WabbitWiki - User contributions [en]

Spaying and neutering rabbits

2023-11-04T21:26:50Z

Wick and Fable: /* Reasons to spay and neuter */ - removed video w/ misinformation

A '''spay''' or '''ovariohysterectomy''' is the removal of the uterus and ovaries from a female rabbit. A '''neuter''', '''castration''', or '''orchidectomy''' is the removal of the testes from the scrotal sacs in a male rabbit. Although usually reserved in reference to males, '''neutering''' can also refer to a spay as the term technically refers to the removal of reproductive organs, regardless of sex.<ref>Merriam-Webster, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neutering neuter]</ref> Colloquially, the terms '''altering''' or '''fixing''' is used to refer to the gender-neutral procedure.

__TOC__
== Reasons to spay and neuter ==
Surgery for spaying and neutering can be as safe on rabbits as any animal, given that you find an experienced [[veterinarian]] to perform the procedure. Mortality rates for a skilled veterinarian should be no more than 1%, and most of the danger is from the anesthesia. The House Rabbit Society has had over 1000 rabbits spayed or neutered with approximately 0.1% mortality due to anesthesia.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>

Do not allow any vets that are not experienced with safe rabbit surgery techniques to work on your rabbit. Make sure that they use a rabbit-safe anesthetic such as isofluorene.

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=c2B0I57E0NQ|caption=Should You Spay / Neuter Your Rabbit?}}
{{youtube|id=wLCZXYGB6Jo|caption=Ask A Vet: Why should I have my rabbit spayed or neutered?}}
</div>

=== Overall benefits ===
{{right-image|file=WhyNeuter1.jpg|caption=Why Neuter [https://www.facebook.com/drsuerabbitvet/posts/pfbid0KpLt1k2zxge524WtUSjAv9gbgTtohWE4dsxuMP4NcvNutTLscL3riqVZBuxe7zKSl posted by] Dr. Sue Rabbit Vet}}

* '''Healthier''' and '''live longer''' than unaltered rabbits.<ref name="hrssnfaq">House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-spaying-and-neutering/ FAQ: Spaying and Neutering]</ref>
* '''Calmer''', more '''loving''', and '''dependable''' once urge to mate is removed.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Less prone to '''destructiveness''' (chewing, digging) and [[aggressive rabbits|aggressiveness]] (biting, lunging, circling, growling) behavior after surgery.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Easier and more reliable to '''[[litter train]]'''.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Will not contribute to the [[Breeding|'''overpopulation''']] of pet rabbits.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> Having a spayed or neutered rabbit in the case that [[rehoming]] is necessary will make the pet easier to adopt out and give reassurance that the rabbit will not go on to make any unwanted babies.
* Can safely have a friend to [[Bonding|'''bond''']] with.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> Hormones will encourage sexual and aggressive behaviors toward other rabbits.

==== The RWAF ====
The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitRWAF/posts/pfbid0so3wnepnBttU2U1arsHseSDBxkCjJ7gDZnhuLfssxUVdmExurNWj4PepSYgeJnGTl posted on their FB page:]
<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:RWAF-SPAY1.jpg|border|x275px]]</div>
<div>[[File:RWAF-SPAY2.jpg|border|x275px]]</div>
</div>

Pet owners usually get their cats and dogs neutered (spayed or castrated), but don’t always think twice about getting their rabbits fixed – until an unexpected litter arrives 👀 Rabbits can have kits from as young as 4-6 months old! So if you don’t want an accidental litter please make sure to get your rabbits neutered!

Rescue centres already have extensive waiting lists and simply cannot cope with more unwanted rabbit litters, so it’s up to you to ‘fix’ this problem and take responsibility by neutering your rabbits. As well as preventing unwanted litters, neutering your rabbits can help with training, bonding, reducing aggression, and preventing several forms of cancer. For more information, please visit our website: https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-health/medical/neutering/

=== Female spaying ===
* Eliminates all or reduces risk of developing fatal '''reproductive cancers''' (ovarian, [[Uterine Cancer|uterine]], mammarian) and diseases (e.g. [[pyometra]]).<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> There is a high 50%-80% incidence rate of uterine cancer in intact does over the age of 4 years based on certain research studies. See [[Uterine Cancer]] for more information.

{{right-image|file=HighcroftVetGroupTumours1.jpg|caption="Is Your Rabbit Spayed? Did you know that up to 80% of un-neutered female rabbits can develop cancer of the uterus by the age of 5?" {{blur}} Images & text posted by [https://www.facebook.com/1509586376002016/photos/pcb.1751151448512173/1751151398512178/?type=3&theater Highcroft Exotic Vets]|class=blur}}
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=OvarianTumor2.jpg|caption=An unspayed female rabbit having a very large ovarian tumor removed. {{blur}} Image (c) & posted by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=716190038542382&set=pcb.716191101875609&type=3&theater Dr. Maripi Lanzarot Freudenthal.]|class=blur}}
</div>

* Prevents '''[[pseudopregnancy]]'''. It is stressful for rabbits to go through nest building, milk production and aggressive protection of territory. This can make the pet very difficult to handle during this period and can progress to decreased appetite and gastrointestinal problems.<ref name="bsava"/>

=== Male neutering ===
{{right-image|file=AEAC 16yo Thumper testicular.jpg|caption=16-year-old Thumper had a testicular tumor removed by [https://www.facebook.com/thevetsforunusualpets/posts/5298046946926536 Avian and Exotic Animal Care].}}

* Reduces '''sexual aggression'''.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Stops '''spraying''' behavior.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>
* Reduces and eliminates risks of '''testicular and prostate cancers''' (although risks are not conclusively proven through research).<ref>kanin.org. (2008). Why you should spay/neuter your rabbit. Retrieved 31 March 2016 from http://kanin.org/node/182</ref>

{{right-image|file=HHAS-Luke1.jpg|caption=Luke was rescued by Harvest Home Animal Sanctuary after the owner was going to inhumanely put him down because of a tumor growth on one of his testicles. [http://harvesthomesanctuary.org/ HHAS] - [https://www.facebook.com/harvesthome/videos/10154848025388564/ Luke update video (FB).] Picture used with direct permission, [https://www.facebook.com/harvesthome/photos/a.426287918563.203971.56226218563/10154846336078564/?type=3&theater source.]|class=blur}}

Dr. Nic (the Animal Doctor) @ at OSU Veterinary Medical Hospital [https://www.facebook.com/nictheanimaldoctor/posts/910509279589193 posts] on why he recommends neutering male rabbits.

* Prevent <b>inguino-scrotal hernia</b>, a not uncommon condition in the elder rabbit, which can be difficult to treat.
* Prevent <b>testicular disorders</b>, especially neoplasia.
* Reduces the chance that a male rabbits is <b>overly aggressive</b> or <b>sprays</b> in the house.

=== Myths ===
Several myths have been perpetuated about spaying and neutering pets.

* '''Your pet will not become "fat and lazy" after being altered'''. A lack of [[exercise]], too much food, and boredom will cause an animal to be so, regardless of neutering.<ref name="danaspay"/>
* '''Your pet will still be bonded with you after its surgery.''' While your rabbit may be calmer due to lack of hormonal frustrations, the underlying personality will not be changed, especially if altered at a young age. However, if you are basing your rabbit's personality on hormone-driven behaviors such as circling, humping, and biting, then such behaviors will be eliminated or reduced after altering.

== Age to spay and neuter==
Depending on its genetic makeup, a rabbit will reach sexual maturity somewhere between the age of '''3 to 8 months'''.<ref name="danaspay">Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/spay.html Spay or Neuter my Rabbit?]</ref> See the Health FAQ question [[Health FAQ#When do rabbits mature?|"When do rabbits mature?"]] for more details.

Although not all rabbits will show '''undesirable habits''' upon reaching sexual maturity, most rabbits do. Behaviors include the following:<ref name="danaspay"/>
* loss of previously good '''litterbox habits'''
* '''spraying''' urine
* '''mounting''' and '''humping''' of objects such as toys or your body
* '''growling''' and '''boxing'''
* '''territorial''' biting and nipping
* '''aggressive''' and '''possessive''' lunging and biting
* '''circling''' and '''honking'''
* excessively '''destructive''' chewing and digging (especially in females)

As Dana Krempels writes,<ref name="danaspay"/>

<blockquote><p>When intact, both male and female rabbits usually mount one another endlessly out of sex drive and/or to establish social dominance. Same-sex pairs who tolerated each other as babies will often begin ferocious fighting upon reaching sexual maturity. This can result in permanent "unbonding," not to mention serious physical injury.</p>
<p>Opposite sex pairs will begin reproducing as soon as they mature. Left unchecked, an unspayed rabbit and her intact female descendants can produce more than 1300 offspring in a year. Over the course of five years this number balloons exponentially to more than 94 million!</p></blockquote>

'''Females''' can usually be spayed as soon as they become sexually mature, around 5 months old.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). {{amazon|id=0702049794|name=''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).}}</ref><sup>:87</sup> It is advisable to spay females after puberty but before maturity when large amounts of abdominal fat can complicate the surgery.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> An immature rabbit will have structures that are not well developed, making the surgery more difficult.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some veterinarians may want to wait until the rabbit is older at ~6 months.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>

'''Males''' can be neutered as soon as their testicles descend, usually around 4 months of age.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some rabbits may have testicles descend at around 10-12 weeks.<ref name="torm">Frances Harcourt-Brown, {{amazon|id=0750640022|name=''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''}}, 2002.</ref> Motile spermatozoa appear in the ejaculate from about 4 months of age.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup> Some veterinarians may want to wait until the rabbit is older at ~5 months.<ref name="hrssnfaq"/><ref>Give Us a Home, [http://www.giveusahome.co.uk/small/FAQ/faq.htm Rabbits]</ref> If they are too young, the neutering may require abdominal surgery which makes the process more complicated.<ref name="bsava"> British Small Animal Veterinary Association, [http://www.bsava.com/Advice/PolicyStatements/NeuteringofRabbits/tabid/162/Default.aspx Policy Statement on the Neutering of Rabbits]</ref> Males can be considered sterile 5-6 weeks after the operation.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:87</sup>

'''Older rabbits''' (6+ yrs) may need to have blood work done beforehand to make sure they do not react negatively to anesthesia. '''Small rabbits''' may need to grow bigger before they may be dosed with an anesthetic for surgery. '''Giant breeds''' of rabbits may reach maturity a couple of months later so the surgery might be done a little later in these breeds if necessary.<ref name="aboutlianne">McLeod, L. (2014). At What Age Can I Have My Rabbit Spayed or Neutered? Retrieved 14 March 2016 from http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/rabbits/f/rabbitsnage.htm</ref>

== Choosing a clinic ==
To choose a veterinarian for the procedure, some good questions to ask are the following:<ref name="hrssnfaq"/>

* '''About how many rabbit clients does the veterinarian see in a year?'''
* '''How many spays and neuters <span style="color:red">of rabbits</span> has the veterinarian has done in the past year?'''
* '''What is your success rate? If any were lost, what was the cause?''' ''According to the House Rabbit Society,''<ref name="hrssnfaq"/> <blockquote>90% success is way too low. Every doctor, whether for animals or humans will occasionally lose a patient; usually because of an undiagnosed problem. Veterinarians across the country who spay and neuter rabbits for the House Rabbit Society have lost on average less than 1/2 of 1%.</blockquote>
* '''Does the veterinarian remove both uterus and ovaries?''' ''They should be. [[Uterine cancer]] prevention requires the entire removal of the organ, and without the removal of the ovaries, the rabbit will still be hormonal and problematic behaviors will not cease after the operation.''
* '''Is entry to the testicles made through the scrotum or the abdomen?''' ''Entry via the abdomen unnecessarily increases the trauma for male rabbits.''
* '''Does the veterinarian require withholding of food and water prior to surgery in rabbits?''' ''Rabbits should <span style="color:red">never be fasted</span> before surgery. Rabbits cannot [[vomit]], so there is no risk of that during surgery, and rabbits should never be allowed to get empty digestive tracts.''
* '''What anesthetics are used?''' ''Make sure it's rabbit-safe. Some common anesthetics used include isoflurane and sevoflurane. See [[Drugs]] for more resources.''
* Review the procedure (op and immediate post-op) with your vet. See the [[#Costs|Costs]] section below for more procedure-related questions.

Check out [[Low Cost Spay/Neuter Clinics]] for some low-cost options to spay and neuter your rabbit.

The links below are some more resources when choosing a veterinarian for surgical procedures.
* Jan Langer. (2003). [http://rabbitresource.org/surgery-considerations/ Surgery Considerations]

== Costs of a spay or neuter ==
Costs of a spay or neuter will vary based on your location and availability of the service. On the low end, the procedure can begin at ~US$50 at low cost spay/neuter clinics. At private veterinarians, the cost can be US$200+ due to additional tests and monitoring to reduce surgery risks. To properly compare costs, please take a look at your line-by-line invoice that breaks down all the costs.

<div class="note">
You can find a database of anonymous rabbit spay/neuter bills [https://rabbitors.info/speuter-bills here].
</div>

Usually, a neuter is less expensive than a spay; however, if a male rabbit has '''cryptorchidism''' or undescended testicles, the costs may end up similar to a spay due to the more invasive procedure.

You can find more about the cheaper options at [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]].

From the Colorado House Rabbit Society, <ref>Colorado House Rabbit Society. (2012). A Guide to Having Your Rabbit Safely Neutered. Retrieved 5 April 2016 from https://coloradohrs.org/a-guide-to-having-your-rabbit-safely-neutered/</ref> with additional comments:
<blockquote>
There is a wide variety of charges for a rabbit spay or neuter. Before deciding who to use, find out what the differences are in the care your rabbit will get.
Specifically:
* Is a thorough "exotic exam" done? If not, is any kind of exam done? ''A pre-exam usually costs US$40-100 depending on location.''
* Is pre-anesthetic blood-work done? ''If so, this cost is usually US$100-300. This is usually a good idea to reduce risk by detect any congenital or kidney/liver issues that may make surgery with anesthesia riskier.''
* Is the anesthetic used injected or is it a gas (which is much safer)? ''Common choices for gas anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane. Low-cost clinics may choose to use injectable anesthetics.''
* Is the rabbit intubated (a breathing tube placed)? ''Low-cost clinics often will not intubate rabbits.''
* Is a vet tech monitoring the rabbit's vital signs throughout the surgery? ''Low-cost clinics often do not have the extensive extra monitoring that private clinics may use.''
** What monitoring equipment is used?
*** Respiratory monitor?
*** Blood pressures?
*** Body temperature?
* Is an IV catheter and fluids used throughout the surgery? ''Low-cost clinics often will not use any IV catheters that private clinics may use.''
* Are pain medications given either before or after the surgery? ''A shot of buprenorphine for pain and possibly a motility drug to jump start their digestive system are common before or after the surgery. Common sedatives used before the surgery include ketamine and midazolam.''
* How is the skin closed?
** Will there be external sutures or staples which need to be removed?
* Is the rabbit kept overnight?
** If so, why? (i.e., will there be someone monitoring the rabbit throughout the night?)
* Is any pain medication sent home with the rabbit for use later that day or the next day? ''Additional pain medications are usually US$20-50.''
</blockquote>

The following article describes the differences in care that may occur between a private veterinary clinic and a low-cost spay/neuter clinic that will greatly affect the surgery costs and risks of the procedure:
* Carolyn Karrh. (2015). [https://www.peacelovepaws.org/single-post/2015/09/30/THE-DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE]

== Care ==
Surgery can be very emotionally and mentally stressful, and the following tips can help you and your rabbit get through this operation with maximal safety and minimal worries.

