeleton and cause them to "bleed" and dehydrate to death. However, there can be significant risk to humans and rabbits with inappropriate use. <p>Recommended use for flea infestation is to <u>remove access of the infested area from your rabbits</u>, spread DE around the carpets and the edge and creases of your homes for a few days, and then vacuum the earth up. Repeat as necessary. <ref>Silverstein, B. (2009). Diatomaceous Earth: A miracle cure for flea control? Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.fleacontrolbook.com/naturalfleacontrol/diatomaceous-earth-the-a-miracle-cure-for-flea-control/</ref> Be sure to wear a mask when applying and to use '''food-grade''' diatomaceous earth as it has less than 1% crystalline diatomaceous earth. <u>Make sure to vacuum very well before allowing your rabbit back in the area where the DE was applied.</u> Crystalline silica can accumulate in lung tissue and lymph nodes when breathed in, and it is impossible to remove from the lungs.<ref>National Pesticide Information Center. (2013). Diatomaceous Earth. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/degen.html</ref></p>

A few stories about rabbits receiving toxic medications for flea treatment:
* u/catmumma93. (2024). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1e4r4fi/dont_make_the_mistake_i_did/ Outdoor lionhead rabbit was given fiprinol and started having seizures 1.5 months later, leading to humane euthanasia] {{RIP}}
* u/mizzannethrope. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10p3qf7/fing_frontline/ Rabbits were treated with a "micro-dose" of Frontline for ear mites causing loss of appetite]
* u/Inside_Lettuce_2545. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/uvl3q6/gave_my_bunny_frontline_any_advice/ Rabbits were self-treated with Frontline, which caused seizures and loss of appetite]
* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/314663347392320 Rabbit was given a Frontline application from a well-meaning rescuer] {{RIP}}
* u/CadTV. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/mk8h85/please_help_sick_bunny/ Rabbit was given a drop of Frontline causing reduced appetite]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/4155094624575261 Marshmellow's story - owner applied Frontline, which caused severe seizures that resulted in a broken leg]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2918914611526608 Paquito's story - owner applied Frontline on both dog and rabbit] {{RIP}}
* u/bruski. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5ffjvv/dear_god_please_be_careful_in_the_flea_medicine/ Rabbit was given generic Frontline causing incontinence and abnormal behavior]
* Misivet. (2014). [https://youtu.be/uPRgDIjqfdw Video of a rabbit having convulsions after a fiprinol-based product application]
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/photos/a.112459649112/10151920034854113/?type=3&theater Rabbit was given Frontline due to misinformed medical advice, causing stasis then seizures and death two days later] {{RIP}}
* Spazydoo. (2012). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/frontline-very-bad-idea.70388/ Rabbit was given Frontline causing stasis and seizures]
</div>

== Further reading ==
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/faq-grooming/ Grooming] (Search for "Fleas and Mites")
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2016). [http://www.allearssac.org/fleas.html Fleas on Rabbits]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/parasitic/c_rb_flea_infestation#.UC79mETYCco Fleas Infecting the Body in Rabbits]
* Kathy Smith. (2003). [[Media:Kathy-smith-fleas.pdf|Fleas]] [PDF]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/fleas/Fleas.htm Fleas and Rabbits]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Skin issues]]

Fleas

2026-03-03T01:23:56Z

SneakyDragon: /* Environment */ remove diatomaceous earth as recommended

__TOC__
[[File:MissStellaFleas-SRR.jpg|235px|thumb|right|Miss Stella with a bad case of fleas. The black dots are sometimes called flea dirt. "Flea dirt is the feces of fleas, which is a mix of blood meal and flea waste product." Picture used with direct permission from Sue Leigh from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/221359588042591/permalink/742219529289925/ Southampton Rabbit Rescue.]]]
Flea species that can naturally infest rabbits include the rabbit flea (''Spilopsyllus cuniculi''), the common Eastern rabbit flea (<i>Cediopsylla simplex</i>), the giant Eastern rabbit flea (<i>Odontopsyllus multispinosus</i>), and the sticktight flea (<i>Echidnophaga gallinacea</i>).<ref name="cb-parasites">David Eshar, DVM, DABVP (ECM), DECZM (SM & ZHM). (2019). Ectoparasites in Rabbits. Retrieved 19 Apr 2022 from https://cdn.brief.vet/web-files/DE/CB+Canadian+April+2019+Digital+Edition.pdf</ref> Infestations are typically found around the face and ears.<ref name="varga">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> This flea is a carrier of [[myxomatosis]].<ref>PiedPiper Northern Limited. (2002). Spilopsyllus cuniculi (The Rabbit Flea). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th5c.htm</ref>

The cat flea (''Ctenocephalides felis'') and the dog flea (''Ctenocephalides canis'') can also affect rabbits if they live with dogs or cats or live in an infested premises; however, the rabbit is not a natural host to these parasites.<ref>Bunny Lovers Unite. (2010). ***Jojo's guide to external parasites: fleas, ticks, mites, lice etc***. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157624352332773/</ref> Dog and cat fleas are usually found along the body and around the base of the tail.<ref name="varga"/>

== Symptoms ==
* Itchy flaky skin or ears with constant scratching and biting.
* Small dark spots on the skin indicative of flea feces. Placing a drop of water on one of these spots will result in the dissolving to a red or brown coloration.

Some rabbits may be asymptomatic.

== Treatment ==
If you have more than one type of animal in your household, try treating them first with oral or topical medications and use the flea comb approach with your rabbits. Usually, once you have eliminated the fleas on your other animals,
your rabbit’s problem will go away as well.<ref name="kathy"/>

Be sure to treat your home environment and the pet's living quarters while also treating your pets. This will help to eliminate the fleas faster and decrease their chances of survival or of eventually feeding off of you.

=== Flea medications ===
There are a variety of flea medications, but only a few can be safely used on rabbits. The exact dosage will vary based on the weight of your pet and the type of medication you choose. Consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate treatment option and dosage for your rabbit. Be sure to check whether a physical or digital prescription is needed in order to obtain the recommended medication for your rabbit. Pharmacies and pet stores, including those online, will not allow you to purchase certain medications without receiving a physical or digital copy of your pet's prescription from the vet.

<div class="bad">
Never use multiple flea and tick medications on your pet at the same time. A mixture of different chemicals can make a pet seriously ill, cause permanent damage, and even result in death.
</div>

The following are flea medications safe to use on rabbits:<ref name="medirabbit"/><ref name="kathy">Smith, K. (2003). Fleas. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://web.archive.org/web/20081120155120/http://www.lagomorphs.com/fleas.pdf</ref>

* '''selamectin:''' Revolution® (US), Paradyne® (US-[https://vcahospitals.com/ VCA]), or Stronghold® (Europe) - Pfizer, 18 mg/kg. A single topical (local) dose can be repeated once a week as necessary.<ref name="cb-parasites"/> Revolution kills adult fleas and prevents eggs from hatching by entering the bloodstream and spreading to sebaceous glands found below the skin's surface.<ref>Vet.com. (2009). Revolution. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.vet.com/dog_flea_meds/revolution.html</ref> It is also effective against several types of [[mites]] and [[ticks]].

* '''imidacloprid:''' {{amazon|id=product/B004QREPBS|name=Advantage® - Bayer}}, one single kitten dose application is generally sufficient to remove the fleas. If this is not the case, the treatment can be repeated once a week as necessary.<ref name="cb-parasites"/> The vapors of this product can lead to irritation of the eyes; it is thus recommended to aerate the room in which the rabbit lives. Advantage works by spreading through the surface of the skin through the hair root level upon application and impairs the flea's nervous system.<ref>Pet Shed. (n.d.). Advantage Flea Control for Dogs and Cats. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.petshed.com/petcyclopedia/about-advantage-flea-treatment.html</ref> There have been some deaths reported, but they have not been directly attributed to Advantage.<ref name="kathy"/> Advantage should not be used for very young (<6 months), elderly (6+ years), or compromised rabbits. Note: The original Advantage was discontinued by Bayer (in the USA) in 2011. It is still sold in many other parts of the world.

* '''lufenuron:''' {{amazon|id=B07JW2S2PQ|name=Program® - Novartis}}, 10 mg/kg. One sole treatment should be sufficient. If not, the treatment can be repeated after 30 days. Program® is an oral chitin inhibitor that prevents new eggs from hatching; however, it does not affect adult fleas, so other treatments will be needed to control severe infestations. Note: Program (suspension for cats) was discontinued in early 2012 when Novartis Animal Health closed its plant in Nebraska (USA). Old stock is still being sold in some countries.

With regard to Advantage vs. Advantage II:<ref>Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2016). Fleas on Rabbits. Retrieved 11 Oct 2016 from http://www.allearssac.org/fleas.html</ref><ref>Flea Bites 101. (2013). Advantage vs. Advantage II: What is the difference? Retrieved 12 Oct 2016 from http://fleabites101.com/advantage-vs-advantage-ii-difference/</ref>
<blockquote>
Advantage® was reformulated and is now labeled as Advantage II®. This new formulation contains treatments for other parasites in addition to fleas. Although it is still generally safe for rabbits, some rabbits have shown more sensitivity to this new formula. On the other hand, Revolution®, which is available only by prescription, treats both fleas and mites safely.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
The original Advantage formula only contained imidacloprid. Imidacloprid kills adult fleas and has some effect on flea larvae, but it does not kill flea eggs. Advantage II is infused with the insect growth regulating chemical called pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen artificially maintains elevated levels of the juvenile growth hormone in flea eggs, which prevents the eggs from hatching.
</blockquote>

Topical flea medications such as selamectin and imidacloprid are typically applied to the back of the neck or between the shoulder blades of an animal where it cannot be easily groomed off. Be sure to separate the fur at the chosen location and apply the medication directly to the skin surface at that one spot. If you have two or more rabbits, keep the rabbits separated for 12 hours to prevent ingestion by the other until the medication dries.<ref>Jeffrey R. Jenkins. (n.d.). Alert on Topical Flea Products. Retrieved 04 Feb 2020 from https://rabbit.org/health/frontline.html</ref>

=== Flea comb ===
A {{amazon|id=B0002RJMAK|name=flea comb}} is a non-toxic device that combs out fleas and eggs. This option is feasible for non-severe infestations.

To use a flea comb, a thorough combing should be given daily. Kill the fleas by dipping the comb in hot-warm soapy water or alcohol immediately after each stroke, and rinse the comb out before continuing with the next stroke. You do not want to potentially burn your rabbit's skin from the comb's hot temperature after being dipped into the water. Be sure to rinse or dip the comb in cool water and quickly wipe excess water off before running it through your rabbit's fur for the next stroke.

=== Environment ===
* [http://video.about.com/cats/Make-a-Homemade-Flea-Trap.htm Create your own flea trap with easily available materials at home.]

* '''Treating your home environment''' and the rabbit's living quarters is just as important as treating your pet rabbit. The most effective way to eliminate fleas in your home is to treat both your pet and your home environment simultaneously.
** Vacuum every day until you consistently see no more signs of fleas. (Stay persistent, as eggs in carpeting, fabrics, and other areas may continue to hatch.) Be sure to vacuum carpeted areas, floors, cracks along the wall and in hard floors, the pet's living quarters, furniture, any other non-washable fabrics or items.
** Empty the vacuum bag/container into a garbage bag outside as soon as you finish vacuuming (on the balcony or outside your apartment to prevent any escaping fleas from reentering your home.)
** Good way to check for fleas is to walk around with knee-high white socks. Fleas are attracted to bright/lighter colored fluffy things. By wearing white knee-high socks, the chances of them jumping on you is high. By doing so, you can see how many there are left and often times you're just a walking trap for them.
** Wash your curtains and any other pet bedding that can be washed. Do so with hot water and laundry detergent. Some people have used a mix of borax and hot water. Others have used lemon juice and vinegar.
** Wash your clothes daily with hot water and laundry detergent if the clothes are suitable to be washed with hot water.
** Keep the environment dry. Flea flourishes in hot and humid environments. It doesn't hurt to keep a dehumidifier in extra humid rooms or locations.

* '''Boric acid''', also known as '''borax''' and '''sodium polyborate''', is a natural environmental treatment usable in carpets that kills fleas and dries out their eggs. It is safe for both rabbits and owners. {{amazon|id=product|name=Fleabusters}} is one product that has been reported to very effective. <ref name="kathy"/>

* '''Fenoxycarb''' is a rabbit-safe insect growth regulator in the form of a synthetic hormone.

* Common table '''salt''' can also be used in your carpets to dry out flea eggs and larvae, similar to the effect on slugs and snails.<ref name="kathy"/> Salt should be reapplied after vacuuming.

* {{amazon|id=B0006ZHCK0|name='''Murphy’s Oil Soap'''}}, a natural, vegetable-based soap with a pleasant fragrance is a flea repellent usable on linoleum and other washable surfaces. <ref name="kathy"/>

<div class="txt-warning">

=== Unsafe treatments ===
* '''fipronil (Frontline® or Sentry® FIPROGUARD):''' Kathy Smith writes,<ref name="kathy"/> <blockquote>Several rabbits died or experienced [[seizures]] after receiving treatment with Frontline. Although the active ingredient is not supposed to cross into the central nervous system of mammals, the number of rabbit deaths reported suggests that this is not true for rabbits.</blockquote> While successful treatment with fipronil has been reported, its use is no longer recommended for rabbits due to multiple anecdotal reports of fatal poisoning among small or young rabbits. <ref>Wildpro. (n.d.). Fipronil Toxicity in Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/FipronilToxicityRabbits.htm</ref> Rabbits can exhibit signs or anorexia and lethargy, with or without seizures, or death within 24 hours. Seizures may also not be seen until 3-9 days after exposure. Death may not occur for a week or two after exposure.<ref name="ngfrontline">Ned Gentz. (2019). Frontline Is Toxic to Rabbits. Retrieved 04 Feb 2020 from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102924&id=7163827</ref><br/><br/>In the event of known application, rabbits should be treated for topical skin exposure with a warm water bath with shampoo and activated charcoal if ingested. Supportive care includes fluid therapy and force feeding. If seizures are seen, Valium or midazolam may be appropriate.<ref name="ngfrontline"/><br/><br/>The following are some additional resources on fiprinol poisoning in rabbits:

<div style="padding-left:25px">
* Laura Stern. (2015). [https://www.dvm360.com/view/fipronil-toxicosis-rabbits Fipronil toxicosis in rabbits]
* ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. [https://www.aspcapro.org/resource/shelter-health-poison-control/fipronil-intoxication-rabbits Fipronil Intoxication in Rabbits]
* vgr1.com. (2019). [http://vgr1.com/frontline/ Any product that uses Fipronil such as Frontline® (Original, Plus, Top Spot, or Gold) can kill your rabbit!!]
</div>

* '''Sentinal®:''' Kathy Smith writes,<ref name="kathy"/><blockquote>Some veterinarians have switched from Program to Sentinal for dogs. Sentinal has the same active ingredient as Program, along with a heart-worm preventative for dogs and should not be used on rabbits.</blockquote>
* '''flea collars:''' Impregnated anti-flea collars lead to severe irritation and burning of the skin. There are reported cases where the rabbit attempted to remove its collar, and died as a result of jamming its jaw in the collar.<ref name="medirabbit">van Praag, E. (n.d.). Fleas and Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/fleas/Fleas.htm</ref> Additionally, flea collars have dosages appropriate for much larger animals than rabbits.

* '''pyrethrin-based flea products:''' This includes pyrethrin-based flea baths, powders, and dips. While pyrethrin is a natural product derived from chrysanthemums, toxic effects have been reported following application of high concentrations of these products (sprays or spot-ons) on rabbits.<ref>Wildpro. (n.d.). Permethrin and Pyrethrin Toxicity in Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/PermethrinPyrethrinToxRabbits.htm</ref> Also, baths and dips will involve your rabbit getting wet, and rabbits and water are not a good mix as established in our [[Bathing]] article.

A few stories about rabbits receiving toxic medications for flea treatment:
* u/catmumma93. (2024). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1e4r4fi/dont_make_the_mistake_i_did/ Outdoor lionhead rabbit was given fiprinol and started having seizures 1.5 months later, leading to humane euthanasia] {{RIP}}
* u/mizzannethrope. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10p3qf7/fing_frontline/ Rabbits were treated with a "micro-dose" of Frontline for ear mites causing loss of appetite]
* u/Inside_Lettuce_2545. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/uvl3q6/gave_my_bunny_frontline_any_advice/ Rabbits were self-treated with Frontline, which caused seizures and loss of appetite]
* Houston Rabbit Resource. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/HoustonRabbitResource/posts/314663347392320 Rabbit was given a Frontline application from a well-meaning rescuer] {{RIP}}
* u/CadTV. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/mk8h85/please_help_sick_bunny/ Rabbit was given a drop of Frontline causing reduced appetite]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/4155094624575261 Marshmellow's story - owner applied Frontline, which caused severe seizures that resulted in a broken leg]
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2918914611526608 Paquito's story - owner applied Frontline on both dog and rabbit] {{RIP}}
* u/bruski. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5ffjvv/dear_god_please_be_careful_in_the_flea_medicine/ Rabbit was given generic Frontline causing incontinence and abnormal behavior]
* Misivet. (2014). [https://youtu.be/uPRgDIjqfdw Video of a rabbit having convulsions after a fiprinol-based product application]
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2013). [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/photos/a.112459649112/10151920034854113/?type=3&theater Rabbit was given Frontline due to misinformed medical advice, causing stasis then seizures and death two days later] {{RIP}}
* Spazydoo. (2012). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/frontline-very-bad-idea.70388/ Rabbit was given Frontline causing stasis and seizures]
</div>

== Further reading ==
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/faq-grooming/ Grooming] (Search for "Fleas and Mites")
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2016). [http://www.allearssac.org/fleas.html Fleas on Rabbits]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/parasitic/c_rb_flea_infestation#.UC79mETYCco Fleas Infecting the Body in Rabbits]
* Kathy Smith. (2003). [[Media:Kathy-smith-fleas.pdf|Fleas]] [PDF]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Parasitic/fleas/Fleas.htm Fleas and Rabbits]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Skin issues]]

Medicating your rabbit

2026-02-19T08:16:04Z

SneakyDragon: /* Oral medication */

{{incomplete}}
{{#seo:
|description=Info & Videos on Giving Eye Drops, Oral Medication, SubQ, Taking Temperatures, Nzebulizing, Enemas and more.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/1a/RabbitNurse_Facebook1.png
}}
This page goes over instructions, tips, and resources for a few basic medical procedures that rabbit owners are likely to need to do for their rabbits at least once in their lifetime.
== Giving an enema ==
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon Lydia Enema.jpg|caption=A foster rabbit with acute constipation getting an enema at the veterinarian.}} Enemas can help hydrate hardened fecal matter when facing a [[GI stasis]] crisis. Please contact your [[veterinarian]] first before trying to give an enema to your rabbit, as the risk of colon puncture is a real possibility.<ref>Kathy Smith, ''Rabbit Health in the 21st century'', 2003, p43.</ref>

The following are some resources on giving rabbits an enema:
* Dana Krempels, [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/enema.html How Administer an Enema to Your Rabbit]
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NBvoNlGyL34|name="How to Give Your Pet Bunny an Enema" starring Zuma}}
</div>

== Giving eye drops ==
Below are some relevant vidoes about giving rabbits eye drops.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=7ceWwNw83yY|name=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2021). How to Administer Eye Medication for a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=E_nasUaIo-g|name=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Rabbit Eye Drops}}
{{youtube|id=E6tJAvVxUmw|name=Melanie N. (2012). Rocky getting his eye drops}}
</div>

A few websites with their own instructions and videos:
* The Rabbit Doctors. [https://www.therabbitdoctors.com.au/apply-eye-drops How to: Apply eye drops]

== Giving ear drops ==
Below are some relevant vidoes about giving rabbits ear drops.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=MsRzDFfEt-E|caption=Nina and Popcorn. (2020). FIVE TIPS: Administer Ear Drops for a Rabbit}}
</div>

== Nebulizing ==
{{right-image|file=SchillerDoingHisNebulizing.jpg|caption=Schiller being a good boy and doing his nebulizing for his chronic snuffles. Image (c) and used with direct permission from [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/44mvaf/rabbit_has_developed_chronic_snuffles_the_vet/ wannabecanuck].}}
'''Nebulizing''' is a treatment often given for upper and lower respiratory infections.

Human nebulizers can be reused for rabbits, but please check with your veterinarian for dispensing preferences. One such affordable nebulizer model includes the Omron CompAir NE-C801.

The following are some resources on nebulizing rabbits.
* Rachel Sibbald. (2019). [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/medical/nebulising-rabbits/ Nebulizing Rabbits]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/health/nebulizing Nebulizing]
* Kirk Lowis, M.A. [http://www.morfz.com/nebulization.html Nebulizing Rabbits]
* Lucile C. Moore & Kathy Smith. (2008). <i>When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods.</i> [https://books.google.com/books?id=E82PBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=rabbit+nebulizer&source=bl&ots=92vhkmLFMT&sig=TYR4NKcsuwvjwhNl-3uDM9Sbq58&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CGcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwi1zcLvmYnIAhVDEZIKHeO5A3g#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20nebulizer&f=false Nebulizing]

Here are some videos about placing rabbits in a nebulizer.
* Cooper the Pooper. (2024). [https://fb.watch/zW2Z_5mkx7/ MINI's nebulizer setup.]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=3IWyfXLaZts |caption=MediRabbit, Nebulizer}}
{{youtube|id=1JpVeWhJ8RA |caption=NebulizerChamber}}
{{youtube|id=V29dG5fU5J4 |caption=How to Nebulize a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=l3dj7VcOCj8 |caption=How to use a nebulizer box for your bunny}}
</div>

Below are some experiences with nebulizing as a treatment.
* Lorraine Howard. [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/case-study-guinness-nebulizer-treatment-for-pneumonia/ Case Study: Guinness' Nebulizer Treatment for Pneumonia]

== Oral medication ==
While some rabbits may enjoy the taste of their medication and eat it from the syringe directly with pleasure, most often, rabbits do not like having syringes near their face and liquids squirted forcefully in their mouths. Syringe-feeding oral medications can be stressful and a struggle.

<div class="note">
If you need to feed a pill to your rabbit, obtain a pill crusher to help convert it to a more liquid form.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=qmlx_K9RS0A|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Give a Rabbit a Pill}}
</div>
</div>

The following tips may help bribe your rabbit into voluntarily eating their medication instead of needing to forcefully restrain and medicate them.
* '''Tricking''' your rabbit with fruit or another treat either by putting the medication in the middle of the treat or syringing in medication in your rabbit's mouth from the side while the bunny is busy trying to eat the treat. <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=7Hhp-oTgtYQ|caption=u/Havoc_918. (2018). Snowy loves his food...and his meds}}</div>
* '''Drizzle''' the medication on a lettuce leaf, fruit slice, or other treat. Freeze-dried vegetables are great at soaking up medication and less sugar-laden than fruit choices. Banana and apple slices work well at masking most tastes. While bread is not recommended as a regular food for rabbits due to the large amounts of starch, it is safe in limited amounts and small bites of whole wheat bread can be used to soak up the medication and fed as a treat.
* '''Dress their pellets''' with the medication. This can be done either in a spoon or a bowl depending on pellet quantity. Often, if the rabbits won't consume the pellets immediately, they will nibble on them over the next hour and consume their medication effectively that way. [http://imgur.com/a/5Kjfs Here] is an image album from [https://www.reddit.com/user/PeppermintBee /u/PeppermintBee] demonstrating the technique.
* '''Mixing''' the medication with baby food, a sugar-free jam, or applesauce to mask the taste.
* Ask your veterinarian to '''compound''' the medication with a sweet flavor like apple, banana, or marshmallow.

If no amount of bribery will work, the following are some tips to help you restrain your rabbit:
* Use a '''two-door carrier''' to catch your rabbit and use the top entry to corner and stuff a syringe in their mouth.
* '''Catch''' your rabbit in a carrier and walk around for a minute or so to slightly stress the rabbit and make them easier to handle.
* Use an <b>unfamiliar location</b> to medicate your rabbits like a table top, bathroom, or dresser surface.
* {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon nethie kneel 2023-03.jpeg|caption=Kneeling over a feisty Netherland Dwarf for her daily medication.}} While <b>kneeling on the ground</b>, hold your rabbit firmly between your thighs and block the rear entry with your feet so they are unable to back out of the trap. Bend over your rabbit to put the syringe in their mouth. If you have a bad back, you can make a similar restraining position on a low table with your chest, armpit, and arm.
* Use a '''bunny burrito''' for restraint. See [[Grooming#Bunny burrito]] for tips.

<div class="note">
As a general tip, we recommend giving the best tasting medications first to your rabbits, especially if they'll eat them on their own. Rabbits will tend to thrash and resist harder and harder once they taste medication that they don't like, even if the latter medicines are better tasting.
</div>

The following links have more information on methods on giving your rabbit their oral medication.
* Suzanne Smith. (2001). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/giving-medicine-to-your-rabbit/ Giving Medicine to Your Rabbit]
* Flick. (2009). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/feeding-liquid-medicine-to-rabbit.33415/#post-463482 Syringing Meds 101]

Here are some videos about various strategies to orally medicate rabbits.
* The University of Edinburgh. (2020). [https://media.ed.ac.uk/media/1_60th7fha Client Support - Rabbit Oral Supplement]
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=_28wE_kPqRA|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2026). Medicating a feisty rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=9kQ-9bzH0MA|caption=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Medicating Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=t8l3cKCorj8?t=44s|caption=Pet Emergency & Specialty Center San Diego. (2011). Administering Oral Medication to a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=fZXiq0nNgS4|caption=Avian and Exotic Animal Care. (2020). How to give oral meds to a rabbit using a "bunny burrito"}}
{{youtube|id=xaHtUy4EX5s|caption=Howcast. (2009). How to Give Medication to a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=bXNIHGsH3I4|caption=boozybunnies. (2021). 3 Simple Ways to Give Medicine to a Stubborn Bunny}}
{{youtube|id=N12eJ5vdo4w|caption=C T. (2017). Syringe Administration - Wick}}
</div>

== Syringe feeding ==
Force feeding recovery foods such as [[syringe feeding|Critical Care]] can be a much more daunting task than oral medications due to the amount of food that needs to be fed and the amount of time needed for the procedure. This is something that most rabbit owners will need to learn to do due to bouts of [[GI stasis]], [[Teeth|dental issues]], or during recovery from a major surgery such as a [[spay]].

<div class="bad">Do not force feed rabbits if they have obstructive [[bloat]], and please take your rabbit to an [[Emergencies|emergency hospital]] immediately instead. ''Force feeding rabbits with an intestinal blockage can rupture their stomach.''
</div>

<div class="note">
We recommend filling up the oral syringes from the back of the barrel by spooning the food in directly or with a funnel after removing the plunger rather than trying to draw up the solution from the tip. This helps to reduce the amount of air in the barrel for feeding as well as minimize the amount of liquid needed to constitute the recovery food powder. {{right-image|file=Speakstruth CC funnel.jpg|caption=Using a small funnel to fill a large syringe full of recovery food.}}

<p>If you are unable to locate a syringe for oral feeding in an emergency, you can try to assist feed by using a Ziploc bag. Fill the bag with the liquid food, cut a small corner off, and squeeze the food out of the bag through the tip to feed.</p></div>

A few tips specific to syringe feeding recovery food vs. medicating a small amount of medication:
* Give very small volumes of food (less than 1cc at a time) to prevent aspiration.
* Aim the tip at the opposite cheek rather than the back of the throat to prevent shooting food directly down the throat.
* Use a large syringe (15cc) and add more water as needed so the food flows out smoothly. You can also cut the tip of the syringe with a pair of scissors to make the feeding opening larger.

Please see the [[#Oral medication]] section above for more general tips on handling your rabbit for medication.

The following are a few articles with tips about syringe feeding rabbits:
* All Creatures Rescue & Sanctuary. (2008). [http://blog.allcreaturesrescue.org/2008/04/08/tips-on-hand-feeding-rabbits-and-guinea-pigs/ Tips on hand feeding rabbits and guinea pigs]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/syringe-feeding-guide/ Syringe feeding guide]
* BunnyHugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/a-to-z/health/nursing.html Nursing rabbits]

The following are videos to help demonstrate different effective techniques of restraining a rabbit for force feeding:
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=2kmf8nUzthY|caption=Westwood Veterinary Practice. (2020). Syringe feeding a rabbit with kneeling}}
{{youtube|id=Fz33CYeRJVY|caption=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Rabbit Syringe Feeding Demo}}
{{youtube|id=2LgwAGUUubE|name=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2020). Syringe Feeding Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=-yiIJF8juHs|name=CBEAM Center for Bird and Exotic Animal Medicine. (2020). How to syringe feed Herbivore Critical Care to a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=8iGZVYVm5Bg|caption=Pet Care Veterinary Hospital. (2009). How to Syringe Feed a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=Dr3Hsu-goBw|caption=[http://reddit.com/user/Foinz /u/Foinz]. (2015). Rabbit feeding and giving medicine with syringe (critical care)}}
</div>

== Subcutaneous injections ==
'''Subcutaneous injections''', also abbreviated as '''SC''', '''SQ''', '''sub-cu''', '''sub-Q''', or '''subcut injections''' are given in the fatty layer of tissue under the skin. This method is commonly used to inject medications as well as fluids for hydration.

Some tips with subcutaneous injections:
* Roll the vial back and forth if it needs to mixed or warmed up before use. Do not shake vigorously to mix as it can add air into the solution and make it difficult for accurate dosage.
* For penicillin G, larger gauge needles (19- to 21- gauge) are recommended because the solution is so thick and viscous.
* When drawing medication from the bottle, first pre-fill the syringe with air before inserting the needle. You can carefully pump the syringe back and forth a few times to decrease the amount of obvious air bubbles.

Below are some additional resources about giving subcutaneous injections to rabbits.
* MediRabbit, Naomi Heinsma, [http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Inject/inject_en.htm Basic instructions for subcutaneous injections in rabbits]

The following are videos of demonstrations of the administration of subcutaneous injections in rabbits.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=ra_w01Ofs0g|caption=Veterinary Center for Birds & Exotics. (2020). How to give a rabbit an injection under its skin}}
{{youtube|id=9ANvqFeS0B0|caption=NorthStar VETS. (2020). Subcutaneous Injections for Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=iDFiXIgIfOE|caption=Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Veterinary Hospital. (2012). How to Give a Rabbit Injection (scruff)}}
</div>

== Subcutaneous fluids ==
{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon-romeo-snugglecarriersubq.jpeg|caption=A Mini Rex given subq fluids with a giving set in a snuggle bed in a carrier on the floor.}} '''Subcutaneous fluids''', also abbreviated as '''SC''', '''SQ''', '''sub-cu''', '''sub-Q''', or '''subcut fluids''' are fluids given in the fatty layer of tissue under the skin. Many rabbit owners will never need to learn how to do this, but health issues like dehydration, [[megacolon]], and [[kidney disease]] may require owners to learn how to do so at home.

There are two ways of giving fluids to rabbits: 1) using a syringe set, and 2) using a drip line (giving) set.

A few tips when giving fluids to rabbits:

* Common needle gauges when giving fluids to rabbits range from 18 gauge to 21 gauge or thinner. The lower the number, the larger the diameter of the needle and the faster the fluids can be given. However, a thinner needle may be more comfortable to your rabbit.
* If your fluid bag is cloudy or discolored, discard the bag as it may be contaminated.
* If you are giving a large amount of fluids to your rabbit (over 20ml), it is recommended to warm the fluids to around body temperature (~100°F) first for their comfort and to prevent lowering their body temperature if your rabbit is unwell. To warm them, you can place the bag directly in a warm bowl of water with the ports out of the water, or if you would like to warm the line as well in a giving set, water-tight in a Ziploc bag. <span class="bad">Do not submerge the ports or line directly in water as it can introduce contamination.</span> A sous vide cooker or tea kettle with exact temperature controls can be very helpful for this purpose. A full bag of fluids may take 10-15 minutes to warm up. <span class="bad">Do not overheat the fluids - it can cause serious burns under the skin.</span>
* You may see some (or a larger amount if unlucky) blood or blood-tinged fluid when removing the needle sometimes. This is not a serious issue and means that you hit a blood vessel in the skin when inserting the needle. Pinch the insertion hole or put pressure on it with a paper towel or gauze and make sure it clots and stops bleeding.
* If using a giving set, always put a new needle on the end of the line when you finish a fluid administration session to prevent contamination traveling up from an old needle.
* If you have issues inserting and positioning the needle under the skin more than twice, change to a new needle to minimize discomfort.
{{post-image|file=Hypodermic-needle-sharpness.png|caption=Hypodermic needles dull quickly with each use.}}

The following are videos of demonstrations of the administration of subcutaneous fluids using a giving set in rabbits.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=EDHlqSWOKcg|caption=Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic. (2022). How to give subcutaneous fluids to rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=ORjOkbbYROg|caption=Chicago Exotics PC. (2021). How to give your rabbit subcutaneous fluids without a syringe 2/2}}
{{youtube|id=TPGNAOFg4eo|caption=The Center For Avian & Exotic Medicine. (2020). Subcutaneous fluids for rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=Wdf-M9miFzE|caption=MediRabbit. (2009). Subcutaneous fluid administration}}
{{youtube|id=10XODWMV3uI|caption=FastUpOnRabbitCare. (2008). Subcutaneous Fluids}}
</div>

The following are videos of demonstrations of the administration of subcutaneous fluids using a syringe set in rabbits.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NKKfsGRpRRs|caption=Chicago Exotics PC. (2020). How to give subcutaneous fluids to your pet rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=WMENHSPUTjc|caption=BunniesOfTheBurrow. (2023). Injecting Subcutaneous Fluids In Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=INB8_dUCI3U|caption=Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2021). How to Give Subcutaneous Fluids to Companion Mammals}}
{{youtube|id=Ha_Cmug3UnE|caption=Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Grafton. (2020). How to Administer Subcutaneous (SQ) Fluids—Syringe Method}}
</div>

== Taking temperature ==
Normal rectal temperature for a healthy rabbit should be between 101-104°F or 38.3-40°C.

<div class="bad">
Infrared thermometers for the ear are not accurate in rabbits as they use their [[ears]] as their main thermoregulatory organ, and temperatures will fluctuate greatly whether they are hot or cold.
</div>

Here are some resources on taking your rabbit's temperature.
* House Rabbit Resource Network, [http://rabbitresource.org/body-temp/ Body Temperature]
* BunSpace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10977&posts_tgp_no=last Taking A Rabbit's Temperature]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=YZd10Hk0maA|caption=Howcast. (2013). How to Take a Rabbit's Temperature}}
{{youtube|id=228mi-UqRX0|caption=Georgia House Rabbit Society. (2014). How To Take A Rabbit's Temperature}}
{{youtube|id=G9I_jTjwnfE|caption=Rabbits' Ray of Hope. (2021). Vet takes rabbit's temperature!}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/medicating.html FAQ: Medicating Your Rabbit]

== See also ==
* [[Common drug dosages for rabbits]]
* [[Venipuncture]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

First aid for rabbits

2026-02-19T08:12:01Z

SneakyDragon: /* Choking */

{{incomplete}}
__TOC__
== Wound care ==
If your rabbit has an open cut on their body, you can do the following at home:

# Make sure the wound has stopped bleeding. If it has not, use a sterile gauze to apply constant and firm pressure. {{bad|If the bleeding has not stopped after 5 minutes, please proceed to [[vet|an emergency veterinarian]] immediately.}}
# Rinse the wound with sterile saline solution if there is debris such as a fur or dirt.
# Disinfect the wound with a disinfectant such as diluted Betadine or chlorohexidine.
# Apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment such as plain Neosporin (no Plus with steroid-based pain relief).

If the wound is minor and surface level, monitoring at home should generally be okay. Make sure it scabs and heals without any other signs of infection such as redness, swelling, and pus.

If the wound is large or on a sensitive area like the ears, it is likely a good idea to make an urgent veterinary appointment for additional stitches or glue for better healing.

If the wound was caused by another animal like a cat or dog, especially with saliva, please visit your veterinarian to receive antibiotics to prevent further infection and possible [[abscesses|abscessation]] of the injury.

The following are a few helpful articles on first aid wound care for rabbits:
* Disabled Rabbits. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/skin-injuries.html Skin Injuries]
* Gail N. (2016). [[Media:Wound_Care_in_Rabbits_-_Gail_N.pdf|Wound Care in Rabbits]] [PDF]
* Vetlexicon. [https://crossriggsvets.co.uk/pet-factsheets/?Rabbits&factsheets-types=bGFwaXM=&nodeguid=117324 Wound: management]

Please see [[First aid kit for rabbits#Wound care]] for a list of supplies.

== Choking ==
Rabbits that eat too fast without chewing or try to eat a sticky object and struggle to swallow can be prone to gagging and choking. Common food culprits include small [[pellets]] and [[fruit|fruits]] like bananas, blueberries, and grapes.

<b>Gagging</b> can be observed when a rabbit pauses, squints their eyes, and makes sudden ear motions momentarily. Lop rabbits will raise their ears to a helicopter position. Radar-eared rabbits will lay them against their back. If you notice your rabbit gagging on a certain food, it should be scatter-fed, cut or mashed into smaller pieces, or removed from feeding entirely for their safety.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=2zP5CGdY7_s|caption=u/sneaky_dragon. (2023). French Lop gagging while eating pellets}}
{{youtube|id=JB9iGoXUAes|caption=u/Scared-Ad-3692. (2023). Radar-eared rabbit wincing and gagging on a banana peel}}
{{youtube|id=XYnpuPnc3lA|caption=u/bibo1117. (2023). Lop rabbit gagged while eating a blueberry}}
{{youtube|id=GRb5GhFw2Ak|caption=Bobo Ellie Buns. (2023). Lop rabbit chokes while eating vegetables}}
{{youtube|id=67U96B989Yc|caption=My Fuzzy Animals. (2021). Rabbit chokes while eating a banana}}
</div>

Rabbits that are <b>choking</b> will likely display some of the following symptoms:
* Respiratory distress - lifting their heads up in the air to try and breathe around the blockage.
* Making gurgling and whistling noises.
* Excessive mucus production and drooling out of their mouths.
* Throwing their heads around and pawing at their face to try and dislodge the food.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z2lXJ-_pUeY|caption=Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. (2023). Choking in Rabbits}}
{{youtube|id=iH-HvuiyVkw|caption=Sizzle Comedy. (2022). Rabbit choking while drinking water}}
{{youtube|id=o2BYduJsriE|caption=Mickki Langston. (2019). Rabbit Choking Example}}
{{youtube|id=09z3pt4Qlro|caption=Dancing Rabbit. (2015). A rabbit 25 minutes after a choking episode. {{bad|NOTE: Rabbits should be immediately rushed to a [[veterinarian]] for supportive care after a choking incident.}}}}
{{youtube|id=L-MqZinJqIk|caption=holladeb. (2014). A subtle choking rabbit face}}
</div>

<div class="note">
If you notice your rabbit is choking, this is an immediate emergency. Please do your best to dislodge the blocking food/object and take your rabbit to a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] afterwards for antibiotics to prevent infection from aspiration.
</div>

The following are some more pages with details on how to help a choking rabbit.

* Megan Schommer, DVM. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/meganschommerdvm/posts/274140887723839 Choking in rabbits]
* vgr1. [http://www.vgr1.com/choking/ Choking]
* Special Bunny. [https://www.specialbunny.org/choking/ Choking]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gBepclxqPrw|caption=Tamara Adlin. (2020). Rabbit Choking First Aid: Bunny Hemlich Maneuver}}
{{youtube|id=kZd3oArsElc|caption=Tamara Adlin. (2020). Heimlich for choking baby bunny rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=DNF_8wyI-Fw|caption=House Rabbit Society. (2016). Heimlich video clips from the HRS Rabbit Center Master Seminar Series}}
</div>

<div class="note">
To prevent future choking incidents, especially with pellets, it is advisable to adjust feeding methods:
* Use a [[Toys#Puzzles|puzzle feeder]] to slow down the rate that rabbits can gobble down foods.
* Scatter feed your pellets on the floor instead of feeding them in a small bowl.
* Switch to a larger pellet, like an extruded brand such as Science Selective and Burgess.
* Water down the pellets to make them into a mash like Critical Care that may slow down consumption.
* Cut fruits into tiny bites.
* Have your rabbit checked out by a [[vet|rabbit-savvy vet]] to make sure that health concerns like [[teeth|dental issues]] and [[megaoesophagus]] aren't predisposing them to choking incidents.
</div>

<div class="box">
The following are a few experiences with choking rabbits.

* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/pfbid022WegPjWWHC62hEuD3Yu13wzqKTQgnARqpZJ3hmbkKREjX9eH4CGPJD8ZX6YJ4oY9l Rabbit aspirated pellets and ended up with fatal aspiration pneumonia] {{RIP}}
* u/uwuqt. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1pgnnfx/lost_my_7_year_old/ 7-year-old rabbit choked on a pellet and suspected to be fatally injured after falling while attempting Heimlich maneuver] {{RIP}}
* u/SmoothBrain460. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lrd7ab/my_7_year_old_lionhead_passed_yesterday_and_i/ 7-year-old rabbit choked on pellets and later euthanized at hospital] {{RIP}}
* Bunny Wonderland. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/posts/1922096481307130 Kovu's story with choking on pellets]
* u/bittersweetlemonade. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/sjiet9/my_best_friend_choked_on_a_piece_of_grape_this/ Rabbit fatally choked on a piece of grape] {{RIP}}
* u/bjorkkk. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qcbfil/psa_please_learn_how_to_do_the_heimlich_on_your/ Rabbit fatally choked while eating banana] {{RIP}}
* u/Tayloren52. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/mctnxy/please_be_careful_and_mindful_when_feeding_banana/ Rabbit fatally choked while eating banana] {{RIP}}
* River Road Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/riverroadrabbitrescue/videos/1340304193033557/ Extremely food-driven rabbit chronically chokes often when eating pellets but otherwise given all-clear by rabbit-savvy vet]
* big_cocoa_puff. (2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/B8b5qEhFdMG/ Cocoa Puff was found choking on an unknown object]
* u/murkylotus. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dsankt/so_pepper_choked_tonight/ Pepper story with choking on pellets]
* u/SuckinLemonz. (2016). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3z65mm/help_my_bunny_choked/ Rabbit has choked on pellets multiple times]
* u/Oncidiinae. (2015). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3y87ix/update_on_rowley_the_choking_bun_hes_developed/ Rabbit developed pneumonia after choking and spent multiple nights in an oxygen cage. Unfortunately his condition deteriorated.] {{RIP}}
* u/blackxdahlia. (2014). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2ktb5m/something_i_learned_when_my_bunny_started_choking/ Rabbit choked on plastic]
* u/caffeineassisted. (2013). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/174ag7/rabbits_choking/ Rabbit choked on pellets]
</div>

== E-collars ==
'''E-collars''' (AKA '''elizabethan collars''' or '''ecollars''') are occasionally used for rabbits to prevent them from chewing on stitches, incisions, or the rest of their body in general. Most of the time, a hard e-collar is not very practical due to the inability to eat their cecals and movement difficulty. Other alternatives made with socks and other objects are often more comfortable for rabbits.

Some more resources on using e-collars and alternatives for rabbits:
* Special Bunny, [http://www.specialbunny.org/surgery/ Surgeries]
* Jänis Jrabbit Abel. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10158911248938809/ Sophie's bunsie]
* u/CandidDeer. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/b3h3tp/marilyn_sporting_her_mint_green_medical_pet_shirt/ Marilyn sporting her mint green Medical Pet Shirt a few days after her spay. Her surgery was last Wednesday. Mary is happy to have had her onesie and sutures removed today. Here's to further good recovery!]
* u/CandidDeer. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/b3h4o1/before_her_mint_green_onesie_mary_had_been/ Before her mint green onesie, Mary had been wearing this here, made out of one of my leggings. So cute looking, but it wasn't practical.]
* Columbus HRS. (2018). [https://www.instagram.com/p/BlxmjPXgQ_h/ Skipper after his neuter]
* Ana Luisa Suarez. (2018). [https://shareably.net/forget-cone-shame-make-diy-sock-onesie-kitty-spayed-neutered/ Make This Adorable DIY Sock Onesie For Your Kitten]
* Francis & Charlie. (2013). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?399797-Medical-Pet-Shirt-alternative-to-an-e-collar-(recommendation-review) Medical Pet Shirt: alternative to an e-collar (recommendation/review)]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=_BNAaWCRBFk|caption=Rabbit Rescue Sanctuary. (2020). HOW TO MAKE A SOFT COLLAR FOR YOUR RABBIT}}
{{youtube|id=PH97D9XmzDw|caption=Somebunny Luvs Me. (2019). BUN E COLLAR}}
{{youtube|id=2VxNfbzDxyw|caption=Kong Yuen Sing. (2013). Making an e-collar}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some e-collars and alternatives available for purchase:

* [https://smile.amazon.com/s?k=soft+ecollar&ref=wabbi-20 Soft ecollar on Amazon]
* {{amazon|id=B07FN49155|name=MAXX Medical Pet Clothing & Recovery Rabbit Shirt E Collar Alternative for Post Surgery, Wounds and Bandages}}
* [https://www.etsy.com/listing/700833290/e-collar-for-rabbit-surgery-recovery ECRABBIT E-collar for Rabbit]
* [https://medicalpetshirts.com/products/mps-medical-pet-shirt-rabbit/ MPS-MEDICAL PET SHIRT® RABBIT]
</div>

== Syringe feeding ==
When a rabbit needs nutritional support, assisted feeding with a liquid food in a syringe is often effective. Oral nutritional support provides calories, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluids as well as help to rehydrate stomach contents and stimulate normal GI motility. The recommended intake for recovery food is 50ml/kg body weight divided into 3-5 meals per day.<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E. & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref>

Oxbow's Critical Care is what is commonly fed to rabbits requiring nutritional support. This product can be obtained from your vet or some pet stores and online retailers. Otherwise, you can use your rabbit's normal pellet feed and grind it to powder and mix 1:1.5 with water to form a paste for feeding. Any remaining formula may be refrigerated for 48 hours.<ref name="rm&s"/>

<div class="blue">
Common rabbit recovery food brands include the following:
* Oxbow - [http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/vets/products/critical_care Critical Care] - You can find more tips and tricks [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/critical-care-tips-and-tricks/ here] and detailed feeding instructions [https://www.oxbowaustralia.com/critical-care%E2%84%A2-information-for-pet-owners/ here.] <p>{{amazon|id=B001FKACXO|name=Apple-Banana}} is the most popular flavor, however, some rabbits may also eat the {{amazon|id=B0021WZJD8|name=original anise flavor}}. Oxbow also has a {{amazon|id=B004W78400|name=fine grind version in papaya flavor}} that rabbits may also like.</p><p><b>Apple-banana flavor</b><br/>{{chewy_button|id=704798}} {{amazon_button|id=B001FKACXO}}</p><p><b>Anise flavor</b><br/> {{amazon_button|id=B0021WZJD8}}</p><p><b>Fine grind</b><br/> {{amazon_button|id=B004W78400}}</p>
* Supreme - [https://supremepetfoods.us/products/science-selective-recovery-plus/ Science Selective RecoveryPlus] - You can find feeding guidelines [https://supremepetfoods.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/recovery-plus-feeding-sheet-low-1.pdf here.]<p>{{chewy_button|id=263028}} {{amazon_button|id=B00GONV6AU}}</p>
* EmerAid - [https://emeraid.com/vet/emeraid-herbivore-sustain/ Sustain Herbivore] - You can find detailed preparation instructions [https://emeraid.com/vet/emeraid-herbivore-sustain/ here.] <p>{{chewy_button|id=268009}} {{amazon_button|id=B07ST4VJDC}}</p>
* Sherwood - [https://store.sherwoodpethealth.com/bulk-recovery-food-and-or-emergency-kits-for-rabbits/ Timothy Recovery Food for Rabbits] - You can find the label instructions [https://wabbitwiki.com/images/8/86/Sherwood_Timothy_Recovery_Food_for_Rabbits_label.jpg here.] <p>{{amazon_button|id=B0CXQT5SWR}}</p>
* Vetafarm - [https://vetafarm.com.au/product/crittacare-herbivore-350g/ Crittacare Herbivore] - You can find instructions on the product website.
* Burgess - [https://www.burgesspetcare.com/shop/rabbit-food/junior/excel-dual-care/ Excel Dual Care] - You can find instructions on the product website.<p>{{amazon_button|id=B08ZTWZWZ5|country=uk}}</p>
</div>

For further instructions and tips for syringe feeding methodology, see [[Medicating your rabbit#Syringe feeding]].

An electrolyte solution is also good to have on hand in case of dehydration, and you are unable to give [[subcutaneous fluids]].

<div class="blue">
While {{amazon|id=B01K1XTQPU|name=unflavored Pedialyte}} can be bought from most grocery stores, the following products may be more useful as they have been formulated for rabbits:

* {{amazon|id=B01AVJ2458|name=Appetite Restore}} by Sherwood Pet Health
* {{amazon|id=B0913JZK7S|name=Electro-STAT Electrolyte Replacer for Rehydration}} by Fox Valley Animal Nutrition Inc.
* {{amazon|id=B0042LA2PG|name=Vitamins & Electrolytes Plus}} by Agrilabs
* {{amazon|id=B000HHLUBO|name=Vitamins & Electrolytes Powder Concentrate}} by Durvet
* {{amazon|id=B07MTKKY9V|name=Hydra-Lyte Pro-Defend}} by Rowe Nutrition
* {{amazon|id=B08164DCNY|name=Aqua-Lyte Blue}} by Kammalop
</div>

== Bladder expression ==
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=2BhNlbxvnwE|caption=Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2020). Bladder Expression in the Rabbit}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* Petfinder, Mary E. Cotter in consultation with Gil Stanzione, DVM, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/rabbit-sick-reach-vet/ Help! My rabbit is sick and I can’t reach my vet!]
* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/5TSQb Is my bunny sick?]
* Laura K. Lathan, DVM, [http://www.morfz.com/firstaid.html First Aid For Rabbits]
* Margaret A. Wissman, D.V.M., D.A.B.V.P., [http://www.exoticpetvet.net/smanimal/rabfirstaid.html First Aid for Rabbits]
* Georgia Williams, [http://www.angelfire.com/ca/georgiawilliams/firstaid.html Bunny First Aid]
* SmallAnimalChannel.com, [http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/rabbit-health/rabbit-quick-aid.aspx Quick First-Aid Rabbit Care]
* Jay E. Hreiz, VMD, [http://expeng.anr.msu.edu/uploads/files/79/First%20Aid%20in%20the%20Domestic%20Rabbit%20x%20Dr%20Jay%20Hreiz0001%202.pdf First Aid in the Domestic Rabbit]
* Designer Bunnies, [http://designerbunnies.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/rabbit-first-aid.pdf Rabbit First Aid]
* Bunnies and Sunshine, [http://bunnies-and-sunshine.blogspot.com/2012/10/rivers-tummy-troubles.html River's tummy troubles.] - How to trick a sick rabbit into drinking water.
* AEMVvets (Instagram), [https://www.instagram.com/p/C8uz7Kdumra/?igsh=bzhjM2lpOTdlbDlz Tips for Feeding Hospitalized Rabbits!]

== See also ==
* [[First aid kit for rabbits]]
* [[Veterinary emergencies]]
* [[Vomiting]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Uterine cancer

2026-02-19T08:04:41Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

{{incomplete}}
'''Uterine cancer''', also known as uterine or '''endometrial adenocarcinoma''' or '''uterine neoplasia''', is a serious risk for intact female rabbits. Uterine adenocarcinoma is a gland-like malignant type of tumor that arises from the secretory tissue that lines the inner cavity of the uterus. The tumors usually arise from the endometrial or inside layers of the uterus.

Reported incidence rates of uterine cancer in rabbits have ranged from 50%-80% in female rabbits over 4 years of age, especially in certain breeds.<ref name="bsava">British Small Animal Veterinary Association, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101031000821/http://www.bsava.com:80/Advice/PolicyStatements/NeuteringofRabbits/tabid/162/Default.aspx Policy Statement on the Neutering of Rabbits]</ref> For this reason alone, rescues and veterinarians strongly recommend the [[spaying]] of female non-breeding rabbits.
__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
Intact female rabbits over 3-4 years of age are most at risk.

* Blood in urine.
* Vaginal discharge stained with blood.
* Cysts in the mammary glands and mammary growths.
* Cloudy fluid that may come from the mammary glands.
* Behavioral changes, including aggressiveness.
* Lethargy, inability to eat, and pale mucous membranes.
* Abdominal masses

== Experiences ==
Below are some anecdotes about encounters with uterine and other reproductive cancers in rabbits - some operable, some not.

* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2026). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0exxaxc5SwuiWuppwVfwApLhwcichBGvDrZ2A3CzmzTJ329oJtUMHrHboVPMAH52Bl 4-year-old lop presented to clinic with blood in urine, diagnosed with uterine disease, and treated with a spay] {{graphic}}
* SaveABunny. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/SaveABunny/posts/pfbid0J5QcDza1nb3ZbRNEbXFh7U83EufPgFqYF3xu6wQkWE7ofPQYj9vNgAA1aGZjmHuLl Female rabbit was euthanized due to metastatic cancer because the rabbit had not been spayed before coming into the rescue's care.]
* u/FurstRoyalty-Ties. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1f980pa/today_we_had_to_say_goodbye_to_our_beloved_female/ Elderly female rabbit was euthanized for uterine cancer and a severe infection.] {{RIP}}
* Everybunny Counts Rabbit Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/EverybunnyCounts/posts/pfbid02H9HYAhcHfdqDXyeqSkPrqBgk2QKKbAYRWHAnb6wsFdkai5j4SdqYjX7PauWnW1Pjl Aspen's story] {{Graphic}} {{RIP}}
* Willys Wabbits. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02eDyP1ZunA5pAKNcxFt6oizhpfiWLxqGmXBTc92cSFMV9GzvqUQeH1hhaVYEq1iQfl&id=100064660213050 Zoe's story] {{graphic}}
* Dr. Alisa Rassin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnyvetrassin/posts/pfbid026aZ4nifLp94satTYJDtJZY8bPqnjyeEwNdm8Xt1vpDCWrtXSsKEkKUTh6JMu8QJsl Elderly unspayed female rabbit was diagnosed with unoperable metastatic reproductive cancer.] {{RIP}}
* Lori Mills. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/princess.tribble/posts/pfbid0qwTXxwZyZYnpWpNzAZzQoCjsYUgpkoEnB5RN8uTYGnnWLRe7b6mMkyEQ5pDZnPNAl A surrendered 10-year-old female rabbit that was euthanized due to multiple cancers all over her stomach area, likely from being unspayed.] {{Graphic}} {{RIP}}
* u/BronstigHertje. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/uimaz4/my_bun_died_from_cancer_in_my_arms_how_to_deal/ My bun died from cancer in my arms.] {{RIP}}
* u/the57thdoctor. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/u1nyq2/i_never_posted_carmie_on_here_before_however/ I never posted Carmie on here before. However, recently she was diagnosed with uterine caner. She’s older at 8 & in my opinion deserves to be remembered. Such a behaved bun & unique character/ears.] {{RIP}}
* u/dubbledubblepls. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/tjau00/keep_my_baby_cadbury_in_your_thoughts_shes_off_to/ Cadbury's story]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=827701151169829 Raichu's story]
* Toni Eisman. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159713114853809/ Onyx and Pyrites' stories]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6301029219937318 Lottie' story] {{graphic}}
* Safe Haven Rabbit Rescue, Inc. (2020). [https://www.safehavenrr.org/heartsforhope Hope's story]
* The Bunny Burrow Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/thebunnyburrow/photos/a.533195630098053/2348236181927313/ Midna's story]
* u/kingbun7. (2019). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dv1fbf/im_writing_this_post_to_remember_my_baby_sweetpea/ Sweetpea's story]
* ‎Debbi Braunschweiger‎. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10157436446083809/ Charlotte's story] {{RIP}}
* Bunny Bun Hub. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnybunhub/posts/427690317924595 Uterine cancer detection]
* Angie Bell. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/angie.bell.391/posts/3199588630112869 Pictures of uterine cancer] {{graphic}}
* u/octopusbackpack. (2017). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5fqvtj/my_bunbun_has_uterine_cancer_advice/ My bun-bun has uterine cancer. Advice?]
* Facebook. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/sweetiesjourney/posts/715497098599192 Sweetie's Journey], [https://www.facebook.com/pg/sweetiesjourney/photos/?tab=album&album_id=736251953190373 Stories about other rabbits that had/have uterine cancer]
* u/Minniebunny. (2014). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2k6ohp/miss_celie_will_live_to_be_an_old_bunny_thanks_to/ Miss Celie will live to be an old bunny, thanks to the /r/rabbits community (more in comments).]
* NYDesi80. (2011). [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f27/uterine-cancer-worried-need-some-advice-64287/ Uterine Cancer ... Worried and Need some Advice]
* Rachel Cama-Lekx. (2006). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/eves-story-the-consequences-of-not-spaying/ Eve's Story: The Consequences of Not Spaying]
* Miriam's Bunnies. (2000). [http://www.mybunnies.com/onyx_surgery.htm Onyx's story]

== Further reading ==
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/reproductive/c_rb_uterine_adenocarcinoma#.UHZcbsXA-So Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/care/bibliography.html Medical Bibliography]
* Vetstream. [https://www.vetstream.com/treat/lapis/freeform/uterine-adenocarcinoma Uterine adenocarcinoma]
* Dr Jay E. Hreiz. (2013). [http://msue.anr.msu.edu/uploads/219/38708/Uterine_Adenocarcinoma_in_Rabbits_Jan-Feb_20130001.pdf Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits]

The following are scientific papers analyzing the statistics of uterine disorders in intact female rabbits.
* Johanna Mäkitaipale et al. (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506322000015 Prospective survey of neoplastic and non-neoplastic uterine disorders in 116 domestic rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>)]
* Berit Baum. (2021). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03009858211002190 Not Just Uterine Adenocarcinoma—Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Masses in Domestic Pet Rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>): A Review]
* Frank Künzel et al. (2015). [https://meridian.allenpress.com/jaaha/article-abstract/51/1/8/183260/Uterine-Disorders-in-50-Pet-Rabbits Uterine Disorders in 50 Pet Rabbits]
* B. Walter et al. (2010). [https://wabbitwiki.com/images/a/a9/Uterinedisordersin59rabbits.pdf Uterine disorders in 59 rabbits] {{PDF}}
* Kumiko Saito et al. (2002). [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/64/6/64_6_495/_article/-char/ja/ Uterine Disorders Diagnosed by Ventrotomy in 47 Rabbits]
* Th. A. M. Elsinghorsa et al. (1984). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01652176.1984.9693937 Comparative pathology of endometrial carcinoma]
* Theodore H. Ingalls et al. (1964). [http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/5/799.short Natural History of Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus in the Phipps Rabbit Colony]
* E. Cotchin. (1964). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2071320/ Spontaneous Uterine Cancer in Animals]
* Harry S. N. Greene. (1959). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb44573.x/abstract Adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus in the rabbit.]

== See also ==
* [[Pyometra]]
* [[Spaying and neutering rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Reproductive issues]]

Appendicitis

2026-02-19T08:00:36Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
* Erin Phillips. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10162996590388809 Rabbit diagnosed with appendicitis after week-long stasis]
* u/moustachelechon. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1bn86hl/we_just_lost_our_baby_to_appendicitis_i_need/ 1-year-old lop went to the vet for signs of stasis and eventually passed from a burst appendix.] {{RIP}}
* u/Bluejeansblue2113. (2024). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/194ee2z/my_boy_had_emergency_surgery_today/ 2-year-old mini lop had recurring stasis for 6 weeks and ended up in surgery for ruptures in his appendix]

== Further reading ==
* Joanna Hedley. (2024). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/clinical-connections/appendicitis-underdiagnosed-in-rabbits Appendicitis – Underdiagnosed in Rabbits?]
* Nicola Di Girolamo DMV, PhD, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/260/1/javma.20.08.0446.xml Clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis: 19 cases (2015–2019)] {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Digestive issues]]

Appendicitis

2026-02-19T07:54:48Z

SneakyDragon: /* Further reading */

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
* u/moustachelechon. (2024). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1bn86hl/we_just_lost_our_baby_to_appendicitis_i_need/ 1-year-old lop went to the vet for signs of stasis and eventually passed from a burst appendix.] {{RIP}}
* u/Bluejeansblue2113. (2024). [http://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/194ee2z/my_boy_had_emergency_surgery_today/ 2-year-old mini lop had recurring stasis for 6 weeks and ended up in surgery for ruptures in his appendix]

== Further reading ==
* Joanna Hedley. (2024). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/clinical-connections/appendicitis-underdiagnosed-in-rabbits Appendicitis – Underdiagnosed in Rabbits?]
* Nicola Di Girolamo DMV, PhD, et al. (2021). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/260/1/javma.20.08.0446.xml Clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis: 19 cases (2015–2019)] {{graphic}}

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Digestive issues]]

Arthritis

2026-02-12T19:50:23Z

SneakyDragon: minor formatting updates

'''Arthritis''', '''osteoarthritis''', '''degenerative joint disease''', or '''osteoarthrosis''' is the progressive, inflammatory, and irreversible deterioration of cartilage found in the joints.

== Symptoms ==
<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=KQcL-PUxDt8|caption=101Rabbits. (2019). Arthritis in Rabbits - Symptoms and Treatment}}</div>
* Lameness or stiffness in gait. It may be intermittent and slowly become more severe and frequent. There may also be a history of previous joint trauma, disease, or disorder.
* Restricted motion, inability to hop. May be intermittent.
* Unable to properly groom or obtain a normal stance while urinating due to stiffness or pain. May result in [[poopy butt]] due to an inability to consume [[cecotrophs]] directly and [[urine scald]].
* May be exacerbated by [[exercise]] and result in long periods of rest.
* Crepitus - grating sounds produced by friction between bone and cartilage.
* Joint swelling and pain.
* Joint instability.
* [[Obesity]].

== Causes ==
There are no gender predilections for osteoarthritis. Arthritis can be due to hereditary or developmental disorders in young animals or trauma or infection induced at any age. Giant breeds may be more prone to the disease due to increased weight loading and conformation.<ref name="cvabe2013">Mayer, J., & Donnelly, T.M. (2013). {{amazon|id=1416039694|name=''Clinical Veterinary Advisor, Birds and Exotics''. (1st ed.).}}</ref><sup>:334</sup> The primary cause is thought to be the result of long-term usage combined with aging or joint instability.

== Treatment ==
Depending on severity, '''surgical options''' include the following:<ref name="b5vc:sm"/>
* '''Arthrotomy''', a surgical procedure that creates an opening in a joint, to treat underlying causes such as osteochondral diseases.
* '''Reconstructive procedures''' to eliminate joint instability.
* '''Arthroplasty procedures''' such as femoral head ostectomy as a salvage procedure to reconstruct or replace a diseased joint.
* '''Arthrodesis''', the surgical fixation of a joint, for selected chronic cases and for joint instability.

Generally, surgery is not a recommended treatment for arthritis, and it is a condition that mostly consists of supportive home care in addition to maintenance drugs and supplements to maintain mobility and comfort.

'''Home care''' includes the following:
* Keep the bottom clean and dry through regular [[Bathing|baths]].
* Use soft bedding, and keep bedding clean and dry to prevent [[dermatitis]] or bed sores.
* [[Physical therapy]] may be beneficial in enhancing limb function and general well-being. This includes range-of-motion exercises and heat therapy.
* Limit activity to minimize aggravation, but also encourage movement to keep joints loose.
* Reduce [[weight]] of obese rabbits to decrease stress placed on affected joints.
* Rabbits in pain often refuse food, so it is important to make sure they are eating normally to prevent [[GI stasis]].
* Make sure [[Grooming#Trimming_nails|nails are trimmed]] appropriately as needed to prevent awkward pressure on the feet and unnecessary wear on the joints.
* Use low-entry litter boxes so they can move in and out more easily.
* 15-minute daily heat pad sessions can help soothe joints and increase circulation

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=SJKc5y5Ukpk|caption=spacemanatees. (2016). Molly's massage for arthritis}}
</div>

'''Drugs''' that can be used include the following:<ref name="b5vc:sm">Oglesbee, B. (2011). {{amazon|id=0813820189|name=''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
* '''NSAIDs''' have been used for short- or long-term therapy to reduce pain and inflammation in rabbits with musculoskeletal disease. Common choices include ''meloxicam'' (Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox) and ''carprofen'' (Rimadyl, Novox, Vetprofen). {{bad|Meloxicam should be used with caution in rabbits with compromised renal function.}}
* '''Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan''' (Adequan, Luitpold) is another drug of choice that has shown improvements.
* '''Acupuncture''' may be effective for rabbits with chronic pain.

'''Supplements''' that can help include the following:<ref>DisabledRabbits.com. (n.d.). Arthritis. Retrieved 06 Dec 2019 from http://www.disabledrabbits.com/arthritis.html</ref>
* '''Chondroitin sulfate''' ({{amazon|id=B000A6TW8U|name=Cosequin}}, Nutramax) has been used anecdotally using feline dosage protocols.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/> They help to build cartilage and support the overall health an mobility of the joints.
* [https://myristol.com/shop/all-products/myristol-for-rabbits/ '''Myristol''' pellets] contain cetyl myristoleate fatty acid complex, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), glucosamine HCl and hydrolyzed collagen, as well as vitamin C, copper, manganese and zinc to support joint health. Feed 1-2 pellets twice daily. Can also be found for sale at [https://bunspace.3dcartstores.com/Myristol-Pellets_p_59.html BunSpace].
* {{amazon|id=B018ZXK7QU|name=Oxbow Natural Science Joint Support Tablets}} contain glucosamine to aid in the prevention of cartilage degeneration.
* {{amazon|id=B016N1QG6G|name=Sherwood Joint Support Tablets}} are an alternative choice to Oxbow with similar ingredients.
* {{amazon|id=B00DOKFLYI|name=Ground flax seed}} is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which can help with joint inflammation.

<div class="bad">'''Corticosteroids (topical or systemic)''' should not be used in rabbits as they have been associated with gastrointestinal ulceration and hemorrhage, delayed wound healing, and heightened susceptibility to infection.<ref name="b5vc:sm"/></div>

== Further reading ==
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/arthritis-in-rabbits/ Arthritis in Rabbits]
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Bone_diseases/Osteo/arthritis.htm Arthritis, and the use of Glucosamine/Chondroitin]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/musculoskeletal/c_rb_arthritis_septic#.UQ94aR3pfg0 Arthritis due to Bacterial Infection in Rabbits]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/musculoskeletal/c_rb_arthritis_osteoarthritis#.UQ95Gx3pfg0 Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) in Rabbits]
* Boaz Arzi, DVM, et al. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326101/ Naturally-occurring osteoarthritis in the domestic rabbit: possible implications for bioengineering research]
* Vets4Pets. [https://www.vets4pets.com/pet-health-advice/rabbit-advice/rabbit-arthritis/ Rabbit Arthritis]
* Colorado Exotic Animal Hospital. [https://coloradoexoticanimalhospital.com/rabbits/osteoarthritis-and-senior-rabbit-care Osteoarthritis and Senior Rabbit Care]

== See also ==
* [[Elderly rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

Elderly rabbits

2026-02-12T19:48:03Z

SneakyDragon: /* Further reading */ clean up dead links

{{incomplete}}
As most healthy rabbits can live up to (and even over) 8 to 14 years with good care, any rabbit over 6 years of age is considered a '''senior rabbit''' or '''elderbunny'''. Giant breeds may reach their golden age a bit sooner with their lower 5-6 year life expectancy.
[[File:Signs-of-Aging_SMALL.jpg|thumb|400px|center|When are bunnies seniors?]]

== Differences in care ==
Aging in rabbits can bring on changes in body condition and behavior. It is a good idea to bring your rabbit to a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] every 6 months to catch any sicknesses or medical conditions early on for effective treatment. Your veterinarian may also recommend annual blood work, urinalysis, fecal, and radiographs as necessary.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=8sR3UvF2Wi0|caption=101Rabbits. (2018). How I Care For My Elderly Rabbit Lulu}}
{{youtube|id=Jz2XCPC9IVw|caption=101Rabbits. (2018). Lulu's Senior Rabbit Care}}
</div>

=== Weight ===
Due to muscle loss from inactivity, elderly rabbits can easily lose [[weight]] as they age. It is important to [[wellness check|weigh elderly rabbits regularly]] to keep track of progress, and it may also be a good idea to add more pellets or high calorie treats to help them keep on weight. See [[Weight_management#Underweight_rabbits|Underweight rabbits]] for more tips.

=== Mobility ===
Elderly rabbits are more likely to develop signs of [[arthritis]] or spondylosis, which may need an environmental change to support their lower mobility.

<div class="blue">
A few supplies that may be useful with elderly bunny mobility:
* [[Litter_training#Low-sided_litter_boxes|low-sided litter boxes]] - elderly rabbits may not enjoy jumping as much anymore.
* {{amazon|id=B001CBG168|name=Essential Medical Supply Sheepette Synthetic Lambskin, 30" x 60"}} - soft flooring with liquid wicking properties to keep your elderly bunny dry if they begin refusing to use litter boxes. Place pee pads underneath to catch urine and replace regularly. See [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/bedding.html Disabled Rabbits] for a full description on layering techniques.
* {{amazon|id=product/B07CV237PW|name=Kitty City Raised Cat Food Bowl}} - elderly rabbits may find it hard to bend over as much to eat on the floor. You can use {{amazon|id=B004XDC0A8|name=mini bungee cords}} to keep the bowls upright against a cage or exercise pen fence.
</div>

=== Hygiene ===
As elderly rabbits lose flexibility, they may not wish to bend over to eat [[cecals]] directly from their bottom anymore. This can make them prone to [[poopy butt]], and it is important to help keep them clean to avoid more serious issues such as [[flystrike]]. Other times, as a consequence of [[arthritis]] and other similar health issues, rabbits may lose their litter habits completely and become incontinent with [[urine scald]].

Depending on the degree of mess, regular sanitary shaves may help keep the area clean, but [[Bathing_rabbits#Wet_baths|butt baths]] may be necessary if [[Grooming#Trimming_fur|trimming the fur]], [[Bathing_rabbits#Dry_baths|dry baths]], and combing are not sufficient.

== Online support communities ==
The following are communities that specialize in providing help to elderly and senior rabbits.

* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/247299855612074/ Elderbuns] (Private group)

== Further reading ==
* Sarah Dehn. (2018). [https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/care-of-geriatric-rabbits Care of geriatric rabbits]
* kinenchen. (2013). [http://imgur.com/a/ykcPE At Home Care Guide for Elderly Bunnies]
* DisabledRabbits.com. [http://www.disabledrabbits.com/seniors.html Senior Rabbits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/caring-for-senior-rabbits/ Caring for Senior Rabbits]
* Gary Riggs, DVM. [http://www.ohare.org/vol5_3.htm#geriatric Problems of the Geriatric Rabbit]
* Gil Stanzione, DVM. [https://www.houserabbitga.com/caring-for-aging-rabbit Aging Bunny, Aging Bladder]
* Michelle Wilhelm. [https://rabbit.org/living-with-an-elder-bun/ Living With An Elder Bun]
* Astrid Kruse, DVM. [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/wp-content/hrn/articles/caringElderly.pdf Caring for the Elderly Bunny] {{PDF}}
* Sandi Koi. (2008). [https://rabbit.org/elderbuns/ Elderbuns]

== See also ==
* [[Losing a rabbit]]
* [[Special needs rabbits]]

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]

Liver lobe torsion

2026-02-03T01:56:22Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

The rabbit liver is composed of five lobes -- the right hepatic lobe, caudate and quadrate lobes are single, and the left hepatic one is separated in lateral and medial parts.<ref>K. Stamatova-Yovcheva et al. (2012). [http://tru.uni-sz.bg/tsj/Vol10N2_%202012/K.Stamatova.pdf Anatomical Macromorphological Features of the Domestic Rabbits (''Oryctolagus Cuniculus'')]</ref> '''Liver lobe torsion''', also known as '''hepatic lobe torsion''' or '''hepatic infarction''', occurs when a lobe of the liver twists about an axis perpendicular to the organ's base of support which causes venous congestion and eventually diffuse necrosis of the lobe.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> In most cases it is the pendulous caudal process of the caudal lobe, which sits over the right kidney, that twists.<ref>Harcourt-Brown, F. (n.d.). Liver lobe torsion. Retrieved 12 March 2016 from https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/sudden-or-unexpected-death/differential-diagnosis-list/liver-lobe-torsion</ref>
__TOC__

== Symptoms ==
* [[Anorexia]]
* Lethargy
* Jaundice
* Anemia
* Abdominal pain

== Causes ==
The cause of liver lobe torsion in rabbits is unknown, but predisposing factors are thought to include the following:<ref name="graham14">J.E. Graham et al. (2014). Liver Lobe Torsion in Pet Rabbits: Clinical Consequences, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261917236_Liver_Lobe_Torsion_in_Pet_Rabbits_Clinical_Consequences_Diagnosis_and_Treatment</ref>

* Surgical or external trauma
* Congenital absence of hepatic ligaments
* Dilation of abdominal organs
* Parasitic and bacterial infection
* Neoplasia

Lop-eared rabbits are over-represented in case loads for unknown reasons.

== Diagnosis ==
Biochemical abnormalities include the following:<ref name="trm2"/>
* anaemia
* increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
* increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
* increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Definitive diagnosis is by radiography or ultrasonography, although they can be unremarkable at early presentation.<ref>vetstream. (n.d.). Liver: lobe torsion. Retrieved 25 Nov 2020 from https://www.vetstream.com/treat/lapis/freeform/liver-lobe-torsion</ref> The twisted lobe can often be palpated as a hard painful mass in the back right cranial quadrant of the abdomen.

== Treatment ==
Treatment is surgical by removing the affected liver lobe. Rabbits with liver lobe torsion will require very good supportive care during the surgery.<ref name="trm2"/>

Rabbits may also be treated with supportive care only. In a case study by Graham and colleagues, seven out of 16 rabbits were treated with supportive care only, and of these, three rabbits (43%) survived. Supportive care included subcutaneous fluids, pain medication, antimicrobials, supplemental feeding, and prokinetic agents. Surviving rabbits had normal or improved clinicopathologic tests one week to 2 months after the original presentation and had multiple episodes of recurrent [[GI stasis]] within the first 1 to 2 months following hospitalization.<ref name="graham14"/>

== 🐰 Liver lobe torsion in rabbits 🐰 ==
Liver lobe torsion in rabbits by The Rabbit & Rodent Vet.<ref>The Rabbit & Rodent Vet. (2024). Post on Facebook. Retrieved 18 Jan 2024 from https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0mEWtpkkrNAiDKJqdv4haHxwR2gEL82WMGhJohXQAKBxXSjtXN5baPoMcaXB2RgvMl&id=61566923197386</ref>

"Following on from my gut stasis post a few months ago I thought it would be good to cover a couple of the listed causes. Liver lobe torsion is a really important condition in rabbits for vets to know about and owners to be aware of.
This is because it is very often missed, and can fatal if not picked up early enough. Please note this post is only meant to be a brief overview to help owners understand the condition and remind vets of its existence. For vets it is worth reading up on the condition further."

"Another note for vets: the ultrasound visualisation of the lobe. My practice does not have doppler but this is probably the best way of telling whether a lobe has a torsion. In my experience the lobe can be hyperechoic or hypoechoic (probably depending on its chronicity)." - [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0mEWtpkkrNAiDKJqdv4haHxwR2gEL82WMGhJohXQAKBxXSjtXN5baPoMcaXB2RgvMl&id=61566923197386 The Rabbit & Rodent Vet]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT1.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT2.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT3.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT4.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT5.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RabbitRodentVet-LLT6.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]</div>
</div>

== Experiences ==
The following articles are anecdotal experiences of owners with rabbits that had liver lobe torsion.

* u/No_Order_1868. (2026). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1qu0mwh/liver_lobe_torsion_medical_management_experience/ 6.5-year-old Holland Lop diagnosed with LLT and treated with medical management alone]
* UC Davis. (2026). [https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/news/emergency-surgery-saves-rabbit-liver-lobe-torsion 3-year-old rabbit with LLT treated with emergency surgery]
* House Rabbit Society of Chicago. (2025). [https://www.facebook.com/hrschicago/posts/pfbid085W9qXr3fKRiMxonrjJovLdo8bdgz9eyNUpkVMNdezCXpkitC7S5qSvR1vD8CFPNl Frosty the rabbit was treated only with supportive care for a LLT with a lobe twisted 360 degrees]
* Nicola Di Girolamo. (2024). [https://www.instagram.com/p/C9P5HTARtqX/ 10.5-year-old rabbit went through surgery for LLT] {{graphic}}
* Bunny Education & Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnyeducationrescue/posts/pfbid0vnbHjizFtUj8N75awYYq1M7yBjCi8SRBdWLJZvTirQp3xWQpptKZVfEhtAp6kXr4l Benson's story with surgery]
* All About Rabbits Rescue. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/AllAboutRabbitsRescue/posts/pfbid02G9LjSvRyLUdhnRHSAqYqbknyjfSWYe6NciurMnGKYDjJLKg7tyYQ8fsxvQPDrA98l Queen Isabuna's story with surgery]
* Alexander R. Chapple et al. (2023). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vru.13316 Left medial liver lobe torsion and postoperative acute gastric rupture in a 2.5-year-old male-castrated Flemish Giant rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>)] {{RIP}}
* Avian And Exotic Clinic Of AZ. (2023). [https://www.instagram.com/p/Cixfp0ALK3P/ Story of young male rabbit with LLT with graphic surgery picture] {{graphic}}
* cuddlebunbun. (2023). [https://www.instagram.com/reel/CnfGGanqqUy väinö's story]
* Bunny Binkies Club. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBinkiesClub/posts/pfbid0PDRC53VRSTtDmsZ9tAFHVtuuL5ZtRYT6U7TQyL4N2NzncdTuXJF8ER3sSh1amLU9l Faith's story] {{graphic}}
* Central Hospital for Veterinary Medicine. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=5600417639994498 Doug's story]
* Little Critters Veterinary Hospital. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/LittleCrittersVet/posts/pfbid037XBWWujUDZzwTrRDkzFzov9DdmANMt6wwt6Nwy2xMSNxtPH3RkF9L3AUE58Uqxndl Cashew's story] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02GP6NQLf8x8cP2RLWvicQvALgeckMf1bEQQFTgRj76GwMqmQDoFeZBUqHRYraL2Dnl Dr Squid's story] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid02BpUcS3J7g4ga1nG16mDppSLmrmo968SJdk4iGJHUdNmSYTkdPp1CGG69aChdBNHol Jerry's story] {{graphic}}
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/pfbid0XzJz8vRta7UFi9b8aMvJ41tZpUmJFrfjJqGLMnQMHggxLeCHdjAxu4i2ojwQip2l Arthur's story] {{graphic}}
* Kelly Montana. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/kelly.montana.7/posts/10220855659323023 Dusty Hopman's story]
* Holly Boyden. (2021). [https://vetpracticemag.com.au/rabbit-liver-lobe-torsion/ Rabbit liver lobe torsion] {{Graphic}}
* Exotic Vet Care. (2021). [https://www.birdsandexotics.com/2021/03/twisted-tale-liver-lobe-torsion-rabbits-mme-matilda-munyon-rabbit-blogger/ A Twisted Tale: Liver Lobe Torsion in Rabbits – Mme. Matilda Munyon, Rabbit Blogger]
* Bunny Binkies Club. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBinkiesClub/posts/1050796552004456 Post about Amos] {{Graphic}}
* Highcroft Rabbit, Small Mammal & Exotic Vets. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/highcroftexotivets/posts/1877810439179606 Facebook post about Hugo] {{Graphic}}
* mimimomo. (2018). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/liver-lobe-torsion/ Liver lobe torsion]
* Booplesnoot. (2016). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/145076/Default.aspx Boople has Liver Lobe Torsion - surgery today]
* u/DarkQueen83. (2016). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/44g3pc/walles_recovery_progress_from_stasis_and_liver/ Rabbit was diagnosed with ultrasound and recovered on his own with no surgical treatment]
* Lili. (2015). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/143755/Default.aspx Rabbit diagnosed with ultrasound and x-ray and recovered in her own with no surgical treatment]
* Lagomorphic. (2015). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/140595/Default.aspx Rabbit diagnosed with bloodwork, palpation, and x-ray and recovered in the short-term on his own with no surgical treatment. However, rabbit was never 100% again and later passed, possibly from tumors on the liver.] {{RIP}}
* Meadow_Angel. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/groups/topic?tid=4540&posts_tgp_no=last Rabbit diagnosed with bloodwork and ultrasound and treated with surgery for a full recovery]

The following are a few scientific case studies.