=== Before the operation ===
* '''Make sure to schedule surgery with a rabbit-savvy veterinarian.''' The veterinarian should be very familiar with the rabbit's unique anatomy and physiology and has had a great deal of experience and success with rabbit anesthesia and surgery. See [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]] for more resources on finding a rabbit-savvy veterinarian as well as the sections above.
* '''Schedule the surgery early in the week and also so that you can bring your rabbit home the same evening.''' Many veterinarian offices are not open on the weekends, so having the operation on a Monday or Tuesday allows for more leeway in case something goes wrong with your rabbit's recovery. Try not to board your rabbit at the vet unless they are guaranteed to have 24/7 care. Many clinics often do not have techs that watch the pets overnight. Bringing your rabbit home to a familiar safe place is almost always better than leaving them in a strange place with other dogs and cats within hearing or sight. Stress can easily make a recovery process lengthier.
* '''Continue to feed your rabbit until you leave for the surgery.''' Often non-rabbit-savvy receptionists will inform you to fast your rabbit the night before the operation, but {{bad|''this is very dangerous for your rabbit.''}} Cats and dogs should be fasted before a surgery to prevent aspiration from [[vomiting]], but rabbits are unable to vomit, and fasting them early increases the likelihood of [[GI stasis]] after the operation and a slower recovery.<ref name="rabbitshealth">Richardson, V.C.G. (2000). {{amazon|id=063205221X|name=''Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases''.}}</ref> Be sure to tell the veterinarian what the receptionist informed you otherwise, and if the veterinarian does not disagree, {{bad|''find a new veterinarian.''}}<br/><br/>MediRabbit notes,<ref>MediRabbit. (n.d.). Pre-anesthetic preparations of the rabbit. Retrieved 27 Sep 2018 from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Surgery/Anesthesia/Pre/anes_pre_en.htm</ref><blockquote>Since rabbits are unable to vomit, it is not mandatory to withhold the food and water before a planned surgery. In fact, rabbits, whose accessibility to food is removed over a longer period of time, show an increased tendency of becoming hypoglycemic during surgery or became post-surgical disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract due to dysbiosis. Growth of pathogenic bacteria leads to the development of enterotoxaemia. The rate of recovery is furthermore slowed down in rabbits whose food was taken away hours before surgery. It is nevertheless advised to remove food up to an hour before anesthetic preparations are started. Indeed, some rabbits tend to accumulate food and water in the oral cavity and the oropharynx; withdrawing food one hour prior to surgery will assure that the oral cavity does not contain food rests and that the stomach is not overloaded. Food and water should be available immediately after the rabbit recovers from the anesthesia.</blockquote> HRS notes,<ref>HRS-Anesthesia Protocols for Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Nov 2018 from https://rabbit.org/anesthesia-protocols-for-rabbits/</ref><blockquote>Fasting for more than 1 hour is unnecessary and should be avoided.</blockquote>

=== After the operation ===
During the surgery, an ointment will usually be applied to your rabbit's eyes to keep them lubricated. As a result, they may look gunky when your rabbit returns to you - this is normal and not cause for concern.

At the clinic, rabbits are usually given a shot of antibiotics and painkillers.<ref name="rabbitshealth"/> The rabbit should be allowed to recover in a warm quiet environment and given easy access to food and water. Provide a water bowl for your rabbit even if you usually use a water bottle to decrease the amount of effort needed to drink. A well-hydrated rabbit recovers and feels better more quickly.<ref name="danaopcare"/> If your rabbit was given intravenous or subcutaneous fluids during or after the operation, they may not be thirsty and drink on their own until all the water has been absorbed.

Rabbits may take up to 6-12 hours to recover from the anesthesia used during the surgery. If your rabbit is still lethargic and out of it longer than that, please make sure to inform your veterinarian and keep your rabbit warm and fed until they're stable.

For the first few days, the rabbit should be bedded on a soft surface such as {{amazon|id=B003B3W6C8|name=puppy pads}}, towels, fleece blankets, or bedsheets to prevent abrasive bedding materials (e.g. wood shavings) interfering with the wound. Remove any toys that the rabbit can jump on top of to prevent damage to the incision from activity. Generally, male rabbits should be on cage rest with limited exercise for about 3 days, and female rabbits should be on cage rest for about 7 days.

<div class="note">
'''Please obtain pain medications from your veterinarian for use after the surgery even if they say that it is not needed.''' While your rabbit should get a shot of analgesics after the operation, pain management the next few days after the surgery are critical for a smooth recovery. Rabbits will be sore for one to several days.<ref name="danaopcare">Krempels, D. (2011). Pre- and Post-operative care of Rabbits. Retrieved 18 Dec 2019 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/opcare.html.</ref> Common analgesics include meloxicam (Metacam, Meloxidyl), buprenorphine, or tramadol.
</div>

Most rabbits will not need an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) after the surgery, but rabbits that are persistent in bothering their surgical site will need to have the area protected. See [[First aid for rabbits#E-collars]] for recommendations and options.

Symptoms that may be observed while your rabbit is recovering:
* Redness is normal for a day or two unless it is the angry red of an infection. If there is also an accompanying bad smell, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* If you find any large amounts of blood or pus, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* If the incision opens, please contact your veterinarian and make sure your rabbit is using some sort of cone.
* Incisions weeping a little bit of clear fluid is normal.
* Rabbits recently neutered may have slightly swollen testicles - this volume should go down with time.

Some rabbits will still be very uncomfortable after they are given some pain medication - if they have not eaten or drank anything on their own in over 8 hours, try batting their nose with long stalks of vegetables to tempt them to bite and eat the greens out of anger. If that does not create any response, please [[Syringe_feeding|force feed]] 10-20cc of Critical Care or a pellet mash so that they have something in their stomachs. Call and update your veterinarian with the situation at the earliest opportunity - they may want to prescribe a higher dose of pain medications and provide motility drugs for [[stasis]] as well.

<div class="bad">
'''Keep recently neutered males away from intact females for at least 6 weeks.''' They can still have viable sperm in their tubes and impregnate the female.
</div>

=== Extra resources ===
See the links below for more information about pre- and post-op care.
* Special Bunny. [https://specialbunny.org/spay-neuter-aftercare/ Spaying, Neutering & Aftercare for Rabbits]
* Kinenchen. [http://imgur.com/a/3SemI Quick Tips for Before and After Surgery.]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D. [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/opcare.html Pre- and Post-operative care of Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D. [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/educ/Post-opCareofRabbits.pdf Post-operative care of Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/faq-spaying-and-neutering/ FAQ: Spaying and Neutering > What's the proper pre- and post-operative care?]
* CottonTails Rabbit & Guinea Pig Rescue. [https://cottontails-rescue.org.uk/health/neutering/ NEUTERING – a study]
* Georgia House Rabbit Society. [https://www.houserabbitga.com/spay-neuter-rabbit-post-opp Spay & Neuter Post-Op Care]
* Colorado House Rabbit Society. [https://coloradohrs.org/care-rabbit-spaying-neutering/ Care of Your Rabbit After Spaying or Neutering]
* Cristina Forbes. [http://www.morfz.com/spay.html Rabbit Spay/Neuter Preparations]
* Bearsted Veterinary Surgery. [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/6/6d/Rabbit%2BSpay%2BPost%2BOperative%2BCare.pdf Rabbit Spay Post Operative Care Sheet]
* East Bay SPCA. [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/3/36/RABBIT_SPAY_AND_NEUTER_POST-OP.pdf Rabbit Spay and Neuter Post-Operative Care Instructions]

== Surgical techniques ==
The following resources include some detailed descriptions and examples of the procedures used to spay and neuter rabbits.

=== Neuter ===
* NAVC Conference 2008, Joerg Mayer, [http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2009/20093018990.pdf Surgical Techniques for Spaying Rabbits and Rats]
* Angela Lennox, DVM, DABVP, [http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/Veterinary+Exotics/Comparing-elective-neutering-techniques-Proceeding/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/562364 Comparing elective neutering techniques (Proceedings)]
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag, Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Uro_gen_diseases/castration/Castra/Castration.htm Male reproductive tract and orchidectomy (castration surgery)] {{graphic}}
* Long Beach Animal Hospital, [http://www.lbah.com/word/neuter-rabbit/ Neuter- Rabbit] {{graphic}}

The following are some recorded procedures of veterinarians neutering rabbits:
* YouTube, Greg Martinez DVM, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mseGXQlN4lE Dr Greg castrates a male rabbit] {{graphic}}

=== Spay ===
* Merle E. Olson and Jim Bruce, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1680421/?page=3 Ovariectomy, Ovariohysterectomy and Orchidectomy in Rodents and Rabbits]
* Matthew S. Johnston, VMD, Diplomate ABVP (Avian), [http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/sites/default/files/sites/cliniciansbrief.com/files/7-8.pdf Rabbit Ovariohysterectomy] {{graphic}}
* MediRabbit, Esther van Praag, Ph.D., [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Uro_gen_diseases/castration/Spay/Steril_en.html Female reproductive tract and ovariohysterectomy (spay surgery)] {{graphic}}
* Long Beach Animal Hospital, [http://www.lbah.com/word/spay-rabbit/ Spay- Rabbit] {{graphic}}

The following are some recorded procedures of veterinarians spaying rabbits:
* YouTube, FastUpOnRabbitCare
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MclMPs4vJCY Ovariohysterectomy (Spay) Part 1: Preparation] {{graphic}}
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdA0x9SmReY Ovariohysterectomy (Spay) Part 2] {{graphic}}
* YouTube, sheltervet, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTWqyHGA-mE Rabbit Spay] {{graphic}}

== Complications ==
[[File:AlternativeE-Collar1.jpg|right|thumb|x250px|Some vets will use a E-Collar after a spay or neuter. Most rabbits do not like them. Here is an alternative that you can try. Make sure to ask a vet before using.]]

Some male rabbits may have undescended testicles, called '''cryptorchidism'''. Testes in rabbits normally descend by 12 weeks of age, and it is considered abnormal if they have not descended by the time they reach 16 weeks old.<ref name="wildprocrypto">Wildpro. (n.d.). Cryptorchidism in Bears and Lagomorphs. Retrieved 28 Jan 2019 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/Miscellaneous/Cryptorchidism_Bears.htm</ref> A rabbit with cryptorchidism will require a surgical procedure similar to a spay through the abdomen, and neutering is recommended due to the increased risk of development of testicular cancer.<ref name="wildprocrypto"/>

Potential complications that can arise after a spay can include the following:<ref name="saepm">Lesa Longley, Saunders Solutions in Veterinary Practice: Small Animal Exotic Pet Medicine, 2010.</ref>
* Opening of the wound due to self-trauma or excessive activity.
* Seroma (a pocket of fluid) formation.
* Hemorrhage (ruptured blood vessel).
* Infection.
[[Gastrointestinal stasis]] — especially if the GI tract is handled roughly or excessively.
* Reaction to suture material.
* [[Hepatic lipidosis]] (fatty liver disease) — associated with the fasting of obese individuals during the procedure and recovery period.

The following are some stories about rare complications in rabbit neuter surgeries:
* House Rabbit Resource Network. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitResource/posts/pfbid0EcDTE17tyweFpUB51BcY6A733CLseRPoTyk3UkjEaYNjcfAGKpjDmEFFFG8yxdmzl Clover's story - adhesions developed around her bladder and colon after her spay surgery]
* Tiny Paws Rabbit Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/Tinypawsrabbitrescue/posts/3140755802804685 Big bunny Chapman's story - his scrotal sac formed a hematoma; common in bigger rabbits due to excess swelling]
* True Hearts for Healing Paws Rescue. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/trueheartsforhealingpaws/posts/141785878404748 Macadamia's story with adhesions that wrapped around her colon] {{RIP}}
* The Pipsqueakery. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/824709527540477/photos/a.825416554136441/2505326559478757/ Kaylee's story where uterine cells began growing on organs in her abdominal cavity and binding her intestines together which caused them to stop digesting.]
* u/Arehc_89. (2017). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/6metsl/i_spayed_my_bun_and_there_was_a_complication_with/ Bladder was discovered to be attached to the uterus during spay]
* David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman et al. (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270888816_Colonic_obstruction_following_OVH_in_rabbits Colonic Obstruction Following Ovariohysterectomy in Rabbits: 3 Cases]
* Kyle Eslinger. (2014). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/complications-of-a-spay/ Complications of a Spay]

=== Incomplete Spay ===
{{right-image|file=Isabunna-IHRS.jpg|caption="Isabunna (aka Izzy) came to rescue already spayed. She recently presented with excess drinking (like 1 quart of water daily!). During her work up we discovered a surprise mummified fetus." Images & text posted by [https://www.facebook.com/IndianaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/pfbid081GLDBBUzAPcQExYSpoBvMdEUyzoZT3LUhShsxCkkGYx7Ctkbqy7XwMSwC7gaBXgl Indiana House Rabbit Society]}}

Example:

Reading:
* Lefebvre R, 2014, [https://www.dovepress.com/fetal-mummification-in-the-major-domestic-species-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VMRR Fetal mummification in the major domestic species: current perspectives on causes and management]

== Further reading ==
The following articles include general information about spaying and neutering rabbits, covering most of the topics above.

* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/Vglh5 Why should I spay or neuter my rabbit?]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organization, [http://ontariorabbits.org/care/spaying-and-neutering Spaying / Neutering]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/altering.html Altering Your Rabbit's Future]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/faq-spaying-and-neutering/ FAQ: Spaying and Neutering]
* Amie Espie. (2000). [http://rabbit.org/spayneuter-winwin/ Spay/Neuter = Win/Win]
* Amy Espie. (2008). [http://rabbit.org/an-unmixed-blessing-the-generative-power-of-spayneuter/ An Unmixed Blessing: The Generative Power of Spay/Neuter]
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, [http://www.ohare.org/images/harelines/v8n3.pdf Harelines], William A. Mandel, DVM, Rabbit Spay FAQ’s
* Foster and Smith, Inc., [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1803&aid=2147 Spaying and Neutering]
* VeterinaryPartner.com, [http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=489 To Neuter or Not to Neuter Rabbits... That is the Question!]
* House Rabbit Network, Astrid Kruse, DVM, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/spay.shtml Why Spay Your Rabbit?]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/leaflet_pdfs/neutering28.8.07.pdf The RWF guide to having your rabbit neutered]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum, [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t89-neutering-spaying-castration Neutering (Spaying & Castration)]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/neutering-spaying-rabbits Why do I need to have my rabbits neutered?]
* Holly Nash, DVM, MS, [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1803&aid=2147 Spaying and Neutering]
* NetVet.co.uk, [http://www.netvet.co.uk/rabbits/neutering/spaying-a-rabbit.htm Neutering a female rabbit]
* The Paw Blog, [http://www.thepawblog.com/spaying-or-neutering-your-rabbit/ Spaying or Neutering Your Rabbit]
* Griffin Avian and Exotic Veterinary Hospital, [http://www.griffinexotics.com/news/article.php?id=48 Did you know…. Spaying your rabbit is important!!!]
* Animed Veterinary Group, [http://www.animedvets.co.uk/neutering_rabbits.htm Neutering rabbits]
* All About Pets, The Blue Cross, [http://www.hollyoakvets.com/furries/smpet11.pdf Neutering Rabbits]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/breeding.html To Breed or Not to Breed?]
* e Silva, Carolina Salgueiro Costa, [http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16794 Uterine Adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits: a review]
* Zenopa.com, [http://www.zenopa.com/news/801841303/juroxs-alfaxan-anaesthetic-licensed-for-use-in-rabbitsJurox's Alfaxan anaesthetic licensed for use in Rabbits], October 2017
* Abigail Edis, Ludovic Pelligand, Vicki Baldrey, Joanna Hedley, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467298721003068 Effect of theatre temperature on body temperature during anaesthesia for routine neutering of domestic rabbits <I>(Oryctolagus cuniculus)</I>], December 2021

== See also ==
* [[Bonding]]
* [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]]
* [[Uterine cancer]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Reproductive issues]]

Toys and games

2023-07-16T01:40:51Z

Wick and Fable: /* Monthly subscription & gift boxes */ - removed broken/suspicious links

{{#seo:
|description=Toy & Game info for rabbits: Chewing toys, Monthly subscription boxes, Digging toys, Throwing toys, Climbing toys, Burrowing toys, Puzzles, Interactive games, Homemade projects, Online rabbit toy stores, and other information.
|image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/thumb/9/93/DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg/800px-DoraReviewBunny%27sFurrandFeathersFunpacksBox.jpg
}}
__TOC__
Rabbit toys come in many varieties, and different rabbits prefer different types depending on their individual personalities. Many rabbits enjoy purchased toys, but they can also prefer simple things around the house like paper towel tubes or cardboard boxes. The lists below can help you find a nice surprise gift for your rabbit to celebrate a special occasion.

A newer mini-study found that by supplying your rabbit with enrichment toys (balls, boxes, or tunnels) can help reduce their stress level by almost 50 per cent.<ref name="rabbitstress1">Amy Johnson. (2016). [http://vnonline.co.uk/vn/news/14551/Enrichment-cuts-rabbits ''Enrichment cuts rabbits’ stress levels by half.'']</ref>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Z-1faBh7DIs|caption=What Kinds of Toys Do Rabbits Like?}}
</div>

== Chewing toys ==
Often, rabbits will chew on furniture to explore the world through taste and texture, to build up strong muscles of the jaw, and because it is fun.<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Buseth, M.E & Saunders, R. (2015). {{amazon|id=1780641907|name=''Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care''}}</ref> Chewing toys can help [[Bunny-proofing|prevent destruction]] of your property by your rabbits and also have the benefit of wearing down your rabbit's incisor teeth. These toys can also be thrown. Chew toys should also be edible toys to prevent poisoning.
{{right-image|file=Houdini1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the 'Atomic Nut Ball' can become dangerous with time. Houdini injured himself on his chewed wooden ball. Picture by SarahJ.}}

{{right-image|file=ToyWarningBunnyBrigadeInc3.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the '[https://www.amazon.com/VCZONE-Organic-Chinchilla-Hamsters-Grinding/dp/B07S77DMVJ?th=1 VCZONE Rabbit Chew Toys]' can become very dangerous. Luckily the Bunny Brigade Inc. noticed this before they were given to the foster pair Tommy & Kayla. Picture by Bunny Brigade Inc.}}

{{right-image|file=QuikoFitnessFoodballCarrot.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} Toys like the 'Quiko Fitness Foodball Carrot' can become dangerous when used. Flossie got her head trapped. Picture by HelenK.}}

{{right-image|file=BunnyTreats-Toys1.png|caption=Bunny Treats & Toys page on [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-treats-toys/ pinterest.]}}

* '''Toilet paper rolls''' with all the toilet paper and glue removed. You can also stuff the tube with hay, pellets, and vegetables to make it a puzzle feeder.

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** {{right-image|file=BaoBao cottontail cottage.jpg|caption=Rabbit playing on top of a Cottontail Cottage with ramp.}} Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/ Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* '''Paper bags''' filled with hay and treats.

* Untreated '''willow''' and '''wicker''' objects - {{amazon|id=B002ZSIHFA|name=sticks}}, {{amazon|id=B003XV5E9U|name=balls}}, {{amazon|id=B000TZ8VAC|name=rings}}, {{amazon|id=B001L43MFE|name=huts}}, {{amazon|id=B006X3H5F6|name=tunnels}}, baskets, hampers, etc. Be careful of any furniture that may also contain varnish and bleach.
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/ElvisParsleyStore The Willow Store by Elvis Parsley]

* Fresh or dried untreated '''lumber''' and '''branches'''. {{right-image|file=Talyad sapphire applebranch munch.jpg|caption=A French Lop rabbit munching on fresh apple tree branches.}}
** {{bad|Make sure to avoid sticks from cherry, peach, apricot, plum, redwood, and other single-seeded fruit trees which are all poisonous. Cedar is also dangerous due to its aromatic oils.}} However, the House Rabbit Society notes that toxic branches such peach and apricot branches are safe after a month or more of drying after cutting.<ref>House Rabbit Society. (2013). Chewing. Retrieved 08 Mar 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-chewing/</ref>
** Try to collect branches from plants that are not near road pollution and have not been treated with pesticides. You may wish to freeze branches before giving them to your rabbits to kill any bugs or wash them in the shower.
** Safe options are the following: <ref>kanin.org. (n.d.). Rabbit-safe branches and twigs. Retrieved from http://kanin.org/node/190</ref><ref>Camilla Bergstrøm. (n.d.). Feeding the house rabbit: twigs and branches. Retrieved from http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/GI_diseases/Food/Branch/Branch_en.htm</ref><ref>Dr. Sari Kanfer and Alexandra Logsdon. (n.d.). Rabbits Need Dental Care Too. Retrieved from http://www.mybunny.org/info/dental_care.htm</ref><ref>Z. Princz et al. (n.d.). Application of Gnawing Sticks in Rabbit Housing. Retrieved from http://www.wrs.upv.es/files/journals/wrs0715029036.pdf</ref><ref>Happy Rabbit Toys. (n.d.). FAQ. Retrieved Mar 14 2020 from http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/faq/</ref>
<div class="colored-list" style="column-width:250px;-moz-column-width:250px;-webkit-column-width:250px;">
* Alder (''Alnus spp.'')
* Apple (''Malus domestica'')
* Ash (''Fraxinus spp.'')
* Aspen (''Populus adenopoda, Populus grandidentata, Populus sieboldii, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides)
* Beech (''Fagus spp.'')
* Berries (''Rubus spp.'')
* Blackcurrant (''Ribes nigrum'')
* Black elder (''Sambucus nigra'')
* Birch (''Betula spp.'')
** European white birch (''Betula pendula'')
* Common oak (''Qercus robur'')
* European larch (''Larix decidua'')
* Gooseberry (''Ribes uva-crispa, Ribes grossularia'')
* Hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'')
* Hazel (''Corylus spp.'')
* Juniper (''Juniperus spp.'')
* Little-leaf linden (''Tilia cordata'')
* Lemon (''Citrus × limon'')
* Maple (''Acer spp.'')
* Oak (''Quercus spp.'') - without bark only
* Orange (''Citrus × sinensis'')
* Pear (''Pyrus spp.'')
* Pine (''Pinus'') - kiln-dried only to remove phenols
* Poplar (''Populus spp.'')
** Black poplar (''Populus nigra'')
* Redcurrant (''Ribes rubrum'')
* Rose (''Rosa'')
* Rowan (''Sorbus spp.'')
* Spruce (''Picea spp.'')
** Norway spruce (''Picea abies'')
* White buckeye (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
* White locust (''Robinia pseudoacacia'')
* White mulberry (''Morus alba'')
* Willow (''Salix spp.'') - all willow species are safe
** Corkscrew willow (''Salix matsudana'')
** Goat willow / Pussy willow (''Salix caprea'')
** White willow (''Salix alba'')
** Weeping willow (''Salix babylonica'')
</div>

* '''Phone books''' with the plastic outer cover removed.

* Dried out {{amazon|id=B0009YJ3O6|name='''pine cones'''}}.

* '''Grass''' objects - {{amazon|id=B0009YJ3OG|name=balls}}, [{{amazon|id=B0009YD810|name=mats}}, {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}, {{amazon|id=B001L43MFE|name=bungalows}}, {{amazon|id=B008HRLLAG|name=tunnels}}, etc.

* '''Straw''' objects - {{amazon|id=B0012H16US|name=bottom of straw whisk brooms}}, etc.

* '''Sisal''' objects - {{amazon|id=B000OLYF6K|name=mats}}, {{amazon|id=B001EWCMLI|name=toys}}, etc. Sisal is a natural fiber with which many cat trees are wrapped.

* Edible tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B004ZP9S0O|name=Living World Chew-nels}}
** {{amazon|id=B003UO7KBA|name=F.M. Brown's Herbs n' Hay GIANT 12-Inch Edible Tunnel}}

* {{amazon|id=B000HHO26E|name=Super Pet Rabbit Large Tropical Fiddle Sticks Hideout}}
* {{amazon|id=B002GNYP7S|name=Boredom Breaker S (Boredom Breaker) Small Animal Woodies Gnaw Garland Sports}}
* {{amazon|id=B007JUX6FA|name=Rosewood Small Animal Activity Toy Bunny Fun Tree Boredom Breaker}}
* {{amazon|id=B0052ZAR3I|name=Original Activity Zone Rabbit Toy}}
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Carrot Play Patch]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

Here are some links with information about the rabbit behavior of chewing:
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-chewing/ FAQ: Chewing]

== Digging toys ==
Female rabbits tend to love digging as they are usually the ones to do the tunneling for burrows in the wild.<ref>Wildpro, The Mammal Society, [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/MiscellaneousContents/Mammal_Society/15Oryctolagus_cuniculus.htm THE RABBIT Oryctolagus cuniculus]</ref> Digging also wears out a bunny's nails.

{{right-image|file=Luna dig.jpg|caption=Rabbit digging on a seagrass mat.}}
* Carpet scraps - Be careful if you already have carpet in your place. This may end up backfiring as your rabbits may not be able to understand that only certain locations of carpet are appropriate to dig in.
* Grass objects - {{amazon|id=B0009YD810|name=mats}} and {{amazon|id=B0009YD81K|name=beds}}
* Straw mats.
* Sisal mats.
* Jeans, towels, or blankets held under a heavy object or tied to something solid to prevent motion when digging.
** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p8bwbb/fleece_digging_corner/ Example fleece digging corner]
* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
* Paper bag, plastic hamper or tub, litter box, or cardboard box filled with hay, soil, litter, or ripped newspaper.
* Phone books with the plastic outer cover removed.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Carrot Play Patch]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/hoppy-trails-picnic-mat Hoppy Trails Picnic Mat]
* BunnyRabbitToys
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/170334521/digger-bunny-sandbox-system Digger Bunny Sandbox System]
** [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114391957/bunny-rabbit-sisal-digging-box Bunny Rabbit Sisal Digging Box]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-digging-box Digging box with sisal rope]

If you are filling your own dig box with materials, please use rabbit-safe materials such as shredded paper, {{amazon|id=B07M846T98|name=plastic ball pit balls}}, plain soil, straw, hay, and other rabbit-safe litter alternatives.

<div class="bad">
'''Sand''' as a digging material can be dangerous due to dust and silicates. The sand can get lodged in genital folds and cause infections if not cleaned out. It can irritate their eyes and cause scarring if it gets in the eyes while playing and can be dangerous if ingested while grooming.
* Facebook (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/play-sand-can-cause-serious-harm-to-rabbits-although-this-documents-only-one-per/593351697487399/ Post from New Jersey House Rabbit Society]
</div>

Below are resources to DIY instructions for digging toys.
* Rabbit Ramblings. [http://bunyaboy.blogspot.com/2011/08/rabbit-ramblings-retraction-important.html Rabbit Ramblings Retraction - Important Modification to Bunny Care item]
* Bunnies Urgently Needing Shelter. [http://www.bunssb.org/buns-newsletter/september-2013/make-mat/ Make a Mat]

Some links to read for more information on the digging behavior of bunnies have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior.php#digs Rabbit Digs]

== Throwing toys ==
Some rabbits like throwing and tossing objects with their mouths. Others like the noise that they can make. Many of the chewing toys listed above can also be thrown if they are a small enough size.