* Joanne C. Sheen et al. (2021). [https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vetr.1971 Retrospective analysis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits: 40 cases (2016–2021)]
* Sarah M. Ozawa, DVM, DACZM, et al. (2020). [https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/260/11/javma.22.03.0154.xml?tab_body=pdf Clinicopathological findings in and prognostic factors for domestic rabbits with liver lobe torsion: 82 cases (2010–2020)]
* J.E. Graham et al. (2014). [http://www.exoticpetmedicine.com/article/S1557-5063(14)00104-9/abstract?cc=y= Liver Lobe Torsion in Rabbits: 16 Cases (2007 to 2012)]
* J. Samour. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4nkT54hMZQkC&pg=PT51#v=onepage&q&f=false Exotic Animal Medicine - review and test, Case 1.4, Lennox A.]
* N. Stanke et al. (2011). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51085733_Successful_outcome_of_hepatectomy_as_treatment_for_liver_lobe_torsion_in_four_domestic_rabbits Successful outcome of hepatectomy as treatment for liver lobe torsion in four domestic rabbits]
* S. Wenger et al. (2009). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00719.x/abstract;jsessionid=CA14E29CB3BE3E4D4D401C99375602A5.f03t03 Liver lobe torsion in three adult rabbits]
* S.H. Weisbroth. (1975). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/030098587501200103 Torsion of the Caudate Lobe of the Liver in the Domestic Rabbit (''Oryctolagus'')]

=== Chilli's story ===
{{blur-right-image|file=Chilli-LLT.jpg|caption=Chill in recovery. {{blur}}}}
<I>Posted by [https://www.facebook.com/HHGVETS/posts/4564414413607122 Harris Hill and Gibbons vets] on December 20, 2021:</I>

This is a story about how important it is to bring your small furry friends to the vets as soon as you see they aren’t themselves. 🐰 📖
Chilli the Netherland Dwarf (black rabbit) came to see our vet Jade after his owner noticed that he just wasn’t quite right. He wasn’t as active as he usually is and he wasn’t eating as quickly as normal. Chilli’s companion Doc (grey rabbit) also seemed a bit subdued so accompanied his friend just in case.

Jade gave Doc a clean bill of health and guessed that he was likely upset and stressed by his friend being poorly, but she was very worried about Chilli. Chilli was quiet and had very pale gums and mucous membranes. Chilli was admitted to the Trowbridge practice for an ultrasound and a blood test to check his red blood cell levels. Jade found that Chilli was severely anaemic and the ultrasound showed that he had a liver lobe torsion. This is a condition where part of the liver twists on its self-causing the blood supply to be cut off.

Chilli was now bleeding internally from his liver.
Chilli was given intravenous fluids, strong pain killers and warmed up to stabilise him before emergency surgery that afternoon.
Vet Nurse Rosie had the important task of monitoring Chilli’s anaesthetic, while Jade with the help of vet nurse Alex, operated to remove the diseased part of Chilli’s liver.

Chilli pulled through the surgery, but the morning after he was still quite weak and the vets were worried he might need a blood transfusion, so vet Jade’s bunny gang (Pumpkin, Pringle and Sylvie) came to work with her that day to be on standby in case they needed to be donors. Luckily they weren’t needed and Chilli quickly perked up. He spent a couple of days with us to make sure he was strong enough before going home with his friend Doc, who had stayed with him for support the whole time.

We are happy to report that Chilli is doing really well at home and is getting back to being his normal mischievous self. Chilli’s owners got him to the vets without delay after noticing subtle changes in their rabbits’ behaviour. Often the first sign (and one of the only signs) of a rabbit or guinea-pig being unwell is that they go off their food. This should always be taken seriously and an urgent veterinary assessment is needed. They could have a life threatening illness that could progress rapidly, as in Chilli’s case. ❤️

== Further reading ==

* Dr. Kanfer. (2022). [https://rabbitsavior.com/2022/12/kanfers-answers-liver-lobe-torsion/ Kanfer’s Answers: Liver Lobe Torsion]
* Brendan Noonan, DVM, DABVP. (2022). [https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/identification-and-management-of-liver-lobe-torsion-in-domestic-rabbits/ Identification and Management of Liver Lobe Torsion in Domestic Rabbits]
* Abigail Edis. (2021). [https://archive.is/AQG5N Clinical presentation and management of liver lobe torsions in domestic rabbits] {{graphic}}
* J. Graham et al. (2014). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109491941400005X?via%3Dihub Liver Lobe Torsion in Pet Rabbits. Clinical Consequences, Diagnosis, and Treatment.]
* C. Pignon et al. (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259132871_Hepatic_lobe_torsion_in_a_rabbit_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Hepatic lobe torsion in a rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'')] {{graphic}}
* H.R. Taylor et al. (2007). [http://www.exoticpetmedicine.com/article/S1557-5063(07)00088-2/abstract Clinical Techniques: Successful Management of Liver Lobe Torsion in a Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by Surgical Lobectomy]
* A. Meredith. (2006). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055937X00800201 Liver disease in rabbits]
* Bunny Wonderland. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/posts/1078442095672577 Liver Torsion in Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Gastrointestinal stasis]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Digestive issues]]

Rabbit-friendly airlines

2026-01-19T03:54:26Z

SneakyDragon: remove ITA, add alaska

Here is a list of known rabbit-friendly airlines around the world with relevant information. These airlines may allow rabbits in either the cabin, as checked baggage, or in cargo.

<div class="note">
'''This may not be a complete or up-to-date list.''' Please also do your own research before booking a flight with your rabbit. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for additional information on regulations for international travel. Some countries may not allow rabbits to be in the cabin or checked in as baggage. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.
</div>

When flying with your rabbit, please make sure you use an '''airline-approved carrier'''. All flights will have a '''limited''' number of kennels allowed for in-cabin and checked baggage, so call the airlines to reserve space for your pet as soon as possible.

{|- class="wikitable sortable"
!width="15%"|Airline
!width="10%"|Cabin?
!width="10%"|Checked Baggage?
!width="10%"|Cargo?
!width="55%" class="unsortable"|Notes {{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aerlingus.com/
| airline=Aer Lingus
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=40 EUR per flight, only on Aer Lingus Regional operated flights.<ref>Aer Lingus. (n.d.). Summary of Fees. Retrieved 8 April 2016 from https://www.aerlingus.com/support/fees/</ref><ref>Aer Lingus. (n.d.). Travelling with Pets. Retrieved 8 April 2016 from https://www.aerlingus.com/travel-information/baggage-information/travelling-with-pets/</ref>
| cargo=Yes, see [http://www.aerlinguscargo.com/ Aer Lingus cargo] for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-aer-lingus-ei
| num-countries=23
| base-country=Ireland
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Animals need to be at least 10 weeks old.
| resources=[https://www.aerlingus.com/travel-information/baggage-information/travelling-with-pets/ Travelling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.airbaltic.com/public/index.html
| airline=airBaltic
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=110-220 EUR each way.<ref name="airbalticpets">. airBaltic. (n.d.). Travelling with pets. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.airbaltic.com/en/travelling-with-pets</ref>
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-air-baltic-bt
| num-countries=36
| base-country=Latvia
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.airbaltic.com/en/travelling-with-pets Travelling with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.flyairnorth.com/default.aspx
| airline=Air North
| cabin=50-56.50 CAD each way.<ref name="airnorthpets">Air North. (n.d.). Booking Your Pet's Travel. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flyairnorth.com/support/pets-jets</ref>
| checked_baggage=50-113 CAD each way.<ref name="airnorthpets"/>
| cargo=Yes, please contact airline for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-air-north-4n
| num-countries=
| base-country=Canada
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* In cabin requirements:
** Carrier must be soft shell, max dimensions depend on plane.
** One rabbit per passenger.
| resources=[https://www.flyairnorth.com/support/pets-jets Booking Your Pet's Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aveloair.com/
| airline=Alaska Airlines
| cabin=100 USD/CAD each way<ref>Alaska Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets in cabin. Retrieved 18 Jan 2026 from https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin</ref>
| checked_baggage=200 USD/CAD each way<ref>Alaska Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets in the baggage compartment. Retrieved 18 Jan 2026 from https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-baggage-compartment</ref>
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-alaska-as
| num-countries=31
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Jan 2026
| info=
| resources=[https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/pets Pet travel overview]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.ana.co.jp/asw/index.jsp?type=e
| airline=All Nippon Airways
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=50-400 USD each way<ref>All Nippon Airways. (n.d.). Traveling with Pets. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.ana.co.jp/en/us/travel-information/pet-policy/</ref>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-ana-nh
| num-countries=22
| base-country=Japan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.ana.co.jp/en/us/travel-information/pet-policy/ Traveling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.aveloair.com/
| airline=Avelo Airlines
| cabin=125 USD each way<ref name="avelopet">Avelo Airlines. (n.d.). Traveling with pets. Retrieved 16 May 2024 from https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets</ref>
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-avelo-airlines-xp
| num-countries=2
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=May 2024
| info=
| resources=[https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Traveling with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.corsair.fr/
| airline=Corsair
| cabin=50-100 EUR each way domestically.<ref>Corsair. (n.d.). Can I travel with a rodent? Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flycorsair.com/en/transport-animal/can-i-travel-rodent</ref>
| checked_baggage=100-200 EUR each way domestically.<ref>Corsair. (n.d.). Can I travel with a rodent? Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.flycorsair.com/en/transport-animal/can-i-travel-rodent</ref>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-corsair-ss
| num-countries=11
| base-country=France
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Rabbits are classified as rodents for regulation purposes.
| resources=[https://www.flycorsair.com/en/special-request/travel-pet Travelling smart with pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.delta.com/
| airline=Delta Air Lines
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, but only for active US military personnel.
| cargo=[http://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with-us/special-travel-needs/pets/pet-travel-options.html#cargo Yes, but only within the US.] Delta Cargo only accepts international pet shipments from known shippers.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-delta-dl
| num-countries=56
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.delta.com/us/en/special-circumstances/military-travel/pets Military Pet Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.skycargo.com
| airline=Emirates SkyCargo
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-emirates-ek
| num-countries=74
| base-country=United Arab Emirates
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.skycargo.com/product/emirates-live/ Emirates Live]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.evaair.com/en-us/
| airline=EVA Airways
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, charged by weight or by piece.<ref name="evatravelling">EVA Airways, [https://www.evaair.com/en-us/fly-prepare/baggage/travelling-with-pets/ Baggage Information > Travelling with Pets]</ref>
| cargo=Yes, contact [https://www.brcargo.com/ec_web/Default.aspx EVA Air Cargo] for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-eva-air-br
| num-countries=22
| base-country=Taiwan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Pets are prohibited in flights from China and all flights to and from Australia.
* Maximum of two rabbits per container. Maximum of three rabbits less than six months old and from same litter in the same container.
| resources=[https://www.evaair.com/en-us/fly-prepare/baggage/travelling-with-pets/ Baggage Information > Travelling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/home-all-booking-options
| airline=Finnair
| cabin=40-75 EUR each way. (Only European Union Countries) <ref name="finnairfees">Finnair. (n.d.). Pets on Finnair Flights. Retrieved 27 Oct 2016 from https://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/information-services/baggage/pets</ref>
| checked_baggage=75-300 EUR each way. <ref name="finnairfees"/>
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices. [http://www.finnaircargo.fi/en/cargo/animal-transport.html Information.]
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-finnair-ay
| num-countries=38
| base-country=Finland
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Total carrier weight including pet may not exceed 17 lb.
* In cabin max carrier sizes:
** Hard-sided - 14" L x 12" W x 8" H
** Soft-sided - 22" L x 18" W x 10" H
| resources=[http://www.finnair.com/INT/GB/information-services/baggage/pets Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.flyfrontier.com/
| airline=Frontier Airlines
| cabin=99 USD each way.<ref name="frontierpets"/>
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-frontier-airlines-f9
| num-countries=9
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Only one pet per container and carry-on per person. Due to limited space in the cabin, a pet container will count as either a carry-on bag or personal item. Rabbits may only fly in-cabin domestically in the US. Maximum carrier dimensions are 18" L x 14" W x 8" H.<ref name="frontierpets">Frontier Airlines. (n.d). Family and Pets. Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel/travel-info/family-pets/</ref>
| resources=[https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel/travel-info/family-pets/ Family and Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.jal.co.jp/en/
| airline=Japan Airlines
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=Yes, for domestic flights.<ref name="jalpets">Japan Airlines, [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/dom/service/pet/ Traveling with Pets]</ref> Contact [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/information/inter/branch/ JAL Reservations] for international flights.
| cargo=Yes, contact for prices.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-japan-airlines-jl
| num-countries=21
| base-country=Japan
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/dom/service/pet/ Traveling with Pets]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/
| airline=La Compagnie
| cabin=Each passenger may travel with one "dwarf" rabbit.
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-la-compagnie-b0
| num-countries=3
| base-country=France
| checked-date=Jul 2024
| info=
| resources=[https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ Special Services]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://forwardersearch.lufthansa-cargo.com/
| airline=Lufthansa Cargo
| cabin=N/A
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=Yes, please contact [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/en/contacts-worldwide Lufthansa Cargo Service Center.]
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-lufthansa-lh
| num-countries=73
| base-country=Germany
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://forwardersearch.lufthansa-cargo.com/en/Animal-Transport Your portal for your worldwide transport of animals]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.pacificcoastal.com/
| airline=Pacific Coastal Airlines
| cabin=52.50 CAD each way.<ref name="pca-pets">Pacific Coastal Airlines. (n.d.). Pet Travel. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.pacificcoastal.com/pet-travel/</ref>
| checked_baggage=105 CAD each way.<ref name="pca-pets"/>
| cargo=
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-pacific-coastal-airlines-8p
| num-countries=
| base-country=Canada
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
| resources=[https://www.pacificcoastal.com/pet-travel/ Pet Travel]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=https://www.spirit.com/
| airline=Spirit Airlines
| cabin=125 USD each way.<ref>Spirit Airlines. (n.d.). Optional Services. Retrieved 24 Mar 2023 from https://www.spirit.com/optional-services#optional-others</ref>
| checked_baggage=N/A
| cargo=N/A
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-spirit-airlines-nk
| num-countries=17
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* In-cabin kennels must be an airline-approved soft-sided carrier with max dimensions of 18" L x 14" W x 9" H. Your kennel is considered to be your carry-on item* in your carry-on baggage allowance. A maximum of 2 pets per container is permitted, but only one container per guest is allowed.<ref>Spirit Airlines. (n.d.). Does Spirit Airlines allow pets on board? Retrieved 28 May 2020 from https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181</ref>
* Only service animals are accepted on international flights.
| resources=[https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Does Spirit Airlines allow pets on board?]
}}{{airline-entry
| airline-link=http://www.westjet.com
| airline=WestJet
| cabin=N/A after Jul 5, 2023.<ref name="westjetservicefees">WestJet. (n.d.). Service fees. Retrieved 1 Aug 2023 from https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/flights/fees#tab-1481724947358-5</ref>
| checked_baggage=100-118 CAD/USD each way.<ref name="westjetservicefees"/>
| cargo=Yes, contact [http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/cargo/shipping-information/pets-kennels.shtml WestJet Cargo] for details.
| flight-link=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-westjet-ws
| num-countries=27
| base-country=United States
| checked-date=Mar 2023
| info=
* Checked baggage kennels must be an airline-approved hard-sided carrier with max dimensions of 40" L x 27" W x 30" H.<ref> WestJet. (n.d.). Pets. Retrieved 16 May 2024 from https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/pets#id-91CBBC96F97DE622CE6B5727A9270CA8-tab-1</ref>
* Pets will be restricted on select flights as checked baggage due to extreme heat May 1 to October 31. See [http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/travel/special-arrangements/pets.shtml Pets > Heat and entrance restrictions] for more details.
| resources=[https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/pets Pets]
}}

|}

== Additional resources ==
* PetFriendly Travel.com, [http://www.petfriendlytravel.com/airtravel Tips for Air Travel With Pets]
* Rabbit.org Foundation, [https://rabbit.org/care/airlines-that-allow-rabbits/ Airlines that Allow Rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[International export regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly transportation agencies]]
* [[Traveling with a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2026-01-19T03:47:55Z

SneakyDragon: /* Flying internationally */

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 6-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* Shannon Twohig. (2025). [https://sandiegorabbits.org/blog/moving-from-ca-to-virginia Driving with Bunnies by Car from California to Virginia]
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of January 2026, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin Alaska Airlines]
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
* [https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Spirit Airlines]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* u/Pipiru. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lw0264/comment/n2cglrb/ International travel from San Francisco to Amsterdam with ITA Airways in cabin]
* u/liyalilia. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1mjs0w0/i_flew_my_rabbit_in_cargo_18_hours/ International move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar (2 hours) to US (16 hours) with Qatar Airways in cargo]
* u/ffrothicoffi. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1in4bbo/flew_my_5_yo_bunny_halfway_across_the_world_in/ International move with 5-year-old rabbit from Southeast Asia to Scandinavia with Malaysia Airlines/Qatar Airways in cargo]
* Angela Chou. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10161423494403809/ International travel from London to Philadelphia with La Compagnie in cabin]
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2026-01-19T03:47:44Z

SneakyDragon: /* Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin */

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 6-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* Shannon Twohig. (2025). [https://sandiegorabbits.org/blog/moving-from-ca-to-virginia Driving with Bunnies by Car from California to Virginia]
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of January 2026, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/policies/pets-traveling-with-pets/pets-in-cabin Alaska Airlines]
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
* [https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Spirit Airlines]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.ita-airways.com/en_us/fly-ita/organize-your-trip/pets.html ITA Airways]
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* u/Pipiru. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lw0264/comment/n2cglrb/ International travel from San Francisco to Amsterdam with ITA Airways in cabin]
* u/liyalilia. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1mjs0w0/i_flew_my_rabbit_in_cargo_18_hours/ International move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar (2 hours) to US (16 hours) with Qatar Airways in cargo]
* u/ffrothicoffi. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1in4bbo/flew_my_5_yo_bunny_halfway_across_the_world_in/ International move with 5-year-old rabbit from Southeast Asia to Scandinavia with Malaysia Airlines/Qatar Airways in cargo]
* Angela Chou. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10161423494403809/ International travel from London to Philadelphia with La Compagnie in cabin]
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Useful books on rabbits

2026-01-03T10:43:51Z

SneakyDragon: Reverted edits by MartinRedbeck (talk) to last revision by Malikethbun

__TOC__
The following are great books to have in any rabbit owner or enthusiast's library.

== General ==
* {{amazon|id=0940920182|name='''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit (5th ed.)'''}} by Marinell Harriman (2013)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Since its first edition in 1985, and in its subsequent printings since that time, House Rabbit Handbook is the definitive source book for care and behavior information about our beloved house rabbits. Based on Harriman’s 25+ years of experience with rescued rabbits, as well as the combined experiences of dozens of House Rabbit Society fosterers and educators, House Rabbit Handbook remains the single most important must-have on every rabbit-lover’s book shelf.

Topics included are: choosing a rabbit, handling, housing setups, bunny proofing, exercise, toys, house training, behavior, bonding, diet, and medical care. As in previous editions, caregivers across the continent have shared their recent discoveries and insights.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1780641907|name='''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care'''}} by Marit Emilie Buseth and Richard Saunders (2015)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Developed from the successful Norwegian book ''Den Store Kaninboka'' (''The Big Book of Rabbits'') this book covers all aspects of rabbit behaviour, welfare, health and husbandry, with updated and expanded content now also made relevant to veterinarians. The focus is on explaining normal behaviour as a basis for describing optimal welfare, with an emphasis on rabbits in the domestic setting. Information regarding wild and laboratory rabbits is also included to show how behaviours such as socialisation, learning and communication can differ depending on environment. Health matters relating to welfare such as nutrition and oral health are also covered in detail, and case studies from around the world give this valuable resource an international perspective.
</div>
* {{amazon|id=0470430648|name='''Rabbits For Dummies'''}} by Connie Isbell and Audrey Pavia (2009)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Your hands-on guide to being a responsible rabbit owner.

Want to raise a happy, healthy bunny? This practical guide gives you everything you need to know to successfully adopt, nurture, live with, and love a rabbit. From choosing a rabbit and preparing its home to training, healthcare, and having fun with your bunny, you get a wealth of expert tips that will have your rabbit (and you) hopping with joy!

Jump into bunny basics -- decide whether a rabbit is the right pet for you, discover the different breeds, and find out the best places to adopt your bunny

Take care of creature comforts -- from housing and grooming to feeding and healthcare, provide the best care for your friend

Practice bunny "psychology" -- understand bunny body language and sounds, handle behavior issues, and train your bunny to do tricks and use the litter box

Enjoy the wonderful world of rabbits -- play games with your bunny, join clubs and organizations, show your rabbit, and make traveling with bunny easy

Open the book and find:

* Informative photos and illustrations
* Detailed breed descriptions
* How to think like a rabbit
* Tips for handling bad bunny behavior
* The latest on organic cuisine and homegrown feeding options
* Games to play with your rabbit
* How to live with an indoor bunny (which is recommended!)
* Ten signs that require emergency action
* A bunch of bunny resources -- from rescue groups to registries to Web sites
</div>

* {{amazon|id=0764142534|name='''The Rabbit Handbook (Barron's Pet Handbooks)'''}} by Karen Parker D.V.M. (2009)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Advice on care of rabbits covers caging, correct feeding, spaying and neutering, litter training, health care, which includes warm-weather concerns, and much more. Barron's popular and highly detailed series of " Pet Handbooks " are written for dedicated pet owners seeking comprehensive information on the care of their chosen pets. Titles in the series cover a wide range of animals and breeds. These books present advice on finding a reliable breeder or seller, information on the animal's origins and traits, and detailed recommendations regarding dietary needs, housing, and health care, as well as all other major aspects related to keeping a healthy and thriving pet. Barron's " Pet Handbooks " are filled with color photos, and many titles include line art and at-a-glance sidebar information.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1595801162|name='''A House Rabbit Primer, 2nd Edition: Understanding and Caring for Your Companion Rabbit'''}} by Lucile C. Moore (2022)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
''A House Rabbit Primer: Understanding and Caring for Your Companion Rabbit, 2nd Edition'' is a brand new, up-to-date edition of the critically acclaimed handbook covering all aspects of rabbit care for both new and experienced pet rabbit owners.

Author Lucile C. Moore, Ph.D., provides pet rabbit owners with valuable information about the total care of their pet. Part one tells owners just what to expect from their new member of the family and gives detailed information on how to house, feed, and train a rabbit. Part two contains a comprehensive medical section, updated for the second edition.

''House Rabbit Primer, 2nd Edition'' has been expanded to include more photos, new stories and care hints from experienced rabbit caretakers, and additional information on healthy rabbit diets. This new edition also features more detailed instructions on how to groom pet rabbits, as well as suggestions on how to care for special needs rabbits. In addition to up-to-date information on many rabbit diseases, there are tips on creating a first-aid kit for rabbits as well as providing emergency care.

With more and more pet owners choosing to keep their rabbits indoors full time, this second edition of the guide beloved by rabbit owners around the world lays out practical information for making rabbits a healthy part of any family.
</div>

* [http://www.petrabbitworld.com/order_book.html '''The Wonderful World of Pet Rabbits'''] by Christine Carter (2006)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
''The Wonderful World of Pet Rabbits'' is our first and only, proudly Australian, fully comprehensive rabbit care book!

If you love your bunnies, want to understand more about their behaviour and do right by them with housing, feeding, breeding, health issues and so on – this much needed resource at hand is ideal for everyone.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1860541828|name='''Rabbitlopaedia: A Complete Guide to Rabbit Care'''}} by Meg Brown and Virginia Richardson (2003)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
A mine of information on every aspect of rabbit care, written jointly by a rabbit expert and a veterinarian.
</div>

== Behavior ==
* {{amazon|id=0285635506|name='''Why Does My Rabbit . . . ?'''}} by Anne McBride (2003)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Rabbits are popular domesticated pets, but many develop problems because of living conditions that do not allow them to follow their behavioral instincts. This guide to troubleshooting rabbit behavior clues owners in to the history of the domesticated rabbit and describes how rabbits live and breed. Common problems among rabbit owners are discussed, as are probable causes for irregular behavior, including instincts that make rabbits behave in certain ways. Both hutch and house rabbits, as well as troubles specific to each, are covered.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=1789180120|name='''Behavioural Problems In Rabbits'''}} by Dr Guen Bradbury (2018)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Guen Bradbury is the UK's leading expert in rabbit behavior. In this book for vets and devoted owners, she walks through where rabbit behavior problems come from, and what you can do about them. As well as the husbandry issues covered by other books, this one includes behavior problems that stem from medical issues and group dynamics. This book covers setting up the perfect rabbit environment, and has quick-reference "Action Sheets" in the back - One page quick explanations of best practice. Well worth a read.
</div>

* {{amazon|id=0954350022|name='''Understanding Your Rabbit's Habits'''}} by Tamsin Stone (2011)

<div style="margin-left:30px">
Rabbits are wonderful animals, but sometimes their behaviour can be a bit of a puzzle.

After reading this book you'll be able to:

* recognise rabbit body language so you can tell how your rabbit is feeling
* understand the motivations behind your rabbit's behaviour
* create an environment that supports your rabbit's behavioural needs
</div>

== Health ==
* {{amazon|id=0595281370|name=Rabbit Health in the 21st Century Second Edition: A Guide for Bunny Parents}} by Kathryn Smith (2003)
* {{amazon|id=0359967272|name=Rabbit Nutrition and Nutritional Healing (3rd ed., revised)}} by Lucile Moore (2019)
* {{amazon|id=159580031X|name=When Your Rabbit Needs Special Care: Traditional and Alternative Healing Methods}} by Lucile Moore and Kathy Smith (2008)
* {{amazon|id=1905319495|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine (BSAVA British Small Animal Veterinary Association) (2nd ed.)}} by Anne Meredith and Brigitte Lord (2014)
* {{amazon|id=0702084034|name=Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (3rd ed.)}} by Molly Varga Smith BVetMed CertZooMed DZooMed (Mammalian) MRCVS (2022)
* {{amazon|id=1416066217|name=Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery (3rd ed.)}} by Katherine Quesenberry DVM MPH Diplomate ABVP and James W. Carpenter MS DVM Dipl ACZM (2011)
* {{amazon|id=090521496X|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine and Surgery (BSAVA British Small Animal Veterinary Association) (2nd ed.)}} edited by Anna Meredith and Paul Flecknell (2006)
* {{amazon|id=1405115149|name=Notes on Rabbit Internal Medicine}} by Richard A. Saunders and Ron Rees Davies (2005)
* {{amazon|id=190531941X|name=BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging}} by Frances Harcourt-Brown and John Chitty (2014)
* [http://www.thehayexperts.co.uk/rabbit-nutrition.html Rabbit Nutrition] by Virginia Richardson (1999)
* [http://shop.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/product/foraging-for-rabbits-by-twigs-way/ Foraging for rabbits] by Twigs Way (2014)
* {{amazon|id=039751588X|name=Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Dog, Cat, & Rabbit(2nd ed.)}} by Steven E. Crow and Sally O. Walshaw (2007)
* [http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208764/PDF Domestic Rabbits: Diseases and Parasites] by the United States Department of Agriculture (1976)

== History and stories ==
* {{amazon|id=0978622618|name=Rabbits: Gentle Hearts, Valiant Spirits}} by Marie Mead, Nancy Laroche, and Dr. Michael W. Fox (2011)
* {{amazon|id=1590560442|name=Stories Rabbits Tell: A Natural and Cultural History of a Misunderstood Creature}} by Susan E. Davis and Margo Demello (2003)
* {{amazon|id=1585972754|name=Domestic Rabbits & Their Histories: Breeds of the World}} by Bob D. Whitman (2004)
* [http://www.medirabbit.com/Books/hare_about_house.PDF A Hare About the House] by Cecil S. Webb (2001)
* {{amazon|id=0198576110|name=The European Rabbit: History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer}} by HV Thompson and CM King (1994)
* {{amazon|id=002573900X|name=The Private Life of the Rabbit: An Account of the Life History and Social Behavior of the Wild Rabbit}} by RM Lockley (1974)
* {{amazon|id=1873580630|name=Rabbits and Hares}} by Anne McBride (2003)

== Miscellaneous ==
* {{amazon|id=0595310621|name=The Relaxed Rabbit: Massage for Your Pet Bunny}} by Chandra Beal (2004)

== Additional listings ==
The following sites also contain reading lists for rabbit owners and lovers that may be more often updated.

* House Rabbit Society, [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209201328/https://rabbit.org/textbooks-and-reference-materials-for-the-practitioner/ Textbooks and Reference Materials for the Practitioner]
* Rabbit News & Awareness, [http://www.rabbitawareness.co.uk/recommended-reading-list/ Recommended Reading List]

== See also ==
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]

[[Category:Resources]]

Rabbit coat genetics

2026-01-03T10:43:33Z

SneakyDragon: Reverted edits by MartinRedbeck (talk) to last revision by SneakyDragon

{{FAQ|[[Breeds FAQ]]}}
Prior to domestication, rabbits were all of the agouti or wild-type color pattern, characterized by alternating bands of black and red color on the hair shaft.

== Major coat color genes ==
Most of the genes that affect coat colors on rabbits are located on four pairs of chromosomes. These genes have been categorized into a system referred to as the coat color series and are labeled A to E (agouti, brown, color, dilution, and extension).<ref>Lukefahr, Rabbit Production, 9th ed, 2013.</ref>

=== A series: Agouti ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| A || Agouti
|-
| a<sup>t</sup> || Tan
|-
| a || Non-agouti
|}

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-a-locus.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding the A Locus (Agouti, Tan/Otter, Self) in Rabbits]

=== B series: Brown ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
|B || Agouti
|-
| b || Brown or chocolate
|}

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-recessive.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding Recessive Chocolate Inheritance in Rabbits]

=== C series: Color ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
|C || Agouti
|-
| c<sup>chd</sup> || Dark chinchilla
|-
| c<sup>chm</sup> || Medium chinchilla
|-
| c<sup>chl</sup> || Light chinchilla
|-
| c<sup>h</sup> || Himalayan
|-
| c || Albino
|}

=== D series: Dilution ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
|D || Agouti
|-
| d || Blue dilution
|}

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-d-locus.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding the D Locus (Dilution) in Self Rabbits]

=== E series: Extension ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| E<sup>d</sup> || Black agouti
|-
| E<sup>s</sup> || Steel agouti
|-
| E || Agouti
|-
| e<sup>j</sup> || Japanese brindling
|-
| e || Red or yellow
|}

== Coat pattern genes ==
Other genes other than the major A to E coat color series exist that also exert pronounced effects on the coat color pattern.

=== Du series: Dutch ===
{{right-image|file=Breeds-dutch-steel.jpg|caption=A steel Dutch rabbit.}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| Du || Normal
|-
| Du<sup>d</sup> || Dark Dutch, minimal spotting
|-
| du<sup>w</sup> || White Dutch, excessive spotting
|}

{{right-image|file=AmyHinkle-Hototcolors-2011.jpg|caption=The Hotot pattern is made from a mix of En and Du genes. Source: [https://www.adhrc.com/Forms/Color%20Genetics%20of%20the%20Dwarf%20Hotot.pdf Amy Hinkle, M.S.] {{pdf}}}}

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-dutch-pattern.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding the Dutch Pattern in Rabbits]

=== En series: Broken ===
{{right-image|file=EnGenotype.png|caption=A diagram of the En gene phenotypes in the Checkered Giant breed.}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| En || English spotting
|-
| en || Normal
|}

Charlies have two ''En/En'' genes, normal broken rabbits have ''En/en'' genes, while normal solid colored rabbits have ''en/en'' genes.

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheets-three-steps-to-understand.html Cheat Sheets: Understanding the Broken Pattern Gene in Rabbits]
* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-english-spot.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding the English Spot Pattern in Rabbits]

=== si series: Silver ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| Si || Normal
|-
| si || Silver coat surface
|}

=== v series: Vienna ===
{{right-image|file=Rabbithabbit-vienna9.jpg|caption=A litter of rabbits with the Vienna gene mixed in.}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| V || Normal
|-
| v || White coat, blue eyes
|}

* [[Vienna-marked rabbits]]
* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-vienna-gene.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding the Vienna Gene in Rabbits (Blue Eyed Whites)]

=== w series: Wide band ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| W || Normal agouti band
|-
| w || Wide agouti band
|}

== Coat structural genes ==

=== f series: Furless locus ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| F || Normal
|-
| f || Furless
|}

=== l series: Angora locus ===
{{right-image|file=Breeds-englishangora-chocolate.jpg|caption=A chocolate English Angora.}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| L || Normal
|-
| l || Hair long, wool
|}

* Laurie Stroupe. (2011). [https://thenaturetrail.com/care/fuzzy-holland-lop-wool/ Fuzzy Holland Lop Genetics – The Wool or Length Gene L]

=== m series: Mane locus ===
{{right-image|file=AlternativeEarth16-6w-lionhead-202311.jpg|caption=6-week-old lionhead rabbits. Source: [https://www.reddit.com/r/IllegallySmolBunnies/comments/17x2jpv/6_week_old_fluff_balls/ u/Alternative-Earth-16]}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| M || Hair long around the head, ears, chest, and flank
|-
| m || Normal
|}

* Wintertime Rabbitry. (2016). [http://wintertimebunnies.blogspot.com/2016/01/cheat-sheet-understanding-mane-genetics.html Cheat Sheet: Understanding Mane Genetics in Lionhead Rabbits]
* Grande Rabbitry. [https://granderabbitry.weebly.com/lionheads1.html About Lionheads]

=== r series: Rex locus ===
{{right-image|file=Breeds-plushlopuk-bluetort.jpg|caption=A blue tort plush lop with Rex fur.}}
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| R || Normal
|-
| r || Hair short, rex
|}

=== sa series: Satin locus ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| Sa || Normal
|-
| sa || Hair thin, satin
|}

=== wa series: Waved locus ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Genes !!Colors
|-
| Wa || Normal
|-
| wa || Hair waved, astrex
|}

== Further reading ==
* Green Bean Farm, [http://www.gbfarm.org/rabbit/holland-colors.shtml Identifying Coat Colors and Associated Genetic Information]
* American Rabbit Breeders Association, Eric Stewart, [https://www.arba.net/district/8/am-11-12-ericstewart.html Rabbit Color Genetics]
* Mosaic's Rabbitry, [http://mosaicrabbitry.weebly.com/rabbit-coat-color-genetics.html Rabbit Coat Color Genetics]
* Jills Wild Dutch Bunch, [http://jillswilddutchbunch.freehosting.net/articles/Genotypes.html Color Comparison Chart]
* Rexivous Rabbitry, [https://sites.google.com/site/rexivousrabbitry/information-collection/color-genotype Color Genotype]
* The Nature Trail
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/agouti-tan-self-a-series-otter/ Rabbit Color Genetics Information: The A-series. Agouti, Tan Pattern, and Self.]
** [http://thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/color-b-series-chocolate/ Rabbit Color Genetics "B" Series: Black and Chocolate Genes]
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/color-c-series-chinchilla-sable-himalayan-rew/ Color Genetics: The C Series. Full Color, Chinchilla, Sable, Himalayan or Pointed White, and REW]
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/dilute-dense-d-series-coat-color/ Dilute and Dense Rabbit Color Genetics - D Series, or Blue and Black]
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/color-e-extension-series-steel-tricolor-locus/ Rabbit Coat Color Genetics - Extension, Steel, and Tri-color at the E locus]
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/broken-pattern-en-charlie-solid/ Rabbit Color Genetics:The Pattern Gene EN for Brokens, Solids, and Charlies]
** [http://www.thenaturetrail.com/rabbit-genetics/rabbit-color-genotypes-chart/ Chart of 144 Rabbit Coat Colors And Their Genotypes]
* Mink Hollow Farm, [http://www.minkhollow.ca/MHF/doku.php?id=farm:rabbits:rabbit_genetics An Illustrated Guide to Rabbit Coat Colour Genetics]
* Amy's Rabbit Ranch, Amy Hinkle, [http://www.amysrabbitranch.com/Color&Genetics/Allele%20List%202011.pdf Rabbit Genes]
* Ringenbach Rabbitry, [http://www.ephiny.net/tim/pedigrees/color_calc.php Genetic Color Calculator]

== See also ==
* [[Rabbit breeds around the world]]
* [[Rabbit coat colors]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]

Hot weather concerns

2026-01-03T10:43:23Z

SneakyDragon: Reverted edits by MartinRedbeck (talk) to last revision by SneakyDragon

{{#seo:
|description=Hot weather tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/0/03/Bunnytemp2.jpg
}}
__TOC__
Rabbits are unable to sweat or pant effectively to dissipate body heat.<ref name="torm">Harcourt-Brown, F. (2001). {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (1st ed.).}}</ref> The main thermoregulatory mechanism is by heat exchange in the ears.