* {{amazon|id=B0002DJ9T8|name=Balls with bells in the middle}}.
* Connected {{amazon|id=B000BWY314|name=jar rings}}.
* {{right-image|file=Totallyplatypus josephine stackingcups back.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit with some baby stack-up cups on her back.}} {{amazon|id=B000V2Y5BW|name=Baby-safe keys}}, {{amazon|id=B001ABZGU2|name=teething rings}}, [{{amazon|id=B007EB8PHS|name=teething toys}}, {{amazon|id=B00005C5H4|name=stack-up cups}}, {{amazon|id=B07M9233QG|name=stacking rings}} and other toys made of hard plastic and wood such as parrot-safe foot toys.
* Car keys.
* Empty soup cans.
* Slinkies ({{amazon|id=B071D4G6G8|name=plastic}}, not metal).
* Toilet paper rolls with all the toilet paper and glue removed.
* Plastic birthday party toys such as plastic [{{amazon|id=B0002RIZO4|name=maracas}} and {{amazon|id=B002J0MAO8|name=tambourines}}.
* Large rubber balls.
* Empty salt cartons, toilet paper and paper towel rolls.
* {{amazon|id=B00CMMIT98|name=Mini shopping carts}}
* Carrot Play Patch at [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/carrot-play-patch/ Bobby's Bunny Boutique]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/114304543/toss-n-chew-sisal-rope-toy Toss n Chew Sisal Rope Toy]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-throw-toys Rabbit throw toys] and [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/rabbit-mobiles mobiles]
** {{amazon|id=B00ZAN2TOW|name=Bundora's Box Rabbit Chew and Throw Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNL9ZEO|name=Workout Gym Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Four)}}
** {{amazon|id=B00YNKO2ZC|name=Fruit Basket Rabbit Throw Toys (Set of Three)}}
* therabbithouse.com, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2014/10/28/slotted-cardboard-rabbit-toys/ Slotted Cardboard Balls]
* Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/fling-toys Fling Toys]

== Climbing toys ==

{{right-image|file=HappyRabbitsToys-ActivityZoneRabbitToy.jpg|caption=One of the many types of Activity Zone Rabbit Tables/Toys found at [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/search.php?search_query=+Activity+Zone+Rabbit&x=0&y=0 Happy Rabbit Toys].}}
{{right-image|file=Speakstruth cricket cat tree.jpg|caption=A white lionhead rabbit on the top level of an {{amazon|id=B003BYQ1GY|name=Armarkat cat tree}}.}}
{{right-image|file=NBCastle.jpg|caption=Rabbit exploring a castle. Castles from [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com Napoleon Bunnyparte].}}
Some rabbits like hopping on top of objects to get a higher point of view of their territory.
{{right-image|file=CampNibblerMonicaStuck1.jpg|caption={{bad|NOTE:}} When purchasing toys for your rabbit make sure they are safe! This is Monica stuck in her hidy house bought from 'Pets at Home' in the UK. She had to be extracted at the vets office. Picture © and used with direct permission from [http://www.campnibble.com/ Camp Nibble.]}}
* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}} (US)
** [https://www.bunnyrabbitshop.com/ BunnyRabbitShop] (US)
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [https://happyrabbittoys.com/collections/activity-zones Activity Zones] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings] (US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations] (US)
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles] (Canada/US)
** [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods] (UK)
** [https://cncathome.com.au/ CNC at Home] (Australia)

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Low cat trees with multiple platforms - Try not to purchase a tree over 2 feet tall as rabbits are more likely to injure themselves falling from heights compared to cats. Trees suitable for kittens are great.
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVL6K|name=TRIXIE Baza Cat Tree}}
** {{amazon|id=B0028FCYUE|name=TRIXIE Isaba Cat Tree}}

== Burrowing toys ==
{{right-image|file=BaoBao sleeping condo.jpg|caption=Rabbit sleeping in a cat condo.}} Rabbits are natural burrowers that dig to create underground warrens. You can also stuff paper into these tunnels to make them for fun for a rabbit to dig out.

* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/SAKRETE-8-in-x-48-in-Concrete-Form-Tube-65470075/100321209#.UoWIcLWJD4w Cardboard concrete molds and forms.] Be sure to remove wax coating inside tube.

* Wooden castles, forts, houses, and tunnels
** {{amazon|id=B081S9HQ4P|name=Tokihut Wooden Rabbit Toy Castle}}
** BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys?section_id=24468392 Rabbit House]
** Happy Rabbit Toys, [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/activity-zones-1/ Activity Zones]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
** [https://www.etsy.com/shop/PawKreations PawKreations]
** Napoleon Bunnyparte, [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/collections/hoppy-hampton-bunny-castles Hoppy Hampton Bunny Castles]

* Cat tunnels, condos, and boxes.
** {{amazon|id=B001B41TOK|name=SmartyKat Crackle Chute Cat Toy Collapsible Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B001SI08U0|name=TRIXIE Play Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUWC|name=Hagen Living World Pet Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B006JVPUUY|name=Hagen Living World Tent for Pets, Blue/Red}}
** {{amazon|id=B081YDTQDD|name=Niteangel Foldable Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07D9CTB4M|name=Tunnel Bed with Cushion Tube}}
** {{amazon|id=B07CWJ8QRN|name=Amazon Basics Collapsible Cat House with Bed}}
** {{amazon|id=B07HLS586K|name=Furhaven Pet House, Large}}

* Cardboard boxes - You can combine multiple boxes with doors and holes cut out to make massive forts for endless fun. Set up a row of boxes with holes cut in the sides for a tunnel. Remember to remove all tape, staples, and labels.
** Cats & Rabbits & More, [http://www.catsandrabbitsandmore.com/cottontail_cottages/ Cottontail Cottages] - These are custom-made cardboard forts made by Cats & Rabbits & More, an LA rabbit rescue. They are also available through many other local rabbit rescue stores.
** Bunny Bunch Boutique, [https://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/product/carrot-house/ Carrot House]
** BinkyBunny, [https://store.binkybunny.com/hopper-hideway-p194.aspx Hopper Hideaway]
** [https://rabbittreasures.com/ Rabbit Treasures]
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14MY9L|name=BinkyBunny Maze Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q1668TV|name=BinkyBunny Mini Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B07Q14F1ZX|name=BinkyBunny Tunnel Haven}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI49WE|name=Cabin Cat Playhouse}}
** {{amazon|id=B0027IVGOC|name=Cat Scratching Play House}}
** {{amazon|id=B00ADI4A3C|name=Suck UK Teepee Cat Playhouse}}

* Edible tunnels
** [https://store.binkybunny.com/triangle-folding-tunnel-kp-9-p226.aspx Triangle Folding Tunnel]
** {{amazon|id=B001BSBGVC|name=Oxbow Timothy Tunnel}}
** {{amazon|id=B005DL7GNK|name=Living World Chew-nels}}

* Large paper bags laid on its side.
* Blankets and towels strategically placed to create a hideout.
* Setting up furniture with narrow running spaces.
* [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-bed Rabbit Bed] is a great addition to your rabbit set up.

== Puzzles ==
The following toys can provide mental stimulation for your rabbit and teach them problem-solving skills. Also look into [[Training|clicker training]] for more ideas.

* {{amazon|id=B004HYW9B8|name=Hagen Living World Teach N Treat Toy}} <div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=0D-k3aqpmws|caption=Teach 'n treat pet puzzle feeder (17:02)}}{{youtube|id=m1R8A25f52A&feature=related|caption=Sunny teach n treat (1:20)}}</div>
* Food dispensing balls and tubes
** {{amazon|id=B0018CG40O|name=MultiVet SlimCat Interactive Toy and Food Dispenser}}<div class="inline-video-block">{{youtube|id=ZwhECjDNfQ4|caption=Bunnies playing with food dispenser ball toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003H44R5K|name=Premier Pet Products FUNKitty Egg-cersizer Cat Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B0009586P2|name=Trixie Snack Ball, 7cm}}
** {{amazon|id=B003ARUKTG|name=Smarter Toys IQ Treat Ball Dog Toy}}
** {{amazon|id=B003TOO5QO|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Snack Roll for Cats}}
** You can also make your own using a plastic bottle and cutting small holes to allow pellets to fall through. See [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/19quup/free_rabbit_toy/ this post] for an example.
* Bobby's Bunny Boutique, [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/boredom-breaker-maze-a-log-treat-challenge/ Boredom Breaker Maze-A-Log Treat Challenge]
* Bunspace Store, [https://bunspace.3dcartstores.com/BunnyIQ-Toys_c_12.html BunnyIQ Toys]
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/178600340/kitty-cat-bunny-rabbit-hide-a-treat-toy Kitty Cat / Bunny Rabbit Hide-a-Treat Toy]
* [http://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas Bunny Approved DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* {{amazon|id=B0054VEWB8|name=TRIXIE Snack Board Logic Toy for Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Other Small Pets}}
* {{amazon|id=B0057G1WT0|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Solitaire Game for Cats}}
* {{amazon|id=B00365K2WW|name=TRIXIE Hide-and-Seek Circle}}
* {{amazon|id=B0054Q9TMA|name=TRIXIE Pet Products Flip Board, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003TOKTEG|name=TRIXIE Mad Scientist for Dogs, Level 2}}
* {{amazon|id=B003DQJQ1C|name=Zanies Wood Interactive Puzzles Dog Toy}}
* {{amazon|id=B0038WP1YC|name=Ethical Pet Seek-A-Treat Shuffle Bone Dog Puzzle}}
* {{amazon|id=B00EQ344Y0|name=Nina Ottosson Mix Max Treat Puzzle Game for Cats, Easy Level}}
* {{amazon|id=B0043A71PU|name=Kyjen Dog Games}}
* SecondHopePets, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/169788511/treat-game-for-rabbits-boredom-buster Treat Game for Rabbits - Boredom Buster for Bunnies - Clothespin and String]
* Napoleon Bunnyparte, [http://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/products/bundoras-box Bundora's Box]

== Interactive games ==
See the links below for more information about games you can play with your pet. Also consider [[Training|clicker training and luring]] to teach interesting tricks to your rabbit!

* John B. Miller. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-1/games-rabbits-play.html Games Rabbits Play]
* Abi Cushman. [http://www.myhouserabbit.com/tip_playing.php Playing with Your Pet Bunny]
* BunnyHugga. (2010). [http://www.bunnyhugga.com/a-to-z/rabbit-behaviour/playtime.html Exercise and playtime for rabbits]
* Bunniez. (2007). [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/Bunny-Games-How-To-Have-Fun-With-Your-Rabbit Bunny Games! How To Have Fun With Your Rabbit]

== Homemade toy projects ==
{{right-image|file=HowToGiveRabbitsPineConesv1 1.jpg|caption=Pine Cone Recipe by [https://www.nhcrabbitrescue.org/ New Hanover County Rabbit Rescue.]}}
See the links below for some homemade toys.
* BudgetBunny. [http://www.budgetbunny.ca/category/rabbit-toys/ DIY Toys]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/category/rabbit-toys-enrichment/ Toys & Enrichment]
* Sharon Lloyd. [http://www.morfz.com/santabuntree.html Edible Christmas Tree for Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [http://rabbit.org/more-tips-on-building-box-toys/ More Tips on Building Box Toys]
* Best4Bunny. (2017). [https://best4bunny.com/easy-make-rabbit-toys-bunnies-will-love Easy to make rabbit toys, that your bunnies will love!]
* Rabbits United. [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?303726-Rabbit-toy-making-and-enrichment-activities. Rabbit toy making and enrichment activities.]
* Bunny Approved.com. [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-furniture-ideas-for-rabbits/ Indoor Furniture Ideas for Rabbits]
* Bunny Approved.com. [https://bunnyapproved.com/diy-rabbit-toy-ideas/ DIY Rabbit Toy Ideas]
* The Fluffy Group. [https://www.facebook.com/thefluffygroup/photos/a.901791316538796.1073741829.898734490177812/969994523051808/?type=1 Instructions for a DIY bunny house]
* BunnyProof.com. [http://bunnyproof.com/how-to/how-to-make-a-digging-box-for-your-rabbit How to make a digging box for your rabbit]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2020). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/harvesting-weeping-willow-for-the-bunnies/ Harvesting weeping willow for the bunnies]
* binky_bonny. (2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/B7tevGTlI3g/ Do It Yourself Origami Bunny Tunnel]
* u/WickandFable. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p4ex96/enrichment_for_baseboardliking_rabbits/ Enrichment for Baseboard-liking Rabbits]
* Oxbow. (2021). [https://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/blog/make-your-own-diy-pet-safe-dyes How to Make Your Own DIY Pet-Safe Dyes]

== Monthly subscription & gift boxes ==
{{right-image|file=HappyBunnyBox1a.jpg|caption=Mia checking out her first Happy Bunny Box! Picture by /u/MeddlinQ.}}
{{right-image|file=Bunnys-furr-and-feathers_review2014.jpg|caption=Bunny's Furr and Feathers subscription box review [http://subscriptionboxmania.weebly.com/blog/category/bunnys-furr-and-feathers/ by Kelli & Sharon], February 2014}}
Subscription services geared towards pets are not very common yet, but here is a list of some rabbit-based monthly subscription boxes you can sign up for! Some of them will ship internationally.

'''United States'''
* [https://www.shopboopbox.com/ Boop Box]
* [https://www.cratejoy.com/subscription-box/bunny-funbox/ Bunny FunBox]

'''Canada'''
* Buns Boutique, [http://www.bunsbox.com/ Buns Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/getbunsbox/ Facebook]

'''United Kingdom'''
* Buneats, [https://www.buneats.com/shop/rabbit-subscription-box/rabbit-guinea-pig-subscription-box/ Rabbit / Guinea Pig Subscription Box]
* Barks & Bunnies, [http://www.barksandbunnies.co.uk/collections/rabbit-giftbox Rabbit Gift Box]
* [https://bunniesthatlunch.com/ Bunnies That Lunch] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunniesthatlunch/ Facebook]
* Bunny Box, [https://getbunnybox.com/bunny-box/ The Box]
* Happy Bunny Club, [http://www.happybunnyclub.com/ Bunny Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/HappyBunnyClub/ Facebook]

'''Australia'''
* Bunificent, [https://bunificent.com/products/bunificent-box Bunificent Box] - [https://www.facebook.com/bunificent/ Facebook].

'''Singapore'''
* Feed My Paws, [https://www.feedmypaws.com/products/binky-wheeky-box Binky Wheeky Box (for small animals: rabbits and guinea pigs)]

== Online rabbit toy stores ==
Below are reputable online bunny toy stores where you can find many unique rabbit-safe toys that might not be available in your local area. Be aware that these stores may be located in various countries, so check to make sure they ship internationally.

=== Australia ===
* [https://www.BlessTheirCottontails.com.au/ Bless Their Cottontails]
* [http://www.rabbittoysaustralia.com.au/ Rabbit Toys Australia]
* [https://mosukibunnyshop.ecwid.com/ MoSuKi Bunny Shop]

=== Canada ===
* [http://www.bobbysbunnyboutique.com/ Bobby's Bunny Boutique]
* [https://www.hoponline.ca/ Hop Online]
* [https://www.napoleonbunnyparte.com/ Napoleon Bunnyparte] (also ships to US)
* [http://store.rabbitrescue.ca/ The Rabbit Rescue Store]

=== Germany ===
* [https://www.bunny-love.de/ Bunny Love]

=== Lithuania ===
* [https://asaswood.com/collections/rabbit AsasWood]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AnimalAdventurePods Animal Adventure Pods]
* [https://www.deemillen.co.uk/ Dee Millen Rabbit Accessories]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/KraftyCreature KraftyCreature]
* [http://www.etsy.com/shop/thehareapparent The Hare Apparent]
* [https://www.runaround.co.uk/ Runaround]

=== United States ===
* [http://www.binkybunny.com/STORE/tabid/163/Default.aspx BinkyBunny]
* [http://www.bunnybunchboutique.com/store/ Bunny Bunch Boutique]
* [http://www.etsy.com/shop/BunnyRabbitToys BunnyRabbitToys]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/CritterCastleShop CritterCastleShop]
* [http://www.funnybunnytoyco.com/page/page/3763517.htm Funny Bunny Toy Company]
* [http://www.happyrabbittoys.com/ Happy Rabbit Toys]
* Leith Petwerks Inc., [http://www.petwerks.com/toys.aspx Toys]
* [https://rabbittreasures.com/ Rabbit Treasures]
* [https://www.etsy.com/shop/RoyalBunFurnishings RoyalBunFurnishings]
* [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/ Small Pet Select]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/natural-toys-and-chews-for-rabbits Natural Toys and Chews]
** [https://shop.smallpetselect.com/collections/habitat-and-grooming-accessories-for-rabbits Habitats and Accessories for Rabbits]
* [https://www.tokihut.com/ Tokihut]

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/recommended-toys Recommended Rabbit Toys]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/22/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Toy Test]
* Rabbit Rehome, [http://www.rabbitrehome.org.uk/care/budgettoys.asp Free Rabbit Toys]
* House Rabbit Network, Mallory Mohring, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/toys.shtml Rabbit Toys]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/fungames.pdf Fun and Games with Your Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-toys/ FAQ: Toys]
* House Rabbit Society, Margo DeMello, Ph.D., [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-6/chew-stick.html More Than Just a Chew Stick]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/besttoy.html Finding the Best Toy for Your Rabbit]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/toysforbuns.htm Toys for Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Charity, Carolina James, [http://web.archive.org/web/20021226212820/http://www.therabbitcharity.freeserve.co.uk/toys.html Favorite Rabbit Toys]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/behavior/toys.html Adventures in Toyland]
* Petfinder, [http://www.petfinder.com/pet-care/rabbit-care/designing-rabbit-playground/ Designing a Rabbit Playground]
* Laura Tyler, [http://www.morfz.com/ashytyler.html Ashy Tyler's Toys]
* RabbitScout, [http://rabbitscout.com/toys-for-bunnies-to-play-with Safe toys for bunnies to play with]

== See also ==
* [[Bunny-proofing]]
* [[Gifts for rabbit lovers]]
* [[Training a rabbit]]
* [[Walking a rabbit]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Choosing a rabbit veterinarian

2022-12-20T17:11:54Z

Wick and Fable: Added section about questions to ask when leaving with meds.

__TOC__
It is important that you go to a rabbit-knowledgeable veterinarian for any medical issues with your rabbit. While many veterinarians may be very good at treating cats and dogs, they may not be knowledgeable in exotic care as rabbits are not usually among the species covered in veterinary medical school. Rabbit physiology and tolerance to medications is very different than cats and dogs and cannot be treated in the same manner. Incorrect treatment can easily be fatal.

<div class="note">
If you '''cannot find''' a rabbit-savvy veterinarian within a reasonable distance, find a dog/cat veterinarian that will be willing to consult a specialist over the phone to properly diagnose and treat your rabbit. Otherwise, it may be wise to reconsider pet rabbit ownership if no acceptable nearby resources are available.
</div>

== Questions to ask ==
The following are some questions you can ask your potential veterinarian to see if they are well-qualified to treat rabbits:

* '''Do you treat rabbits?'''
* '''Approximately how many rabbits do you see a year?'''
* '''What percentage of the rabbits you see are indoor companions? Outdoor pets? Show/livestock animals?''' Veterinarians that often see rabbits as livestock will usually recommend euthanasia for any ill rabbit. If you see this type of veterinarian, you will most likely have to do a lot of educating about your rabbit’s role in your family and the lengths to which you are willing to go to keep him healthy.
* '''What is the best way to prevent [[GI stasis]]?''' The answer is to provide unlimited [[hay]], brush often, and give plenty of [[exercise]].
* '''What diagnostic tools and treatments do you usually use for GI slowdowns? What is your success rate?''' Surgery should be a last resort. X-rays should be taken if an obstruction is suspected. Motility drugs such as Reglan and Propulsid should only be prescribed if no obstructions are found. A good veterinarian will suggest supportive measures such as subcutaneous fluids, abdominal massage, and keeping the rabbit warm. Rabbits that need to syringe-fed should be given Critical Care, canned pumpkin (100% pumpkin only, not pie filling), a softened pellet mixture, baby foods, or some combination of these. The vet may also suggest oral fluids including Pedialyte or Gatorade. Pain medication such as Metacam and Banamine can also be appropriate.
* '''What types of surgery have you performed on rabbits? What is your success rate? What type of anesthetic do you use for rabbits?'''
* '''Should rabbits be fasted before surgery?''' The answer is '''no'''; rabbits should never be fasted as they cannot [[vomit]].
* '''Are you available for after-hours emergencies?'''

=== Red Flags ===
{{right-image|file=SNORS RabbitVetRedFlags.jpg|caption=Vet "Red Flag" list from SNORS.}}

Special Needs Older Rabbits Sanctuary ([https://www.facebook.com/snorssanctuary SNORS]) "red flag" list for vets. "If you hear any of these from your vet it’s time to find a rabbit vet!" - SNORS

🚩 “There is no need to neuter your rabbit, if it’s a female then it can live happily with another female. No need to neuter, it’s too high risk.”

🚩 “If your rabbit lives indoors, you don’t need to vaccinate. Only vaccinate if they go outside.”

🚩 “Your rabbit doesn’t need a friend, they can be perfectly happy alone.”

🚩 “Fast your rabbit before surgery.”

🚩 “They don’t need pain relief.”

NOTE: Some owners & vets will debate some of the above points. While each rabbit is different you and your rabbit-savvy vet should discuss the pros and cons of each topic so that you can make a informed educated decision.

== Questions to Ask Before Leaving with Medications==
Once you've found a rabbit-experienced veterinarian, the following are helpful questions to ask at the end of a visit to ensure you are informed as you walk out the door:

* What's the best way to store the medication?
* Is the provided syringe an appropriate size for the prescribed dose and is the dose amount clearly visible (or marked)?
* Did the rabbit receive a dose during this visit already?
* Would giving the first dose today at _____ be OK?
* Is there recommendations on whether food should be given before or after administering the medication?
* How long can we expect to see a change/improvment?
* What are common side effects and how long do they last?
* What side effects or what situations would merit calling in?
* What should be done if a dose is missed?
* If this medication will be taken for a longer period of time, should a call be placed ahead of time for a refill so there's no gap in medicated days?

== Rabbit veterinarian listings ==
=== Worldwide ===
* House Rabbit Society. [https://rabbit.org/vet-listings/ Rabbit Vets Near Me]
* [http://www.aemv.org/ Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians]
* American Board of Veterinary Practitioners. [https://abvp.com/animal-owners/find-an-abvp-specialist/ Find an ABVP Specialist] - Look for either Avian or Exotic Diplomates.
* Rabbits Online. [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/forums/rabbit-veterinarian-list.21/ Rabbit Veterinarian List
* Hedgehog Welfare Society. [https://www.hedgehogwelfare.org/veterinarians.asp HWS Veterinarian List]
* RabbitVet.net. [http://rabbitvet.net World Rabbit Veterinarians]
* BunSpace.com. [http://www.bunspace.com/vets/search Search for a Vet or Animal Hospital]
* Rabbit References. (2007). [http://www.morfz.com/PB_vets.html PetBunny Veterinarian List]
* Bunny Lovers Unite. (2007). [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600698964744/ JoJo's Guide to Bunny Rabbit Savvy Vets around the world!]

=== United States ===
* [[:Category:United States| Our internal United States category]]
* Rabbit Hole Hay. [https://www.rabbitholehay.com/pages/vet-locator Vet Locator]
* Rabbitors. [https://rabbitors.info/us-rabbit-resources/us-veterinary-clinics-for-rabbits/ US veterinary clinics for rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. [https://rabbit.org/rabbit-veterinarians-state-listings/ Rabbit Veterinarians: Non-Chapter Listings]

=== United Kingdom ===
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-welfare-association-fund/our-work/rabbit-friendly-vets/rabbit-friendly-vet-list// Rabbit Friendly Vet List]
* Frances Harcourt-Brown. (2018). [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/vetfinder/list-of-vets-and-practices-that-have-been-recommended-by-rabbit-owners/copy_of_county-or-city/england England], [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/vetfinder/list-of-vets-and-practices-that-have-been-recommended-by-rabbit-owners/copy_of_county-or-city/scotland Scotland], [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/vetfinder/list-of-vets-and-practices-that-have-been-recommended-by-rabbit-owners/copy_of_county-or-city/wales Wales], and [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/vetfinder/list-of-vets-and-practices-that-have-been-recommended-by-rabbit-owners/copy_of_county-or-city/Ireland Northern Ireland]
* [http://findavet.rcvs.org.uk/home/ Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons]
* Happy Hoppers Rabbit Forum. [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t8-finding-a-rabbit-savvy-vet-member-recommendations Finding A Rabbit Savvy Vet & Member Recommendations]

== Financial assistance ==
If you are unable to afford large sudden bills, we would recommend looking into obtaining pet [[insurance]] for your rabbit. If you have decent credit, you can also look into interest-free or low-interest veterinary bill financing companies such as [https://scratchpay.com/ ScratchPay] and [https://www.carecredit.com/vetmed/ Care Credit] in the United States, [https://www.petcard.ca/index.php Petcard] in Canada, [https://www.carefreecredit.co.uk/for-pet-owners/ Carefree Credit] in the UK, and [https://vetpay.com.au/ VetPay] in Australia.

In the case that you are unable to obtain enough money due to extenuating circumstances, can provide a proof of income, and are still willing to take your pet to the veterinarian, explain your financial situation to the veterinarians that you contact and see if you can mutually work something out. Often, veterinarians may have some sort of charitable account or will be able to work out a payment plan for you. Otherwise, contact local shelters and rescues to see if they can help subsidize your bill or direct you to a fund that will.

<div class="bad">If your rabbit is in severe distress and absolutely needs medical care that you cannot afford, please consider surrendering your animal to the hospital or shelter for a chance at appropriate medical care or even humane euthanasia to relieve any extended suffering.</div>

The following are groups that may help with emergency rabbit vet bills:
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/823427274823824 Bunny Vet Bill Help] (Private)
* Facebook, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2001017273356092/ Vet Corner Angels: Emergency Funding] (Private)

See the links below for more information about organizations that can help with medical costs.
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [https://rabbit.org/resources-to-help-pay-vet-bills/ Resources to Help Pay Veterinary Bills]
* The Humane Society of the United States. [https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/are-you-having-trouble-affording-your-pet Having Trouble Affording Veterinary Care?]
* Midcoast Humane. (2019). [https://midcoasthumane.org/resources/financial-resources-pet-owners/ Financial Assistance for Pet Owners]
* ASPCA. [https://www.aspca.org/about-us/faq FAQ] > I need financial help with my vet bills.
* [https://www.fortheloveofalex.org/ For the Love of Alex, Inc.]

== Vet-to-vet consultations ==
In the case that you have no local rabbit-savvy vets available, an amenable local non-rabbit-savvy vet can instead call one of the listed veterinarians below for a consultation to help diagnose your sick rabbit.

Some of these professionals charge a fee for consultations, and others do not. It will be up to your veterinarian to ask in advance. In addition to paying any consultation fees, remember to offer to pay your vet for the time they spend consulting for you as well as any long-distance charges.

* [http://www.yelp.com/biz/chabot-veterinary-clinic-hayward Carolynn Harvey, DVM] – Northern California – (510) 654-8375<ref name="hrsmedicaladvice">House Rabbit Society. (2011). Sources of Medical Advice. Retrieved 2018 Dec 14 from https://rabbit.org/sources-of-medical-advice/</ref>
* [http://www.drexotic.com/about/jeffrey-r-jenkins-d-v-m/ Jeff Jenkins, DVM] – Southern California – (800) 379-6842<ref name="hrsmedicaladvice"/>
* [http://www.beltonanimal.com/ Teresa Bradley, DVM] – MO – (816) 331-3120<ref name="21sthealth">Kathy Smith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gDWWKjUoOHYC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=rabbit+vet+to+vet+consultation&source=bl&ots=MbAWWUOA0-&sig=Y4yz17wLwV8EmTGyrqVWKN_p5Dk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDrOPCucvKAhUG8mMKHSuhC0oQ6AEIXjAJ#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20vet%20to%20vet%20consultation&f=false Rabbit Health in the 21st Century: A Guide for Bunny Parents].</ref>
* [http://www.beastdr.com/ Bronwyn Dawson, DVM] – CA – (626) 798-5901<ref name="21sthealth"/><ref name="update01272016">Updated phone number 2016 Jan 27.</ref>
* [http://www.animalandbirdvet.com/ Kenneth Dazen, DVM or David Kupersmith, DVM] – NJ – (856) 751-2122<ref name="21sthealth"/>
* [http://www.exoticanimalcarecenter.com/ Sari Kanfer, DVM] – CA – (626) 827-2936<ref name="21sthealth"/><ref name="update01272016"/>
* [http://exoticanimalcare.com/ Susan Kelleher, DVM] – FL – (954) 968-7171<ref name="21sthealth"/>
* [http://redmondsammamishveterinary.com/ Diane Mitchell, DVM] – WA – (425) 868-8008<ref name="21sthealth"/><ref name="update01272016"/>

<span class="red">'''Do not try to contact these veterinarians yourself.'''</span> These veterinarians will only speak to another veterinary professional as a professional courtesy.

== Further reading ==
* American Association of Veterinary State Boards (AAVSB). [https://www.aavsb.org/OurServices/look-up-a-license Look Up a License - Licensing Boards for Veterinary Medicine.] North America only.
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-friendly-vets/ Rabbit Friendly Vets]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/rabbitcare.php#choosevet How to Choose a Rabbit-experienced Vet]
* House Rabbit Resource Network, [http://rabbitresource.org/care-and-health/medical-emergencies/how-to-find-a-good-rabbit-vet/ How To Find A Good Rabbit Vet]
* Astrid M. Kruse, DVM. (2008). [https://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-health-articles/how-to-find-a-rabbit-vet/ How to Find a Rabbit Vet]
* PetravelR. (2014). [http://www.petravelr.com/?p=1791 Finding a Rabbit Vet]

Below are some experiences showing why it is important to find a rabbit-savvy vet.
* RabbitRescue & Rehab, [http://www.rabbitcare.org/NYCMetroRabbitNews,February2010.pdf Thump, February 2010], Jane O’Wyatt, Robert’s Near-Spay Experience ''(page 8)''

== See also ==
* [[Adoption listings]]
* [[Getting started with a rabbit]]
* [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]]
* [[Veterinary emergencies]]

[[Category:Resources]]

== References ==
<references/>

Thymoma

2022-09-09T16:58:25Z

Wick and Fable: /* Symptoms */

{{incomplete}}
'''Thymomas''' are tumors that originate from the thymus, a specialized organ of the immune system in the chest cavity.

__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
[[File:VetstreamLapisEyes1.jpg|right|thumb|Source: Vetstream Lapis.|x200px]]
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/JL3ynzmzht0||right|CT. (2022). Positional Exophthalmos|frame}}

* Eye bulging (exophthalmus)
* Third eye protusion
* Swelling of the head, neck, or forelimbs
* Abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea)
* Difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* Widespread scaling of the skin (exfoliative dermatitis)
* Sebaceous adentitis

== Treatment ==

* <b>Surgery</b>
* <b>Radiation therapy</b>
* <b>Chemotherapy</b>
* <b>Steroids</b>: most often prednisolone, but sometimes dexamethasone.