In general, rabbits are much less heat tolerant than cold tolerant. Temperatures of over 85°F (29°C) can easily cause [[heatstroke]] in a rabbit, especially when humid. The ideal temperature range for rabbits is 55-72°F (12-23°C).<ref name="arbarecommendation">ARBA, [https://www.arba.net/PDFs/CAW.pdf ARBA Recommendations for the Care of Rabbits and Cavies]</ref><ref name="exotictech"/> As a result, during hot days in the summer, it is important to monitor your rabbits to ensure comfort and health. However, rabbits can adapt to temperatures outside of this range with appropriate environmental conditioning.<ref name="arbarecommendation"/>

{{right-image|file=Too-hot-to-handle-large.png|caption="Too hot to handle" awareness poster. Photo © [https://www.rabbitawareness.co.uk/2017/06/15/too-hot-to-handle/ Rabbit Awareness], used with direct permission. Rabbit Awareness [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/heatwaveblog.pdf/ Heat Wave blog pdf.]<P></P>The Rabbit Vet's webinar on [http://therabbitvet.com/webinar "Keeping rabbits cool - too hot to handle."]}}
{{right-image|file=CoolingPillowCase.jpg|caption=DIY Pillow Case cooling station. "It's basically a pillow case opened the long ways and I made pockets for frozen water bottles on the ends and frozen tile in the middle. I take the pillow case and wet it and then ring it out so it's just damp and insert the frozen items. My bunnies absolutely love it. Even after the bottles and tile defrost it stays cool. I have enough frozen bottles and tiles to change it out a few times a day." Image (c) A.Montañez}}
{{right-image|file=HRS-Keep-Cool-In-Summer.jpg|caption=Keep Cool in Summer poster by [http://rabbit.org/keep-your-rabbit-cool-in-the-summer/ HRS]}}
{{right-image|file=SummerDangersJo1a.jpg|caption=Summer Danger}}
{{right-image|file=StayCoolOxbow.jpg|caption=Stay Cool [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/ideal-temperatures-for-small-pets by Oxbow.]}}

== How can I keep my rabbit cool? ==
The following are some tips and methods to keep your rabbit from overheating:

* Make sure that there is plenty of shady space in your rabbit's [[Housing|housing enclosure]] that is out of direct sunlight '''at all times of the day'''.
* Keep your '''air conditioning''' on at around 72°F for the comfort of your rabbit.
* Set up a '''{{amazon|id=B00002ND67|name=circulating fan}}''' that will blow the air around your rabbit without blowing directly on them. However, if your rabbit has a choice to hang out in front of the fan voluntarily, that is fine as well. Please don't directly blow a fan on your rabbit in a confined cage all day with no break. Hanging a damp towel in front of the fan will also produce cooler air. Make sure that you bunny-proof the fan cord.
* Place a '''ceramic, stone, or marble tile''' within access of your rabbit. The tile will remain much cooler than the air around it. These can easily be bought for <$2 a tile at home improvement stores such as Lowes and Home Depot. Marble tile is the coolest out of all the types.
* Mist or lightly '''dampen your rabbit's [[ears]]'''. Rabbits do not sweat and use their ears to regulate their body temperature.
* Remember to regularly '''[[brush]] your rabbit's fur'''. Extra loose fur provides unnecessary insulation in the summer months. If you have a long-haired rabbit, consider [[Grooming#Trimming Fur|trimming their coat]] shorter.
* Place a few '''ice cubes or frozen juice cubes''' in your rabbit's water crock to give them a cool source of water to drink or container to lie against.
* Fill large plastic bottles and jugs (e.g. 1L soda bottles, milk jugs, juice bottles) or tupperware containers with water and '''freeze''' them. Once frozen, place them in your rabbit's housing enclosure so that he can lie against them to stay cool. Have more than one on hand to rotate out. Some rabbits also like licking the condensation off the containers. Others enjoy it better when there is a towel over the frozen container.
* Feed your rabbit plenty of '''wet [[vegetables]]''' to make sure he is getting enough hydration.
* Place a '''frozen ice pack or water bottle''' on top of a {{amazon|id=B007IHJPQS|name=terra cotta plant saucer}} to keep the dish cold without leakage everywhere.<ref>Etherbun, [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/etherbun/conversations/topics/161439 Hot weather ideas- new photo album]</ref>

<div class="blue">
Some other cooling products that may help:
* {{amazon|id=B00416I40M|name=Scratch and Newton Ice Pod}}
* {{amazon|id=B00I2SIN7E|name=Milliard Aluminum Pet Cooling Pad/Mat for Small Dogs, Cats, Rabbits -Bunny, 12"x8"}}
</div>

Keep an eye out for older (5+ yrs), overweight, or incapacitated rabbits. Because of their tendencies to be sedentary, they may not get up to drink water when they are too hot and can easily succumb to dehydration.<ref name="hrsfaq">House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/warm-weather.html FAQ: Warm Weather Concerns]</ref>

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>{{right-image|file=BarneyOnTile1.jpg|caption=Barney resting on a tile... keeping cool. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/user/Seal_Point_Lop /u/Seal_Point_Lop], used with direct permission.}}
</div>
<div>{{right-image|file=RoscoeFrozenWaterBottle1.jpg|caption=Roscoe loves cuddling with his frozen water bottle. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3bpjv1/roscoe_loves_cuddling_with_his_frozen_water_bottle/ /u/jaredjohnsmithrabbit], used with direct permission.}}
</div>
<div>{{right-image|file=BaoBunMaster.jpg|caption=Aurelia using her frozen water bottle. Photo © Bao Bun, used with direct permission.}}
</div>
<div>{{right-image|file=MinnieChillingInFrontAC1.jpg|caption=Princess Minnie chilling in front of the A/C. Photo © [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3bwptd/minnie_chilling_in_front_of_the_ac_the_day_it_was/ /u/strawberryswing1], used with direct permission.}}
</div>
</div>

== Heat stroke ==
{{Main|[[Heat stroke]]}}
Heat stress and heat stroke is a serious risk in temperatures above 85°F. If your rabbit shows signs of heat stroke, '''contact your [[veterinarian]] immediately.''' Do not submerge them in cold water because it may place the rabbit in shock. Only lightly dampen their ears with cool water.

To prevent heat stroke, make sure your rabbits have shade and plenty of cool water. Consider moving any outdoor hutches to a breezy garage or patio with a fan.

<div class="bad">
If your rabbit has been outdoors and in extreme heat, do not move your rabbit indoors to an air-conditioned area immediately as it may be too much of an acute environmental stressor.<ref name="exotictech">Ballard, B & Cheek, R. (2010). {{amazon|id=0813822068|name=''Exotic animal medicine for the veterinary technician''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>
</div>

== Flystrike ==
{{Main|[[Flystrike]]}}
If your rabbit has a dirty bottom in warm weather, flystrike is a serious danger regardless of health or age. It is caused by several types of insects that will lay eggs in the wounded skin of mammals, and the maggots hatching from the eggs then digest living tissue.

== Further reading ==
{{right-image|file=KeepCool1.jpg|caption=How to... Keep bunnies cool}}
{{right-image|file=KeepCool2.jpg|caption=Heatstroke in rabbits}}
{{right-image|file=KeepCool3a.jpg|caption=Beat The Heat}}
{{right-image|file=KeepCool4.jpg|caption=Heatwave Warning}}

* Rabbit News & Awareness, [http://www.rabbitawareness.co.uk/2014/06/15/too-hot-to-handle/ Too Hot To Handle!] by Jo Hinde
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/warm-weather.html FAQ: Warm Weather Concerns]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/summerdangers.pdf Summer Dangers]
* 3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue, Inc., [http://3bunnies.org/bunnyAC.htm Bunny Chill Box]
* Bunny Bunch S.P.C.R., Caroline Charland, [http://www.bunnybunch.org/Summer_is_a_Killer_for_Rabbits_and_other_Small_Animals.pdf Summer is a Killer for Rabbits and other Small Animals]
* Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund, [http://rabbitwelfare.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/heat-wave-how-to-keep-your-bunnies-cool.html Heat wave - how to keep your bunnies cool]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://adoptarabbit.org/articles/packet/heat.html Hot Rabbits]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/health/cool.html How to Cool Down a Hot Bunny]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/HOME/Featured/tabid/244/ArticleID/9/ArtMID/983/Cooling-Tips-Heat-Stroke-Prevention.aspx Cooling Tips (Heat Stroke Prevention)]
* Christine Carter, [http://www.petrabbitworld.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/hot_cross_bunnies.pdf Hot cross bunnies – from a rabbit’s perspective]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/summer-care Caring for your rabbits in hot weather]
* Squidoo, LLC, [http://www.squidoo.com/keeping-outdoor-pet-rabbits-cool-in-the-summer Keeping outdoor pet rabbits cool in the summer]
* bunnymama.com, [http://bunnymama.com/Care/KeepingThemCool.aspx Keeping Them Cool]
* Phyllis O'Beollain, [http://www.examiner.com/article/keep-pets-safe-from-insects-and-flying-debris-this-summer Keep pets safe from insects and flying debris this summer]
* Phyllis O'Beollain, [http://www.examiner.com/article/brush-up-on-summer-safety-for-your-pet Brush up on summer safety for your pet]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/blogs/care-resouces/27616324-keep-cool Keep Cool]

The following links are from rabbit breeder websites. Please note that we do not condone [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. These are provided purely for information.
* Barbi Brown's Bunnies, [http://www.barbibrownsbunnies.com/summer_tips_for_keeping_your_bun.htm Summer Tips for Keeping Your Bunny Cool and Happy]
* Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/cooling-rabbits.html Cooling Rabbits]

Below are some relevant discussion on the topic.
* BunSpace.com, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=13020 Rabbits and Extreme Heat]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Care]]

Deciding on a rabbit

2026-01-03T10:40:57Z

SneakyDragon: /* Breeders */

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Getting a pet should ''never'' be an impulse decision. That being said, there are many reasons to consider a rabbit as a pet, and many reasons you might not want one. We will try to do our best to give you an idea what you will be getting into with the possession of a rabbit.

== Is a rabbit right for you? ==
{{right-image|file=Babba rabbit buying guide.jpg|caption=Simple guide to buying a rabbit from BABBA.}}
Rabbits can make '''excellent house pets''' due to their cleanliness, the ease of litter training, and the lack of vocal sounds. They are fascinating to watch and can become quite affectionate when you gain their trust. If you are a working professional, rabbits are a great pet because they will usually be sleeping during the day and become active after you get home around the evening. However, rabbits are '''not the most low-maintenance pets''' and actually have quite a few needs, and these are important to consider before you have a rabbit join your household.

* '''When properly taken care of, rabbits can live to an average of 8 or more years.''' A rabbit will be around when your child grows up and goes to college. ''Rabbits are not a disposable pet.'' If you would like a short-lived pet for at most 3-4 years, a rabbit is not the pet for you. Rabbits will also develop a deep bond with their main caretaker. Be prepared to have a place for your bun if you plan on getting married, move, have a child, or a new pet.

* '''Regardless of breed or sex, rabbits have their own distinct personalities.''' There are no temperament traits that have been selectively bred, so any [[Breeds| breed]] of rabbit can have the [[personality]] you are looking for. There may be trends such as smaller breeds tending to be more mischievous and active while larger breeds tending to be more docile and easy-going, but this is not set in stone by any means. Sociability is easily influenced by the amount of time the rabbit interacts with humans. The more humans play with the bunny, the more sociable the bunny will be. As prey animals, rabbits will often also be slow to trust in new environments -- in general, they will not be like a kitten or a dog that will immediately want to interact and explore new surroundings. It can take weeks or months for rabbits to be comfortable and come out of their shell.

* '''Rabbits are high maintenance and require daily care.''' Most pets, in fact, also need daily care, but rabbits are much more sensitive to changes than the average pet. It takes a daily commitment to make sure a rabbit is in good health, has unlimited hay and water, and a clean housing enclosure. As a prey animal, rabbits hide obvious signs of discomfort until it's too late. [[GI stasis| Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis]] is not an unusual occurrence with rabbits, where their [[digestive system]] shuts down and stops their ability to eat until medical attention is given. A rabbit with GI stasis can easily succumb quickly without immediate care. Rabbits will also need regular [[grooming]] and be brushed at least once a week depending on breed to make sure that they do not ingest too much hair when grooming themselves. They will need their [[teeth]] to be checked annually by a [[vet]] to make sure that they are not overgrown due to insufficient chewing or genetic [[malocclusion]]. Also, rabbit nails will also need [[trimming nails|clipping]] every 6-8 weeks to make sure they do not get caught in materials and get torn out or broken. Rabbits are [[bonding|social animals]], and do not do well in isolation.

* '''Rabbits require daily [[exercise]].''' A typical commercial cage or hutch is not suitable [[housing]] for a rabbit. Rabbits love to run and need the space to do so. A caged rabbit will result in a rabbit that is depressed and antisocial. The overwhelming consensus is that rabbits should be housed indoors. On the bright side, a single apartment room with enough floor space to run and hop is enough for a rabbit to exercise in. If you are unable to allow your rabbit to roam freely outside of their housing enclosure, order an exercise pen to set up a "home base" that is a minimum of 24 square feet (2.2 square meters).

* '''Rabbits are herbivores.''' {{right-image|file=Squishy eating veggies.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf rabbit eating vegetables.}} Unlike cats and dogs, rabbits cannot consume most human food. The scraps from the dinner table cannot be fed. A [[diet]] for an adult bun consists of [[hay]], [[pellets]], and uncooked raw [[vegetables]]. You will need to be prepared as most of these are not easily available at any supermarket.

* '''There are start-up and continual [[costs]] to owning a rabbit.''' Essential startup [[costs]] include purchasing and setting up proper [[housing]], [[bunny-proofing]] materials, and [[grooming]] items. Continual [[costs]] include hay, pellets, vegetables, litter for their litter box, and toys. Expect to spend around 200 USD for initial costs and 20+ USD per month for a single rabbit. If your rabbit manages to destroy cords, carpets, and belongings, repairing and replacing these items repeatedly will be expensive. [[Spay|Spaying and neutering]] your rabbit if you bought it as a baby bunny will cost anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on availability of low-cost clinics and location. Yearly [[vaccinations]] are required in most countries due to fatal diseases like [[myxomatosis]] and [[RHD]], and we also recommend visiting a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for a yearly health checkup to catch any issues early. Please take a look at our [[Getting Started]] article to understand what kind of care a pet rabbit will need.

* '''Rabbits require specialized veterinarians for proper medical care.''' Medical care is ''usually more expensive'' for a rabbit than a cat or dog because they are classified as exotics. You will need to find a [[vet|proper rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] to take care of your rabbit, which may be difficult to find. We would suggest that you first look and see if you have any rabbit-experienced veterinarians in your area (especially emergency veterinarians that accept rabbits) before deciding to add a rabbit to your household. Many emergency hospitals will not staff veterinarians that will see exotics like rabbits 24/7, which can end up leading to highly stressful situations when your rabbit needs immediate supportive care. Rabbits are prey animals that are great at hiding problems until they are major emergency issues. {{bad|It will not help your rabbit if the closest rabbit-experienced vet is out of your immediate driving distance when you have a medical emergency like [[gastrointestinal stasis]], which can be fatal in less than 48 hours.}} You can find a global community database of example rabbit veterinary bills [http://ssbunny.com/vetbills here.]

* '''Rabbits can be very messy.''' {{right-image|file=Jadeycakes_alice_litter_mess.jpg|caption=A rabbit very proud of herself after making a mess with her litter.}} While rabbits are relatively easy to [[litter train]], you may still get [[poop]] pellets around their cage not in their litter box. Additionally, they produce ''a lot'' of poop and pee all day and will need their litter boxes changed regularly. If they are not [[spay|spayed or neutered]] once they reach sexual maturity, rabbits may lose their litter habits and begin pooping and spraying (peeing on walls and other objects) everywhere to mark their territory. When you own a house rabbit, expect hay to be tracked everywhere as well as fur generally flying around the room. If you like to keep a meticulous house, you will need to vacuum and clean multiple times a day.

* '''Rabbits can be very noisy.''' While they don't normally vocalize like a cat or dog, rabbits are [[sleep|awake at all hours of the day]] and can often make lots of noise chewing and digging and thumping. As a result, they are not a great pet for light sleepers if the rabbit needs to reside in the bedroom. Frustrated and bored rabbits will often chew their cage bars, which is also detrimental to their dental health. It will take a dedicated owner to figure out an appropriate setup to reduce their habitual noise if they need to be housed where the owner sleeps.

* '''Rabbits can be destructive.''' Natural instincts of a rabbit are to chew and dig. As a result, if you do not properly [[bunny-proof]] a location to which a rabbit will have access, you may find your furniture and carpet destroyed, paint and drywall stripped off the walls, and loose cables and cords chewed up. [[Toys]] will need to be provided to redirect their natural behavior to proper objects. You cannot train a rabbit to never dig and chew. If you have roommates or a family, you will need to instruct them to keep things out of a bunny's reach and off the floor. If a rabbit destroys something left in their reach, it is not their fault, since to them, everything within reach is fair game. A humorous yet realistic discussion of the extent that house rabbit owners will reorganize their home for a rabbit can be seen [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/y7sc5/it_has_come_to_my_attention_that_my_decorating/ here]. Additionally, if your rabbit is not [[spay|fixed]] once they reaches sexual maturity, they may become more [[aggressive]] and destructive than before.

* '''Rabbits can be difficult to handle.''' Unless they have been well-handled when growing up while young, rabbits in general do not like to be picked up and can break their backs when trying to get away. Consequently, a rabbit will not be well suited to [[Rabbits and Children|children]] who like cuddling or holding their pet. Rabbits like it best when people get down to their level on the floor to pet and play with them.

* '''Some people may be allergic to rabbits or their hay.''' While many people that are allergic to cats and/or dogs are not [[allergies|allergic]] to rabbits, they may be allergic to hay, an essential part of a rabbit's diet. Find out before you get your rabbit if this is the case with your family or roommates, and determine if this will be an issue for your rabbit ownership. Keep in mind that there are many different types of hay, and if you are allergic to one type, you can give your rabbit a different type of hay that you are not or less allergic to.

* '''Rabbit are prey animals and easily injured by predatory pets in the household.''' If you already own cats, dogs, or other predators like ferrets, it may not be a good idea to add rabbits to your household. While many cats and rabbits can co-habitate peacefully, some more feral cats may hunt or stress out smaller rabbits. Dogs and rabbits should never be left alone together as a playful dog may easily accidentally fatally injure a rabbit. Ferrets are highly not recommended as pets in the same household as rabbits because ferrets are innate hunters and will possibly kill the rabbit if they ever accidentally escape. See [[Relationships with rabbits]] for more resources and stories of these households with children and other animals.

* '''Rabbits can multiply fast.''' On this wiki, we do not condone intentional [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. However, if you purchase two unfixed rabbits of unknown sexes and keep them together, you can easily have a large baby rabbit problem. Females can have litters of 2-10 babies as early as 2.5 months, and males can reach sexual maturity at ~3.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. {{bad|As a result, if you obtain two unfixed rabbits, you will need to keep them separate until at least one is [[Spay|fixed]] or be absolutely sure that they are both of the same sex.}} Rabbits are easily mis-sexed especially as babies.

<div class="txt-warning">If you '''cannot afford''' or are '''not willing''' to take your pet to the veterinarian when sick, please reconsider pet ownership. These animals are like children, and it is '''very irresponsible''' to refuse to take them to the doctor (veterinarian) when they show signs of illness. Wait until you are in a financial position to properly provide medical care when needed to own a pet.</div>

Some links to read for more information have been listed below to help you decide whether a rabbit is right for you.
* Ellyn Eddy. (2022). [https://www.fuzzy-rabbit.com/pet-rabbit-101/ Pet Bunny 101 – All You Should Know About Having Rabbits as House Pets]
* Turning Veganese. (2013). [http://turningveganese.com/2013/03/31/sunday-bunday-14/ Sunday Bunday!]
* Dr. Elizabeth Bradt. (2012). [http://www.salemnews.com/lifestyle/x240467602/Vet-Connection-Are-you-really-ready-for-a-rabbit Vet Connection: Are you really ready for a rabbit?]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/differences.html How are Rabbits Different from Cats & Dogs?]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-insidelook.pdf|Rabbits as Companions — An Inside Look]] {{pdf}}
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-perfecthome.pdf|The Perfect Rabbit Home (As Seen By Rabbits)]] {{pdf}}
* PetCoach. [https://www.petcoach.co/article/rabbits-is-one-right-for-you Rabbits: Is One Right For You?]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/WhyNotRabbit.pdf Why Not to Rabbit] {{pdf}}
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/before-you-get-a-rabbit Things to consider before you get a rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/right-person.html Are You a Rabbit Person?]
* Elizabeth TeSelle. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-5/like-a-rabbit.html What Are Rabbits Really Like?]
* My House Rabbit. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_thinking.php Thinking About Getting a Pet Bunny?]

Here are some relevant videos you can watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=sLxP8gls0RI|caption=Howcast. (2013). What to Consider before Buying a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=JqzHBzMgl9w|caption=Victoria Raechel. (2022). Watch THIS before getting a rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=dh48VuT_SD8|caption=The Bunnies' Brigade. (2021). 5 Things To Know BEFORE You Adopt A Rabbit | A brief beginner’s guide}}
{{youtube|id=4W_VxeSqpR8|caption=Bobo Ellie Buns. (2021). Life with Bunnies | Expectation vs Reality}}
</div>

== Baby rabbit vs. adult rabbit ==
{{right-image|file=The Rabbit Haven Sneaky fosters.jpeg|caption=Baby foster rabbits eating pellets.}}
For a first time bunny owner, we would recommend '''adopting an adult bunny''' from a rescue or shelter. Getting a baby rabbit does not necessarily enhance the human-rabbit bond. Baby rabbits are also very destructive, active, and playful while older rabbits tend to be more mellow. Personality and affection level can drastically change in a rabbit in the first year of their growth. Rabbits reach puberty around 2.5 to 4 months of age and will become very territorial and generally lose all previously [[litter training|training]] until altered. If you have bonded baby bunnies, chances are that their bond will break at around this time. After adolescence and [[spay|spaying or neutering]], rabbits will be much more amenable to permanent [[litter training|training]].

If you buy a rabbit without knowing their parents, you may have '''no idea how large they will get'''. All baby rabbits are small when they are young especially if they are sold underage (8 weeks), and a seller can easily lie about a rabbit's age. True healthy and consistent dwarfs require careful breeding.

Additionally, baby rabbits are '''notoriously hard to sex'''. Rabbits bought from a backyard breeder, pet store, or an accidental litter will most likely be mis-sexed regardless of claim of experience. If you have more than one unfixed rabbit, you may end up with babies unexpectedly if they interact with each other. It only takes once as rabbits are induced ovulators, and females can have litters as early as 2.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. If you have two baby rabbits, keep them separate until both have been [[spay|fixed]].

If the rabbit will be '''living with a child''', baby bunnies are also a poor choice. Rabbits are physically delicate animals and cannot be easily held, which children tend to love to do. See [[Rabbits and Children]] for more information.

{{right-image|file=Vlad peach lounging.jpg|caption=A large Flemish rabbit with his bonded Mini Rex mate.}}
Adult rabbits have many more pros over babies for both new and experienced rabbit owners. If you adopt from a rescue or shelter, you can easily choose what sort of personality and size you wish in a rabbit. You can easily figure out which bunnies are more cuddly than others if that is a concern to you. Also, rabbits reach their full growth at around 1 year old. You do not want to end up with a ginormous rabbit unexpectedly if you were not prepared with extensive breed information on the baby rabbit.

One may think that getting an adult rabbit from a shelter or rescue is much more expensive than getting one from a flea market, pet store, or breeder for about 5 USD vs. 25-80+ USD for one at the shelter. However, considering that baby rabbits will need to be spayed and neutered as an adult, especially female rabbits as they have a high incident rate of [[Uterine cancer|reproductive cancers]] and [[Spay|the procedure itself]] usually costs anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on location, you will ultimately save much more money adopting an altered rabbit from a shelter or rescue than buying a cheap intact rabbit. To add on, the surgery required can be very stressful for rabbit owners as there is always a risk with anesthesia and the recovery process can have issues - many experienced rabbit owners choose to adopt already neutered and health-checked animals for this reason.

Lastly, a rabbit adopted from a rescue or shelter will usually already be fixed and micro-chipped and most likely litter trained and well socialized by the time they join your family. The workers at the location or the foster parents can usually provide you much more information about an adult rabbit than a baby bunny. If you are worried that their age will mean less time spent with you, remember that indoor house rabbits can have a life expectancy of anywhere from '''8 to 12 or more years.''' 3 years is not that much in the lifetime of a house rabbit.

<div class="box">
The House Rabbit Society lists the following as good traits for a person who should get a baby rabbit:<ref>Monica Cook. (n.d.). Myths About Baby Rabbits. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html</ref>
* has lots of time, a house that can stand to be chewed, and a stable residence
* expects accidents when baby forgets where the litterbox is
* is patient and doesn't scream on discovering the new shoes have been nibbled
* doesn't go away for a long time and leave a hyper baby locked up in a cage
* knows the cute baby may grow into a rather large rabbit and may have a different personality as an adult
* understands that when bunny matures, there will need to be a neuter/spay appointment and isn't fazed when cute baby sprays urine on the walls. S/he knows that neutering will stop the problem.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NTvsIUhM_tc|caption=SaveABunny. (2014). Adopting Baby Bunnies versus Adult Rabbits?}}
</div>

Some links to read for more information about the pros and cons of getting a baby rabbit have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-babyadult.pdf|Baby or Adult?]] [PDF]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/articles/adopt-an-adult-rabbit-and-bypass-the-monster-stage Adopt an Adult Rabbit]
* Monica Cook. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html Myths About Baby Rabbits]

== Which breed? ==
{{right-image|file=TalyaD lionhead.jpg|caption=A lionhead rabbit with a glorious mane.}}
Rabbits have '''individual unique personalities''', unrelated to breed. If you are looking for a certain temperament, your best bet would be to visit some local shelters and rescues and talk to volunteers to find a bunny that's right for you. However, if you are set on a certain "look" to your rabbit, take a look at our [[Breeds]] article and the links below.

Some links to read for more information have been listed below.

'''General guides'''
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeds.pdf|An Overview of Breeds]] [PDF]
* Amy Shapiro. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-10/mellow-lops.html Lops Are Mellow and Other Dangerous Myths]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/breeds.asp Breeds]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gnvS1HTm2FQ|caption=Howcast. (2013). Which Rabbit Breed Is Best?}}
{{youtube|id=M0bmsipNXEU|caption=101Rabbits. (2019). What Is The Best Rabbit Breed For You?}}
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Lopped-ear breeds''' (e.g. Holland Lop, Mini Lop, French Lop, English Lop)
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue. [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html Lop or Not?]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/english-lop-overlong-ears Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > English Lop > Overlong Ears]
* MiDOG. (2022). [https://www.midogtest.com/post/lop-eared-rabbits-ear-infection Lop-eared Rabbits: Floppy Ears and Infection Risk]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2020). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/lop-eared-rabbits-and-ear-disease/ Lop-Eared Rabbits and Ear Disease]
* Royal Veterinary College. (2019). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-facilities/rvc-animal-welfare-science-and-ethics/news/lop-eared-rabbits-more-likely-to-suffer-from-ear-and-dental-problems-study-confirms-for-first-time Lop-eared rabbits more likely to suffer from ear and dental problems, study confirms for first time]

Lop rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:<ref>The Rabbit Residence Rescue. (n.d.). Lop or Not? Retrieved 5 Dec 2016 from http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html</ref>
* Ear disease - [[otitis|infections]] and [[abscesses]].
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* Issues with [[Ears|hearing]] and [[Eyes|eyesight]].
* A higher incident rate for [[liver lobe torsion]] due to unknown reasons.
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Dwarf breeds''' (e.g. Netherland Dwarf, Holland Lop, Lionhead, Polish)
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/netherland-dwarf-dental-malocclusion Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Netherland Dwarf > Dental Malocclusion]
* RaisingRabbits.com. [https://www.raising-rabbits.com/netherland-dwarf-rabbit.html The Netherland Dwarf Rabbit Genetic Risks] {{graphic}}

Dwarf rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* [[E. cuniculi]]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Giant breeds''' (e.g. French Lop, Flemish Giant, New Zealand, Californian)
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/maintenance-handling/caring-giant-rabbits/ Caring for Giant Rabbits]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/giantrabbits.asp Caring for Large/Giant Rabbit Breeds]

Giant rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Sore hocks]] due to the amount of weight on their feet.
* [[Arthritis]] and spondylosis as they age.
* [[Cardiomyopathy]] and heart problems
* A shorter average lifespan of around 5-6 years.

A few experiences with giant rabbits:
* u/Mfbunnybutts. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dq7it9/big_bunny_binky_after_eating_her_pumpkinmedicine/ 6-month-old Flemish Giant surrendered with a plethora of health and behavior issues]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Long-haired breeds''' (e.g. Angora, Lionhead, Jersey Wooly)
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/longhair.asp Fluffy or Knot? - Caring for Long Haired Rabbit Breeds]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.facebook.com/magichappensrescue/posts/10156865155118744 Caring for long-haired rabbits]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/angora-long-hair Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Angora > Long Hair]

In general, we would not recommend a long-haired breed for first-time rabbit owners as they require a significant amount of [[angora|grooming maintenance]] to keep them comfortable.

{{post-image|file=Breeds-englishangora-blue.jpg|caption=A blue English Angora rabbit with a show coat. This type of coat will require daily brushing to prevent painful mats from forming unless the fur is trimmed.}}
</div>

<div class="note">Rabbits with '''over 80% white''' due to the English spotting gene can be prone to [[megacolon]]. Please note that fully white and Himalayan/Californian/pointed white rabbits can also mask the English spotting genes. {{post-image|file=LIRR megacolon example 2022-04.jpg|caption=A comparison of two rabbits - the one on the left has classic genetic megacolon markings while the rabbit on the right has too much color for genetic megacolon. [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/posts/10160722808474113 source]|width=500}}</div>

== One or more bunnies? ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth quadbond micropen.jpg|caption=Two pairs of rabbits in the process of bonding into a quad in a small exercise pen setup.}}
While you may not decide to get two rabbits at first, if your first rabbit has been [[spay|fixed]], you may consider [[bonding]] another rabbit with him for 24/7 social companionship. The wild European rabbits that domestic rabbits are descended from are very sociable and live in warrens. <b>If possible, we would generally recommend adopting a bonded adult neutered pair if available, especially if you know you will not be home most of the day to provide social and mental companionship for your rabbits.</b> Bonding rabbits is not for the faint of heart and usually takes a lot of work on the part of both owners and rabbits.

If you only have unneutered baby rabbits available, we would recommend only getting one baby rabbit unless you have the space to potentially keep each in sufficiently large separated areas as they grow up due to possible difficulties with territorial fighting as they mature.

If you decide to get two baby rabbits, please make sure to get two rabbits of the same sex or keep them separated 24/7 by a double fence until they are both [[Neuter|neutered]] to prevent accidental pregnancies. Rabbits can mate through a single barrier and can be fertile as early as around 12 weeks old. A successful mating can take only 3 seconds.

Amateur breeders and pet stores may be poor at properly [[sexing]] baby rabbits - as a result, if you decide to take care of more than a single baby rabbit at once, please take your baby rabbits to a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] at the earliest opportunity to confirm their sexes.

<div class="bad">As a warning, rabbits that may be friendly towards each other as unneutered baby rabbits may start fighting each other once they go through puberty around 3-6 months old. Not all siblings will continue to get along as adults once they are neutered - as a result, please be prepared to have the space and equipment to keep each bunny in separated areas for their own safety indefinitely.</div>

Some links to read for more information on owning multiple rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-singlepair.pdf|Single, Pair, or Group?]] [PDF]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/couples.html Bonded Couples]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-should-i-get-a-second-rabbit/ Should I Get a Second Rabbit]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14584-enrichment-the-single-rabbit-issue Enrichment & The Single Rabbit Issue]

== Fostering ==
Before we go into details about where to get a pet rabbit from, '''fostering''' is a great alternative to buying or adopting a rabbit if you just want to see if a rabbit is the right pet for you. Fostering is also a good option for people who know they will be moving soon but would like a pet rabbit in the meantime. Most of the rabbits in foster programs will be happy and healthy, but rescues will occasionally have buns that will need a personal gentle touch to socialize them before up for general adoption. As a foster home, you will be helping with severe overcrowding at local animal shelters and giving the rabbits another chance at a good home.

Typical reasons for fostering include the following:<ref name="rehomefoster">Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering.asp Fostering Rabbits]</ref>
* '''Spaying and neutering:''' Rabbits that have been recently spayed or neutered will need to be fostered for several weeks before looking for a new home.
* '''Socialization:''' Foster care allows rabbits that have been neglected without much human contact to have more attention and help in overcoming their fear of humans.
* '''Medical care:''' Rabbits that come in with medical problems need treatment before they can be rehomed.
* '''Overcrowding:''' When a rescue center does not have enough room, foster homes provide temporary housing for rabbits until space frees up after adopted rabbits.
* '''Pregnancy & babies:''' Foster homes provide a quieter environment for a recovering mother and her babies along with special attention. Very young rabbits that were abandoned may need a dedicated foster that will hand-feed them regularly.

The rescue center will be able to match you up with rabbits that fit the environment and care you can provide. Depending on the rescue center, you will be provided with training, equipment, and medical care assistance.

Some benefits of fostering include the following:
* '''Tax deductions''' if you are fostering through a qualified 501(c)(3) organization. Costs such as pet food and supplies, veterinary bills, and toys can qualify as expenses for fostering a pet. If you foster enough animals, a portion of your home utility costs can be covered as well. Car drives made solely for the organization can be deducted at 14 cents a mile.<ref>Petfinder. (2014). ''Considering your taxes? Don’t forget your foster pets!''. Retrieved 8 March 2016 from https://www.petfinder.com/blog/2014/01/considering-your-taxes-dont-forget-your-foster-pets/</ref>

To find fostering opportunities, look at local animal shelters and rabbit rescues. Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local animal shelters and rabbit rescues.

Some stories about fostering for rescues and shelters:
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering_frosty.asp Fostering]

Some links to read for more examples of expectations for rabbit fostering:
* House Rabbit Society. [https://center.rabbit.org/foster/ Foster]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [http://rabbitrescue.ca/volunteer-or-foster/fostering-benefits/ Fostering Benefits]
* The Rabbit Haven. [https://therabbithaven.org/the-rabbit-haven-foster-program The Rabbit Haven Foster Program]
* Bunny Buddies. [https://bunnybuddies.org/foster-a-rabbit/ Foster]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/fostering Foster]
* Luv-N-Bunns Rabbit Rescue. [https://luvnbunns.org/bunnies/fostering/ Fostering]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.magichappensrescue.com/HowYouCanHelp/Foster.aspx Foster]

== Where to get a rabbit ==
There are many options to find a rabbit - pet stores, classified ads, shelters, rescues, breeders, and more. Here we will go more in detail as to the pros and cons of each.

=== Pet stores ===
{{right-image|file=Olivia notice.jpg|width=x300}}
'''Please do not purchase a rabbit from a pet store unless it is actually an adoption through a local rescue/shelter program.''' A similar source in a rural area is a feed store. Pet stores are always out to make a profit and will often have mistreated, inbred, unhealthy rabbits for sale. To elongate their cuteness, [[Babies|baby bunnies]] will typically be weaned (removed from mother) too early, which can lead to behavior and health problems.

As Cheryl Kucsera writes, <ref>Kucsera C. (n.d.).
The Monaco House Rabbit Sanctuary. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.pacificanimal.org/rabbits/monaco_house_rabbit_sanctuary08.htm</ref> <blockquote><p>Before and during the Easter season, consumer interest in baby bunnies is at its peak. In order to exploit this demand, many rabbit breeders will schedule the breeding of their rabbits so that extra litters of baby bunnies will be available at this time.
</p>
<p>In pet store terms, baby bunnies don't have a long "shelf life." This is because they grow so very quickly. Therefore, in order to meet pet stores' desires for the "cutest" baby bunnies, some breeders may supply bunnies who are too young (under 8 weeks of age). I was told of one breeder/petmiller who supplied baby bunnies to local pet stores. Every few weeks, when he would drop off a new "shipment" of baby bunnies, he would pick up any that hadn't sold from his previous shipment. According to him, if the bunnies hadn't been purchased at that point, they never would be. So, he took them back to his home where they ended up in his freezer. He said it was more "humane" for them to end up on his plate than to languish in a cage in the pet store!</p></blockquote>

Additionally, many employees will often have little or no experience with the proper care of rabbits. '''You will be better off getting a rabbit anywhere but a pet store.''' If you must buy a pet, visit your local responsible and knowledgeable rabbit breeder. However, we would urge you to consider visiting local shelters and rescues first before going to a breeder to buy a pet. If you have any questions, the place where you obtained your rabbit from should be an excellent reliable resource.

As Kathleen Wilsbach writes:<ref>Wilsbach, K. (2001). "Rescuing" Pet Store Rabbits. ''The Clover Leaf'', (8), 9-12. Retrieved from http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/Clover%20Leaf%20VIII%20-%20final.pdf</ref>

<blockquote><p>Please consider the consequences when you “rescue” a suffering rabbit by buying him from a pet store or breeder. You are rewarding that establishment for causing suffering and condemning many more rabbits to the same fate!</p>

<p>Refusing to purchase rabbits from pet stores causes sellers loss. Thus they stock fewer rabbits thereby causing the breeder to produce less. If no one ever bought rabbits in pet stores, breeders would stop breeding. It may seem harsh to leave pet store or breeder rabbits to their fate, but you will help many more rabbits.</p></blockquote>

However, to be realistic, if you do end up getting a pet store rabbit, do your best to make sure that they are '''healthy''' before taking them home. Make sure that the rabbits are '''at least 6 weeks''', preferably 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop">Krempels, D. (n.d.). The Mystery of Rabbit Poop. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/poop.html</ref> Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].<ref name="newrabbit"/>

If you decide to be a Good Samaritan and purchase a sick or undernourished rabbit, be prepared to see a veterinarian immediately and a long, uphill battle for survival and ultimately good health. Chances are that you probably cannot trust any advice given to you by a pet store employee, so please take a read through our [[Getting Started]] page and its links on proper care.

Some links to read for more information on pet store rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] {{pdf}}
* BunnyLuv Rabbit Resource Center. [https://www.bunnyluv.org/whats-wrong-with-a-pet-store What's Wrong with Purchasing a Rabbit at a Pet Store?]
* Ameena Schelling. (2016). [https://www.thedodo.com/petco-petsmart-pet-supplier-abuse-1563393540.html This Is Where Petco And PetSmart Get Their Animals] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Advocacy Animal Matters. (2008). [http://www.rabbitadvocacy.com/rabbit_mills__pet_store_cruelty.htm Rabbit Mills & Pet Store Cruelty]

=== Animal shelters ===
{{right-image|file=Baobao shelter.jpg|caption=Rabbit in a shelter cage}}
A shelter or a rescue is the best location to get a rabbit, unless you were looking for a baby of a specific breed and no nearby shelters have any available at that moment. By adopting from a shelter, you will be saving a rabbit from possible euthanasia and giving them a second chance at a forever home. Most of these rabbits will be abandoned pets either surrendered or found on the streets wandering lost after they escaped or were dumped. Occasionally, rabbits may be pregnant upon reaching the shelter, and the shelter will have young rabbits up for adoption once they are weaned and fixed.

Shelter employees will most likely be very experienced in the care of rabbits if they have rabbits available. Often, local rabbit rescue members will volunteer to take care of the rabbits. You can find many young, adult, and bonded rabbits at shelters. Employees can inform you about the personalities of each rabbit before you decide to adopt. Adult rabbits will usually come fixed and microchipped while still having a low adoption fee, typically 20-50 USD. That can provide you a savings of over 300 USD once you include the costs of microchipping and [[spaying and neutering]] a baby bunny yourself.

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find shelters near you with rabbits.

Some more links to read for more information on adopting from an animal shelter have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]
* The Rabbit Crossing. (2012). [https://facebook.com/note.php?note_id=456616351048764&_ft_=fbid.439866449411936&_rdr New Bunnies -- Why Rescue?]
* Pets4Homes. [https://www.pets4homes.co.uk/pet-advice/should-i-buy-or-adopt-a-rabbit.html Should I Buy Or Adopt A Rabbit?]
* Quantifying the Shelter Rabbit Population: An Analysis of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Animal Shelters. (2012). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10888705.2012.709084 Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science] & [https://faunalytics.org/feature-article/quantifying-the-shelter-rabbit-population-an-analysis-of-massachusetts-and-rhode-island-animal-shelters/ Faunalytics].

=== Rabbit rescues ===
{{right-image|file=LIRRG purchase adoption 2022.jpg|caption=A comparison of purchasing vs. adoption costs from Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group.|width=350}}
A rabbit rescue will provide similar features as an animal shelter but will most definitely be educated in the proper care of pet house rabbits. Rabbit rescues will often focus on taking in abandoned or sick rabbits from shelters. Rabbits at a rescue should be well handled and socialized by foster parents, and any health issues are often fairly well covered. Many foster homes will also acclimate the rabbits to children and other pets. Most rabbits will be litter trained by volunteers as they arrive at the rescue.

However, due to the non-profit nature, adoption fees will be higher than a shelter to cover medical and spaying and neutering costs. A rabbit rescue will often also have much more stringent requirements and will interview much more extensively than at a shelter. Many rabbit rescues require that the bunnies be housed only indoors. In the case that you may not be able to take care of your rabbit due to circumstances, rabbit rescues should be more than willing to take their rabbits back at no cost. In fact, in some rescue adoption contracts, you may be required to.

The Colorado House Rabbit Society states these advantages to adopting from them:<ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (n.d). Advantages to Adopting from the Colorado House Rabbit Society. Retrieved from http://www.coloradohrs.org/adopt_why-us.asp</ref>
<blockquote>
* We help you determine whether rabbits are a good choice for your situation and help you avoid mistakes in bringing rabbits into your home.
* We teach you how to care for your rabbits, how to identify symptoms requiring veterinary care before they become serious, and we put you in contact with a good rabbit veterinarian in your area. It is essential you understand most veterinarians are not able to safely treat rabbits - rabbits are "exotics" from a medical point of view, and they require veterinatians who have taken specialized training in treating them correctly.
* We are committed to helping you solve any problems which may come up as long as you have your rabbits.
* We offer a "911" service to our adopters should you have an emergency when your vet isn't available, or to help you determine if you need to see a veterinarian.
* We have a greater variety of rabbits to choose from than you will find almost anywhere in the state.
</blockquote>

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local rabbit rescues.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from a rabbit rescue have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]

=== Private individuals ===
If you are unable to find any nearby shelters and rescues and would still like to adopt a rabbit and not resort to pet stores and breeders, you can probably find an individual nearby to adopt a rabbit from with a little effort. Check out local listings in classified ads, vet offices, shelters, or rescues, and online on sites like Craigslist and Kijiji. See [[Rehoming_your_rabbit#Places_to_post_ads]] for some ideas where to look for ads.

However, {{bad|'''be careful that you do not support a backyard breeder accidentally'''}} and focus on legitimate rehomes. These breeders will advertise baby bunnies that were bred just to make money and have no care for the future welfare of the animals they brought into this world. Legitimate rehomes are often with accidental litters or older rabbits that may be rehomed with their current housing and food.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from an individual have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [[Media:Kathysmith-individual.pdf|Adopting from an Individual]]

=== Breeders ===
We would advise that you take a look at animal shelters and rabbit rescues first for a rabbit that would suit your preferences, especially if they are all full. However, some people may be set in stone on a baby of a specific breed or color for whatever reason, and a breeder would be the best option for this scenario if a suitable rabbit is not available in nearby shelters and rescues at the moment. If you have the patience, we would still recommend that you wait and keep an eye out for all those local shelters and rescues to see if one that meets your criteria comes through the system. Chances are, eventually there will be.

If you decide to use a breeder, please choose and buy with care. Do not patronize backyard breeders who breed their rabbits to make money or a stall at the flea market to purchase a rabbit. Mixed breed rabbits are a flag. '''Conscientious breeders will not advertise their rabbits for sale on social media, in the newspaper, or on Craigslist.''' If possible, try to visit the environment where the rabbits are raised.

A conscientious rabbit breeder...<ref>Rabbit Education Society. (2005). The Rabbit Education Society 2005 edition. Retrieved from http://www.rabbited.0catch.com/RESstandards.html</ref><ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (2015). "Good" and "Bad" Breeders. Retrieved 8 Mar 2016 from https://coloradohrs.org/rabbit-breeders/</ref><ref>Connie Isbell, Audrey Pavia, ''Rabbits for Dummies''</ref><ref>Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores]]</ref>

* Will not contribute to the '''abandoned rabbit problem''' by abandoning rabbits in the wild or dumping excess stock in shelters and rescues. Breeders should have a "take back" policy for every rabbit they sell, whether for show, breeding, or as a pet.

* Will not '''overbreed''' rabbits. Overbreeding is defined as producing more animals than responsible outlets for culls can be found. Suitable outlets for culls include pets, show/breeding stock, and other commercial uses. Does should be allowed to rest for at least three weeks after the previous litter is properly weaned at eight weeks before being mated again.<ref name="newrabbit">Parent, L.E & Vriends, M. (1989). {{amazon|id=0812042026|name=''The New Rabbit Handbook''.}}</ref>

* Will put the '''health and welfare''' of their animals first. Health problems will be treated as soon as possible and treatment includes euthanasia. Rabbits will not be allowed to suffer.

* '''Good husbandry practices''' as accepted by the American Rabbit Breeders Association and/or the Rabbit Education Society will be followed. Rabbits should have clean cages, an ample supply of food, hay, and water, and have a healthy appearance with clear, dry eyes and nose, healthy looking coat, and a bright, alert, and inquisitive attitude.

* Only sells rabbits that are '''properly weaned''' and not too young to leave the rabbitry. At the minimum, this should be 6 weeks of age, 8 weeks as best. Rabbits taken from their mother too soon may suffer both physically and psychologically. Ask if the rabbit you adopt can remain with its mother until it is eight weeks old, even if this is not the breeder's normal policy.

* Will breed to ensure '''genetic abnormalities''' are not perpetuated and that only healthy rabbits conforming to the ARBA breed standards are produced.

* Will '''educate''' every rabbit buyer and provide written care instructions and be a lifelong contact for purchasers. The breeder will help you make smart decisions about whether you're ready to take on a rabbit right now.

* Will be '''honest''' and '''reputable'''.

As stated before, if you decide to take this route, please '''buy conscientiously'''. Similar to pet store considerations, check to make sure your rabbit is healthy and at least 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop"/> If the housing situation of the mother and kits does not look clean, do not buy and assume that the rabbits are not well cared for and go elsewhere. Dirty hutches can be a massive breeding ground for diseases, and there is a good chance that your new bunny will be infected. Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].

A helpful blurb from the user [https://pay.reddit.com/user/Crochetniac Crochetniac] on Reddit:<ref>Reddit.com, [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/hdyoe/to_all_new_and_future_rabbit_owners_heres_the/ To all new and future rabbit owners, here's the manual! (Experienced owners please feel free to post!)]</ref><blockquote>Do a LOT of research before you go to a breeder! If they're certified you can typically trust them, if they're on craigslist you'll need to do some detective work.

Ask to meet at their house or where they keep their rabbits, if their bunnies are in small cages, kept outdoors, or all kept together, it's best to avoid them. Your rabbit should also be at least 8 weeks before you get it, look up how big your rabbit should be at that age to make sure you don't take them home too early.

Some breeders will also be keeping their rabbits in a bunny mill situation, rabbits are pregnant for 4 weeks, and once they give birth they can get pregnant immediately, as in same day. Basically, the momma rabbit will be giving birth to her 3rd litter when her first little should barely be done weaning, which will send the poor gal to an early grave so that some selfish bastard can make a few extra bucks. Don't go to someone who sells their rabbits for snake food, you want a bunny with a good genes to ensure they're healthy as they get older.

If the rabbits are skittish, don't buy them. Breeders will tell you that "all baby bunnies are like that" but in reality it just means they aren't held enough. I've had my rabbits for almost 2 years (got them as adults) and they've had a few litters, and every bunny that has gone into a new home could be picked up without kicking. My adult rabbits aren't like that because the previous owners didn't hold them enough and they weren't held enough as kits, they've made a lot of progress but getting picked up and set down they still can get a little freaked out. My 3rd rabbit came from one of their litters, you can pick her up like you would a small dog (fingers/hands under her front legs) and she'll just let her back legs dangle. Getting a rabbit that can easily be held at 8 weeks will save you a LOT of frustration.</blockquote>

Some links to read for more information on buying from a breeder have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] [PDF]

== See also ==
* [[Costs of rabbit ownership]]
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]
* [[Rabbit breeds around the world]]
* [[Rabbit coat colors]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Basics]]

Deciding on a rabbit

2026-01-03T10:40:18Z

SneakyDragon: /* Breeders */

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Getting a pet should ''never'' be an impulse decision. That being said, there are many reasons to consider a rabbit as a pet, and many reasons you might not want one. We will try to do our best to give you an idea what you will be getting into with the possession of a rabbit.

== Is a rabbit right for you? ==
{{right-image|file=Babba rabbit buying guide.jpg|caption=Simple guide to buying a rabbit from BABBA.}}
Rabbits can make '''excellent house pets''' due to their cleanliness, the ease of litter training, and the lack of vocal sounds. They are fascinating to watch and can become quite affectionate when you gain their trust. If you are a working professional, rabbits are a great pet because they will usually be sleeping during the day and become active after you get home around the evening. However, rabbits are '''not the most low-maintenance pets''' and actually have quite a few needs, and these are important to consider before you have a rabbit join your household.

* '''When properly taken care of, rabbits can live to an average of 8 or more years.''' A rabbit will be around when your child grows up and goes to college. ''Rabbits are not a disposable pet.'' If you would like a short-lived pet for at most 3-4 years, a rabbit is not the pet for you. Rabbits will also develop a deep bond with their main caretaker. Be prepared to have a place for your bun if you plan on getting married, move, have a child, or a new pet.

* '''Regardless of breed or sex, rabbits have their own distinct personalities.''' There are no temperament traits that have been selectively bred, so any [[Breeds| breed]] of rabbit can have the [[personality]] you are looking for. There may be trends such as smaller breeds tending to be more mischievous and active while larger breeds tending to be more docile and easy-going, but this is not set in stone by any means. Sociability is easily influenced by the amount of time the rabbit interacts with humans. The more humans play with the bunny, the more sociable the bunny will be. As prey animals, rabbits will often also be slow to trust in new environments -- in general, they will not be like a kitten or a dog that will immediately want to interact and explore new surroundings. It can take weeks or months for rabbits to be comfortable and come out of their shell.

* '''Rabbits are high maintenance and require daily care.''' Most pets, in fact, also need daily care, but rabbits are much more sensitive to changes than the average pet. It takes a daily commitment to make sure a rabbit is in good health, has unlimited hay and water, and a clean housing enclosure. As a prey animal, rabbits hide obvious signs of discomfort until it's too late. [[GI stasis| Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis]] is not an unusual occurrence with rabbits, where their [[digestive system]] shuts down and stops their ability to eat until medical attention is given. A rabbit with GI stasis can easily succumb quickly without immediate care. Rabbits will also need regular [[grooming]] and be brushed at least once a week depending on breed to make sure that they do not ingest too much hair when grooming themselves. They will need their [[teeth]] to be checked annually by a [[vet]] to make sure that they are not overgrown due to insufficient chewing or genetic [[malocclusion]]. Also, rabbit nails will also need [[trimming nails|clipping]] every 6-8 weeks to make sure they do not get caught in materials and get torn out or broken. Rabbits are [[bonding|social animals]], and do not do well in isolation.

* '''Rabbits require daily [[exercise]].''' A typical commercial cage or hutch is not suitable [[housing]] for a rabbit. Rabbits love to run and need the space to do so. A caged rabbit will result in a rabbit that is depressed and antisocial. The overwhelming consensus is that rabbits should be housed indoors. On the bright side, a single apartment room with enough floor space to run and hop is enough for a rabbit to exercise in. If you are unable to allow your rabbit to roam freely outside of their housing enclosure, order an exercise pen to set up a "home base" that is a minimum of 24 square feet (2.2 square meters).

* '''Rabbits are herbivores.''' {{right-image|file=Squishy eating veggies.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf rabbit eating vegetables.}} Unlike cats and dogs, rabbits cannot consume most human food. The scraps from the dinner table cannot be fed. A [[diet]] for an adult bun consists of [[hay]], [[pellets]], and uncooked raw [[vegetables]]. You will need to be prepared as most of these are not easily available at any supermarket.

* '''There are start-up and continual [[costs]] to owning a rabbit.''' Essential startup [[costs]] include purchasing and setting up proper [[housing]], [[bunny-proofing]] materials, and [[grooming]] items. Continual [[costs]] include hay, pellets, vegetables, litter for their litter box, and toys. Expect to spend around 200 USD for initial costs and 20+ USD per month for a single rabbit. If your rabbit manages to destroy cords, carpets, and belongings, repairing and replacing these items repeatedly will be expensive. [[Spay|Spaying and neutering]] your rabbit if you bought it as a baby bunny will cost anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on availability of low-cost clinics and location. Yearly [[vaccinations]] are required in most countries due to fatal diseases like [[myxomatosis]] and [[RHD]], and we also recommend visiting a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for a yearly health checkup to catch any issues early. Please take a look at our [[Getting Started]] article to understand what kind of care a pet rabbit will need.

* '''Rabbits require specialized veterinarians for proper medical care.''' Medical care is ''usually more expensive'' for a rabbit than a cat or dog because they are classified as exotics. You will need to find a [[vet|proper rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] to take care of your rabbit, which may be difficult to find. We would suggest that you first look and see if you have any rabbit-experienced veterinarians in your area (especially emergency veterinarians that accept rabbits) before deciding to add a rabbit to your household. Many emergency hospitals will not staff veterinarians that will see exotics like rabbits 24/7, which can end up leading to highly stressful situations when your rabbit needs immediate supportive care. Rabbits are prey animals that are great at hiding problems until they are major emergency issues. {{bad|It will not help your rabbit if the closest rabbit-experienced vet is out of your immediate driving distance when you have a medical emergency like [[gastrointestinal stasis]], which can be fatal in less than 48 hours.}} You can find a global community database of example rabbit veterinary bills [http://ssbunny.com/vetbills here.]

* '''Rabbits can be very messy.''' {{right-image|file=Jadeycakes_alice_litter_mess.jpg|caption=A rabbit very proud of herself after making a mess with her litter.}} While rabbits are relatively easy to [[litter train]], you may still get [[poop]] pellets around their cage not in their litter box. Additionally, they produce ''a lot'' of poop and pee all day and will need their litter boxes changed regularly. If they are not [[spay|spayed or neutered]] once they reach sexual maturity, rabbits may lose their litter habits and begin pooping and spraying (peeing on walls and other objects) everywhere to mark their territory. When you own a house rabbit, expect hay to be tracked everywhere as well as fur generally flying around the room. If you like to keep a meticulous house, you will need to vacuum and clean multiple times a day.

* '''Rabbits can be very noisy.''' While they don't normally vocalize like a cat or dog, rabbits are [[sleep|awake at all hours of the day]] and can often make lots of noise chewing and digging and thumping. As a result, they are not a great pet for light sleepers if the rabbit needs to reside in the bedroom. Frustrated and bored rabbits will often chew their cage bars, which is also detrimental to their dental health. It will take a dedicated owner to figure out an appropriate setup to reduce their habitual noise if they need to be housed where the owner sleeps.

* '''Rabbits can be destructive.''' Natural instincts of a rabbit are to chew and dig. As a result, if you do not properly [[bunny-proof]] a location to which a rabbit will have access, you may find your furniture and carpet destroyed, paint and drywall stripped off the walls, and loose cables and cords chewed up. [[Toys]] will need to be provided to redirect their natural behavior to proper objects. You cannot train a rabbit to never dig and chew. If you have roommates or a family, you will need to instruct them to keep things out of a bunny's reach and off the floor. If a rabbit destroys something left in their reach, it is not their fault, since to them, everything within reach is fair game. A humorous yet realistic discussion of the extent that house rabbit owners will reorganize their home for a rabbit can be seen [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/y7sc5/it_has_come_to_my_attention_that_my_decorating/ here]. Additionally, if your rabbit is not [[spay|fixed]] once they reaches sexual maturity, they may become more [[aggressive]] and destructive than before.

* '''Rabbits can be difficult to handle.''' Unless they have been well-handled when growing up while young, rabbits in general do not like to be picked up and can break their backs when trying to get away. Consequently, a rabbit will not be well suited to [[Rabbits and Children|children]] who like cuddling or holding their pet. Rabbits like it best when people get down to their level on the floor to pet and play with them.

* '''Some people may be allergic to rabbits or their hay.''' While many people that are allergic to cats and/or dogs are not [[allergies|allergic]] to rabbits, they may be allergic to hay, an essential part of a rabbit's diet. Find out before you get your rabbit if this is the case with your family or roommates, and determine if this will be an issue for your rabbit ownership. Keep in mind that there are many different types of hay, and if you are allergic to one type, you can give your rabbit a different type of hay that you are not or less allergic to.

* '''Rabbit are prey animals and easily injured by predatory pets in the household.''' If you already own cats, dogs, or other predators like ferrets, it may not be a good idea to add rabbits to your household. While many cats and rabbits can co-habitate peacefully, some more feral cats may hunt or stress out smaller rabbits. Dogs and rabbits should never be left alone together as a playful dog may easily accidentally fatally injure a rabbit. Ferrets are highly not recommended as pets in the same household as rabbits because ferrets are innate hunters and will possibly kill the rabbit if they ever accidentally escape. See [[Relationships with rabbits]] for more resources and stories of these households with children and other animals.

* '''Rabbits can multiply fast.''' On this wiki, we do not condone intentional [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. However, if you purchase two unfixed rabbits of unknown sexes and keep them together, you can easily have a large baby rabbit problem. Females can have litters of 2-10 babies as early as 2.5 months, and males can reach sexual maturity at ~3.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. {{bad|As a result, if you obtain two unfixed rabbits, you will need to keep them separate until at least one is [[Spay|fixed]] or be absolutely sure that they are both of the same sex.}} Rabbits are easily mis-sexed especially as babies.

<div class="txt-warning">If you '''cannot afford''' or are '''not willing''' to take your pet to the veterinarian when sick, please reconsider pet ownership. These animals are like children, and it is '''very irresponsible''' to refuse to take them to the doctor (veterinarian) when they show signs of illness. Wait until you are in a financial position to properly provide medical care when needed to own a pet.</div>

Some links to read for more information have been listed below to help you decide whether a rabbit is right for you.
* Ellyn Eddy. (2022). [https://www.fuzzy-rabbit.com/pet-rabbit-101/ Pet Bunny 101 – All You Should Know About Having Rabbits as House Pets]
* Turning Veganese. (2013). [http://turningveganese.com/2013/03/31/sunday-bunday-14/ Sunday Bunday!]
* Dr. Elizabeth Bradt. (2012). [http://www.salemnews.com/lifestyle/x240467602/Vet-Connection-Are-you-really-ready-for-a-rabbit Vet Connection: Are you really ready for a rabbit?]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/differences.html How are Rabbits Different from Cats & Dogs?]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-insidelook.pdf|Rabbits as Companions — An Inside Look]] {{pdf}}
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-perfecthome.pdf|The Perfect Rabbit Home (As Seen By Rabbits)]] {{pdf}}
* PetCoach. [https://www.petcoach.co/article/rabbits-is-one-right-for-you Rabbits: Is One Right For You?]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/WhyNotRabbit.pdf Why Not to Rabbit] {{pdf}}
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/before-you-get-a-rabbit Things to consider before you get a rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/right-person.html Are You a Rabbit Person?]
* Elizabeth TeSelle. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-5/like-a-rabbit.html What Are Rabbits Really Like?]
* My House Rabbit. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_thinking.php Thinking About Getting a Pet Bunny?]

Here are some relevant videos you can watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=sLxP8gls0RI|caption=Howcast. (2013). What to Consider before Buying a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=JqzHBzMgl9w|caption=Victoria Raechel. (2022). Watch THIS before getting a rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=dh48VuT_SD8|caption=The Bunnies' Brigade. (2021). 5 Things To Know BEFORE You Adopt A Rabbit | A brief beginner’s guide}}
{{youtube|id=4W_VxeSqpR8|caption=Bobo Ellie Buns. (2021). Life with Bunnies | Expectation vs Reality}}
</div>

== Baby rabbit vs. adult rabbit ==
{{right-image|file=The Rabbit Haven Sneaky fosters.jpeg|caption=Baby foster rabbits eating pellets.}}
For a first time bunny owner, we would recommend '''adopting an adult bunny''' from a rescue or shelter. Getting a baby rabbit does not necessarily enhance the human-rabbit bond. Baby rabbits are also very destructive, active, and playful while older rabbits tend to be more mellow. Personality and affection level can drastically change in a rabbit in the first year of their growth. Rabbits reach puberty around 2.5 to 4 months of age and will become very territorial and generally lose all previously [[litter training|training]] until altered. If you have bonded baby bunnies, chances are that their bond will break at around this time. After adolescence and [[spay|spaying or neutering]], rabbits will be much more amenable to permanent [[litter training|training]].

If you buy a rabbit without knowing their parents, you may have '''no idea how large they will get'''. All baby rabbits are small when they are young especially if they are sold underage (8 weeks), and a seller can easily lie about a rabbit's age. True healthy and consistent dwarfs require careful breeding.

Additionally, baby rabbits are '''notoriously hard to sex'''. Rabbits bought from a backyard breeder, pet store, or an accidental litter will most likely be mis-sexed regardless of claim of experience. If you have more than one unfixed rabbit, you may end up with babies unexpectedly if they interact with each other. It only takes once as rabbits are induced ovulators, and females can have litters as early as 2.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. If you have two baby rabbits, keep them separate until both have been [[spay|fixed]].

If the rabbit will be '''living with a child''', baby bunnies are also a poor choice. Rabbits are physically delicate animals and cannot be easily held, which children tend to love to do. See [[Rabbits and Children]] for more information.

{{right-image|file=Vlad peach lounging.jpg|caption=A large Flemish rabbit with his bonded Mini Rex mate.}}
Adult rabbits have many more pros over babies for both new and experienced rabbit owners. If you adopt from a rescue or shelter, you can easily choose what sort of personality and size you wish in a rabbit. You can easily figure out which bunnies are more cuddly than others if that is a concern to you. Also, rabbits reach their full growth at around 1 year old. You do not want to end up with a ginormous rabbit unexpectedly if you were not prepared with extensive breed information on the baby rabbit.

One may think that getting an adult rabbit from a shelter or rescue is much more expensive than getting one from a flea market, pet store, or breeder for about 5 USD vs. 25-80+ USD for one at the shelter. However, considering that baby rabbits will need to be spayed and neutered as an adult, especially female rabbits as they have a high incident rate of [[Uterine cancer|reproductive cancers]] and [[Spay|the procedure itself]] usually costs anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on location, you will ultimately save much more money adopting an altered rabbit from a shelter or rescue than buying a cheap intact rabbit. To add on, the surgery required can be very stressful for rabbit owners as there is always a risk with anesthesia and the recovery process can have issues - many experienced rabbit owners choose to adopt already neutered and health-checked animals for this reason.

Lastly, a rabbit adopted from a rescue or shelter will usually already be fixed and micro-chipped and most likely litter trained and well socialized by the time they join your family. The workers at the location or the foster parents can usually provide you much more information about an adult rabbit than a baby bunny. If you are worried that their age will mean less time spent with you, remember that indoor house rabbits can have a life expectancy of anywhere from '''8 to 12 or more years.''' 3 years is not that much in the lifetime of a house rabbit.

<div class="box">
The House Rabbit Society lists the following as good traits for a person who should get a baby rabbit:<ref>Monica Cook. (n.d.). Myths About Baby Rabbits. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html</ref>
* has lots of time, a house that can stand to be chewed, and a stable residence
* expects accidents when baby forgets where the litterbox is
* is patient and doesn't scream on discovering the new shoes have been nibbled
* doesn't go away for a long time and leave a hyper baby locked up in a cage
* knows the cute baby may grow into a rather large rabbit and may have a different personality as an adult
* understands that when bunny matures, there will need to be a neuter/spay appointment and isn't fazed when cute baby sprays urine on the walls. S/he knows that neutering will stop the problem.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NTvsIUhM_tc|caption=SaveABunny. (2014). Adopting Baby Bunnies versus Adult Rabbits?}}
</div>

Some links to read for more information about the pros and cons of getting a baby rabbit have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-babyadult.pdf|Baby or Adult?]] [PDF]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/articles/adopt-an-adult-rabbit-and-bypass-the-monster-stage Adopt an Adult Rabbit]
* Monica Cook. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html Myths About Baby Rabbits]

== Which breed? ==
{{right-image|file=TalyaD lionhead.jpg|caption=A lionhead rabbit with a glorious mane.}}
Rabbits have '''individual unique personalities''', unrelated to breed. If you are looking for a certain temperament, your best bet would be to visit some local shelters and rescues and talk to volunteers to find a bunny that's right for you. However, if you are set on a certain "look" to your rabbit, take a look at our [[Breeds]] article and the links below.

Some links to read for more information have been listed below.

'''General guides'''
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeds.pdf|An Overview of Breeds]] [PDF]
* Amy Shapiro. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-10/mellow-lops.html Lops Are Mellow and Other Dangerous Myths]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/breeds.asp Breeds]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gnvS1HTm2FQ|caption=Howcast. (2013). Which Rabbit Breed Is Best?}}
{{youtube|id=M0bmsipNXEU|caption=101Rabbits. (2019). What Is The Best Rabbit Breed For You?}}
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Lopped-ear breeds''' (e.g. Holland Lop, Mini Lop, French Lop, English Lop)
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue. [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html Lop or Not?]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/english-lop-overlong-ears Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > English Lop > Overlong Ears]
* MiDOG. (2022). [https://www.midogtest.com/post/lop-eared-rabbits-ear-infection Lop-eared Rabbits: Floppy Ears and Infection Risk]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2020). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/lop-eared-rabbits-and-ear-disease/ Lop-Eared Rabbits and Ear Disease]
* Royal Veterinary College. (2019). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-facilities/rvc-animal-welfare-science-and-ethics/news/lop-eared-rabbits-more-likely-to-suffer-from-ear-and-dental-problems-study-confirms-for-first-time Lop-eared rabbits more likely to suffer from ear and dental problems, study confirms for first time]

Lop rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:<ref>The Rabbit Residence Rescue. (n.d.). Lop or Not? Retrieved 5 Dec 2016 from http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html</ref>
* Ear disease - [[otitis|infections]] and [[abscesses]].
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* Issues with [[Ears|hearing]] and [[Eyes|eyesight]].
* A higher incident rate for [[liver lobe torsion]] due to unknown reasons.
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Dwarf breeds''' (e.g. Netherland Dwarf, Holland Lop, Lionhead, Polish)
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/netherland-dwarf-dental-malocclusion Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Netherland Dwarf > Dental Malocclusion]
* RaisingRabbits.com. [https://www.raising-rabbits.com/netherland-dwarf-rabbit.html The Netherland Dwarf Rabbit Genetic Risks] {{graphic}}

Dwarf rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* [[E. cuniculi]]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Giant breeds''' (e.g. French Lop, Flemish Giant, New Zealand, Californian)
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/maintenance-handling/caring-giant-rabbits/ Caring for Giant Rabbits]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/giantrabbits.asp Caring for Large/Giant Rabbit Breeds]

Giant rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Sore hocks]] due to the amount of weight on their feet.
* [[Arthritis]] and spondylosis as they age.
* [[Cardiomyopathy]] and heart problems
* A shorter average lifespan of around 5-6 years.

A few experiences with giant rabbits:
* u/Mfbunnybutts. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dq7it9/big_bunny_binky_after_eating_her_pumpkinmedicine/ 6-month-old Flemish Giant surrendered with a plethora of health and behavior issues]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Long-haired breeds''' (e.g. Angora, Lionhead, Jersey Wooly)
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/longhair.asp Fluffy or Knot? - Caring for Long Haired Rabbit Breeds]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.facebook.com/magichappensrescue/posts/10156865155118744 Caring for long-haired rabbits]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/angora-long-hair Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Angora > Long Hair]

In general, we would not recommend a long-haired breed for first-time rabbit owners as they require a significant amount of [[angora|grooming maintenance]] to keep them comfortable.

{{post-image|file=Breeds-englishangora-blue.jpg|caption=A blue English Angora rabbit with a show coat. This type of coat will require daily brushing to prevent painful mats from forming unless the fur is trimmed.}}
</div>

<div class="note">Rabbits with '''over 80% white''' due to the English spotting gene can be prone to [[megacolon]]. Please note that fully white and Himalayan/Californian/pointed white rabbits can also mask the English spotting genes. {{post-image|file=LIRR megacolon example 2022-04.jpg|caption=A comparison of two rabbits - the one on the left has classic genetic megacolon markings while the rabbit on the right has too much color for genetic megacolon. [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/posts/10160722808474113 source]|width=500}}</div>

== One or more bunnies? ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth quadbond micropen.jpg|caption=Two pairs of rabbits in the process of bonding into a quad in a small exercise pen setup.}}
While you may not decide to get two rabbits at first, if your first rabbit has been [[spay|fixed]], you may consider [[bonding]] another rabbit with him for 24/7 social companionship. The wild European rabbits that domestic rabbits are descended from are very sociable and live in warrens. <b>If possible, we would generally recommend adopting a bonded adult neutered pair if available, especially if you know you will not be home most of the day to provide social and mental companionship for your rabbits.</b> Bonding rabbits is not for the faint of heart and usually takes a lot of work on the part of both owners and rabbits.

If you only have unneutered baby rabbits available, we would recommend only getting one baby rabbit unless you have the space to potentially keep each in sufficiently large separated areas as they grow up due to possible difficulties with territorial fighting as they mature.

If you decide to get two baby rabbits, please make sure to get two rabbits of the same sex or keep them separated 24/7 by a double fence until they are both [[Neuter|neutered]] to prevent accidental pregnancies. Rabbits can mate through a single barrier and can be fertile as early as around 12 weeks old. A successful mating can take only 3 seconds.

Amateur breeders and pet stores may be poor at properly [[sexing]] baby rabbits - as a result, if you decide to take care of more than a single baby rabbit at once, please take your baby rabbits to a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] at the earliest opportunity to confirm their sexes.

<div class="bad">As a warning, rabbits that may be friendly towards each other as unneutered baby rabbits may start fighting each other once they go through puberty around 3-6 months old. Not all siblings will continue to get along as adults once they are neutered - as a result, please be prepared to have the space and equipment to keep each bunny in separated areas for their own safety indefinitely.</div>

Some links to read for more information on owning multiple rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-singlepair.pdf|Single, Pair, or Group?]] [PDF]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/couples.html Bonded Couples]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-should-i-get-a-second-rabbit/ Should I Get a Second Rabbit]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14584-enrichment-the-single-rabbit-issue Enrichment & The Single Rabbit Issue]

== Fostering ==
Before we go into details about where to get a pet rabbit from, '''fostering''' is a great alternative to buying or adopting a rabbit if you just want to see if a rabbit is the right pet for you. Fostering is also a good option for people who know they will be moving soon but would like a pet rabbit in the meantime. Most of the rabbits in foster programs will be happy and healthy, but rescues will occasionally have buns that will need a personal gentle touch to socialize them before up for general adoption. As a foster home, you will be helping with severe overcrowding at local animal shelters and giving the rabbits another chance at a good home.

Typical reasons for fostering include the following:<ref name="rehomefoster">Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering.asp Fostering Rabbits]</ref>
* '''Spaying and neutering:''' Rabbits that have been recently spayed or neutered will need to be fostered for several weeks before looking for a new home.
* '''Socialization:''' Foster care allows rabbits that have been neglected without much human contact to have more attention and help in overcoming their fear of humans.
* '''Medical care:''' Rabbits that come in with medical problems need treatment before they can be rehomed.
* '''Overcrowding:''' When a rescue center does not have enough room, foster homes provide temporary housing for rabbits until space frees up after adopted rabbits.
* '''Pregnancy & babies:''' Foster homes provide a quieter environment for a recovering mother and her babies along with special attention. Very young rabbits that were abandoned may need a dedicated foster that will hand-feed them regularly.

The rescue center will be able to match you up with rabbits that fit the environment and care you can provide. Depending on the rescue center, you will be provided with training, equipment, and medical care assistance.

Some benefits of fostering include the following:
* '''Tax deductions''' if you are fostering through a qualified 501(c)(3) organization. Costs such as pet food and supplies, veterinary bills, and toys can qualify as expenses for fostering a pet. If you foster enough animals, a portion of your home utility costs can be covered as well. Car drives made solely for the organization can be deducted at 14 cents a mile.<ref>Petfinder. (2014). ''Considering your taxes? Don’t forget your foster pets!''. Retrieved 8 March 2016 from https://www.petfinder.com/blog/2014/01/considering-your-taxes-dont-forget-your-foster-pets/</ref>

To find fostering opportunities, look at local animal shelters and rabbit rescues. Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local animal shelters and rabbit rescues.

Some stories about fostering for rescues and shelters:
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering_frosty.asp Fostering]

Some links to read for more examples of expectations for rabbit fostering:
* House Rabbit Society. [https://center.rabbit.org/foster/ Foster]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [http://rabbitrescue.ca/volunteer-or-foster/fostering-benefits/ Fostering Benefits]
* The Rabbit Haven. [https://therabbithaven.org/the-rabbit-haven-foster-program The Rabbit Haven Foster Program]
* Bunny Buddies. [https://bunnybuddies.org/foster-a-rabbit/ Foster]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/fostering Foster]
* Luv-N-Bunns Rabbit Rescue. [https://luvnbunns.org/bunnies/fostering/ Fostering]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.magichappensrescue.com/HowYouCanHelp/Foster.aspx Foster]

== Where to get a rabbit ==
There are many options to find a rabbit - pet stores, classified ads, shelters, rescues, breeders, and more. Here we will go more in detail as to the pros and cons of each.

=== Pet stores ===
{{right-image|file=Olivia notice.jpg|width=x300}}
'''Please do not purchase a rabbit from a pet store unless it is actually an adoption through a local rescue/shelter program.''' A similar source in a rural area is a feed store. Pet stores are always out to make a profit and will often have mistreated, inbred, unhealthy rabbits for sale. To elongate their cuteness, [[Babies|baby bunnies]] will typically be weaned (removed from mother) too early, which can lead to behavior and health problems.

As Cheryl Kucsera writes, <ref>Kucsera C. (n.d.).
The Monaco House Rabbit Sanctuary. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.pacificanimal.org/rabbits/monaco_house_rabbit_sanctuary08.htm</ref> <blockquote><p>Before and during the Easter season, consumer interest in baby bunnies is at its peak. In order to exploit this demand, many rabbit breeders will schedule the breeding of their rabbits so that extra litters of baby bunnies will be available at this time.
</p>
<p>In pet store terms, baby bunnies don't have a long "shelf life." This is because they grow so very quickly. Therefore, in order to meet pet stores' desires for the "cutest" baby bunnies, some breeders may supply bunnies who are too young (under 8 weeks of age). I was told of one breeder/petmiller who supplied baby bunnies to local pet stores. Every few weeks, when he would drop off a new "shipment" of baby bunnies, he would pick up any that hadn't sold from his previous shipment. According to him, if the bunnies hadn't been purchased at that point, they never would be. So, he took them back to his home where they ended up in his freezer. He said it was more "humane" for them to end up on his plate than to languish in a cage in the pet store!</p></blockquote>

Additionally, many employees will often have little or no experience with the proper care of rabbits. '''You will be better off getting a rabbit anywhere but a pet store.''' If you must buy a pet, visit your local responsible and knowledgeable rabbit breeder. However, we would urge you to consider visiting local shelters and rescues first before going to a breeder to buy a pet. If you have any questions, the place where you obtained your rabbit from should be an excellent reliable resource.

As Kathleen Wilsbach writes:<ref>Wilsbach, K. (2001). "Rescuing" Pet Store Rabbits. ''The Clover Leaf'', (8), 9-12. Retrieved from http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/Clover%20Leaf%20VIII%20-%20final.pdf</ref>

<blockquote><p>Please consider the consequences when you “rescue” a suffering rabbit by buying him from a pet store or breeder. You are rewarding that establishment for causing suffering and condemning many more rabbits to the same fate!</p>

<p>Refusing to purchase rabbits from pet stores causes sellers loss. Thus they stock fewer rabbits thereby causing the breeder to produce less. If no one ever bought rabbits in pet stores, breeders would stop breeding. It may seem harsh to leave pet store or breeder rabbits to their fate, but you will help many more rabbits.</p></blockquote>

However, to be realistic, if you do end up getting a pet store rabbit, do your best to make sure that they are '''healthy''' before taking them home. Make sure that the rabbits are '''at least 6 weeks''', preferably 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop">Krempels, D. (n.d.). The Mystery of Rabbit Poop. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/poop.html</ref> Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].<ref name="newrabbit"/>

If you decide to be a Good Samaritan and purchase a sick or undernourished rabbit, be prepared to see a veterinarian immediately and a long, uphill battle for survival and ultimately good health. Chances are that you probably cannot trust any advice given to you by a pet store employee, so please take a read through our [[Getting Started]] page and its links on proper care.

Some links to read for more information on pet store rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] {{pdf}}
* BunnyLuv Rabbit Resource Center. [https://www.bunnyluv.org/whats-wrong-with-a-pet-store What's Wrong with Purchasing a Rabbit at a Pet Store?]
* Ameena Schelling. (2016). [https://www.thedodo.com/petco-petsmart-pet-supplier-abuse-1563393540.html This Is Where Petco And PetSmart Get Their Animals] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Advocacy Animal Matters. (2008). [http://www.rabbitadvocacy.com/rabbit_mills__pet_store_cruelty.htm Rabbit Mills & Pet Store Cruelty]

=== Animal shelters ===
{{right-image|file=Baobao shelter.jpg|caption=Rabbit in a shelter cage}}
A shelter or a rescue is the best location to get a rabbit, unless you were looking for a baby of a specific breed and no nearby shelters have any available at that moment. By adopting from a shelter, you will be saving a rabbit from possible euthanasia and giving them a second chance at a forever home. Most of these rabbits will be abandoned pets either surrendered or found on the streets wandering lost after they escaped or were dumped. Occasionally, rabbits may be pregnant upon reaching the shelter, and the shelter will have young rabbits up for adoption once they are weaned and fixed.

Shelter employees will most likely be very experienced in the care of rabbits if they have rabbits available. Often, local rabbit rescue members will volunteer to take care of the rabbits. You can find many young, adult, and bonded rabbits at shelters. Employees can inform you about the personalities of each rabbit before you decide to adopt. Adult rabbits will usually come fixed and microchipped while still having a low adoption fee, typically 20-50 USD. That can provide you a savings of over 300 USD once you include the costs of microchipping and [[spaying and neutering]] a baby bunny yourself.

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find shelters near you with rabbits.

Some more links to read for more information on adopting from an animal shelter have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]
* The Rabbit Crossing. (2012). [https://facebook.com/note.php?note_id=456616351048764&_ft_=fbid.439866449411936&_rdr New Bunnies -- Why Rescue?]
* Pets4Homes. [https://www.pets4homes.co.uk/pet-advice/should-i-buy-or-adopt-a-rabbit.html Should I Buy Or Adopt A Rabbit?]
* Quantifying the Shelter Rabbit Population: An Analysis of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Animal Shelters. (2012). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10888705.2012.709084 Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science] & [https://faunalytics.org/feature-article/quantifying-the-shelter-rabbit-population-an-analysis-of-massachusetts-and-rhode-island-animal-shelters/ Faunalytics].

=== Rabbit rescues ===
{{right-image|file=LIRRG purchase adoption 2022.jpg|caption=A comparison of purchasing vs. adoption costs from Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group.|width=350}}
A rabbit rescue will provide similar features as an animal shelter but will most definitely be educated in the proper care of pet house rabbits. Rabbit rescues will often focus on taking in abandoned or sick rabbits from shelters. Rabbits at a rescue should be well handled and socialized by foster parents, and any health issues are often fairly well covered. Many foster homes will also acclimate the rabbits to children and other pets. Most rabbits will be litter trained by volunteers as they arrive at the rescue.

However, due to the non-profit nature, adoption fees will be higher than a shelter to cover medical and spaying and neutering costs. A rabbit rescue will often also have much more stringent requirements and will interview much more extensively than at a shelter. Many rabbit rescues require that the bunnies be housed only indoors. In the case that you may not be able to take care of your rabbit due to circumstances, rabbit rescues should be more than willing to take their rabbits back at no cost. In fact, in some rescue adoption contracts, you may be required to.

The Colorado House Rabbit Society states these advantages to adopting from them:<ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (n.d). Advantages to Adopting from the Colorado House Rabbit Society. Retrieved from http://www.coloradohrs.org/adopt_why-us.asp</ref>
<blockquote>
* We help you determine whether rabbits are a good choice for your situation and help you avoid mistakes in bringing rabbits into your home.
* We teach you how to care for your rabbits, how to identify symptoms requiring veterinary care before they become serious, and we put you in contact with a good rabbit veterinarian in your area. It is essential you understand most veterinarians are not able to safely treat rabbits - rabbits are "exotics" from a medical point of view, and they require veterinatians who have taken specialized training in treating them correctly.
* We are committed to helping you solve any problems which may come up as long as you have your rabbits.
* We offer a "911" service to our adopters should you have an emergency when your vet isn't available, or to help you determine if you need to see a veterinarian.
* We have a greater variety of rabbits to choose from than you will find almost anywhere in the state.
</blockquote>

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local rabbit rescues.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from a rabbit rescue have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]

=== Private individuals ===
If you are unable to find any nearby shelters and rescues and would still like to adopt a rabbit and not resort to pet stores and breeders, you can probably find an individual nearby to adopt a rabbit from with a little effort. Check out local listings in classified ads, vet offices, shelters, or rescues, and online on sites like Craigslist and Kijiji. See [[Rehoming_your_rabbit#Places_to_post_ads]] for some ideas where to look for ads.