The following are more resources on treatment options for rabbits:

* Alyssa Palmer, et al. (2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506321000495 Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated]
* La’Toya Latney, DVM. (2016). [https://www.vet.upenn.edu/docs/default-source/penn-annual-conference/pac2016-proceedings/companion-animal-track-3/exotics-oncology---dr-latney.pdf?sfvrsn=c05219ba_3 Exotics Oncology: Special Focus on Updates on Therapies for Rabbits & Ferrets] {{PDF}}
* Clinician's Brief. (2012). [https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/reconsidering-surgery-rabbit-thymoma Surgery: Not Ideal for Rabbit Thymoma?]
* F. Künzel, et al. (2012). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267174 Thymomas in rabbits: clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.]
* D. Guzman Sanchez-Migallon, et al. (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/9374256/Radiation_Therapy_for_the_Treatment_of_Thymoma_in_Rabbits Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Thymoma in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]
* James K. Morrisey and Margaret McEntee. (2005). [http://www.rabbit.org/health/Rabbitthymomas.pdf Therapeutic Options for Thymoma in the Rabbits] {{pdf}}

== Experiences ==

* Katheryn L. Sullivan Kutil. (2021). [https://cvm.msu.edu/vetschool-tails/msu-magic-palliative-radiation-therapy-nanny-unicorn-rabbit A Little MSU Magic: Palliative Radiation Therapy for Nanny, the Unicorn Rabbit]
* Devin Roktya. (2021). [https://news.wsu.edu/news/2021/09/24/rabbit-travels-from-seattle-for-life-saving-treatment/ Rabbit travels from Seattle for life‑saving treatment]
* Tallulah Rabbit & Friends. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/binky.flop.thump/posts/pfbid02RYDQ3Th3DhNLy7NXYd7KgUkSXxmBfJiZaQztRXGxNP9NtvqUUGHfXq6MDg7mNjw3l Tallulah's story] {{RIP}}
* Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/specialneedsrspecial/posts/pfbid02cR7zWGo4QoWiSD9YNuCYXKVgYmaNsE1KQwcASeWBk4CLmFP9SqrA6QpCmtbevpZql Jenny's story - 7yo rabbit received radiation therapy for 2 months to shrink the tumor]
* u/X63914. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bs4xbz/today_my_rabbit_thumper_didnt_make_it_through_a/ Thumper's story - passed while under anesthesia to trim molar spurs with diagnosed thymoma] {{RIP}}
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/posts/1720763501530422 Booboo's story - 9yo rabbit received radiation therapy to reduce the size of tumor]
* r/Rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2yonpj/update_on_nikki_who_was_diagnosed_with_lymphoma/ Update on Nikki, who was diagnosed with lymphoma in October.]
* [http://scootiescoop.wordpress.com/ The Scootie Scoop]. (2013).
* RabbitsOnline. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/thymoma-cancer.75044/ Thymoma cancer]
* Rabbit Reporter's Warren. (2012). [http://rabbitreporter.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/general-has-thymoma-too-two-buns-one-pet-store/ General has Thymoma, Too: Two Buns, One Pet Store]
* /somecows/. (2011). [http://somecows.com/thymoma/ Thymoma in Rabbits: Paco’s Story]
* Davida Kobler. (2004). [http://rabbit.org/a-miracle-for-hopnoodle-a-tale-of-thymoma/ A Miracle for Hopnoodle]

== Further reading ==
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chest-Masses-in-Rabbits-Thymoma.pdf Chest Masses in Rabbits] [PDF]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/thymomas-in-rabbits/ Thymomas in Rabbits]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thym/Thymoma_rab.htm Sebaceous adenitis associated to thymoma in rabbits]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/cancer/c_rb_thymoma_lymphoma#.UQ9LVB3pfg0 Lung Tumors and Lung Cancer in Rabbits]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/Miscellaneous/Thymoma.htm Thymoma and Thymic Lymphoma in Rabbits]

[[Category:Health]]

Thymoma

2022-09-09T16:57:13Z

Wick and Fable: /* Symptoms */ - added Fable eye-bulge video

{{incomplete}}
'''Thymomas''' are tumors that originate from the thymus, a specialized organ of the immune system in the chest cavity.

__TOC__
== Symptoms ==
[[File:VetstreamLapisEyes1.jpg|right|thumb|Source: Vetstream Lapis.|x200px]]

* Eye bulging (exophthalmus)
* Third eye protusion
* Swelling of the head, neck, or forelimbs
* Abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea)
* Difficult or labored breathing (dyspnea)
* Widespread scaling of the skin (exfoliative dermatitis)
* Sebaceous adentitis

{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/JL3ynzmzht0||right|CT. (2022). Positional Exophthalmos|frame}}

== Treatment ==

* <b>Surgery</b>
* <b>Radiation therapy</b>
* <b>Chemotherapy</b>
* <b>Steroids</b>: most often prednisolone, but sometimes dexamethasone.

The following are more resources on treatment options for rabbits:

* Alyssa Palmer, et al. (2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1557506321000495 Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated]
* La’Toya Latney, DVM. (2016). [https://www.vet.upenn.edu/docs/default-source/penn-annual-conference/pac2016-proceedings/companion-animal-track-3/exotics-oncology---dr-latney.pdf?sfvrsn=c05219ba_3 Exotics Oncology: Special Focus on Updates on Therapies for Rabbits & Ferrets] {{PDF}}
* Clinician's Brief. (2012). [https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/reconsidering-surgery-rabbit-thymoma Surgery: Not Ideal for Rabbit Thymoma?]
* F. Künzel, et al. (2012). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267174 Thymomas in rabbits: clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.]
* D. Guzman Sanchez-Migallon, et al. (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/9374256/Radiation_Therapy_for_the_Treatment_of_Thymoma_in_Rabbits Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Thymoma in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]
* James K. Morrisey and Margaret McEntee. (2005). [http://www.rabbit.org/health/Rabbitthymomas.pdf Therapeutic Options for Thymoma in the Rabbits] {{pdf}}

== Experiences ==

* Katheryn L. Sullivan Kutil. (2021). [https://cvm.msu.edu/vetschool-tails/msu-magic-palliative-radiation-therapy-nanny-unicorn-rabbit A Little MSU Magic: Palliative Radiation Therapy for Nanny, the Unicorn Rabbit]
* Devin Roktya. (2021). [https://news.wsu.edu/news/2021/09/24/rabbit-travels-from-seattle-for-life-saving-treatment/ Rabbit travels from Seattle for life‑saving treatment]
* Tallulah Rabbit & Friends. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/binky.flop.thump/posts/pfbid02RYDQ3Th3DhNLy7NXYd7KgUkSXxmBfJiZaQztRXGxNP9NtvqUUGHfXq6MDg7mNjw3l Tallulah's story] {{RIP}}
* Rusty & Furriends: Vegas Dumpsite Bunnies. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/specialneedsrspecial/posts/pfbid02cR7zWGo4QoWiSD9YNuCYXKVgYmaNsE1KQwcASeWBk4CLmFP9SqrA6QpCmtbevpZql Jenny's story - 7yo rabbit received radiation therapy for 2 months to shrink the tumor]
* u/X63914. (2019). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/bs4xbz/today_my_rabbit_thumper_didnt_make_it_through_a/ Thumper's story - passed while under anesthesia to trim molar spurs with diagnosed thymoma] {{RIP}}
* Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/DickVetREP/posts/1720763501530422 Booboo's story - 9yo rabbit received radiation therapy to reduce the size of tumor]
* r/Rabbits. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2yonpj/update_on_nikki_who_was_diagnosed_with_lymphoma/ Update on Nikki, who was diagnosed with lymphoma in October.]
* [http://scootiescoop.wordpress.com/ The Scootie Scoop]. (2013).
* RabbitsOnline. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/thymoma-cancer.75044/ Thymoma cancer]
* Rabbit Reporter's Warren. (2012). [http://rabbitreporter.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/general-has-thymoma-too-two-buns-one-pet-store/ General has Thymoma, Too: Two Buns, One Pet Store]
* /somecows/. (2011). [http://somecows.com/thymoma/ Thymoma in Rabbits: Paco’s Story]
* Davida Kobler. (2004). [http://rabbit.org/a-miracle-for-hopnoodle-a-tale-of-thymoma/ A Miracle for Hopnoodle]

== Further reading ==
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2018). [https://www.unusualpetvets.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chest-Masses-in-Rabbits-Thymoma.pdf Chest Masses in Rabbits] [PDF]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/thymomas-in-rabbits/ Thymomas in Rabbits]
* Esther van Praag. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Cancer/Thym/Thymoma_rab.htm Sebaceous adenitis associated to thymoma in rabbits]
* PetMD. [http://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/cancer/c_rb_thymoma_lymphoma#.UQ9LVB3pfg0 Lung Tumors and Lung Cancer in Rabbits]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/Miscellaneous/Thymoma.htm Thymoma and Thymic Lymphoma in Rabbits]

[[Category:Health]]

Broken bones

2022-06-08T18:15:01Z

Wick and Fable:

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
The following are some stories about rabbits with broken bones.

* House Rabbit Society Singapore (HRSS). (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/FHRSS/posts/5591641360875649 Pickles's experience with a hind leg fracture]
* Petplan. (2021). [https://www.petplan.co.uk/pet-information/rabbit/advice/broken-leg-recovery/ We’ll never know exactly what happened – how my rabbit overcame a broken leg]
* New Beginnings Animal Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/NEWBEGINNINGS11/posts/4885175744839713 Baby Evie was found with a broken leg and needs funds to pin the break]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6505243519515886 A leg amputation for Archie due to severely broken bones after a fight with brother] {{Graphic}}
* Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/ZoohCornerRabbitRescue/posts/10159462303233540 Story of Snow Cone Jones, a baby rabbit with a broken back]
* Wick & Fable. (2021). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/front-paw-fracture-experience/ Front Paw Fracture experience]
* Bird and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/beacvet/videos/1354665937999494/ Facebook video about Gnocchi who had a broken neck]
* Pete the Vet. (2017). [https://www.petethevet.com/lily-the-rabbit-had-a-problem-with-her-leg/ Lily the rabbit had a problem with her leg]
* Pete the Vet. (2015). [https://www.petethevet.com/bongy-a-5-month-old-rabbit-who-broke-his-back-leg/ Bongy, a 5 month old rabbit who broke his back leg.]
* D. Tomlin. (2011). [[Story: Rabbit with broken jaw – healing without repair surgery]]
* V. Sjöberg. [http://www.medirabbit.com/Radiography/Limbs/Broken_toe/Toe_rad.htm Ventro-dorsal radiography of the left hind foot with a broken toe]

Below are some discussions about rabbits with broken bones.
* katk. (2016). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/rabbit-broken-foot-what-are-our-options-x-rays-included.86840/ Rabbit Broken Foot - What Are Our Options? (X-rays Included)]
* Phoenixfyre. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/broken-leg-options.75030/ Broken leg...options?]

== Cage Rest ==
<div class="note"> '''Consult with your rabbit's veterinarian to understand the parameters (e.g., how long, what size...) around cage rest.''' Failure to adhere to a cage rest regimen may worsen your rabbit's current injury and/or cause new injuries. In general, it is safer to maintain cage rest for a longer amount of time.
</div>

In the case of bone fractures or sprains, '''cage rest''' is generally recommended for at least two weeks to ensure excessive movement does not exacerbate the injury. '''Although cage rest requires confinement and reduces daily exercise, it is imperative to minimize recovery-related complications'''. Adhering to recommended cage rest will optimize and quicken recovery time so that your rabbit can return to their larger space sooner and pain-/risk-free.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Cfracture 3d.jpeg|caption=A rabbit with a complete fracture on the 3rd digit.}}
{{gallery-image|file=healed_cfracture.jpg|caption=A complete fracture that has formed healthy calluses after several weeks of cage rest and no splints or surgeries.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Complication 1.jpg|caption=Complication on the 2nd digit due to changes in weight distribution/movement from a previous complete fracture.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Complication 2.jpeg|caption=Complication on the 5th digit due to intense movement on a previously fractured paw.}}
</div>

[[File:cage-rest.jpg|right|thumb|Example enclosure used for cage rest with fleece-covered memory foam flooring and a low-sided entrance litter box.]]

<div class="note">
'''Factors to consider in creating a cage rest space:'''
* '''Size''': The enclosure should still be large enough to house all the necessities, including a water bowl, litter box, and some maneuvering space for your rabbit.
* '''Flooring''': Movement should be as easy as possible, so it is crucial to provide soft and stable traction in the enclosure. A towel or fleece on top of a slippery surface will still slide and potentially lead to injury.
* '''Litterbox''': Depending on the nature of your rabbit's injury, you may opt for a lower-lip litterbox so jumping is minimal or you may forgo a litterbox for the duration of cage rest. While there may be concerns about litterbox adherence, the priority is a smooth recovery, so easy access to hay is more important for the foreseeable future.
* '''Engagement''': There should be no jumping platforms or items in the enclosure that will encourage intense exercise, especially digging if your rabbit's injury involves either front paws. You may need to provide low-intensity engagement activities (ex. hay toppers, scatter-feeding pellets...) that can keep your rabbit entertained without requiring excessive physical exertion.
</div>
== Further reading ==
* F. Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/case-of-the-month/to-amputate-or-not-to-amputate The dilemma of a rabbit with a broken leg]
* Esther van Praag Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Bone_diseases/Fracture/Fracture.htm Limb fracture and pinning of the broken bone] <span class="red">(Graphic)</span>
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/FracturesInRabbits.htm Fractures in Rabbits]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/Spinal_InjuryLagomorphs.htm Spinal Injury in Lagomorphs and Ferrets]

== See also ==
* [[Special needs rabbits]]

[[Category:Health]]

Broken bones

2022-06-08T18:12:58Z

Wick and Fable: Added Cage Rest section. Will add products and stuff sometime in the future.

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
The following are some stories about rabbits with broken bones.