However, {{bad|'''be careful that you do not support a backyard breeder accidentally'''}} and focus on legitimate rehomes. These breeders will advertise baby bunnies that were bred just to make money and have no care for the future welfare of the animals they brought into this world. Legitimate rehomes are often with accidental litters or older rabbits that may be rehomed with their current housing and food.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from an individual have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [[Media:Kathysmith-individual.pdf|Adopting from an Individual]]

=== Breeders ===
We would advise that you take a look at animal shelters and rabbit rescues first for a rabbit that would suit your preferences, especially if they are all full. However, some people may be set in stone on a baby of a specific breed or color for whatever reason, and a breeder would be the best option for this scenario if a suitable rabbit is not available in nearby shelters and rescues at the moment. If you have the patience, we would still recommend that you wait and keep an eye out for all those local shelters and rescues to see if one that meets your criteria comes through the system. Chances are, eventually there will be.

If you decide to use a breeder, please choose and buy with care. Do not patronize backyard breeders who breed their rabbits to make money or a stall at the flea market to purchase a rabbit. Mixed breed rabbits are a flag. '''Conscientious breeders will not advertise their rabbits for sale on social media, in the newspaper, or on Craigslist.''' They will generally be more knowledgeable in proper rabbit care, and their rabbits will most likely be in good health with good temperament. If possible, try to visit the environment where the rabbits are raised.

A conscientious rabbit breeder...<ref>Rabbit Education Society. (2005). The Rabbit Education Society 2005 edition. Retrieved from http://www.rabbited.0catch.com/RESstandards.html</ref><ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (2015). "Good" and "Bad" Breeders. Retrieved 8 Mar 2016 from https://coloradohrs.org/rabbit-breeders/</ref><ref>Connie Isbell, Audrey Pavia, ''Rabbits for Dummies''</ref><ref>Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores]]</ref>

* Will not contribute to the '''abandoned rabbit problem''' by abandoning rabbits in the wild or dumping excess stock in shelters and rescues. Breeders should have a "take back" policy for every rabbit they sell, whether for show, breeding, or as a pet.

* Will not '''overbreed''' rabbits. Overbreeding is defined as producing more animals than responsible outlets for culls can be found. Suitable outlets for culls include pets, show/breeding stock, and other commercial uses. Does should be allowed to rest for at least three weeks after the previous litter is properly weaned at eight weeks before being mated again.<ref name="newrabbit">Parent, L.E & Vriends, M. (1989). {{amazon|id=0812042026|name=''The New Rabbit Handbook''.}}</ref>

* Will put the '''health and welfare''' of their animals first. Health problems will be treated as soon as possible and treatment includes euthanasia. Rabbits will not be allowed to suffer.

* '''Good husbandry practices''' as accepted by the American Rabbit Breeders Association and/or the Rabbit Education Society will be followed. Rabbits should have clean cages, an ample supply of food, hay, and water, and have a healthy appearance with clear, dry eyes and nose, healthy looking coat, and a bright, alert, and inquisitive attitude.

* Only sells rabbits that are '''properly weaned''' and not too young to leave the rabbitry. At the minimum, this should be 6 weeks of age, 8 weeks as best. Rabbits taken from their mother too soon may suffer both physically and psychologically. Ask if the rabbit you adopt can remain with its mother until it is eight weeks old, even if this is not the breeder's normal policy.

* Will breed to ensure '''genetic abnormalities''' are not perpetuated and that only healthy rabbits conforming to the ARBA breed standards are produced.

* Will '''educate''' every rabbit buyer and provide written care instructions and be a lifelong contact for purchasers. The breeder will help you make smart decisions about whether you're ready to take on a rabbit right now.

* Will be '''honest''' and '''reputable'''.

As stated before, if you decide to take this route, please '''buy conscientiously'''. Similar to pet store considerations, check to make sure your rabbit is healthy and at least 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop"/> If the housing situation of the mother and kits does not look clean, do not buy and assume that the rabbits are not well cared for and go elsewhere. Dirty hutches can be a massive breeding ground for diseases, and there is a good chance that your new bunny will be infected. Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].

A helpful blurb from the user [https://pay.reddit.com/user/Crochetniac Crochetniac] on Reddit:<ref>Reddit.com, [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/hdyoe/to_all_new_and_future_rabbit_owners_heres_the/ To all new and future rabbit owners, here's the manual! (Experienced owners please feel free to post!)]</ref><blockquote>Do a LOT of research before you go to a breeder! If they're certified you can typically trust them, if they're on craigslist you'll need to do some detective work.

Ask to meet at their house or where they keep their rabbits, if their bunnies are in small cages, kept outdoors, or all kept together, it's best to avoid them. Your rabbit should also be at least 8 weeks before you get it, look up how big your rabbit should be at that age to make sure you don't take them home too early.

Some breeders will also be keeping their rabbits in a bunny mill situation, rabbits are pregnant for 4 weeks, and once they give birth they can get pregnant immediately, as in same day. Basically, the momma rabbit will be giving birth to her 3rd litter when her first little should barely be done weaning, which will send the poor gal to an early grave so that some selfish bastard can make a few extra bucks. Don't go to someone who sells their rabbits for snake food, you want a bunny with a good genes to ensure they're healthy as they get older.

If the rabbits are skittish, don't buy them. Breeders will tell you that "all baby bunnies are like that" but in reality it just means they aren't held enough. I've had my rabbits for almost 2 years (got them as adults) and they've had a few litters, and every bunny that has gone into a new home could be picked up without kicking. My adult rabbits aren't like that because the previous owners didn't hold them enough and they weren't held enough as kits, they've made a lot of progress but getting picked up and set down they still can get a little freaked out. My 3rd rabbit came from one of their litters, you can pick her up like you would a small dog (fingers/hands under her front legs) and she'll just let her back legs dangle. Getting a rabbit that can easily be held at 8 weeks will save you a LOT of frustration.</blockquote>

Some links to read for more information on buying from a breeder have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] [PDF]

== See also ==
* [[Costs of rabbit ownership]]
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]
* [[Rabbit breeds around the world]]
* [[Rabbit coat colors]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Basics]]

Deciding on a rabbit

2026-01-03T10:38:29Z

SneakyDragon: /* Breeders */ reword "responsible" for breeders

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Getting a pet should ''never'' be an impulse decision. That being said, there are many reasons to consider a rabbit as a pet, and many reasons you might not want one. We will try to do our best to give you an idea what you will be getting into with the possession of a rabbit.

== Is a rabbit right for you? ==
{{right-image|file=Babba rabbit buying guide.jpg|caption=Simple guide to buying a rabbit from BABBA.}}
Rabbits can make '''excellent house pets''' due to their cleanliness, the ease of litter training, and the lack of vocal sounds. They are fascinating to watch and can become quite affectionate when you gain their trust. If you are a working professional, rabbits are a great pet because they will usually be sleeping during the day and become active after you get home around the evening. However, rabbits are '''not the most low-maintenance pets''' and actually have quite a few needs, and these are important to consider before you have a rabbit join your household.

* '''When properly taken care of, rabbits can live to an average of 8 or more years.''' A rabbit will be around when your child grows up and goes to college. ''Rabbits are not a disposable pet.'' If you would like a short-lived pet for at most 3-4 years, a rabbit is not the pet for you. Rabbits will also develop a deep bond with their main caretaker. Be prepared to have a place for your bun if you plan on getting married, move, have a child, or a new pet.

* '''Regardless of breed or sex, rabbits have their own distinct personalities.''' There are no temperament traits that have been selectively bred, so any [[Breeds| breed]] of rabbit can have the [[personality]] you are looking for. There may be trends such as smaller breeds tending to be more mischievous and active while larger breeds tending to be more docile and easy-going, but this is not set in stone by any means. Sociability is easily influenced by the amount of time the rabbit interacts with humans. The more humans play with the bunny, the more sociable the bunny will be. As prey animals, rabbits will often also be slow to trust in new environments -- in general, they will not be like a kitten or a dog that will immediately want to interact and explore new surroundings. It can take weeks or months for rabbits to be comfortable and come out of their shell.

* '''Rabbits are high maintenance and require daily care.''' Most pets, in fact, also need daily care, but rabbits are much more sensitive to changes than the average pet. It takes a daily commitment to make sure a rabbit is in good health, has unlimited hay and water, and a clean housing enclosure. As a prey animal, rabbits hide obvious signs of discomfort until it's too late. [[GI stasis| Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis]] is not an unusual occurrence with rabbits, where their [[digestive system]] shuts down and stops their ability to eat until medical attention is given. A rabbit with GI stasis can easily succumb quickly without immediate care. Rabbits will also need regular [[grooming]] and be brushed at least once a week depending on breed to make sure that they do not ingest too much hair when grooming themselves. They will need their [[teeth]] to be checked annually by a [[vet]] to make sure that they are not overgrown due to insufficient chewing or genetic [[malocclusion]]. Also, rabbit nails will also need [[trimming nails|clipping]] every 6-8 weeks to make sure they do not get caught in materials and get torn out or broken. Rabbits are [[bonding|social animals]], and do not do well in isolation.

* '''Rabbits require daily [[exercise]].''' A typical commercial cage or hutch is not suitable [[housing]] for a rabbit. Rabbits love to run and need the space to do so. A caged rabbit will result in a rabbit that is depressed and antisocial. The overwhelming consensus is that rabbits should be housed indoors. On the bright side, a single apartment room with enough floor space to run and hop is enough for a rabbit to exercise in. If you are unable to allow your rabbit to roam freely outside of their housing enclosure, order an exercise pen to set up a "home base" that is a minimum of 24 square feet (2.2 square meters).

* '''Rabbits are herbivores.''' {{right-image|file=Squishy eating veggies.jpg|caption=A Netherland Dwarf rabbit eating vegetables.}} Unlike cats and dogs, rabbits cannot consume most human food. The scraps from the dinner table cannot be fed. A [[diet]] for an adult bun consists of [[hay]], [[pellets]], and uncooked raw [[vegetables]]. You will need to be prepared as most of these are not easily available at any supermarket.

* '''There are start-up and continual [[costs]] to owning a rabbit.''' Essential startup [[costs]] include purchasing and setting up proper [[housing]], [[bunny-proofing]] materials, and [[grooming]] items. Continual [[costs]] include hay, pellets, vegetables, litter for their litter box, and toys. Expect to spend around 200 USD for initial costs and 20+ USD per month for a single rabbit. If your rabbit manages to destroy cords, carpets, and belongings, repairing and replacing these items repeatedly will be expensive. [[Spay|Spaying and neutering]] your rabbit if you bought it as a baby bunny will cost anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on availability of low-cost clinics and location. Yearly [[vaccinations]] are required in most countries due to fatal diseases like [[myxomatosis]] and [[RHD]], and we also recommend visiting a rabbit-experienced veterinarian for a yearly health checkup to catch any issues early. Please take a look at our [[Getting Started]] article to understand what kind of care a pet rabbit will need.

* '''Rabbits require specialized veterinarians for proper medical care.''' Medical care is ''usually more expensive'' for a rabbit than a cat or dog because they are classified as exotics. You will need to find a [[vet|proper rabbit-experienced veterinarian]] to take care of your rabbit, which may be difficult to find. We would suggest that you first look and see if you have any rabbit-experienced veterinarians in your area (especially emergency veterinarians that accept rabbits) before deciding to add a rabbit to your household. Many emergency hospitals will not staff veterinarians that will see exotics like rabbits 24/7, which can end up leading to highly stressful situations when your rabbit needs immediate supportive care. Rabbits are prey animals that are great at hiding problems until they are major emergency issues. {{bad|It will not help your rabbit if the closest rabbit-experienced vet is out of your immediate driving distance when you have a medical emergency like [[gastrointestinal stasis]], which can be fatal in less than 48 hours.}} You can find a global community database of example rabbit veterinary bills [http://ssbunny.com/vetbills here.]

* '''Rabbits can be very messy.''' {{right-image|file=Jadeycakes_alice_litter_mess.jpg|caption=A rabbit very proud of herself after making a mess with her litter.}} While rabbits are relatively easy to [[litter train]], you may still get [[poop]] pellets around their cage not in their litter box. Additionally, they produce ''a lot'' of poop and pee all day and will need their litter boxes changed regularly. If they are not [[spay|spayed or neutered]] once they reach sexual maturity, rabbits may lose their litter habits and begin pooping and spraying (peeing on walls and other objects) everywhere to mark their territory. When you own a house rabbit, expect hay to be tracked everywhere as well as fur generally flying around the room. If you like to keep a meticulous house, you will need to vacuum and clean multiple times a day.

* '''Rabbits can be very noisy.''' While they don't normally vocalize like a cat or dog, rabbits are [[sleep|awake at all hours of the day]] and can often make lots of noise chewing and digging and thumping. As a result, they are not a great pet for light sleepers if the rabbit needs to reside in the bedroom. Frustrated and bored rabbits will often chew their cage bars, which is also detrimental to their dental health. It will take a dedicated owner to figure out an appropriate setup to reduce their habitual noise if they need to be housed where the owner sleeps.

* '''Rabbits can be destructive.''' Natural instincts of a rabbit are to chew and dig. As a result, if you do not properly [[bunny-proof]] a location to which a rabbit will have access, you may find your furniture and carpet destroyed, paint and drywall stripped off the walls, and loose cables and cords chewed up. [[Toys]] will need to be provided to redirect their natural behavior to proper objects. You cannot train a rabbit to never dig and chew. If you have roommates or a family, you will need to instruct them to keep things out of a bunny's reach and off the floor. If a rabbit destroys something left in their reach, it is not their fault, since to them, everything within reach is fair game. A humorous yet realistic discussion of the extent that house rabbit owners will reorganize their home for a rabbit can be seen [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/y7sc5/it_has_come_to_my_attention_that_my_decorating/ here]. Additionally, if your rabbit is not [[spay|fixed]] once they reaches sexual maturity, they may become more [[aggressive]] and destructive than before.

* '''Rabbits can be difficult to handle.''' Unless they have been well-handled when growing up while young, rabbits in general do not like to be picked up and can break their backs when trying to get away. Consequently, a rabbit will not be well suited to [[Rabbits and Children|children]] who like cuddling or holding their pet. Rabbits like it best when people get down to their level on the floor to pet and play with them.

* '''Some people may be allergic to rabbits or their hay.''' While many people that are allergic to cats and/or dogs are not [[allergies|allergic]] to rabbits, they may be allergic to hay, an essential part of a rabbit's diet. Find out before you get your rabbit if this is the case with your family or roommates, and determine if this will be an issue for your rabbit ownership. Keep in mind that there are many different types of hay, and if you are allergic to one type, you can give your rabbit a different type of hay that you are not or less allergic to.

* '''Rabbit are prey animals and easily injured by predatory pets in the household.''' If you already own cats, dogs, or other predators like ferrets, it may not be a good idea to add rabbits to your household. While many cats and rabbits can co-habitate peacefully, some more feral cats may hunt or stress out smaller rabbits. Dogs and rabbits should never be left alone together as a playful dog may easily accidentally fatally injure a rabbit. Ferrets are highly not recommended as pets in the same household as rabbits because ferrets are innate hunters and will possibly kill the rabbit if they ever accidentally escape. See [[Relationships with rabbits]] for more resources and stories of these households with children and other animals.

* '''Rabbits can multiply fast.''' On this wiki, we do not condone intentional [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. However, if you purchase two unfixed rabbits of unknown sexes and keep them together, you can easily have a large baby rabbit problem. Females can have litters of 2-10 babies as early as 2.5 months, and males can reach sexual maturity at ~3.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. {{bad|As a result, if you obtain two unfixed rabbits, you will need to keep them separate until at least one is [[Spay|fixed]] or be absolutely sure that they are both of the same sex.}} Rabbits are easily mis-sexed especially as babies.

<div class="txt-warning">If you '''cannot afford''' or are '''not willing''' to take your pet to the veterinarian when sick, please reconsider pet ownership. These animals are like children, and it is '''very irresponsible''' to refuse to take them to the doctor (veterinarian) when they show signs of illness. Wait until you are in a financial position to properly provide medical care when needed to own a pet.</div>

Some links to read for more information have been listed below to help you decide whether a rabbit is right for you.
* Ellyn Eddy. (2022). [https://www.fuzzy-rabbit.com/pet-rabbit-101/ Pet Bunny 101 – All You Should Know About Having Rabbits as House Pets]
* Turning Veganese. (2013). [http://turningveganese.com/2013/03/31/sunday-bunday-14/ Sunday Bunday!]
* Dr. Elizabeth Bradt. (2012). [http://www.salemnews.com/lifestyle/x240467602/Vet-Connection-Are-you-really-ready-for-a-rabbit Vet Connection: Are you really ready for a rabbit?]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/differences.html How are Rabbits Different from Cats & Dogs?]
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-insidelook.pdf|Rabbits as Companions — An Inside Look]] {{pdf}}
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-perfecthome.pdf|The Perfect Rabbit Home (As Seen By Rabbits)]] {{pdf}}
* PetCoach. [https://www.petcoach.co/article/rabbits-is-one-right-for-you Rabbits: Is One Right For You?]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/WhyNotRabbit.pdf Why Not to Rabbit] {{pdf}}
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/before-you-get-a-rabbit Things to consider before you get a rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/right-person.html Are You a Rabbit Person?]
* Elizabeth TeSelle. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-5/like-a-rabbit.html What Are Rabbits Really Like?]
* My House Rabbit. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_thinking.php Thinking About Getting a Pet Bunny?]

Here are some relevant videos you can watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=sLxP8gls0RI|caption=Howcast. (2013). What to Consider before Buying a Rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=JqzHBzMgl9w|caption=Victoria Raechel. (2022). Watch THIS before getting a rabbit}}
{{youtube|id=dh48VuT_SD8|caption=The Bunnies' Brigade. (2021). 5 Things To Know BEFORE You Adopt A Rabbit | A brief beginner’s guide}}
{{youtube|id=4W_VxeSqpR8|caption=Bobo Ellie Buns. (2021). Life with Bunnies | Expectation vs Reality}}
</div>

== Baby rabbit vs. adult rabbit ==
{{right-image|file=The Rabbit Haven Sneaky fosters.jpeg|caption=Baby foster rabbits eating pellets.}}
For a first time bunny owner, we would recommend '''adopting an adult bunny''' from a rescue or shelter. Getting a baby rabbit does not necessarily enhance the human-rabbit bond. Baby rabbits are also very destructive, active, and playful while older rabbits tend to be more mellow. Personality and affection level can drastically change in a rabbit in the first year of their growth. Rabbits reach puberty around 2.5 to 4 months of age and will become very territorial and generally lose all previously [[litter training|training]] until altered. If you have bonded baby bunnies, chances are that their bond will break at around this time. After adolescence and [[spay|spaying or neutering]], rabbits will be much more amenable to permanent [[litter training|training]].

If you buy a rabbit without knowing their parents, you may have '''no idea how large they will get'''. All baby rabbits are small when they are young especially if they are sold underage (8 weeks), and a seller can easily lie about a rabbit's age. True healthy and consistent dwarfs require careful breeding.

Additionally, baby rabbits are '''notoriously hard to sex'''. Rabbits bought from a backyard breeder, pet store, or an accidental litter will most likely be mis-sexed regardless of claim of experience. If you have more than one unfixed rabbit, you may end up with babies unexpectedly if they interact with each other. It only takes once as rabbits are induced ovulators, and females can have litters as early as 2.5 months. Mothers can also be impregnated immediately after the birth of a litter. If you have two baby rabbits, keep them separate until both have been [[spay|fixed]].

If the rabbit will be '''living with a child''', baby bunnies are also a poor choice. Rabbits are physically delicate animals and cannot be easily held, which children tend to love to do. See [[Rabbits and Children]] for more information.

{{right-image|file=Vlad peach lounging.jpg|caption=A large Flemish rabbit with his bonded Mini Rex mate.}}
Adult rabbits have many more pros over babies for both new and experienced rabbit owners. If you adopt from a rescue or shelter, you can easily choose what sort of personality and size you wish in a rabbit. You can easily figure out which bunnies are more cuddly than others if that is a concern to you. Also, rabbits reach their full growth at around 1 year old. You do not want to end up with a ginormous rabbit unexpectedly if you were not prepared with extensive breed information on the baby rabbit.

One may think that getting an adult rabbit from a shelter or rescue is much more expensive than getting one from a flea market, pet store, or breeder for about 5 USD vs. 25-80+ USD for one at the shelter. However, considering that baby rabbits will need to be spayed and neutered as an adult, especially female rabbits as they have a high incident rate of [[Uterine cancer|reproductive cancers]] and [[Spay|the procedure itself]] usually costs anywhere from 50-300+ USD depending on location, you will ultimately save much more money adopting an altered rabbit from a shelter or rescue than buying a cheap intact rabbit. To add on, the surgery required can be very stressful for rabbit owners as there is always a risk with anesthesia and the recovery process can have issues - many experienced rabbit owners choose to adopt already neutered and health-checked animals for this reason.

Lastly, a rabbit adopted from a rescue or shelter will usually already be fixed and micro-chipped and most likely litter trained and well socialized by the time they join your family. The workers at the location or the foster parents can usually provide you much more information about an adult rabbit than a baby bunny. If you are worried that their age will mean less time spent with you, remember that indoor house rabbits can have a life expectancy of anywhere from '''8 to 12 or more years.''' 3 years is not that much in the lifetime of a house rabbit.

<div class="box">
The House Rabbit Society lists the following as good traits for a person who should get a baby rabbit:<ref>Monica Cook. (n.d.). Myths About Baby Rabbits. Retrieved 24 Feb 2023 from https://rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html</ref>
* has lots of time, a house that can stand to be chewed, and a stable residence
* expects accidents when baby forgets where the litterbox is
* is patient and doesn't scream on discovering the new shoes have been nibbled
* doesn't go away for a long time and leave a hyper baby locked up in a cage
* knows the cute baby may grow into a rather large rabbit and may have a different personality as an adult
* understands that when bunny matures, there will need to be a neuter/spay appointment and isn't fazed when cute baby sprays urine on the walls. S/he knows that neutering will stop the problem.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=NTvsIUhM_tc|caption=SaveABunny. (2014). Adopting Baby Bunnies versus Adult Rabbits?}}
</div>

Some links to read for more information about the pros and cons of getting a baby rabbit have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-babyadult.pdf|Baby or Adult?]] [PDF]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/articles/adopt-an-adult-rabbit-and-bypass-the-monster-stage Adopt an Adult Rabbit]
* Monica Cook. [http://www.rabbit.org/adoption/baby-bunnies.html Myths About Baby Rabbits]

== Which breed? ==
{{right-image|file=TalyaD lionhead.jpg|caption=A lionhead rabbit with a glorious mane.}}
Rabbits have '''individual unique personalities''', unrelated to breed. If you are looking for a certain temperament, your best bet would be to visit some local shelters and rescues and talk to volunteers to find a bunny that's right for you. However, if you are set on a certain "look" to your rabbit, take a look at our [[Breeds]] article and the links below.

Some links to read for more information have been listed below.

'''General guides'''
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeds.pdf|An Overview of Breeds]] [PDF]
* Amy Shapiro. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-10/mellow-lops.html Lops Are Mellow and Other Dangerous Myths]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/breeds.asp Breeds]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gnvS1HTm2FQ|caption=Howcast. (2013). Which Rabbit Breed Is Best?}}
{{youtube|id=M0bmsipNXEU|caption=101Rabbits. (2019). What Is The Best Rabbit Breed For You?}}
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Lopped-ear breeds''' (e.g. Holland Lop, Mini Lop, French Lop, English Lop)
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue. [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html Lop or Not?]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/english-lop-overlong-ears Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > English Lop > Overlong Ears]
* MiDOG. (2022). [https://www.midogtest.com/post/lop-eared-rabbits-ear-infection Lop-eared Rabbits: Floppy Ears and Infection Risk]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2020). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/lop-eared-rabbits-and-ear-disease/ Lop-Eared Rabbits and Ear Disease]
* Royal Veterinary College. (2019). [https://www.rvc.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-facilities/rvc-animal-welfare-science-and-ethics/news/lop-eared-rabbits-more-likely-to-suffer-from-ear-and-dental-problems-study-confirms-for-first-time Lop-eared rabbits more likely to suffer from ear and dental problems, study confirms for first time]

Lop rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:<ref>The Rabbit Residence Rescue. (n.d.). Lop or Not? Retrieved 5 Dec 2016 from http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/lop-or-not.html</ref>
* Ear disease - [[otitis|infections]] and [[abscesses]].
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* Issues with [[Ears|hearing]] and [[Eyes|eyesight]].
* A higher incident rate for [[liver lobe torsion]] due to unknown reasons.
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Dwarf breeds''' (e.g. Netherland Dwarf, Holland Lop, Lionhead, Polish)
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/netherland-dwarf-dental-malocclusion Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Netherland Dwarf > Dental Malocclusion]
* RaisingRabbits.com. [https://www.raising-rabbits.com/netherland-dwarf-rabbit.html The Netherland Dwarf Rabbit Genetic Risks] {{graphic}}

Dwarf rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Teeth]] issues and runny eyes due to a shortened skull.
* [[Cecotrope]] issues and keeping themselves clean.
* [[E. cuniculi]]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Giant breeds''' (e.g. French Lop, Flemish Giant, New Zealand, Californian)
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/maintenance-handling/caring-giant-rabbits/ Caring for Giant Rabbits]
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/giantrabbits.asp Caring for Large/Giant Rabbit Breeds]

Giant rabbits can be predisposed to health issues such as the following:
* [[Sore hocks]] due to the amount of weight on their feet.
* [[Arthritis]] and spondylosis as they age.
* [[Cardiomyopathy]] and heart problems
* A shorter average lifespan of around 5-6 years.

A few experiences with giant rabbits:
* u/Mfbunnybutts. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/dq7it9/big_bunny_binky_after_eating_her_pumpkinmedicine/ 6-month-old Flemish Giant surrendered with a plethora of health and behavior issues]
</div>

<div class="box">
'''Long-haired breeds''' (e.g. Angora, Lionhead, Jersey Wooly)
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/longhair.asp Fluffy or Knot? - Caring for Long Haired Rabbit Breeds]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.facebook.com/magichappensrescue/posts/10156865155118744 Caring for long-haired rabbits]
* Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. (2011). [https://www.ufaw.org.uk/rabbits/angora-long-hair Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals > Angora > Long Hair]

In general, we would not recommend a long-haired breed for first-time rabbit owners as they require a significant amount of [[angora|grooming maintenance]] to keep them comfortable.

{{post-image|file=Breeds-englishangora-blue.jpg|caption=A blue English Angora rabbit with a show coat. This type of coat will require daily brushing to prevent painful mats from forming unless the fur is trimmed.}}
</div>

<div class="note">Rabbits with '''over 80% white''' due to the English spotting gene can be prone to [[megacolon]]. Please note that fully white and Himalayan/Californian/pointed white rabbits can also mask the English spotting genes. {{post-image|file=LIRR megacolon example 2022-04.jpg|caption=A comparison of two rabbits - the one on the left has classic genetic megacolon markings while the rabbit on the right has too much color for genetic megacolon. [https://www.facebook.com/LongIslandRabbitRescue/posts/10160722808474113 source]|width=500}}</div>

== One or more bunnies? ==
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth quadbond micropen.jpg|caption=Two pairs of rabbits in the process of bonding into a quad in a small exercise pen setup.}}
While you may not decide to get two rabbits at first, if your first rabbit has been [[spay|fixed]], you may consider [[bonding]] another rabbit with him for 24/7 social companionship. The wild European rabbits that domestic rabbits are descended from are very sociable and live in warrens. <b>If possible, we would generally recommend adopting a bonded adult neutered pair if available, especially if you know you will not be home most of the day to provide social and mental companionship for your rabbits.</b> Bonding rabbits is not for the faint of heart and usually takes a lot of work on the part of both owners and rabbits.

If you only have unneutered baby rabbits available, we would recommend only getting one baby rabbit unless you have the space to potentially keep each in sufficiently large separated areas as they grow up due to possible difficulties with territorial fighting as they mature.

If you decide to get two baby rabbits, please make sure to get two rabbits of the same sex or keep them separated 24/7 by a double fence until they are both [[Neuter|neutered]] to prevent accidental pregnancies. Rabbits can mate through a single barrier and can be fertile as early as around 12 weeks old. A successful mating can take only 3 seconds.

Amateur breeders and pet stores may be poor at properly [[sexing]] baby rabbits - as a result, if you decide to take care of more than a single baby rabbit at once, please take your baby rabbits to a rabbit-experienced [[veterinarian]] at the earliest opportunity to confirm their sexes.

<div class="bad">As a warning, rabbits that may be friendly towards each other as unneutered baby rabbits may start fighting each other once they go through puberty around 3-6 months old. Not all siblings will continue to get along as adults once they are neutered - as a result, please be prepared to have the space and equipment to keep each bunny in separated areas for their own safety indefinitely.</div>

Some links to read for more information on owning multiple rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-singlepair.pdf|Single, Pair, or Group?]] [PDF]
* Sacramento House Rabbit Society. (2010). [http://www.allearssac.org/couples.html Bonded Couples]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-should-i-get-a-second-rabbit/ Should I Get a Second Rabbit]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14584-enrichment-the-single-rabbit-issue Enrichment & The Single Rabbit Issue]

== Fostering ==
Before we go into details about where to get a pet rabbit from, '''fostering''' is a great alternative to buying or adopting a rabbit if you just want to see if a rabbit is the right pet for you. Fostering is also a good option for people who know they will be moving soon but would like a pet rabbit in the meantime. Most of the rabbits in foster programs will be happy and healthy, but rescues will occasionally have buns that will need a personal gentle touch to socialize them before up for general adoption. As a foster home, you will be helping with severe overcrowding at local animal shelters and giving the rabbits another chance at a good home.

Typical reasons for fostering include the following:<ref name="rehomefoster">Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering.asp Fostering Rabbits]</ref>
* '''Spaying and neutering:''' Rabbits that have been recently spayed or neutered will need to be fostered for several weeks before looking for a new home.
* '''Socialization:''' Foster care allows rabbits that have been neglected without much human contact to have more attention and help in overcoming their fear of humans.
* '''Medical care:''' Rabbits that come in with medical problems need treatment before they can be rehomed.
* '''Overcrowding:''' When a rescue center does not have enough room, foster homes provide temporary housing for rabbits until space frees up after adopted rabbits.
* '''Pregnancy & babies:''' Foster homes provide a quieter environment for a recovering mother and her babies along with special attention. Very young rabbits that were abandoned may need a dedicated foster that will hand-feed them regularly.

The rescue center will be able to match you up with rabbits that fit the environment and care you can provide. Depending on the rescue center, you will be provided with training, equipment, and medical care assistance.

Some benefits of fostering include the following:
* '''Tax deductions''' if you are fostering through a qualified 501(c)(3) organization. Costs such as pet food and supplies, veterinary bills, and toys can qualify as expenses for fostering a pet. If you foster enough animals, a portion of your home utility costs can be covered as well. Car drives made solely for the organization can be deducted at 14 cents a mile.<ref>Petfinder. (2014). ''Considering your taxes? Don’t forget your foster pets!''. Retrieved 8 March 2016 from https://www.petfinder.com/blog/2014/01/considering-your-taxes-dont-forget-your-foster-pets/</ref>

To find fostering opportunities, look at local animal shelters and rabbit rescues. Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local animal shelters and rabbit rescues.

Some stories about fostering for rescues and shelters:
* Rabbit Rehome. [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/fostering_frosty.asp Fostering]

Some links to read for more examples of expectations for rabbit fostering:
* House Rabbit Society. [https://center.rabbit.org/foster/ Foster]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [http://rabbitrescue.ca/volunteer-or-foster/fostering-benefits/ Fostering Benefits]
* The Rabbit Haven. [https://therabbithaven.org/the-rabbit-haven-foster-program The Rabbit Haven Foster Program]
* Bunny Buddies. [https://bunnybuddies.org/foster-a-rabbit/ Foster]
* Los Angeles Rabbit Foundation. [https://www.larabbits.org/fostering Foster]
* Luv-N-Bunns Rabbit Rescue. [https://luvnbunns.org/bunnies/fostering/ Fostering]
* Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue. [https://www.magichappensrescue.com/HowYouCanHelp/Foster.aspx Foster]

== Where to get a rabbit ==
There are many options to find a rabbit - pet stores, classified ads, shelters, rescues, breeders, and more. Here we will go more in detail as to the pros and cons of each.

=== Pet stores ===
{{right-image|file=Olivia notice.jpg|width=x300}}
'''Please do not purchase a rabbit from a pet store unless it is actually an adoption through a local rescue/shelter program.''' A similar source in a rural area is a feed store. Pet stores are always out to make a profit and will often have mistreated, inbred, unhealthy rabbits for sale. To elongate their cuteness, [[Babies|baby bunnies]] will typically be weaned (removed from mother) too early, which can lead to behavior and health problems.

As Cheryl Kucsera writes, <ref>Kucsera C. (n.d.).
The Monaco House Rabbit Sanctuary. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.pacificanimal.org/rabbits/monaco_house_rabbit_sanctuary08.htm</ref> <blockquote><p>Before and during the Easter season, consumer interest in baby bunnies is at its peak. In order to exploit this demand, many rabbit breeders will schedule the breeding of their rabbits so that extra litters of baby bunnies will be available at this time.
</p>
<p>In pet store terms, baby bunnies don't have a long "shelf life." This is because they grow so very quickly. Therefore, in order to meet pet stores' desires for the "cutest" baby bunnies, some breeders may supply bunnies who are too young (under 8 weeks of age). I was told of one breeder/petmiller who supplied baby bunnies to local pet stores. Every few weeks, when he would drop off a new "shipment" of baby bunnies, he would pick up any that hadn't sold from his previous shipment. According to him, if the bunnies hadn't been purchased at that point, they never would be. So, he took them back to his home where they ended up in his freezer. He said it was more "humane" for them to end up on his plate than to languish in a cage in the pet store!</p></blockquote>

Additionally, many employees will often have little or no experience with the proper care of rabbits. '''You will be better off getting a rabbit anywhere but a pet store.''' If you must buy a pet, visit your local responsible and knowledgeable rabbit breeder. However, we would urge you to consider visiting local shelters and rescues first before going to a breeder to buy a pet. If you have any questions, the place where you obtained your rabbit from should be an excellent reliable resource.

As Kathleen Wilsbach writes:<ref>Wilsbach, K. (2001). "Rescuing" Pet Store Rabbits. ''The Clover Leaf'', (8), 9-12. Retrieved from http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/Clover%20Leaf%20VIII%20-%20final.pdf</ref>

<blockquote><p>Please consider the consequences when you “rescue” a suffering rabbit by buying him from a pet store or breeder. You are rewarding that establishment for causing suffering and condemning many more rabbits to the same fate!</p>

<p>Refusing to purchase rabbits from pet stores causes sellers loss. Thus they stock fewer rabbits thereby causing the breeder to produce less. If no one ever bought rabbits in pet stores, breeders would stop breeding. It may seem harsh to leave pet store or breeder rabbits to their fate, but you will help many more rabbits.</p></blockquote>

However, to be realistic, if you do end up getting a pet store rabbit, do your best to make sure that they are '''healthy''' before taking them home. Make sure that the rabbits are '''at least 6 weeks''', preferably 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop">Krempels, D. (n.d.). The Mystery of Rabbit Poop. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/poop.html</ref> Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].<ref name="newrabbit"/>

If you decide to be a Good Samaritan and purchase a sick or undernourished rabbit, be prepared to see a veterinarian immediately and a long, uphill battle for survival and ultimately good health. Chances are that you probably cannot trust any advice given to you by a pet store employee, so please take a read through our [[Getting Started]] page and its links on proper care.

Some links to read for more information on pet store rabbits have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] {{pdf}}
* BunnyLuv Rabbit Resource Center. [https://www.bunnyluv.org/whats-wrong-with-a-pet-store What's Wrong with Purchasing a Rabbit at a Pet Store?]
* Ameena Schelling. (2016). [https://www.thedodo.com/petco-petsmart-pet-supplier-abuse-1563393540.html This Is Where Petco And PetSmart Get Their Animals] {{graphic}}
* Rabbit Advocacy Animal Matters. (2008). [http://www.rabbitadvocacy.com/rabbit_mills__pet_store_cruelty.htm Rabbit Mills & Pet Store Cruelty]

=== Animal shelters ===
{{right-image|file=Baobao shelter.jpg|caption=Rabbit in a shelter cage}}
A shelter or a rescue is the best location to get a rabbit, unless you were looking for a baby of a specific breed and no nearby shelters have any available at that moment. By adopting from a shelter, you will be saving a rabbit from possible euthanasia and giving them a second chance at a forever home. Most of these rabbits will be abandoned pets either surrendered or found on the streets wandering lost after they escaped or were dumped. Occasionally, rabbits may be pregnant upon reaching the shelter, and the shelter will have young rabbits up for adoption once they are weaned and fixed.

Shelter employees will most likely be very experienced in the care of rabbits if they have rabbits available. Often, local rabbit rescue members will volunteer to take care of the rabbits. You can find many young, adult, and bonded rabbits at shelters. Employees can inform you about the personalities of each rabbit before you decide to adopt. Adult rabbits will usually come fixed and microchipped while still having a low adoption fee, typically 20-50 USD. That can provide you a savings of over 300 USD once you include the costs of microchipping and [[spaying and neutering]] a baby bunny yourself.

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find shelters near you with rabbits.

Some more links to read for more information on adopting from an animal shelter have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]
* The Rabbit Crossing. (2012). [https://facebook.com/note.php?note_id=456616351048764&_ft_=fbid.439866449411936&_rdr New Bunnies -- Why Rescue?]
* Pets4Homes. [https://www.pets4homes.co.uk/pet-advice/should-i-buy-or-adopt-a-rabbit.html Should I Buy Or Adopt A Rabbit?]
* Quantifying the Shelter Rabbit Population: An Analysis of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Animal Shelters. (2012). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10888705.2012.709084 Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science] & [https://faunalytics.org/feature-article/quantifying-the-shelter-rabbit-population-an-analysis-of-massachusetts-and-rhode-island-animal-shelters/ Faunalytics].

=== Rabbit rescues ===
{{right-image|file=LIRRG purchase adoption 2022.jpg|caption=A comparison of purchasing vs. adoption costs from Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group.|width=350}}
A rabbit rescue will provide similar features as an animal shelter but will most definitely be educated in the proper care of pet house rabbits. Rabbit rescues will often focus on taking in abandoned or sick rabbits from shelters. Rabbits at a rescue should be well handled and socialized by foster parents, and any health issues are often fairly well covered. Many foster homes will also acclimate the rabbits to children and other pets. Most rabbits will be litter trained by volunteers as they arrive at the rescue.

However, due to the non-profit nature, adoption fees will be higher than a shelter to cover medical and spaying and neutering costs. A rabbit rescue will often also have much more stringent requirements and will interview much more extensively than at a shelter. Many rabbit rescues require that the bunnies be housed only indoors. In the case that you may not be able to take care of your rabbit due to circumstances, rabbit rescues should be more than willing to take their rabbits back at no cost. In fact, in some rescue adoption contracts, you may be required to.

The Colorado House Rabbit Society states these advantages to adopting from them:<ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (n.d). Advantages to Adopting from the Colorado House Rabbit Society. Retrieved from http://www.coloradohrs.org/adopt_why-us.asp</ref>
<blockquote>
* We help you determine whether rabbits are a good choice for your situation and help you avoid mistakes in bringing rabbits into your home.
* We teach you how to care for your rabbits, how to identify symptoms requiring veterinary care before they become serious, and we put you in contact with a good rabbit veterinarian in your area. It is essential you understand most veterinarians are not able to safely treat rabbits - rabbits are "exotics" from a medical point of view, and they require veterinatians who have taken specialized training in treating them correctly.
* We are committed to helping you solve any problems which may come up as long as you have your rabbits.
* We offer a "911" service to our adopters should you have an emergency when your vet isn't available, or to help you determine if you need to see a veterinarian.
* We have a greater variety of rabbits to choose from than you will find almost anywhere in the state.
</blockquote>

Check out our [[Adoption Listings]] page to find local rabbit rescues.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from a rabbit rescue have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-rescue.pdf|Adopting from a Shelter or Rescue Group]] [PDF]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_adoption.php Benefits of Adopting a Pet Rabbit]

=== Private individuals ===
If you are unable to find any nearby shelters and rescues and would still like to adopt a rabbit and not resort to pet stores and breeders, you can probably find an individual nearby to adopt a rabbit from with a little effort. Check out local listings in classified ads, vet offices, shelters, or rescues, and online on sites like Craigslist and Kijiji. See [[Rehoming_your_rabbit#Places_to_post_ads]] for some ideas where to look for ads.

However, {{bad|'''be careful that you do not support a backyard breeder accidentally'''}} and focus on legitimate rehomes. These breeders will advertise baby bunnies that were bred just to make money and have no care for the future welfare of the animals they brought into this world. Legitimate rehomes are often with accidental litters or older rabbits that may be rehomed with their current housing and food.

Some links to read for more information on adopting from an individual have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [[Media:Kathysmith-individual.pdf|Adopting from an Individual]]

=== Breeders ===
We would advise that you take a look at animal shelters and rabbit rescues first for a rabbit that would suit your preferences, especially if they are all full. However, some people may be set in stone on a baby of a specific breed or color for whatever reason, and a breeder would be the best option for this scenario if a suitable rabbit is not available in nearby shelters and rescues at the moment. If you have the patience, we would still recommend that you wait and keep an eye out for all those local shelters and rescues to see if one that meets your criteria comes through the system. Chances are, eventually there will be.

If you decide to use a breeder, please choose and buy with care. Do not patronize backyard breeders who breed their rabbits to make money or a stall at the flea market to purchase a rabbit. Mixed breed rabbits are a flag. '''Conscientious breeders will not advertise their pets in the newspaper or on Craigslist.''' They will generally ne more knowledgeable in proper rabbit care, and their rabbits will most likely be in good health with good temperament. If possible, try to visit the environment where the rabbits are raised.

A conscientious rabbit breeder...<ref>Rabbit Education Society. (2005). The Rabbit Education Society 2005 edition. Retrieved from http://www.rabbited.0catch.com/RESstandards.html</ref><ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (2015). "Good" and "Bad" Breeders. Retrieved 8 Mar 2016 from https://coloradohrs.org/rabbit-breeders/</ref><ref>Connie Isbell, Audrey Pavia, ''Rabbits for Dummies''</ref><ref>Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores]]</ref>

* Will not contribute to the '''abandoned rabbit problem''' by abandoning rabbits in the wild or dumping excess stock in shelters and rescues. Breeders should have a "take back" policy for every rabbit they sell, whether for show, breeding, or as a pet.

* Will not '''overbreed''' rabbits. Overbreeding is defined as producing more animals than responsible outlets for culls can be found. Suitable outlets for culls include pets, show/breeding stock, and other commercial uses. Does should be allowed to rest for at least three weeks after the previous litter is properly weaned at eight weeks before being mated again.<ref name="newrabbit">Parent, L.E & Vriends, M. (1989). {{amazon|id=0812042026|name=''The New Rabbit Handbook''.}}</ref>

* Will put the '''health and welfare''' of their animals first. Health problems will be treated as soon as possible and treatment includes euthanasia. Rabbits will not be allowed to suffer.

* '''Good husbandry practices''' as accepted by the American Rabbit Breeders Association and/or the Rabbit Education Society will be followed. Rabbits should have clean cages, an ample supply of food, hay, and water, and have a healthy appearance with clear, dry eyes and nose, healthy looking coat, and a bright, alert, and inquisitive attitude.

* Only sells rabbits that are '''properly weaned''' and not too young to leave the rabbitry. At the minimum, this should be 6 weeks of age, 8 weeks as best. Rabbits taken from their mother too soon may suffer both physically and psychologically. Ask if the rabbit you adopt can remain with its mother until it is eight weeks old, even if this is not the breeder's normal policy.

* Will breed to ensure '''genetic abnormalities''' are not perpetuated and that only healthy rabbits conforming to the ARBA breed standards are produced.

* Will '''educate''' every rabbit buyer and provide written care instructions and be a lifelong contact for purchasers. The breeder will help you make smart decisions about whether you're ready to take on a rabbit right now.

* Will be '''honest''' and '''reputable'''.

As stated before, if you decide to take this route, please '''buy conscientiously'''. Similar to pet store considerations, check to make sure your rabbit is healthy and at least 8 weeks of age before leaving their mother because the mother's milk affords protection against [[E. coli]] and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them.<ref name="mysterypoop"/> If the housing situation of the mother and kits does not look clean, do not buy and assume that the rabbits are not well cared for and go elsewhere. Dirty hutches can be a massive breeding ground for diseases, and there is a good chance that your new bunny will be infected. Young rabbits should be lively, well-fed and plump, and have a fine sheen to the fur. If they have rough, dull fur or are thin or pot bellied, the animals are sick -- typical symptoms of [[bloat]] and [[coccidiosis]].

A helpful blurb from the user [https://pay.reddit.com/user/Crochetniac Crochetniac] on Reddit:<ref>Reddit.com, [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/hdyoe/to_all_new_and_future_rabbit_owners_heres_the/ To all new and future rabbit owners, here's the manual! (Experienced owners please feel free to post!)]</ref><blockquote>Do a LOT of research before you go to a breeder! If they're certified you can typically trust them, if they're on craigslist you'll need to do some detective work.

Ask to meet at their house or where they keep their rabbits, if their bunnies are in small cages, kept outdoors, or all kept together, it's best to avoid them. Your rabbit should also be at least 8 weeks before you get it, look up how big your rabbit should be at that age to make sure you don't take them home too early.

Some breeders will also be keeping their rabbits in a bunny mill situation, rabbits are pregnant for 4 weeks, and once they give birth they can get pregnant immediately, as in same day. Basically, the momma rabbit will be giving birth to her 3rd litter when her first little should barely be done weaning, which will send the poor gal to an early grave so that some selfish bastard can make a few extra bucks. Don't go to someone who sells their rabbits for snake food, you want a bunny with a good genes to ensure they're healthy as they get older.

If the rabbits are skittish, don't buy them. Breeders will tell you that "all baby bunnies are like that" but in reality it just means they aren't held enough. I've had my rabbits for almost 2 years (got them as adults) and they've had a few litters, and every bunny that has gone into a new home could be picked up without kicking. My adult rabbits aren't like that because the previous owners didn't hold them enough and they weren't held enough as kits, they've made a lot of progress but getting picked up and set down they still can get a little freaked out. My 3rd rabbit came from one of their litters, you can pick her up like you would a small dog (fingers/hands under her front legs) and she'll just let her back legs dangle. Getting a rabbit that can easily be held at 8 weeks will save you a LOT of frustration.</blockquote>

Some links to read for more information on buying from a breeder have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith. (2004). [[Media:Kathysmith-breeder.pdf|Breeders and Pet Stores ]] [PDF]

== See also ==
* [[Costs of rabbit ownership]]
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]
* [[Rabbit breeds around the world]]
* [[Rabbit coat colors]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Basics]]

Diet FAQ

2025-11-22T23:35:01Z

SneakyDragon: /* Can my bunny eat yogurt treats? */

{{Main|[[Diet]]}}

== Is it possible to feed too many vegetables? ==
{{Main|[[Vegetables]]}}
Generally, rabbits are good at self-regulating when given a giant pile of fresh dark greens. No lasting harm will be done if you offer more than the recommended amount. However, some rabbits may react badly to specific types or too large of an amount and get runny stools and [[diarrhea]]. These rabbits should have their greens portioned strictly or may even need to have vegetables cut out from the diet. Smaller dark [[poop|poops]] can also indicate that the rabbit should eat more hay for more fiber in their diet. {{bad|Remember that you should not feed too many sugar-loaded vegetables like carrots, and these should be strictly rationed as treats.}}

== Is it okay for my bunny to eat dog or cat food? ==
It can be very dangerous for a rabbit to regularly snack on dog or cat food. These foods are designed for carnivores, not for herbivores. They are high in protein, fat, and grain-based carbohydrates.

Recommended protein percentages range from 18% for adult dogs to 28% for puppies, and recommended fat percentages range from 9-15% for adult dogs and 17% for puppies.<ref>PetEducation.com. (n.d.). Protein Requirements for Good Nutrition. Retrieved 5 May 2016 from http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1659&aid=702</ref> Recommended diet percentages for cats range from 25-30% for protein and 15-20% for fat.<ref>PetEducation.com. (n.d.). Protein Requirements for Good Nutrition. Retrieved 5 May 2016 from http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1+1399&aid=701</ref> Recommended diet percentages for rabbits are only 12-14% for protein and 2-5% for fat.<ref name="rnanh2">Moore, L. (2013). {{amazon|id=1626463999|name=''Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref>

Although rabbits can eat small amounts of dog or cat food and appear to be normal, rabbits also have very sensitive [[digestive system|digestive systems]], and something that doesn't agree with them can over time quickly send them into digestive upset. Excessive levels of [[protein]] can lead to kidney damage, and excessive levels of [[fat]] and carbohydrates can lead to obesity.<ref name="vetpartner.com">VeterinaryPartner.com [http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=502&S=5 Rabbit Q&A]</ref> Keep all dog and cat food out of the reach of your rabbit!

<div class="bad">
The following are a few stories of rabbits that were fed dog food accidentally or exclusively:
* u/voodoodog23. (2022). [https://old.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vhyf2y/lost_my_girl_to_dog_food_just_a_psa_keep_dog_food/ Lost my girl to dog food. Just a PSA. Keep dog food away from your bun] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/3904164906334902 Kibbles's story] {{RIP}}
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2216843591733717 Sophie's story]
</div>

== Can my bunny eat yogurt treats? ==
{{Main|[[Treats]]}}
We do not recommend feeding any dairy treats such as yogurt drops to rabbits as treats. Rabbits are strict herbivores in the wild and do not naturally have access to milk and other dairy products.

Adult rabbits do not naturally have the right bacteria to process dairy in their cecum and intestines and can consequently accelerate the onset of [[GI stasis]] in the absence of the bacteria.<ref name="medyogurt">MediRabbit.com, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/yogurt.htm Can rabbits eat yogurt or dairy products?]</ref> These yogurt treats also extremely high in sugar content, and as the House Rabbit Society states,<ref>House Rabbit Society, Susan M. Smith, Ph.D., [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/treat.html FAQ: Treat Foods]</ref>
<blockquote>...excessive sugar is converted to fat, or will pass into the cecum where the bacteria will use it for energy and then rapidly overgrow, possibly leading to bacterial imbalance and [[gi stasis]].</blockquote>

However, MediRabbit does note, <ref name="medyogurt"/>
<blockquote>Yogurt diluted in water can nevertheless help rabbit suffering from intestinal bacterial disturbances et diarrhea, by protecting the endemic bacterial flora and allowing it to grow.</blockquote>

See [[Treats]] for appropriate treats that can be fed instead that are natural to their diet.

== Can my rabbit eat onion and garlic? ==
{{Main|[[Toxic plants]]}}
Onion and garlic have many purported medicinal uses; however, they should not be fed to rabbits. Onions and garlic have an immunosuppressive effect in rabbits, and rabbits may also have an anaphylactic reaction.<ref>MediRabbit, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/onion.htm Can rabbits eat onion or garlic?]</ref> See [[Vegetables]] and [[Treats]] for safe foods to feed your rabbit instead.

Acute LD50 toxicity using garlic extract has been established at 3034 mg/kg with other behavioural signs like loss of appetite and partial paralysis.<ref>Mikhail, H.G. (2010). Phytochemical screening, elemental analysis and acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Allium sativum L. bulbs in experimental rabbits. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(4), 322-326.</ref>

== Can I feed carrots to my rabbit? ==
{{Main|[[Vegetables]], [[Treats]]}}
Yes, carrots can safely be fed to your rabbit, but should not be a major part of their diet. Carrots are very starchy and high in sugars and can cultivate the wrong type of flora in your rabbit's digestive system as well as encourage obesity. See [[Vegetables]] for more information on what can be fed more often to your rabbit and [[Treats]] for more ideas for rabbit-safe treats that can be fed in limited amounts.

== Does my rabbit need a salt lick or mineral block? ==
With a proper [[diet]], rabbits have no need for a salt lick or mineral block. There is little evidence that additional salt is required, but some rabbits like the taste. Mineral blocks are unnecessary, and some blocks may contain high levels of calcium that can be harmful if the rabbit gnaws and eats them in large amounts.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref> A rabbit confined to a hutch may destroy and eat the mineral block as a displacement activity, not because it has an additional need for minerals.

== Do I need to remove thorns from trimmings of plants like roses and raspberry and blackberry vines? ==
{{Main|[[Vegetables]]}}
Anecdotal evidence has shown that rabbits will consume spiky plants, thorns and all.<ref name="rabtalkthorny"/><ref>HomesteadingToday, [http://www.homesteadingtoday.com/livestock-forums/rabbits/469155-rose-branches-leaves-feed-what-about-thorns.html Rose Branches and Leaves for Feed - What About The Thorns?]</ref> Rabbits have no problems consuming other bristly plants such as bull thistle and radish leaves as well.<ref name="rabtalkthorny">RabbitTalk, [http://rabbittalk.com/thorny-plants-t4169.html Thorny plants]</ref> However, be careful of thorns getting caught in wooly breeds such as Angoras and Lionheads.<ref name="rabtalkthorny"/>

You may wish to remove thorns from canes and branches for your own comfort instead as rabbits may often leave uneaten thorny stalks laying on the ground.

== Can my rabbit eat the Christmas tree? ==
Most Christmas trees are a type of pine or fir, which are fine for rabbits to eat in small amounts.

The House Rabbit Society writes,<ref>House Rabbit Society. (n.d.). Your Bunny and the Holidays. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019 from https://rabbit.org/care/holidays.html</ref>
<blockquote>If your Christmas tree has not been treated (with fire retardent, pesticides, etc) or painted, then it should be safe to chew. Note that natural chemical compounds in some evergreens may cause the bunny's urine to turn more orange than usual, but this is not a health concern.</blockquote>

If your tree has been treated, you can bunny-proof it by keeping it in a room outside of your bunny's roaming area, or fence it off with an exercise pen.
Please also make sure that all non-bunny-friendly ornaments and electrical lights and cords are also kept out of your rabbit's reach. See [[Bunny-proofing]] for more ideas. Tinsel is best skipped in households with pets, as accidental ingestion of parts that fall on the ground can easily cause fatal digestion issues.

== Why are muesli mixes bad for rabbits? ==
Good [[pellets]] do not include whole dried fruit, seeds, nuts, or other colored crunchy things. There should be only pellets and maybe hay and herbs and nothing else. As Town & Country Veterinary Hospital says,<ref>Town & Country Veterinary Hospital, Charlene Arendas, DVM, [http://www.tc-vet.com/rabbits.html Quick Tips for Rabbits and Guinea Pigs]</ref><blockquote>The problem with these foods is that each type of seed or ingredient has different nutritional content, and pets develop preferences for certain seeds or pieces. They can easily develop a deficiency when they become “picky eaters” and only eat certain parts of their food. </blockquote>

Additionally, key findings from a research study conducted by The University of Edinburgh in conjunction with Burgess Pet Care<ref>Burgess Pet Care [http://www.burgesspetcare.com/ Looking after your pets]</ref> suggested that feeding muesli-style diets to rabbits is associated with abnormalities that can lead to painful dental and digestive problems, such as [[dental disease]], lower gut motility, selective feeding, [[obesity]] and urinary tract [[stones]] or [[sludge]].<ref>Rabbit Awareness Week, [http://www.rabbitawarenessweek.co.uk/diet/the-research The Research]</ref>

Dr. Harcourt-Brown writes,<ref>Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/free-food-for-rabbits/the-problem-with-muesli-mixes The problem with muesli mixes]. Accessed Aug 18, 2015.</ref>
<blockquote>The ingredients of muesli mixes are not sufficiently tough and fibrous to wear the teeth correctly and to keep the guts working properly. They are also fattening and can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies... The vitamin and mineral supplement comes in powder form, so it is usually incorporated into the compressed grass based pellets... The pellets are the least palatable ingredient of muesli mixes so most rabbits do not eat them and they are left in the bottom of their food bowl only to be discarded by the owner, along with the vitamin and mineral supplement they contain... If young rabbits do not get enough calcium, the bone surrounding the teeth is weakened so that the roots of the teeth press on the nerve supply to the teeth when the baby rabbit tries to eat hard food, such as hay. These rabbits never eat hard food so the owners think their rabbit 'doesn't like hay' even though they give it to them.</blockquote>

Some of these muesli mixes may contain foods such as corn and beans which are not recommended for rabbits to eat in general. These foods have the possibility of causing [[bloat|GI obstructions.]]<ref name="rm&s">Keeble, E & Meredith, A. (2006). {{amazon|id=1840760729|name=''Rabbit medicine & surgery: Self-assessment color review''.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Diet]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Cleaning after your rabbit

2025-11-21T10:55:41Z

SneakyDragon: /* Choosing a vacuum */

As the owner of one or more rabbits, there is no avoiding hay and fur getting all over your home. The following are some tools and tips to help you clean up after your bun.
__TOC__
== Cleaning tips ==
Below are links that describe the regular cleaning that you will have to do with a pet rabbit.
* The Bunny Lady. [https://bunnylady.com/clean-rabbit-enclosure/ How to Keep Your Rabbit Enclosure Clean and Smelling Good]

== Cleaning litter boxes ==
Please see [[Litter_training#Changing_the_litter_box|Changing the litter box]] for detailed instructions on efficient techniques as well as how to deal with insect infestations around your rabbit's litter box(es).

== Cleaning stains and disinfecting ==
There are several safe products available for you to clean up any urine stains that your bunny may have left. The following listed are especially useful as they break down the traces of urine scent that plain soap and water are unable to eliminate. Any hint of such scents can end up with regular re-marking and poor [[Litter Training|litter habits]].

* Vinegar - For general usage, you can use 1:1 water:vinegar, but for heavy-duty cleaning, especially for urine stains in fabric, you can use it at full concentration. The cheap grocery white vinegar is sufficient for cleaning purposes, but you can use more expensive vinegar (e.g. apple cider) if you wish.
* {{amazon|id=B00008437W|name=Nature's Miracle Stain and Odor Remover}}
* {{amazon|id=B000PY14GK|name=KIDS 'N' PETS Brand Stain & Odor Remover}} - Also available at most Walmart stores at a significantly lower price.
* {{amazon|id=B00CKFL93K|name=Rocco and Roxie's Professional Strength Stain & Odor Eliminator}}
* {{amazon|id=B000QR91DE|name=Woolite Pet Stain & Odor Remover + Oxygen Trigger}}
* {{amazon|id=B00FFDP0F2|name=Resolve Pet Stain & Odor Carpet Cleaner}}
* {{amazon|id=B0002X30Y8|name=Venus Laboratories Earth Friendly (Petastic) Pet Stain & Odor Remover Spray}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GK56SVE|name=Bubba's Rowdy Friends Pet Stain & Odor Terminator}}

<div class="box">
To disinfect between rabbits, accelerated hydrogen peroxide (REScue) is a great cleaner to add to your options. It is pet-safe when fully dried and will kill all types of bacteria, protozoa, (e.g. [[E. cuniculi]]) and viruses (especially [[RHD]]). However, make sure you do not spray it around your rabbits and wear a mask when spraying as it will sting and is very painful when inhaled.

* {{amazon|id=B00B9G3ZJM|name=REScue Disinfectant Concentrate (Gallon)}}
* {{amazon|id=B00EZMPD4W|name=REScue One-Step Disinfectant Cleaner & Deodorizer, Wipes (160 count)}}
* {{amazon|id=B01LY3JI7T|name=REScue One Step Disinfectant Cleaner & Deodorizer, Ready-to-Use Squeeze Bottle (32 oz)}}
</div>

Be careful of using any harsh chemicals like bleach and ammonia around your rabbit since rabbits love to lick and chew anything in sight. Make sure to rinse thoroughly and let dry fully before allowing your rabbit back in contact with surfaces that have been cleaned with them.

The following are some links with more information on rabbit-safe cleansers.
* Dr Brigette Lord. (2018). [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-housing/disinfectants/ Disinfectants]

== Cleaning hay and fur ==
Rubber works well to attract pet fur from your floor for easy clean up. They are especially effective on rugs and carpets and will get most bits of hay and fur. However, you will still need to follow up with a vacuum with a beater brush to clean up any dust and especially small bits of hay embedded in the fibers.

* {{amazon|id=B000EFDOOA|name=Everholder FURemover Broom}}
* {{amazon|id=B0042B4B3U|name=Chemical Guys ACCS06 Professional Rubber Pet Hair Removal Brush}}
* {{amazon|id=B006H34AE6|name=Carrand 93112 Lint and Hair Removal Brush}}
* {{amazon|id=B0002DI4PI|name=Petmate Pet Hair Magnet}}
* {{amazon|id=B08Q3HFN7V|name=Conliwell Rubber Broom Pet Hair Removal Tool}}

For overall fur in the environment, air purifiers will help catch any loose fur and hay dust, and machines with an activated charcoal filter can also help with keeping odors from the litter box or hay down.

== Choosing a vacuum ==
Commercial residential vacuums are typically not well-equipped to vacuum up full strands of hay from the floor. The best way to clean the ground is to first use a [[Cleaning After Your Rabbit#Brooms and brushes| broom]] and your hands to pick up the majority of the hay and poop and only then use the vacuum to clean up the rest of the fluff and dust.

Some owners like using shop vacuums instead, as they can usually suck up hay with no issue. However, these vacuums are extremely loud, and rabbits will likely need to be moved to another room before the vacuum is used to prevent overly terrifying them from the sudden noise.

If hay gets clogged in the tubing, {{amazon|id=B01NB0729G|name=snake drain clog tools}} are great for pulling out the hay caught in finicky corners.

<div class="box">
A few considerations you may wish to think about when choosing a vacuum:

* cleaning path width
* motorized brush for carpets and rugs
* cord length
* bagged or bagless
* suction power
* ease of cleaning clogged areas when inevitably filled with hay
* charging time and use time for cordless options
* overall weight
* price
</div>

The following are a list of vacuums that bunny owners have used with varying levels of success:

'''Upright'''
* {{amazon|id=product/B004Q4DRJW|name=Shark Navigator Lift-Away Vacuum (NV352)}} - bagless, motorized brush, swivel steering, 24" crevice tool, small pet hair power brush, 9.25" cleaning path, 1200 W power, 25' cord, 12.5 lbs.
* {{amazon|id=product/B0091JG0LY|name=Shark Rotator Professional Lift-Away (NV501)}} - bagless, motorized brush, swivel steering, 12" crevice tool, small pet hair power brush, 1200 W power, 9.5" cleaning path, 30' cord, 15.8 lb.
* {{amazon|id=B005FQMALQ|name=Dyson DC41 Animal Bagless Vacuum Cleaner}}

<b>Shop Vacuum</b>

Look for large diameter (over 2") hoses if you'd like to also suck up hay with your vacuum without it clogging or burning out.
* {{amazon|id=B07H84CNG9|name=CRAFTSMAN 16 Gallon 6.5 Peak HP Wet Dry Vac}} - 2-1/2 in. diameter shop vacuum hose

'''Handheld'''
* {{amazon|id=B07CB6RBSP|name=Bissell Pet Hair Eraser Lithium Ion Cordless Hand Vacuum}}
* {{amazon|id=B07R89PJY6|name=BLACK+DECKER dustbuster furbuster AdvancedClean+ Cordless Pet Handheld Vacuum}}

'''Automatic'''
<div class="box">
While automated cleaning sounds like the dream, it can't completely replace regular vacuuming and there are multiple considerations to take before investing in one:
* Carefully consider how your rabbit reacts to normal vacuuming. Rabbits stressed regularly with a robot vacuum on a schedule can end up in [[stasis]], a possibly fatal condition.
* The high cost.
* Initial setup and especially mapping your home can be difficult.
* Generally requires specific bags to fit.
* Door frames can prevent them transitioning from one room to the next.
* They can have difficulty fitting under or between furniture.
* They cannot traverse stairs.
</div>

* '''iRobot series'''
** {{amazon|id=B08C4LC7TG|name=Roomba i3 Series}} - requires bags and replacement parts from iRobot specifically. Can vacuum droppings.
** {{amazon|id=B07QNM91NQ|name=Braava series}} - requires mops for dry and wet mopping, but can be washed and works with the Roomba series, meaning you can automatically vacuum then mop.
** {{amazon|id=B094NYHTMF|name=Roomba Combo}} - this both vacuums and mops.

=== Testimonials ===
* Reddit. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17nsoh/vacuum_cleaner_discussion/ Vacuum cleaner discussion.]
* Reddit. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17mllq/hay_hair_and_all_those_little_poops_in_the_market/ Hay, hair and all those little poops! In the market for a vacuum - need your thoughts.]
* Reddit. (2012). [http://redd.it/xeri0 Rabbit Vacuums???]
* RabbitsOnline. (2011). [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f14/what-best-vacuum-cleaner-shop-vac-combo-cleaning-rabbits-58082/ What is Best vacuum cleaner /shop vac or combo for cleaning rabbits]
* Bunny Lovers Unite. (2008). [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157605346595893/ Best bunny vacuum]

[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Resources]]

Traveling with a rabbit

2025-11-21T10:36:26Z

SneakyDragon: /* Experiences */

{{#seo:
|description=Traveling tips, information, and links for rabbits.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/e/e6/Sumba-_BurnyOnATrain-FB.jpg
}}
Traveling with a rabbit is definitely no small task. Quite a bit of preparation and consideration is needed, especially if you do not have rabbit supplies at the destination.

__TOC__
== Choosing a carrier ==
By far the easiest and safest way to travel with your rabbit in most situations is with an animal carrier. An animal carrier sized for multiple cats or a small dog will work best, although extremely large and small rabbits will require different sizes.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon frisco carrier.jpg|caption=A 5.5-lb lop rabbit sitting in a {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Sneakydragon-17carrier-twobuns.jpeg|caption=Two 3- to 4-lb rabbits sitting together in a 17" foldable Nylabone carrier.}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B006060VCU|name=19" carrier}} is appropriate for smaller (2-3 lb) pairs and trios or medium-sized rabbit pairs.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=SneakyDragon-24"-2x4lb.jpg|caption=Two 3- to 5-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
{{gallery-image|file=
SneakyDragon-24"-3x4lb.jpg|caption=Three 4- to 6-lb rabbits in a {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel.}}}}
</div>

A {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" carrier}} is a comfortable ride for medium-sized (~5 lb) pairs and trios, a larger (7+ lb) rabbit pair, or a single giant (10+ lb) rabbit.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=stJYYyrE7KM|name=Best Carrier for a Rabbit}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some examples of great two-door carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SMCI|name=19" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGKW|name=19" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DVG8PZ|name=19" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSLXM|name=19" Ferplast Atlas 10 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B089Q8XP7B|name=19" Richell Double Door Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=149243|name=19" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07H8MYGB1|name=20" Catit Cabrio Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B00OP6SVJW|name=23" AmazonBasics Two-Door Top-Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B089DT8LFT|name=23" IRIS USA Easy Access Pet Travel Carrier with Two Access Doors}}
* {{amazon|id=B00MHDTGAS|name=23" Favorite Top Load Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B013GLSN12|name=23" Ferplast Atlas 20 Top Opening Cat and Dog Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B004HU4U2S|name=23" Marchioro Clipper Aran 2 Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=23" Petmate Two Door Deluxe}}
* {{amazon|id=B0062JFGM0|name=24" Petmate Two Door Top Load Pet Kennel}}
* {{chewy|id=149278|name=24" Frisco Two Door Top Load Plastic Dog & Cat Kennel}}

Some good top-opening carriers:
* {{amazon|id=B09M7HTPS6|name=16" Richell Faux Wicker Pet Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B002E032HM|name=16" Top Load Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B01GAEDAZ6|name=16" IRIS Small Animal Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=277844|name=18" Frisco Top Loading Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B07RY8S124|name=18" IRIS Ohyama Pet Carrier}}
* {{chewy|id=365030|name=19" Petmate Top Load Cat Kennel}}
* {{amazon|id=B0D1VY9Q56|name=19" Petmate Get-A-Round Kennel}}

Other collapsible and more uniquely-shaped carriers:
* {{chewy|id=361627|name=17" Richell Space Capsule Dog & Cat Carrier & Bed}}
* {{amazon|id=B00GJ7TME8|name=19" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
* {{amazon|id=B07J39BSSM|name=23" SportPet Designs Foldable Travel Cat Carrier}}
</div>

Most carriers have a metal grate style door which is simple to hang a water bottle on. We recommend avoiding carriers with a plastic door, as most rabbits will be able to chew out given enough time.

One of the nice features about a carrier is that it is dark and cave-like (for a bunny sense of security) and usually has adequate holes in the side for airflow. You can choose to fit a small litter box inside and either secure a bottle or water crock to the door. {{right-image|file=Sneakydragon dwarfmix littercarrier 2023-02.jpeg|caption=A little dwarf mix in a small carrier with a litter box inside with no door at an adoption show.}}

If a litter box will not fit, you may instead cover the entire bottom with litter, a towel, pee pad, or other material to use as padding and soak up urine. Please make sure that the rabbit will not chew and eat the material when unsupervised. You can change the towel during travel breaks if the rabbit soils it.

{{right-image|file=Mostrestraintsforpetsincarsfailcrashtests1.jpg|caption=The report & video does not directly address rabbits, but has very useful information: [http://www.today.com/pets/pet-owner-alert-most-restraints-pets-cars-fail-crash-tests-t59271 "Pet owner alert: Most restraints for pets in cars fail crash tests"] More information: [http://www.centerforpetsafety.org/test-results/carriers/2015-carrier-study-results/ 2015 Carrier Study Results by Center for Pet Safety]}}
Some considerations in choosing a proper carrier include the following:<ref>The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-carrier.asp Rabbit Carriers]</ref>
* '''Ventilation:''' It is important to have adequate ventilation in the carrier because rabbits can easily overheat in a warm environment.
* '''Ease to clean:''' Your rabbit will most likely potty in the carrier, so you will want a carrier than can easily be taken apart and wiped down. Plastic carriers are much easier to clean than soft fabric ones.
* '''Ease of access:''' You will need to be able to easily get the rabbit in and out of the carrier. As a result, you may wish to invest in a carrier that you can take the top off and lift them out through. A side door is useful to get the rabbit to hop in on their own.
* '''Sturdiness:''' Carriers need to be made of a material that is chew-proof such as wire and hard plastic. You do not want your rabbit to escape while you are driving or waiting for an appointment. Carriers should also be sturdy and securely latched to not fall apart in the midst of transporting.
* '''Carrying handle/strap:''' The handle should be securely attached and able to handle your rabbit's weight. Check to see that all hinges are robust. You may wish to invest in a carrier with a strap to help with extra weight if you have multiple rabbits or a large rabbit.
* '''Size:''' Choose a carrier so that your rabbits have enough room to stretch out and sit upright comfortably but <i>not enough room to slide around in the case you brake suddenly.</i> You can fit more than one rabbit in a carrier but make sure that it is comfortably sized for both of them.

<div class="note">
Some carrier types we ''do not generally recommend'' for one reason or the other are the following:
* '''Wire pet carrier:''' While these carriers are chew-proof, rabbits may get their legs stuck in the holes, and the open sides may make them feel unsecure. If you use one of these, cover the bottom with a solid surface like a plastic sheet or a towel, and lightly cover the carrier with a bed sheet while continuing to give sufficient ventilation.
* '''Soft fabric carrier:''' These carriers are easy to store because they fold but are only suitable for extremely short trips. Rabbits can easily chew through the material and escape if they set their mind to it. However, these can be used if you don't want to advertise the fact that you have a pet and hidden as a gym bag. Throw a towel over it, and no one will know what is underneath.<div class="inline-image-block"> {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon lop softcarrier.jpg|caption=A lop rabbit that uses an old chewed-up soft carrier as a hiding house during boarding.}} {{post-image|file=SneakyDragon soft carrier 2022-04.jpeg|caption=A Dutch rabbit that chewed a hole in the side of his soft carrier on the short drive over to boarding.}} </div>
* '''Bubble carrier backpacks:''' These generally have soft sides that rabbits can easily chew through in minutes. The cheaper versions have very poor ventilation with non-breathable fabric - they can easily cause a greenhouse effect and [[heatstroke]] in your rabbit in less than 30 minutes.
* '''Wicker pet basket:''' Similar to the soft fabric carrier, rabbits can easily chew through the side in minutes.
* '''Cardboard carrier:''' Like the most of other unsuitable materials, these can be easily chewed through in minutes. Additionally, you will need to make sure they get adequate ventilation through holes punched in the side. These are also not easy to clean if the rabbit soils the bottom.
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
Some completely unacceptable ways to travel with your bunny are '''free-roaming''' or on a '''halter and leash'''. It is important to secure your rabbit in the case of sudden starts and stops. A halter and leash do not provide enough security in the case of an accident.
</div>

The following are a few more resources about choosing a carrier for your rabbits:
* MediRabbit. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Carrier/Carrier.htm Best type of carrier for rabbit transport]
* Suzanne Trayhan. (2009). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/choosing-a-carrier-for-transport/ Choosing a Carrier for Transport]

== Travel by car ==
A rabbit can travel quite comfortably in a car, but you will need to work a little bit to keep them happy and cool.

<div class="note">Please make sure your rabbit eats a good full meal with pellets and vegetables within a few hours before you head out on your trip in case your rabbit ends up too stressed to eat during and soon afterwards.</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=dgK4tW7_0QE|name=How to Take Your Rabbit on a Car Trip}}
</div>

{{right-image|file=Sneakydragon foster arabella peering carrier.jpg|caption=A rabbit hesitantly peering out of her {{amazon|id=B000A703QE|name=carrier}} during her first time outdoors.}}
There are two things that are good to keep in mind when traveling with your rabbit in the car. One is the rabbit's '''stress level''', and the other is the '''temperature''' inside the car.

The car is an unfamiliar environment for a bunny and is filled with strange noises and weird smells. The rabbit has no idea why all of a sudden they have been taken out of their normal environment and subjected to a moving vehicle.

Give your rabbit a '''cave- and den-like setting''' if possible. Generally pairs of rabbits do very well in the car because they have another bunny to cuddle with and take comfort in. If you have a single rabbit, a familiar stuffed animal may make a good companion during the car ride. Please make sure the rabbit does not try to chew and eat the stuffed animal. Try to drive such that you minimize the jostling of the bunny if you can - no sudden stops, jerky acceleration, or sudden lane changes. Keep the volume on the radio moderate, and the windows mostly closed.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon carrier car 2021-08.jpg|caption=A hard travel carrier with two bonded rabbits, leveled with a blanket underneath and securely buckled in the front seat for car travel.}}
When placing the bunny carrier in the car, make sure that it is '''secure''' and as '''level''' as possible. The floor behind the passenger seat is the best location and also prevents the entire carrier from sliding. If you place the rabbit on the seat, you can place the seat belt through the handle to secure it in place. Pull the seat belt to the end to lock the seat belt length. Most seats are sloped downwards - you may need to put a towel or blanket on the seat to make it level for a carrier.

Be conscious of the '''temperature''' in the car. Rabbits can be sensitive to temperature, so if you are traveling in the summer, keep that A/C on, and in the winter, keep the heat running. It may be a good idea to turn the car on 15 minutes before you head out so it can either heat up or cool down before you bring the rabbits on board if the current temperatures are extreme.

For carriers with a '''slippery''' plastic bottom, place a small rubber mat for grip and overlay with pee pads, towels, shirts, or bedding to soak up any urine during the trip. You can also fill the entire floor with a layer of hay.

Make sure that your rabbit has access to <b>food and water</b> for the duration of the car ride if the trip is over a couple of hours. Cold wet vegetables in the carrier would fulfill this requirement if a bowl will be too messy and your rabbit does not know how to drink from a water bottle. Some owners fit entire litter boxes with hay inside the carrier for convenience. Any bowls or food and water containers should be secured to the sides of the carrier to prevent movement. Check up on your rabbits every time you pull over to make sure they are not overheating and to swap out any towels or pee pads if they have been overly soiled.

If your trip is under 8 hours, we would suggest just driving through without any stops unless you plan on taking a break for over an hour in the middle of the trip. Rabbits will often be under too much stress to try to eat during short 30-minute stops. If your rabbit has not eaten at a stop break for over 8 hours, it is a good idea to assist feed some food after checking they are not [[bloat|bloated]] to make sure they have something in their stomach until you stop overnight. It is also a good idea to have a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] or emergency hospital prepared at your final destination in case of full stasis.

See the resources below for more information on car travel with rabbits.
* Esther van Praag, Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Transport/Car/Car.htm Safe transport by car]
* Wendy Lincoln. [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/Resources/TravelingwithaBunny.aspx Traveling with Bunny]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/road-trip-transporting-rabbits-in-a-car/ Transporting Rabbits in a Car]

=== Experiences ===
Below are links to anecdotes of people who have traveled with rabbits by car.
* Shannon Twohig. (2025). [https://sandiegorabbits.org/blog/moving-from-ca-to-virginia Driving with Bunnies by Car from California to Virginia]
* u/zLightspeed. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/15s8usu/we_recently_moved_house_in_china_1200km_and_had/ Rabbit was driven 1200km (14 hours) in China without stopping by friends.]
* u/Kronh. (2023). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/10zghu9/relocating_bunny_from_spain_to_uk/j85ck1e/ Drove from Nashville to Los Angeles, a 30-hour trip, with 3 rabbits]
* [http://roamingwithrabbits.wordpress.com/ Roaming with Rabbits]
* Elizabeth R. TeSelle. [https://rabbit.org/rabbits-on-the-road/ Rabbits on the Road]
* Jennifer J. (2016). [http://friendsofrabbitsdc.blogspot.com/2016/10/notes-from-first-time-bun-mom-driving.html Notes from a First-Time Bun-Mom: Driving Cross-Country with Rabbits]

== Travel by airplane ==

Although a less common method of travel, rabbits can be transported across the country by air. However, many airlines do not allow rabbits to fly in the cabin and classify them as rodents (incorrectly) or livestock.

=== Airlines that allow rabbits in the cabin ===
Before booking tickets, make sure to call the airline and ask for current information on traveling with a rabbit.
{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel1a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto aboard a United flight in economy plus class as this allows for a bit more leg room. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

<div class="box">
As of June 2025, a few airlines that will allow rabbits in the cabin for <b>domestic US flights</b> are the following:
* [https://www.aveloair.com/help/traveling-with-pets Avelo Airlines]
* [https://www.flyfrontier.com/travel-information/family-pets/ Frontier]
* [https://customersupport.spirit.com/en-us/category/article/KA-01181 Spirit Airlines]
</div>

<div class="box">
As of July 2024, the following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits in the cabin on <b>international flights</b>.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.ita-airways.com/en_us/fly-ita/organize-your-trip/pets.html ITA Airways]
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

Many private charters may allow pets in-cabin if money is no issue.

For more airlines and complete details visit the [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] page.