* House Rabbit Society Singapore (HRSS). (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/FHRSS/posts/5591641360875649 Pickles's experience with a hind leg fracture]
* Petplan. (2021). [https://www.petplan.co.uk/pet-information/rabbit/advice/broken-leg-recovery/ We’ll never know exactly what happened – how my rabbit overcame a broken leg]
* New Beginnings Animal Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/NEWBEGINNINGS11/posts/4885175744839713 Baby Evie was found with a broken leg and needs funds to pin the break]
* The Unusual Pet Vets. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/TheUnusualPetVets/posts/6505243519515886 A leg amputation for Archie due to severely broken bones after a fight with brother] {{Graphic}}
* Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/ZoohCornerRabbitRescue/posts/10159462303233540 Story of Snow Cone Jones, a baby rabbit with a broken back]
* Wick & Fable. (2021). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/front-paw-fracture-experience/ Front Paw Fracture experience]
* Bird and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/beacvet/videos/1354665937999494/ Facebook video about Gnocchi who had a broken neck]
* Pete the Vet. (2017). [https://www.petethevet.com/lily-the-rabbit-had-a-problem-with-her-leg/ Lily the rabbit had a problem with her leg]
* Pete the Vet. (2015). [https://www.petethevet.com/bongy-a-5-month-old-rabbit-who-broke-his-back-leg/ Bongy, a 5 month old rabbit who broke his back leg.]
* D. Tomlin. (2011). [[Story: Rabbit with broken jaw – healing without repair surgery]]
* V. Sjöberg. [http://www.medirabbit.com/Radiography/Limbs/Broken_toe/Toe_rad.htm Ventro-dorsal radiography of the left hind foot with a broken toe]

Below are some discussions about rabbits with broken bones.
* katk. (2016). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/rabbit-broken-foot-what-are-our-options-x-rays-included.86840/ Rabbit Broken Foot - What Are Our Options? (X-rays Included)]
* Phoenixfyre. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/broken-leg-options.75030/ Broken leg...options?]

== Cage Rest ==
<div class="note"> '''Consult with your rabbit's veterinarian to understand the parameters (e.g., how long, what size...) around cage rest.''' Failure to adhere to a cage rest regimen may worsen your rabbit's current injury and/or cause new injuries. In general, it is safer to maintain cage rest for a longer amount of time.
</div>

In the case of bone fractures or sprains, cage rest is generally recommended for at least two weeks to ensure excessive movement does not exacerbate the injury. **Although cage rest requires confinement and reduces daily exercise, it is imperative to minimize recovery-related complications**. Adhering to recommended cage rest will optimize and quicken recovery time so that your rabbit can return to their larger space sooner and pain-/risk-free.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Cfracture 3d.jpeg|caption=A rabbit with a complete fracture on the 3rd digit.}}
{{gallery-image|file=healed_cfracture.jpg|caption=A complete fracture that has formed healthy calluses after several weeks of cage rest and no splints or surgeries.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Complication 1.jpg|caption=Complication on the 2nd digit due to changes in weight distribution/movement from a previous complete fracture.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Complication 2.jpeg|caption=Complication on the 5th digit due to intense movement on a previously fractured paw.}}
</div>

[[File:cage-rest.jpg|right|thumb|Example enclosure used for cage rest with fleece-covered memory foam flooring and a low-sided entrance litter box.]]

<div class="note">
'''Factors to consider in creating a cage rest space:'''
* '''Size''': The enclosure should still be large enough to house all the necessities, including a water bowl, litter box, and some maneuvering space for your rabbit.
* '''Flooring''': Movement should be as easy as possible, so it is crucial to provide soft and stable traction in the enclosure. A towel or fleece on top of a slippery surface will still slide and potentially lead to injury.
* '''Litterbox''': Depending on the nature of your rabbit's injury, you may opt for a lower-lip litterbox so jumping is minimal or you may forgo a litterbox for the duration of cage rest. While there may be concerns about litterbox adherence, the priority is a smooth recovery, so easy access to hay is more important for the foreseeable future.
* '''Engagement''': There should be no jumping platforms or items in the enclosure that will encourage intense exercise, especially digging if your rabbit's injury involves either front paws. You may need to provide low-intensity engagement activities (ex. hay toppers, scatter-feeding pellets...) that can keep your rabbit entertained without requiring excessive physical exertion.
</div>
== Further reading ==
* F. Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/case-of-the-month/to-amputate-or-not-to-amputate The dilemma of a rabbit with a broken leg]
* Esther van Praag Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Bone_diseases/Fracture/Fracture.htm Limb fracture and pinning of the broken bone] <span class="red">(Graphic)</span>
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/FracturesInRabbits.htm Fractures in Rabbits]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/Spinal_InjuryLagomorphs.htm Spinal Injury in Lagomorphs and Ferrets]

== See also ==
* [[Special needs rabbits]]

[[Category:Health]]

File:Cage-rest.jpg

2022-06-08T18:11:13Z

Wick and Fable: Wick and Fable uploaded a new version of File:Cage-rest.jpg

File:Cage-rest.jpg

2022-06-08T18:09:19Z

Wick and Fable:

Broken bones

2022-06-08T17:47:06Z

Wick and Fable: /* Experiences */ - added many x-ray pictures of Wick.

File:Complication 1.jpg

2022-06-08T17:44:37Z

Wick and Fable:

File:Complication 2.jpeg

2022-06-08T17:44:26Z

Wick and Fable:

File:Cfracture 3d.jpeg

2022-06-08T17:44:18Z

Wick and Fable:

File:Healed cfracture.jpg

2022-06-08T17:44:07Z

Wick and Fable:

Bunny-proofing

2022-06-03T23:44:16Z

Wick and Fable: /* Repellents */

Before you allow your rabbit to roam freely in a place, make sure that the location has been bunny-proofed! This will protect the bunny from being potentially injured and protect your belongings from being irreversibly damaged. Rabbits are very curious and can get themselves into mischief that you couldn't imagine!

<div class="note">
Some rabbits may make it incredibly difficult to properly bunny-proof walls, floors, and furniture due to their natural destructive behavior, and these bunnies may do best on a low pile rug that covers your original flooring and enclosed on it with multiple exercise pens for sufficient roaming and exercise space.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Y1-GN3qErFc|name=Howcast. (2013). How to Rabbit-Proof Your Home}}
{{youtube|id=0ZCjeAKIcEs|name=101Rabbits. (2019). How I Bunny Proof!}}
{{youtube|id=lcinDe3gJiI|name=lcinDe3gJiI. (2021). ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BUNNY PROOFING | How to Rabbit Proof}}
</div>

== What is bunstruction? ==
Empowered Animals Behavior and Training, LLC [https://www.facebook.com/empoweredanimalsbehaviorandtraining/posts/327981689328009 posted about bunstruction:]

<blockquote>
Today, we are talking about "bunstruction." Many times, we see people who are looking for help with a "destructive" rabbit. It can help to understand the why of digging and chewing, which are super natural behaviors, when you are trying to prevent your bunny from destroying things in your home!

Rabbits use their teeth, strong feet, and claws to create tunnels, burrows, and nests. They chew roots under the ground to create clear pathways, and dig through grass to create cool places to lay. Do any of these remind you of items in your home? Items like cords and carpet?
When we address unwanted chewing and digging, the FIRST thing we ask is WHERE is this happening? Often, I take a look at a bunny's home and can identify the problem spots before the human even tells me! There are certain places that will be naturally attractive to rabbits. These will be corners, dark/low-ceilinged areas (under couches/tables), and edges (where the back of the couch meets the seat, baseboards, etc.).

{{right-image|file=BunniesDigAndChew.jpg|name="Remember that your bunny is a bunny!"}}
Rabbits often are trying to see where they can get in these places that have the makings of a good rabbit hole! When they are able to successfully pull up a carpet, dig through the fabric of a couch, or rip paint off the wall, they feel like they are making progress. They feel REALLY strongly about getting back to those areas because they were GETTING SOMEWHERE! Below are some tips to help reduce destructive behavior:

* Use large smooth tiles to cover corners, the underside of couches or tables, etc. Placing a tile that they can't bite or dig through makes sure that "progress" stops.

* Block off areas that you can't bunny-proof. Use grates (we like C&C cubes or Tespo panels) to block the underside of couches, beds, and other "cozy" spots. Ex-pens are also great chew-proof gates!

* Tie all cords together, and run them through a chew-proof PVC pipe.

Remember that your bunny is a bunny! If tried to live with a tiger, in your house, you wouldn't punish them for eating your couch-we know that a house isn't designed for a tiger! A house isn't necessarily designed for a bunny without some proofing. Use effective proofing to stop these behaviors before they start!
</blockquote>

== Chewing wires ==
[[File:Chewing cords usb.jpg|thumb|A victim of nibbling rabbits|250px]]
Most rabbits will not pass up the opportunity to take a nibble or chew up a wire left unprotected in their reach. This can be dangerous if they decide to chew a live wire. Additionally, whatever cord they take a bite out of will most likely be unable to be fixed. It only takes one nibble!

There are several options available to protect your cords:
* Cover all exposed wires.
** Various types of tubing can be found in stores and online. Split-loom tubing for cars is popular and is available cheaply on [http://www.amazon.com/SPLIT-LOOM-8X100-TEC-DAS/dp/B001JT5AEW/wabbi-20 Amazon.com]. [http://www.amazon.com/Install-Bay-Split-Loom-Tube/dp/B005NN0HOS/wabbi-20 1/2"] is enough for most cables like ethernet and power cords. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Terminal-SL250-100-4-Inch-Tubing/dp/B001762LIA/wabbi-20 1/4"] is appropriate for cell phone chargers and other thinner cords. Other types of tubing such as vinyl can be found at hardware and home improvement stores, auto supply stores, and electronic stores. With a sharp utility knife, cut the tube length-wise and push the electrical cords inside. Tape can be used to keep the tubing stationary and connected. You can also use PVC tubing from a home improvement store as cord protectors.
** If you're too lazy to buy cord covers but have old clothing lying around, you can also try threading the wires through pant or sleeve holes. The fabric will need to be tough enough to stand up to a bunny's chewing.
** If the wires must be attached to the floor or the wall, look into using [http://www.amazon.com/Belkin-6ft-Cord-Concealer-Grey/dp/B00006HVLW/wabbi-20 floor cord protectors] that can be taped.
* Keep all wires out of reach by blocking access or nailing them high off the ground. X-pens and zip-tied NIC squares work great as a fence.
* Hide wires underneath rugs or behind furniture. Be careful of hiding power cords under rugs, however, as they can pose a serious fire risk if they overheat.
* For charging cables, find armored options that are metal-wrapped. e.g. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01KAOOMSG/wabbi-20 ZECEEN Metal Micro USB Cable]

<div class="bad">
While you may have some success with training rabbits to ignore wires, for their full safety, <b>all wires should be appropriately bunny-proofed.</b> You cannot guarantee that your rabbit may not suddenly decide to change their mind and make a fatal mistake.

A live high-voltage wire can easily cause rabbits to electrocute themselves, and injuries that may result can range from burnt mouths and tongues to singed fur and whiskers.

Additionally, if the rabbit ingests the wire, especially if made from copper, it can be toxic and result in a much more serious health condition.

* puffy.y.bunny. (2022). [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo Puffy's story of copper toxicity from chewing and eating a power cord.]
* u/yzqx. (2019). [https://aw.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cutt5k/any_experience_with_bunny_electrical_mouth_burns/ Any experience with bunny electrical mouth burns?]
* u/zyocuh. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ Rabbit broke out of cage and chewed lap wire :(]
* House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/houserabbitsociety/photos/a.164857057468.120476.19397272468/10155472497637469/?type=3&theater Facebook post.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Burnt-bunny-tongue-wire.jpg|caption=A rabbit that chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue. His tongue swelled up so much that he could not eat or breathe through his mouth. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ source]}}
{{gallery-image|file=BurntWiskers-SandiAndPepper1.jpg|caption=An example of burnt whiskers and fur from chewing wire. Source: [https://www.instagram.com/p/BWu7Gm6jpkB/ sandiandpepper]}}
{{gallery-image|file=RabbitBitLiveWire1.jpg|caption=This rabbit chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue, lips, teeth, and developed blisters. He was lucky. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/NVH.rabbit/photos/a.412887368771853.94531.410339289026661/412887555438501/?type=3&theater 全國健兔同學會 N.R.S]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Puffy-xray-copper.png|caption=An x-ray of a rabbit that chewed and ate pieces of a floor lamp power cord and ended up with copper toxicity that required a blood transfusion and more intensive care. There were too many small pieces to remove by surgery. You can read Puffy's full story [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo here.]}}
</div>

</div>

The following are some links with more information on how to protect your cords and wires.
* Miriam's Bunnies, [http://www.mybunnies.com/wires.htm Protecting Your Cords and Wires]
* [http://www.ezhidewire.com/ EZ Hide Wire]

== Digging and destroying carpet ==
[[File:carpet_destroyed.png|thumb|right|Example of torn up carpet.|200px]]
Rabbits can dig for several reasons:
* To get to the other side of an obstruction (e.g. doors, walls)
* A scent they want to get at
* Boredom
* Unknown bunny reasons

Regardless of the reason, you will not want your rabbit to dig at or ingest the house carpet.

There are several ways to mitigate the damage.
* '''[[Toys]]''' - A bored bunny will do whatever he wants to amuse him. Providing ample [[toys]] that he likes to play with can help distract him from digging at your carpets.
* '''Scented deterrents.''' Rabbits and animals in general do not like strong scents. You may try spraying strong odors in the area to deter your rabbit from touching the carpet. Do note that your mileage may vary. See the section [[#Repellents|Repellents]] below for more details.
* '''Edible deterrents.''' If your rabbit chews the carpet, some rabbits will dislike the taste of bitter sprays for pets, hot pepper sauce or flakes, vinegar, or rubbed-in Ivory soap, but they can be a hit and miss. Some bunnies will not care or even love the taste.
* '''Covering the area.''' If nothing seems to work, you can cover the victim area with other materials that can easily be replaced. Some options include plastic chair mats, tile, towels, carpet scraps, blankets, mats, rugs, NIC grids, and phone books. If the item seems to be falling apart and may not protect your carpet any more, replace it. Be careful if you use towels or other fabric. Make sure your rabbit is not ingesting the fibers. One suggestion from Jennie Langdon to protect your carpet and other surfaces is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

If you have not tried to mitigate the damage in the area a rabbit has chosen to dig or chew, or the rabbit ignores your mitigation tactic, be consistent on clapping your hands very loudly, shouting no, or using other methods to distract the rabbit from the carpet every time you catch him. This gives a mild negative reinforcement that digging or chewing in that location is not going to be pleasant for him. However, be sure to have appropriate chewing and digging objects nearby, and treat the rabbit for taking an interest in those instead.

== Plants ==
{{Main|[[Toxic Plants]]}}
There are many plants that are [[Toxic Plants|toxic]] to your bunny. The best way to keep your rabbit safe is to keep these out of reach on tables or bookshelves that are completely unable to be jumped to. You may be surprised at the places that your rabbit can reach! Remember to also take care of any falling leaves.

Additionally, you may want to keep your pretty flowers from being consumed. In this case, the same advice holds - block all access to the plant by boxing it, moving it, etc.

== Furniture and walls ==
[[File:wall-corner_destroyed.png|thumb|right|Heavily chewed wall corner damage.|200px]]
If a rabbit is intent on chewing '''baseboards''', there are a few solutions:
* Place a wooden board, bumper, or dowel over favorite locations. It will block access while also giving the rabbit an acceptable alternative chewing surface.
* Rub some bitter non-toxic soap like Ivory to deter them.
* Mount some baseboard guards such with materials such as [https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B07VYYBPFN/wabbi-20 vinyl].