=== Airlines and emotional support rabbits ===
Some airlines that normally would not allow a rabbit to travel in the cabin or charge a pet fee may make an allowance if the rabbit has documentation as an [[ESA|emotional support animal (ESA)]] and is needed by the passenger. Check directly with the airline for their complete rules before booking tickets.

{{right-image|file=AmarettoWafflesTravel2a.jpg|caption=Waffles & Amaretto in economy class as emotional support rabbits on United Airlines in 2015. Select airlines may allow rabbits as ESAs, but regulations may change at any time. Please check for the latest policies before booking. Images used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=913842327321&set=gm.1677698002502734&type=3 Kelsey L.]}}

Please note that airlines are never required to accept rabbits on their flights, even if the rabbit is documented as an ESA and the airline allows other types of ESA animals such as dogs and cats.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). Service Animals (Including Emotional Support Animals). Retrieved 10 Sep 2020 from https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/aviation-consumer-protection/service-animals-including-emotional-support-animals</ref> Additionally, emotional support animals are an US-centric concept. Flights to and from other countries are not subject to ESA rules that may apply to the airline domestically.

=== General tips ===
It is not recommended to fly a rabbit in the cargo hold if alternatives are available because it is far safer for you to be able to keep an eye on your rabbit than unattended in another part of the plane. However, many rabbits have traveled safely in live cargo, as it is often temperature and pressure-controlled like the cabin. Going through a [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies|professional animal transportation agency]] will also help insure a quality of care as they will have agents to oversee every part of the process. When choosing an airline to use for cargo transport, check their statistics with animal shipping (especially with exotics and zoo animals) and mortality rates - most airlines should have this published.

If you must fly your rabbits as checked baggage during hot weather, arrange the flight so that they will be loaded during the coolest part of the day. Rabbits can easily overheat and suffer from [[heatstroke|heat-stroke]] if left on the tarmac.

Check out [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]] for more information about pet-friendly airlines. See [[Rabbit-Friendly Transportation Agencies]] if you are unable to find an airline that will allow you to transport your rabbit with you.

Traveling by air is stressful for rabbits, and care should be taken to reduce risks. When possible, choose a direct flight which will not only reduce overall travel time but will also reduce pressure changes with layovers. Consider assist feeding some Critical Care and a full meal before the rabbits leave to make sure they are hydrated and have food in the stomach if they end up not eating at all during travel. Do some research about local rabbit-experienced veterinarians at your destination in case of health complications.

[https://www.facebook.com/flywithyourpet Fly with your pet] is a Facebook group that advocates for rabbits to be allowed in the cabin when flying.

The following are some useful general links with more information about air travel.

* Beth Woolbright. (1993). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-12/to-fly-or-not-to-fly.html To Fly Or Not to Fly]
* US Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection and Enforcement, [http://www.dot.gov/airconsumer/air-travel-consumer-reports Air Travel Consumer Report] ''(look through reports for Incidents Involving the Loss, Injury or Death of Animals)''

=== Appropriate airline travel carriers ===

Be sure to check with the airline when booking your flight with your rabbit(s) to figure out what the maximum carrier size is and whether or not you can put multiple rabbits in the same carrier.

==== In the cabin ====

Hard carriers that fit within airline guidelines can be extremely difficult to find these days. If you must use a soft carrier, try to find ones that are more sturdy and made with thicker materials to discourage quick escape. When you travel, bring extra chewing toys, towels, and cardboard sheets to use to block and distract your rabbit if they are set on chewing and digging at their carrier.

<div class="blue">
The following are a few carriers that can be appropriate for cabin travel and placed underneath the seat:
* {{amazon|id=B001CQX3PA|name=Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier}}: hard, 17" X 11.75" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Traveler Underseat Carrier. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Traveler-Underseat-Carrier/21514</ref>
* {{amazon|id=B0002DHZIK|name=Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top}}: hard, 17" X 12" X 8"<ref>Petmate. (n.d.). Petmate Cabin Kennel Solid Top. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from http://www.petmate.com/product/Petmate-Cabin-Kennel-Solid-Top/21050</ref>
* [https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon Away Travel The Pet Carrier]: soft, 18.7" x 10.8" x 10.75"<ref>Away Travel. (n.d.). Away Travel The Pet Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.awaytravel.com/travel-bags/pet-carrier?color=coast_nylon</ref>
* [https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474 Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier]: soft, 20" x 10.8" x 11.5"<ref>Diggs. (n.d.). Diggs Passenger Travel Carrier. Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 from https://www.diggs.pet/products/passenger-travel-carrier/?variantId=40754762252474</ref>
</div>

=== Packing for airplane travel ===
Traveling with a rabbit by air takes some more planning than an ordinary flight. An airline approved carrier should contain the following:

* Towels or puppy pee pads for accidents if the bottom isn't a full litter box setup
* Hay, pellets, and vegetables - '''Note:''' Hay and fresh greens may be prohibited if traveling internationally or to agriculture protected areas such as Hawaiʻi

The following should be packed in either the side pocket of the carrier if it has one or in another carry-on bag:

* Additional food
* Critical care package and feeding syringe
* Extra towels or puppy pee pads

It is also wise to check a bag with additional supplies for when you land. This bag should contain the following:

* Hay, pellets, and other non-perishable food items - '''Note:''' If you travel internationally, hay may be prohibited.
* Water bottle or bowl
* Food bowl
* Litter box and substrates

=== Flying internationally ===
{{Main|[[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]]}}
Flying internationally across countries will need a different approach than a flying domestically in a country. You will need to do research for your destination country to see what sort of paperwork, quarantine, and other import regulations you need to follow to have your rabbit safe with you. Additionally, customs will often not allow you to bring hay and fresh greens on the flight for your rabbit. See the main [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for some detailed country-specific information.

<div class="box">
The following are a few airlines that may allow rabbits <b>in the cabin</b> on international flights.
* [https://www.finnair.com/en/pets-on-finnair-flights Finnair] (only on flights originating in the EU)
* [https://www.ita-airways.com/en_us/fly-ita/organize-your-trip/pets.html ITA Airways]
* [https://www.lacompagnie.com/en/plan/special-services/ La Compagnie] (only "dwarf" rabbits)
</div>

<div class="box">
If you must fly or ship your rabbit <b>through cargo</b>, try to use an airline or transportation agency experienced with exotic or zoo animal shipping. The following are a few recommendations:

* [https://lufthansa-cargo.com/products-live-animals Lufthanasa Cargo]
* [https://www.afklcargo.com/AE/en/common/products_and_solutions/live_animals.jsp AIR FRANCE KLM MARTINAIR Cargo]
</div>

=== Experiences ===
Some experiences of fellow rabbit owners who have transported their pets by air are listed below. See [[International Import Regulations for Pet Rabbits]] for more anecdotes.
* u/Pipiru. (2025). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1lw0264/comment/n2cglrb/ International travel from San Francisco to Amsterdam with ITA Airways in cabin]
* u/liyalilia. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1mjs0w0/i_flew_my_rabbit_in_cargo_18_hours/ International move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar (2 hours) to US (16 hours) with Qatar Airways in cargo]
* u/ffrothicoffi. (2025). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1in4bbo/flew_my_5_yo_bunny_halfway_across_the_world_in/ International move with 5-year-old rabbit from Southeast Asia to Scandinavia with Malaysia Airlines/Qatar Airways in cargo]
* Angela Chou. (2024). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10161423494403809/ International travel from London to Philadelphia with La Compagnie in cabin]
* Spunkie The Bun. (2023). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10161282383403809/ International flight from US to Vietnam with Finnair in cabin and driving in Asia]
* u/flamand_quebec13. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/vnj85b/comment/izg2vqm/ International flight from Halifax to France with Westjet in cabin]
* Lexi Kilmartin. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10160072819428809 International move from Ireland to Canada with Air Canada in cargo]
* Aylín Leiva. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10160273037453809/ International flight from Taiwan to Hungary with JAL in cargo from Taiwan to Helsinki and Finnair in cabin from Helsinki to Hungary]
* Stolen Our Hearts. (2022). [https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/stolen-our-hearts-1984857/episodes/flying-to-hawaii-with-two-bunn-126971651 Flying to Hawaii With Two Bunnies]
* u/BaldwinSmithie. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5vthw/our_experience_flying_with_our_bun/ Domestic flights with Frontier]
* Monica Djatmiko. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138628448809 International move from Belgium to Indonesia with KLM in cargo]
* Kim Berly. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10159138613978809/?comment_id=10159138647673809 International move from US to Germany with Lufthansa in cargo]
* unknown. (2020). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/i0ltah/comment/fzqfgsp/?context=3 International flight from US to Germany for a Flemish Giant in cargo with Lufthansa]
* u/rainyraine. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cq0mlu/comment/ewtbvmg/?context=3 Domestic flights between New Brunswick and Toronto for a pair of bonded rabbits in cargo with Westjet]
* Maerwen. (2019). [[Story: Flying On Alaska|Domestic flight from Los Angeles to Seattle with Alaska]]
* (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/c8dcyo/comment/hi5skz5/ International flights between US and France with United in cabin with a pilot exception]
* u/undercoverraptor389. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/97l5ob/my_experience_flying_with_my_bunny/ Domestic flight from East Coast to Los Angeles with Frontier]
* u/jjjjjrrrrr. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/8ylptu/tips_for_taking_bunnies_on_plane/e2cbscq/ Domestic flight with two bonded rabbits with United]
* Heylee Heylee. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/posts/10156796162908809/ Domestic move with 14-hour flight from East Coast to Hawaii in cargo]
* u/owlpee. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6zgba7/were_flying_out_of_florida_and_taking_our_babies/ Domestic flight for two rabbits with Spirit]
* u/trulooloo. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5bfmpw/ Domestic cross-country flight]
* u/decptacon3. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4spewx/ears_arrived_safe_to_florida_no_plane_troubles/d5ccqqk/ Domestic flight with rabbit as an ESA]
* u/Distortionizm. (2013). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/1jx16h/heres_my_experience_taking_my_best_little_friend/ Domestic cross-country flight with United]
* u/orchardraider. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/118t97/help_flying_from_europe_to_north_america_w_a_bunny/c6kgn24 International move from UK to US using IATA transportation agency with rabbits in cargo]
* Bunspace. (2010). [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=10258 Experiences flying in cargo hold]
* Jennie Langdon. (2003). [http://www.morfz.com/flytips.html International moves from US to Austria and back again with rabbits in the cabin]
* Blanche Bounds. (2002). [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-10/flying.html The Flying Rabbits: Air Cargo Class from Saudi Arabia to Texas]

Here are some vlogs and videos about flying experiences:
* Youtube, jessicayschu
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPzUtVgMsQk Traveling with bunny - My Little Rabbit is eating his veggies on the plane]. (2012).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHEhJrjWNVs Traveling with bunny - The second time my little rabbit flying in the sky]. (2012).

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:OreoFlying3.jpg|center|thumb|x180px|Oreo being a good boy at the gate and on his United flight from Chicago to Colorado (in cabin) with his mom. Foxyy adds "They were great and very curious of Oreo." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/235528636630436/permalink/973031792880113/ Foxyy Smith.]]]
</div>
<div>[[File:Winifred(brown)andherhusbunWilson(black)Roberta.jpg|center|thumb||x180px|Winifred (brown) & [https://www.facebook.com/Wilson-Mortimer-Knowlton-419957321476770/ Wilson] (black) [left] and [https://www.facebook.com/Weekends-With-Bertie-162995770751068/ Roberta] [right] on a Frontier Airlines flight from California to Illinois. The cost was $75 per carrier and they allowed a bonded pair in one. "The bunnies have to fit and be able to comfortably turn around. Roberta is 8.7 pounds and "just fit" in her carrier." Images (c) & used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/tommy.knowlton?fref=ts Tommy] & [https://www.facebook.com/jknowlton82 Jennifer]]]
</div>
<div>{{youtube|id=953&v=sDzzqBGbKIE|caption=Lennon The Bunny gives a cursory overview on travelling with a rabbit.}}
</div>
</div>

== Travel by train ==
{{youtube|id=1RpI6o4bftk|caption=Lilo did great traveling. Here she is on a train in Norway almost home. She traveled from Canada to Norway on 4 flights and a train. Cost: $125USD for United (Calgary-Chicago-Amsterdam) & 40euros ($43USD) for Finnair (Amsterdam-Helsinki-Oslo). Used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bunnymemes/permalink/1161701933957402/ M.Wikdahl]|align=right}}
{{right-image|file=Sumba-_BurnyOnATrainB.jpg|caption=Sumba & Burny on a train. Used with direct permission from [https://www.instagram.com/bekiclaire/ @bekiclaire.]}}
Amtrak in the United States only allows cats and small dogs under their current pet policy on trips less than 7 hours.<ref>Amtrak. (n.d). Pets on Amtrak. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021 from https://www.amtrak.com/pets</ref>

To petition Amtrak to allow rabbits in the United States and Canada, please send the suggestion [https://www.amtrak.com/contact-us/email.html to their support email.]

== Finding a rabbit-friendly hotel ==

In the US, the following hotel chains allow rabbits:

* [https://www.redroof.com/why-red-roof/petsstayfree/pet-policy Red Roof]
* [https://www.motel6.com/en/home/policies/reservation-policies.html#pets Motel 6]
* Select [https://www.ihg.com/destinations/us/en/pet-friendly-hotels IHG Hotels] (Holiday Inn, Kimpton, etc.)

== De-stressing & calming products ==
New research has shown that gabapentin can help with stress relief if given 2 hours beforehand.

* Jessica Cox. (2022). [https://cvmbs.source.colostate.edu/for-rabbits-that-wont-relax-at-the-vet-meds-may-provide-stress-relief/ For rabbits that won’t relax at the vet, meds may provide stress relief]
* Rachel E. Conway et al. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369679983_Behavioral_and_physiologic_effects_of_a_single_dose_of_oral_gabapentin_in_rabbits_Oryctolagus_cuniculus Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]

The following over-the-counter rabbit-safe herbal products may assist in reducing anxiety in your rabbit for travel if fed beforehand:
* Small Pet Select, [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/products/zen-tranquility-herbal-blend Zen Tranquility Herbal Blend]
* The Well Kept Rabbit, [https://www.thewellkeptrabbit.com/products/nervous-system-support-22844 Nervous System Support]

<div class="note">
Some people have reported improvements with [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedies for rabbits such as [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/rabbit-testimonials Pet Remedy] by [http://www.petremedy.co.uk/ Unex Designs Ltd.] and [http://bachflowerpets.com/rescueremedy.html Rescue Remedy Pets] by Bach Flower Remedies Limited, but please note that these homeopathic products have '''no proven efficacy''' and are not intended as a medical treatment. However, these items do not appear to be harmful to give to your rabbit in limited amounts. Please consult your rabbit-savvy veterinarian for a professional opinion on these products.</div>

== Further reading ==
* Bunny Boy Denali. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBoyDenali/posts/pfbid0322xq3oaMyTE7RUKyvnmPjMZNuNG8VgvZoXrA4KZGmFn6trAxpQm5UctxPYSyMYZ5l Travelling with a bunny]
* Rabbit Rescue Inc. [https://rabbitrescue.ca/travelling/ Travelling]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization. [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/travelling Travelling]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/faq-vacations-and-travel/ FAQ: Vacations and Travel]

== See also ==
* [[International import regulations for pet rabbits]]
* [[Rabbit-friendly airlines]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Walking a rabbit

2025-10-31T00:29:33Z

SneakyDragon: /* Can I use pet strollers for my rabbit(s)? */

If you would like to take your rabbit outdoors in an unenclosed rabbit-safe area to explore, it is important to accustom your rabbit to a harness and lead to prevent them running off.

<div class="note">
Be mindful of the usual [[outdoors|outdoor dangers]] including parasites and disease if you choose to take your rabbits outside.

Many rabbits prefer not to leave familiar territory and will be very nervous when taken to new places.
</div>

== What are the dangers of leashing your rabbit? ==

<div class="bad">
Understand that not all rabbits can be easily acclimated to a harness and leash, and for these rabbits, it is best to only let them outside in enclosed areas instead of using a leash and harness. <b>Rabbits can break bones and seriously injure themselves in a panic while leashed.</b>

* SaveABunny. (2015). [https://www.facebook.com/SaveABunny/photos/a.214884358551885.59292.212508385456149/885029194870728/?type=3&theater Tinsel tried to escape her harness in a panic and broke her shoulders.]
* lwayne. (2009). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/106086/Default.aspx Arduina was harnessed and exploring their fenced backyard when she bolted upon hearing a dog barked and fractured her leg above the elbow.]
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=MZHqYd8ddI4|caption=Howcast. (2013). Can I Walk My Rabbit on a Leash?}}
</div>

== How do I choose a harness for my rabbit? ==
<div class="bad"><b>Neck collars should not be used at any time on a rabbit due to their severe danger.</b> Rabbit necks and spines can be easily injured and a rabbit can break their own neck or strangle themselves if a rabbit is startled on a collar and lead. '''Only harnesses should be used with rabbits if you choose to leash your rabbit.'''

{{post-image|file=NoCollar-RRVH1a.jpg|caption="This sweet little bunny was brought into us yesterday as a stray after being found on Balista Street in Riverton. He had a collar stuck around his teeth and jaw and required sedation for removal and treatment. He has recovered well and we are now trying to locate his owner. - Pictures and text used with direct permission from [https://www.facebook.com/rivertonrossmoynevet/posts/1839806396290548 Riverton Rossmoyne Veterinary Hospital]<p>February 17, 2017: [https://www.facebook.com/rivertonrossmoynevet/posts/1849428845328303 Update.]</p><p>February 24, 2017: [https://www.facebook.com/rivertonrossmoynevet/posts/1852601345011053 Final update,] after 4 weeks of treatment Buttons is doing great and was adopted by a vet nurses, Stacey and her family at RRBH.</p>}}
</div>

There are several types of '''harnesses''' available for purchase that a rabbit can use. Rabbit agility sites provide helpful resources for recommendations.

Regardless of the type chosen, harnesses should be properly fitted and snug on a rabbit when used. The harness should only allow one or two human fingers in between the rabbit's collar or waist. If it is too tight, the rabbit will be uncomfortable and may become stressed.<ref name="rjuk">Rabbit Jumping UK. (2012). Harnesses. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://web.archive.org/web/20121230015008/http://www.rjuk.moonfruit.com/harnesses/4548178681</ref> If it is too loose, the rabbit may be able to chew or slip out of the harness. Do remember that a rabbit has a lot of fur, so although it may look tight on the rabbit, it is mostly fluff.

<div class="note">
No matter how cute a harness is, '''if it does not fit the rabbit, it is not safe to use.''' Do not leave rabbits unattended with a harness and lead on. '''Safety first.''' See Riverton Rossmoyne Veterinary Hospital's story of [https://www.facebook.com/rivertonrossmoynevet/posts/1839806396290548 a stray rabbit found with a collar stuck around his teeth and jaw] [http://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/File:NoCollar-RRVH5.jpg (additional graphic before and after image series)].
</div>

=== H-harness ===
H-harnesses are the most popular type of harness for rabbits. These can easily be obtained at a pet store in the kitten, cat, or dog sections.

{{gallery-image|file=H-harness.jpg|caption=An H-harness that can be used for rabbits.}}

Some examples on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B003V4ARKU|name=Rogz Catz Alley Small 3/8-Inch Cat Reflective Lead and Adjustable Harness Combination}}
* {{amazon|id=B0042AMKX4|name=Lupine 1/2" Black H-Style Pet Harness}}

An H-harness looks like a sideways H when laid out on a table. There should be two buckles -- one around the neck and one around the waist. These can easily be adjusted to properly fit a rabbit.

Some H-harnesses, especially cat ones, may also come with a chest strap. It is recommended to cut the chest strap off because it rarely fits well on a rabbit. Additionally, the chest strap may restrict a rabbit's movement when stretching to hop. Some have found that a belly strap on the harness makes it easier for the rabbit to escape out of the harness and puts the neck strap within reach of the rabbit to chew on.<ref name="iowa">iowahopping. (n.d.). The H-style Harness. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://sites.google.com/site/iowahopping/getting-started-hopping-1</ref>

Connect the lead to the waist loop, not the neck loop. This harness style is safe because each section is separately adjusted, and a rabbit will have pressure distributed across the belly in the case of pulling instead of the neck like a collar.

=== Vest or coat harness ===
These types of harness are usually specially targeted for small animals like rabbits and ferrets. This harness will have a ring at the top to clip a lead on.

{{gallery-image|file=Vest-harness.jpg|caption=A vest harness for rabbits.}}

Some examples on Amazon:
* {{amazon|id=B002GC6KOK|name=Peter's Rabbit Walking Jacket, Blue}}
* {{amazon|id=B000HG733Y|name=Ware Nylon Walk-N-Vest Small Pet Harness and Leash, Large}}
* {{amazon|id=B001BYJ38Y|name=Trixie Soft Harness With Lead To Fit : Rabbits}}
* {{amazon|id=B0002ASBSQ|name=Super Pet Ferret Comfort Harness and Stretchy Leash}}
* {{amazon|id=B001D71EP4|name=Marshall Pet Products Rabbit Walking Jacket}}

Most vest and or coat type harnesses close with velcro fasteners at the neck and the waist. Two layers of velcro is best. '''Keep the velcro clean''' for maximum security. Some are made with buttons or snaps. Check buttons often, and remember how a button can pop off a shirt. If snaps become loose, discard this type of harness.<ref name="ra">Rabbit Agility. (2006). About Harnesses. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://sites.google.com/site/iowahopping/getting-started-hopping-1</ref>

=== Shoulder harness ===
Shoulder harnesses are popular in the rabbit agility community. However, these will not be found in the regular pet store and must be custom ordered. One strap of the shoulder harness goes around the chest, and another goes around the belly.

{{gallery-image|file=Shoulder-harness.jpg|caption=A shoulder harness for rabbits.}}

The thought behind this model is to put the pressure of a rabbit's weight across the shoulder instead of the throat. Because of the minimal strangling sensation of the shoulder harness compared to the H-harness, rabbits that pull will tend to like a shoulder harness better.<ref name="se-model">Rabb-it. (n.d.). Choosing the right type of harness. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://www.rabb-it.se/eng/choosing-model.html</ref>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=wUb6eaJWT40|caption=Rabbitdotse. (2011). How to put the shoulder harness on [Source: rabb-it.se]}}
</div>

<div class="bad">

=== What harnesses are completely unsafe for rabbits? ===
There are options out there that are not safe for most rabbits to use listed below.

==== Figure 8 harness ====
A figure 8 harness is shaped as it is named and made out of one piece of fabric. The 8 makes openings with one fitting over a rabbit's head and one over the rabbit's waist. It has a single buckle that buckles over the back of a rabbit. Because it is made out of one piece, if a rabbit panics and gets the harness caught on something, the harness can easily tighten like a noose.

==== Rope Harness ====
Rope harnesses are a figure 8 harness with a lead made in one piece. The design adjusts and buckles over the back of the rabbit. While this is one of the lighter harnesses that can be fitted for a rabbit, the inherent danger with a panicking rabbit as stated with the figure 8 harness makes it not an optimal option. Additionally, the thinner a harness is, the more it can hurt a rabbit if pulled at.<ref name="rjuk"/>
</div>

== How can I teach my rabbit to accept a harness? ==
Most rabbits will need to be trained to accept a harness if necessary. <b>However, please consider whether or not harness-training your rabbit is overall beneficial to their well-being if they are showing stubborn refusal and dislike to the notion.</b>

The following are some resources on how to train a rabbit to accept a harness:
* About-pet-rabbits.com, [http://www.about-pet-rabbits.com/training.html Tips on training your rabbit, from first steps to complex stunts.] ''(search for Leash Training)''
* Raising House Rabbits, [http://www3.telus.net/raisinghouserabbits/trust.htm#harness Training Your Rabbit > Chapter 4: Harness Training]
* Rabbit Agility, [http://rabbitagility.com/?id=58 Training Articles] ''(search for Leash Training)''

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=L82pMzDDqUk|caption=Birdchick. (2012). Bunny Leash Training}}
</div>

See [[Training a rabbit]] for more tips on how to train a rabbit.

== Can I use pet strollers for my rabbit(s)? ==
An enclosed pet stroller may be an option to taking a rabbit away from home, especially for travel if you have many large rabbits that may be difficult to carry by hand.

{{note|Note that taking your rabbit outside on trips is mostly for the benefit of the owner rather than the rabbit. Most rabbits will be most comfortable at home on familiar turf. Rabbit eyes do not see well like cats or dogs.}}

<div class="bad">
With a soft stroller, be mindful that your rabbit does not quickly chew their way out and escape. Additionally, be wary about uncontrolled dogs in public areas that may be extremely interested in your rabbit and will not be significantly hampered by a soft cloth material.
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Stroller1.jpg|caption=Daisy in her stroller.}}
{{gallery-image|file=KeithsBunnyInAStroller1a.jpg|caption=KeithB. out and about with Nelson.}}
{{gallery-image|file=KeithsBunnyInAStroller2a.jpg|caption=KeithB., Blueberry, Buster, and Benji waiting for a train, on their way to Bunfest 2015.}}
</div>

== Further reading ==
* Cheryl Lock. (2017). [https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/training/can-you-leash-train-rabbit Can You Leash Train a Rabbit?]
* Bunniez. (2013). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/How-To-Train-Your-Bunny-To-Walk-On-A-Leash How To Train Your Bunny To Walk On A Leash]
* bunnyhugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/rabbit-harnesses.html Exercise harnesses for rabbits]

== See also ==
* [[Agility with rabbits]]
* [[Rabbits outdoors]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Rabbit insurance and veterinary discount plans

2025-10-28T00:37:17Z

SneakyDragon: /* United Kingdom */ update and clean up links

Financial planning for veterinary bills is a part of responsible pet ownership.

== Should I get veterinary insurance for my rabbits? ==
In general, if you are unable to float huge emergency bills for your pet rabbits, it is a good idea to invest in rabbit insurance. Depending on coverage, pet insurance can help you cover most of the costs of accidents, injuries, illnesses, and hospitalization - many of which can easily add up to over US$1000 at a time if your rabbit is very sick. Please note that veterinary insurance works differently than most human insurance - <b>you will need to pay the bill in full to your veterinarian</b>, then submit a claim to the insurance company for reimbursement after the charges are approved.

For a rabbit, the most common reasons to see a veterinarian are for [[stasis]] and [[teeth|dental issues]]. After a deductible (a set amount you need to pay before insurance kicks in) and a co-pay (a percentage of costs you still need to cover after you cover your annual deductible), insurance will cover the rest of the bills. For a typical emergency visit, this can be hundreds of dollars. For rabbits with severe dental disease, this could be hundreds of dollars multiple times a month for each trim and radiograph.
{{right-image|file=KohlesDVM-Insurance-Rabbit-Ileus.png|caption=An example incident of rabbit ileus with the resulting bill.}}

Owners should also enroll in pet insurance <u>prior to having an actual emergency and issues diagnosed.</u> Insurance plans typically have at least a month-long period before it will kick in to cover any bills. Additionally, most pre-existing conditions will not be covered by a new insurance plan - if your rabbit has already been diagnosed with dental issues, your new insurance plan may not cover any future work.

However, please do remember that these pet insurance businesses are in the business to make profit. While most rabbit owners will likely make back their money over the long term, you may end up paying more for pet insurance sometimes. Owners that have a large savings buffer may be better off self-insuring, but the average pet owner will probably benefit from investing in pet insurance while their rabbits are young and without pre-existing conditions.

== What companies provide pet insurance for rabbits? ==
These listings are only provided as a resource and are not an endorsement or referral of any kind. Please do your own research to decide which program is best for you.

=== North America ===
==== United States ====
'''Insurance'''

<div class="box">
<b>[http://www.petinsurance.com/birds Nationwide/VPI]</b>

Since Oct 2023, Nationwide has offered a Modular policy with a $100 deductible and 90% payout for rabbits.<ref name="trh-insurance">The Rabbit Haven. (2024). Should you get Pet Insurance for your Rabbit in the United States?. Retrieved 15 Feb 2024 from https://therabbithaven.org/should-you-get-pet-insurance-for-your-rabbit-in-the-united-states</ref> Prices range from $20 to $31/month, depending on state.

Since Oct 2021, Nationwide has offered the following:<ref name="trh-insurance"/>
* $250 annual deductible for all plans
* $10,000 annual limit for all plans
* Either 70% or 50% reimbursement plan - you can switch annually.
* Prices vary substantially between states.
* You may save $24 annually by paying a full year in advance. The remaining balance is returned if the plan is cancelled early.

Veterinary Pet Insurance (VPI) was founded in 1980. In 2009 Nationwide Investment Services Corporation acquired VPI. In 2015 the VPI brand was folded into the Nationwide brand.

<b>Nationwide does not cover any pre-existing conditions.</b> If a rabbit has gone to a vet previously for conditions diagnosed as [[Gastrointestinal stasis|GI stasis]], [[head tilt]], eye issues, [[teeth|teeth issues]], or [[seizures]], the contract will be written up to exclude these conditions from plan coverage. However, if your rabbit has not displayed some of the more transient conditions such as GI stasis in over 6-12 months, you can submit a petition/review to have the condition removed as pre-existing.

Other services that may not be included under insurance depending on the plan include [[spay|spays and neuters]], [[vaccinations]], routine checkups, hereditary conditions (e.g. [[heart|congenital heart disease]]), and [[grooming]].

You can find sample policies by state on their website [https://www.petinsurance.com/forms/ here] (see "Avian and Exotic Plan Benefit Schedule").
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>[https://www.metlifepetinsurance.com/ MetLife Pet Insurance]</b>

MetLife may cover exotic animals in the states of Alabama (AL), California (CA), Connecticut (CT), Georgia (GA), Iowa (IA), Indiana (IN), Louisiana (LA), Michigan (MI), Missouri (MO), North Carolina (NC), Nebraska (NE), Ohio (OH), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Tennessee (TN), Texas (TX), Utah (UT), Virginia (VA), Wisconsin (WI), Wyoming (WY).<ref>MetLife. (2024). Quote Funnel. Retrieved 15 Feb 2024 from https://quote.metlifepetinsurance.com/pet?partnerId=999999</ref> Call to inquire. MetLife began offering exotic insurance in the middle of 2023.
</div>

'''Veterinary Discount Plan'''

Veterinary discount plans are different than a standard pet insurance plan. Instead of reimbursing you for select amounts per pet, you are signing up for a membership to get discounted medical procedures for any pet from participating clinics. There are no exclusions based on age or pre-existing conditions.

<div class="box">
<b>[https://www.petassure.com/ Pet Assure]</b> is currently the only company that offers a veterinary discount plan that covers exotics in the United States.
</div>

=== Europe ===
==== United Kingdom ====
'''Insurance'''
* [https://4paws.co.uk/pet-information/rabbits/ 4Paws Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.agriapet.co.uk/pet-owners/products/for-rabbits/ Agria Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.argospetinsurance.co.uk/rabbit-insurance/ Argos Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.everypaw.com/rabbit-insurance Everypaw Insurance]
* [https://www.exoticdirect.co.uk/ ExoticDirect]
* [https://www.petplan.co.uk/rabbit-insurance.html Petplan Home]
* [https://www.sainsburysbank.co.uk/pet-insurance/rabbit-insurance Sainsbury's Bank]

'''Health Care Plan'''
* [https://www.thepethealthclub.co.uk/ Pet Health Club]

'''Further reading'''
* Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/insurance-and-care-plans-for-rabbits/ Insurance and Care Plans for Rabbits]
* Sam Gilbert. (2018). [https://boughtbymany.com/news/article/rabbit-insurance-comparison/ Rabbit insurance comparison]

=== Australia ===
'''Insurance'''
* [https://www.petcover.com.au/policies/exotics-insurance Petcover]

== Further reading ==
* Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA. (2021). [http://therabbithaven.org/sites/default/files/docs/Exotic_Pet_Insurance_AEMV_2021.pdf Exotic Pet Health Insurance: A good option to consider] {{PDF}}
* Guin Boostrom. (2011). [http://www.rabbitadvocates.org/newsletters/Fall_11.pdf The Rabbit Advocate, Fall 2011], ''Anticipate bunny medical emergencies: Pet insurance and other options for funding rabbit health care'' {{pdf}}
* Shannon Cail. (2018). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/is-your-bunny-insured/ Is Your Bunny Insured?]
* [https://www.pet-insurance-university.com/ Pet Insurance University]

The following are some experiences with signing up for pet insurance.

* u/speakstruth. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4ku5pz/question_insurance_for_the_buns/d3hui4n/ Insurance for the buns?]
* u/Janeys. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5cfv7t/just_wanted_to_share_how_much_money_insurance_has/ Just wanted to share how much money insurance has saved me!]

== See also ==
* [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]

Rabbit insurance and veterinary discount plans

2025-10-28T00:25:04Z

SneakyDragon: /* United States */

Financial planning for veterinary bills is a part of responsible pet ownership.

== Should I get veterinary insurance for my rabbits? ==
In general, if you are unable to float huge emergency bills for your pet rabbits, it is a good idea to invest in rabbit insurance. Depending on coverage, pet insurance can help you cover most of the costs of accidents, injuries, illnesses, and hospitalization - many of which can easily add up to over US$1000 at a time if your rabbit is very sick. Please note that veterinary insurance works differently than most human insurance - <b>you will need to pay the bill in full to your veterinarian</b>, then submit a claim to the insurance company for reimbursement after the charges are approved.

For a rabbit, the most common reasons to see a veterinarian are for [[stasis]] and [[teeth|dental issues]]. After a deductible (a set amount you need to pay before insurance kicks in) and a co-pay (a percentage of costs you still need to cover after you cover your annual deductible), insurance will cover the rest of the bills. For a typical emergency visit, this can be hundreds of dollars. For rabbits with severe dental disease, this could be hundreds of dollars multiple times a month for each trim and radiograph.
{{right-image|file=KohlesDVM-Insurance-Rabbit-Ileus.png|caption=An example incident of rabbit ileus with the resulting bill.}}

Owners should also enroll in pet insurance <u>prior to having an actual emergency and issues diagnosed.</u> Insurance plans typically have at least a month-long period before it will kick in to cover any bills. Additionally, most pre-existing conditions will not be covered by a new insurance plan - if your rabbit has already been diagnosed with dental issues, your new insurance plan may not cover any future work.

However, please do remember that these pet insurance businesses are in the business to make profit. While most rabbit owners will likely make back their money over the long term, you may end up paying more for pet insurance sometimes. Owners that have a large savings buffer may be better off self-insuring, but the average pet owner will probably benefit from investing in pet insurance while their rabbits are young and without pre-existing conditions.

== What companies provide pet insurance for rabbits? ==
These listings are only provided as a resource and are not an endorsement or referral of any kind. Please do your own research to decide which program is best for you.

=== North America ===
==== United States ====
'''Insurance'''

<div class="box">
<b>[http://www.petinsurance.com/birds Nationwide/VPI]</b>

Since Oct 2023, Nationwide has offered a Modular policy with a $100 deductible and 90% payout for rabbits.<ref name="trh-insurance">The Rabbit Haven. (2024). Should you get Pet Insurance for your Rabbit in the United States?. Retrieved 15 Feb 2024 from https://therabbithaven.org/should-you-get-pet-insurance-for-your-rabbit-in-the-united-states</ref> Prices range from $20 to $31/month, depending on state.

Since Oct 2021, Nationwide has offered the following:<ref name="trh-insurance"/>
* $250 annual deductible for all plans
* $10,000 annual limit for all plans
* Either 70% or 50% reimbursement plan - you can switch annually.
* Prices vary substantially between states.
* You may save $24 annually by paying a full year in advance. The remaining balance is returned if the plan is cancelled early.

Veterinary Pet Insurance (VPI) was founded in 1980. In 2009 Nationwide Investment Services Corporation acquired VPI. In 2015 the VPI brand was folded into the Nationwide brand.

<b>Nationwide does not cover any pre-existing conditions.</b> If a rabbit has gone to a vet previously for conditions diagnosed as [[Gastrointestinal stasis|GI stasis]], [[head tilt]], eye issues, [[teeth|teeth issues]], or [[seizures]], the contract will be written up to exclude these conditions from plan coverage. However, if your rabbit has not displayed some of the more transient conditions such as GI stasis in over 6-12 months, you can submit a petition/review to have the condition removed as pre-existing.

Other services that may not be included under insurance depending on the plan include [[spay|spays and neuters]], [[vaccinations]], routine checkups, hereditary conditions (e.g. [[heart|congenital heart disease]]), and [[grooming]].

You can find sample policies by state on their website [https://www.petinsurance.com/forms/ here] (see "Avian and Exotic Plan Benefit Schedule").
</div>

<div class="box">
<b>[https://www.metlifepetinsurance.com/ MetLife Pet Insurance]</b>

MetLife may cover exotic animals in the states of Alabama (AL), California (CA), Connecticut (CT), Georgia (GA), Iowa (IA), Indiana (IN), Louisiana (LA), Michigan (MI), Missouri (MO), North Carolina (NC), Nebraska (NE), Ohio (OH), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Tennessee (TN), Texas (TX), Utah (UT), Virginia (VA), Wisconsin (WI), Wyoming (WY).<ref>MetLife. (2024). Quote Funnel. Retrieved 15 Feb 2024 from https://quote.metlifepetinsurance.com/pet?partnerId=999999</ref> Call to inquire. MetLife began offering exotic insurance in the middle of 2023.
</div>

'''Veterinary Discount Plan'''

Veterinary discount plans are different than a standard pet insurance plan. Instead of reimbursing you for select amounts per pet, you are signing up for a membership to get discounted medical procedures for any pet from participating clinics. There are no exclusions based on age or pre-existing conditions.

<div class="box">
<b>[https://www.petassure.com/ Pet Assure]</b> is currently the only company that offers a veterinary discount plan that covers exotics in the United States.
</div>

=== Europe ===
==== United Kingdom ====
'''Insurance'''
* [https://www.ncionline.co.uk/pet-insurance/ 4Paws Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.agriapet.co.uk/pet-owners/products/for-rabbits/ Agria Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.argospetinsurance.co.uk/rabbit-insurance/ Argos Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.everypaw.com/rabbit-insurance Everypaw Insurance]
* [https://www.exoticdirect.co.uk/ ExoticDirect]
* [http://www.helpucover.co.uk/product/pets/page/protecting-your-pet/ Helpucover.co.uk]
* [http://www.petplan.co.uk/ Petplan Home]
* [http://www.petsathome.com/petinsurance Pets at Home Pet Insurance]
* [https://www.sainsburysbank.co.uk/pet-insurance/rabbit-insurance Sainsbury's Bank]

'''Health Care Plan'''
* [https://www.thepethealthclub.co.uk/ Pet Health Club]

'''Further reading'''
* Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/insurance-care-plans-rabbits/ Insurance and Care Plans for Rabbits]
* Sam Gilbert. (2018). [https://boughtbymany.com/news/article/rabbit-insurance-comparison/ Rabbit insurance comparison]

=== Australia ===
'''Insurance'''
* [https://www.petcover.com.au/policies/exotics-insurance Petcover]

== Further reading ==
* Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA. (2021). [http://therabbithaven.org/sites/default/files/docs/Exotic_Pet_Insurance_AEMV_2021.pdf Exotic Pet Health Insurance: A good option to consider] {{PDF}}
* Guin Boostrom. (2011). [http://www.rabbitadvocates.org/newsletters/Fall_11.pdf The Rabbit Advocate, Fall 2011], ''Anticipate bunny medical emergencies: Pet insurance and other options for funding rabbit health care'' {{pdf}}
* Shannon Cail. (2018). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/is-your-bunny-insured/ Is Your Bunny Insured?]
* [https://www.pet-insurance-university.com/ Pet Insurance University]

The following are some experiences with signing up for pet insurance.

* u/speakstruth. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4ku5pz/question_insurance_for_the_buns/d3hui4n/ Insurance for the buns?]
* u/Janeys. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5cfv7t/just_wanted_to_share_how_much_money_insurance_has/ Just wanted to share how much money insurance has saved me!]

== See also ==
* [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]