Also see the FAQ question "[[Training FAQ#How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?|How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?]]"
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=RapidFitMoulding.png|caption=[http://www.rapidfitmoulding.com/products/all RapidFit brand moulding] makes a product that will cover up existing baseboard or case molding. This can be used to 'repair' or protect the moulding that is currently installed.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Pycbunny minifence.jpg|caption=Some modified mini garden fencing. Instructions on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4n512f/i_made_room_for_you_lets_cuddle/d41ldpq/ post by u/pycbunny.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=FauxFence1.jpg}}
</div>

For rabbits that like to chew and tear up '''walls''', you can block them using a variety of supplies:
* Clear wood, acrylic, or plexiglass panels from a hardware or plastic supply store. For corners, look for corner guards like [https://smile.amazon.com/Wall-Protex-Nail-Corner-Guard/dp/B005LDBMWQ/wabbi-20 this].
* Plastic or metal exercise pen or wire cube panels. See [[Housing]] for product links.

<div class="bad">
<b>Please be especially careful allowing rabbits around walls and baseboards that may have lead-based paint.</b> Lead poisoning is a serious concern.

* The Rabbit Sanctuary. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitSanctuary/posts/7630873193604574 Dasher had lead toxicity from chewing on wall skirting in an old house.]
</div>

For '''beds and upholstery''':
* Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/SafeRest-Hypoallergenic-Waterproof-Mattress-Protector/dp/B003PWNH4Q/wabbi-20 waterproof mattress cover] around your mattress if you allow rabbits on your bed and want to prevent damage.
* Blanket throws and tarps can protect against toenails and teeth. Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/Ameritex-Waterproof-Blanket-Couch-Inches/dp/B087B5PNV9/wabbi-20 waterproof bed cover] in case of accidents.
* Fence the furniture off with an exercise pen to prevent access. {{right-image|file=MunchAccessDoor1a.jpg|caption=Munch creates an access door in the couch. Image (c) by Cindy Lieberman Friedman.}}
* To prevent rabbits from running under upholstered furniture and burrowing up the soft underside, block access using cardboard or wood. You can cut or trim them to fit underneath the furniture to be invisible from a human glance. Leftover wire cubing from wire cube [[housing]] can also be used as a fence. <span class="red">'''Warning:''' Rabbits can die from [[Heat stroke|overheating]] if they burrow in a sofa or bed and are unable to make their way back out. Ingested filling material can also be a serious risk and cause [[GI stasis]].</span>

Furniture can be moved to cover up already damaged spots and prevent further chewing.

If there is any location that you would like to deter your rabbits from, you can also try wiping some [[#Repellents|deterrents]].

A multipurpose surface covering suggested by Jennie Langdon is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

== Other belongings ==
Rabbits loooooove to chew. Anything left within reach of a rabbit will most likely have some nibbles taken out of it or even suffer some digging. Keep all clothes, shoes, pillows, and other personal materials out of a rabbit's access and never leave them lying around on the floor. It would also be wise to make sure you close your closet doors to make sure a rabbit cannot jump in and wreak havoc.

Remember, it is not the rabbit's fault if items were left on the floor unattended and were consequently destroyed.

== Repellents ==
While some people may recommend things like bitter apple spray, packaging tape, certain soaps, or spray mixtures involving vinegar, the reality is that the majority of taste/scent-based chew deterrents will not reliably stop a rabbit from chewing somewhere they want, and using them may be harmful if ingested or exposed to in large quantities.

To prevent your rabbit from getting injured as well as to protect your belongings, it is vitally important to properly bunny-proof any area that your rabbits have access to. Additionally, you must provide opportunities for your rabbit to redirect that chew energy elsewhere. Rabbits are chewers -- that cannot be changed.

Please see our Bunny-proofing article (http://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Bunny-proofing) for more resources.
Please see our toys article (https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Toys_and_games) for ideas on redirection ideas.

Broadly, repellents are any odor that bunnies find repulsive and can be used in a variety of ways for bunny-proofing with mixed success. Some ideas include the following:<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/wabbi-20 ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref>
* perfumes
* shaving lotions
* lemon oil
* fragrances
* dog and cat repellents

<span class="bad">Smells from the garage like carburetor cleaner and motor oil can also be effective,<ref name="hrh"/> but the inhalation danger of the fumes to humans and rabbits in general make these items not recommended.</span>

<div class="note">
Please remember not to overdo it. Dense atomizing will keep both you and your bunnies away from the area. Be careful of rabbits actually ingesting the repellents and cease using them immediately. Do not spray them in the air as they may cause respiratory issues.
</div>

Repellents should be reapplied daily until the bunnies have lost interest in the object or area.

== Blocking access ==
The simplest solution to all of these situations you can tell is to block complete access.

Ideas of materials to use to block your rabbit:
* zip-tied NIC panels
* exercise pen. See [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4ko9t4/our_bunny_gate_hack/ here] for an idea on how to break apart an x-pen to use as smaller gates.
* baby gates
* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/LEXAN-12-in-x-24-in-Clear-Polycarbonate-Sheet-GE-33/202038063 plexiglass sheets]

Some links to read for more information on blocking access have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/gated.pdf The “Gated Community”]

== Repairing damage ==
The following are links to help you try to repair damage that your bunny has caused.
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/repairkit.html Home Repair Stuff Every Bunny Slave Should Have]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/carpetrepair.html Tips for Repairing Carpet Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/elcords.html Tips for Repairing Electrical Cords]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/baseboard.html Tips for Repairing Baseboard Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/sheetrock.html Tips for Repairing Sheetrock/Drywall Damage]

== Further reading ==
* [http://bunnyproof.com/ Bunnyproof.com]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/rabbit-proofing.html#cords FAQ: Rabbit Proofing]
* OntarioRabbits.org, [http://ontariorabbits.org/health/hazards Hazards]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/8/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Proofing your Home/Yard]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/prepare.php#bunnyproof Bunny Proofing Tips and Tricks]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/bunnyproof2.pdf Bunny Proofing Revisited]
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group, [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/bunny-proofing.htm Bunny proofing your home]
* About-pet-rabbits.com, [http://www.about-pet-rabbits.com/rabbit-proofing.html Rabbit Proofing]

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Cleaning after your rabbit]]
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Getting started]]
* [[Housing]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

[[Category:Housing]]
[[Category:Care]]

Behavior FAQ

2022-06-03T23:41:12Z

Wick and Fable: /* My bunny never wants to come to me. I can never pet them. What can I do? */

The following are some common behavior questions that rabbit owners often encounter.

== Why won't my rabbit leave their cage? ==
{{Main|[[Housing]]}}
Most rabbits will slip and slide on slick flooring such as hardwood, tile, or laminate due to their lack of paw pads like a cat or dog. Placing down more appropriate flooring with traction such as rugs, bathroom mats, blankets, towels, cardboard, or foam will likely encourage your rabbit to come out and explore more often as they feel more familiar with their environment.

See u/kinenchen's guide [https://imgur.com/a/w4Hg8 "Why proper flooring is important for your pet rabbit"] for more details.

If the flooring has traction and the rabbit is still hesitant about leaving their cage, try putting out more hiding areas in sight such as cardboard boxes with multiple exits or cat tunnels. Some rabbits are more cautious and do not like exploring without overhead protection.

== HELP! My bunny is not eating, drinking, pooping, or peeing! What do I do? ==
{{Main|[[GI stasis]], [[Bloat]]}}
If your rabbit has not eaten or used the litter box in 12 hours, it is ''imperative'' that you immediately take your rabbit to a [[vet|rabbit-savvy veterinarian.]] Your rabbit likely has [[GI stasis]] or [[Bloat]] and may not live through the night if he is not seen by a rabbit-savvy professional as soon as possible.

== How do I make my bunny like me? ==
{{right-image|file=Rabbit house behavior like.jpg|caption=Tamsin Stone. Does my rabbit like me?}}
"Like" is a rather general term. If we are talking about the inability to be approached, take a look at our answer to [[#My bunny never wants to come to me. I can never pet them. What can I do?|"My bunny never wants to come to me. I can never pet them. What can I do?"]]. If your bunny does not like being picked up, take a look at our answers in the [[Handling FAQ]]. If you have a problem with a biting rabbit, check out [[Aggressive Rabbits]].

Also, check out the following guides.
* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/e5oXq How do I get my rabbit to like me?]

== My bunny never wants to come to me. I can never pet them. What can I do? ==
This is a common issue with new bunny owners. The bunny seems very stand offish and never wants to come to you. People want to think that they are like dogs and like being with people naturally. As a prey animal, bunnies tend to be very skittish towards new environments and people and take time to warm up to you. It is important to understand that what you have if a pet rabbit; not a pet dog or cat. There are differences and how affection, trust, security, etc. are expressed will inevitably be different. You cannot expect a rabbit to act like a dog or cat, just like you cannot expect a dog to act like rabbit.

The best thing you can do to bond with your rabbit is to make a somewhat small enclosed space where you can sit and spend time with them. Have treats like fresh veggies and pellets or fruits near you on the floor and completely ignore the bunny. Don't try to make any sort of active contact with them, and let them come to you on their own terms. Bunnies are very curious and will sooner or later approach you to figure you out. It might take only a couple minutes, or it might take multiple sessions. If you move, you might scare them away. Placing the treats nearby will give positive reinforcement that it's okay to come near you and that you won't hurt them. In case of boredom, you can read a book or go on your laptop to pass the time. Just be careful of any electronic chargers, as most bunnies love cords and will be tempted to take a nip out of them.

If the rabbit seems okay with hanging around you to eat their treats instead of grabbing the food and running a bit further away to nibble, you can try seeing if they will eat veggies or treats out of your hand. When comfortable with that, try gently petting the rabbit over the head to get them used to your touch. Try not to approach them from the side or on his back so that the bunny can see where your hand is and won't be scared. Don't be afraid to go back to a previous step if your bunny seems too timid.

Spend time everyday or as often as you can for an hour or so, and you can be guaranteed to see some progress as quick as a couple days or as long as a month or more. All bunnies are capable of bonding with you. The length will depend on previous experiences, so if you adopted your rabbit, it may take longer if they had come from a bad environment.

<div class="note">However, to be clear, not all rabbits will ever enjoy holding and cuddling on your terms or too many pets. Some rabbits may always be more independent and prefer to sit and relax near you instead to demonstrate their trust. Please have realistic expectations on what an improved close relationship with your rabbit may end up like.</div>

If you are motivated enough, you can try [[clicker training]] and [[Toys and Games#Interactive Games|playing other games]] with your rabbit to build a stronger bond.

As a passive encouragement to interact with you, you can try leaving some well-used towels or shirts in your rabbit's enclosure to get them used to your scent. Be warned that some rabbits may get angry at the intrusion and pee on the fabric instead.

See [[Understanding Your Rabbit]] for more resources on decoding bunny behavior.

Below are some more links on how to become BFFs with your bunny.
* SaveABunny, Mai Salvado-Da Rocha, [http://blog.saveabunny.org/archives/173 How to Become a BFF: Your Bunny’s Best Friend]
* Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/shybun.html Winning Over a Shy Bunny]
* House Rabbit Network, Karen DeGroat, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/shy.shtml Bonding with Your Shy Rabbit]

<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8UxVCV30Mw||center|Scooping Poop. (2019). "MY BUNNY HATES ME!" // How To Bond With Your Rabbit|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS9HcoC19h4||center|StormyRabbits. (2017). How To Get Your Rabbit To Like You|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H15VYG2RRzk||center|Bill Havice. (2016). How to gain the trust of shy or defensive rabbits|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E2ZEJO81bM||center|BudgetBunny. (2013). BudgetBunny: How To Tame & Bond With Your Rabbit|frame}}</div>
</div>

== My rabbit keep chewing and digging in inappropriate places. How do I make them stop? ==
{{Main|[[Bunny-proofing]]}}
Chewing and digging are natural habits to bunnies. You can never stop a bunny from acting on their natural instincts. The best thing you can do is to redirect their energies to proper [[toys]] to chew and dig in. Take a look at our [[bunny-proofing]] article to learn how to keep your bun from destroying your belongings. Also, see our answer to the question [[Training FAQ#How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?|How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?]]

<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQ-LuJYUglI||center|101Rabbits. (2017). How To Cure Destructive Behavior In Rabbits!|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJmTJPIWeV0||center|101Rabbits. (2019). How To Stop A Rabbit From Destroying Fleece|frame}}</div>
</div>

== Do rabbits sleep? ==
Domestic rabbits have been studied to sleep for a total of about 8 hours per 24-hour period. Unlike humans who tend to sleep 8 hours in one go, rabbits get their 8 hours in multiple short periods of about 25 minutes each. Domestic rabbits spend about 1 hour in REM sleep per day, or about 11% of their sleep time.<ref name="rabbitsanswer">Lumpkin, S & Seidensticker, J. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbits-Animal-Answer-Guides-Naturalist-ebook/dp/B004HKI8Z8/wabbi-20 ''Rabbits: The Animal Answer Guide''].</ref>

Outside of the laboratory, scientists cannot usually tell if a rabbit is asleep or awake but not active. When not foraging or engaged in social or other behavior, rabbits will retreat to cover and remain relatively still. Rabbits tend to be crepuscular but may be active at any time of the day.<ref name="rabbitsanswer"/>

== When do rabbits eat? ==
{{Main|[[Digestive system]]}}
In the wild, the primary feeding times for rabbits are in the early morning and at night, with coprophagy commencing 3 to 8 hours after eating.<ref name="ferretsrabbits">Quesenberry, K & Carpenter, J. (2012). [http://www.amazon.com/Ferrets-Rabbits-Rodents-Clinical-Medicine/dp/1416066217 ''Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery''. (3rd ed.).]</ref>

== Can rabbits vomit? ==
No, due to a very tight sphincter in their esophagus and the position of their stomach, it is impossible for rabbits to vomit.<ref name="trdvomit"/> Vomiting is defined as the forceful ejection of the stomach contents up the esophagus and through the mouth.<ref>Drs. Foster & Smith. (n.d). The Difference Between Vomiting & Regurgitation. Retrieved 15 Mar 2017 from http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=21+1276&aid=1054</ref> As a result, there is no reason for rabbits to be fasted before a surgery.

However, rabbits can very rarely regurgitate fluid or partially ingested material that has never reached the stomach. <ref name="trdvomit">The Rabbit Doctor. (2015). Facebook post. Retrieved 15 Mar 2017 from https://www.facebook.com/Therabbitdoctor/photos/a.1465023073717969.1073741827.1461141140772829/1632269380326670/?type=1&theater</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]
* [[Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Housing

2022-05-26T20:02:11Z

Wick and Fable: /* Wire cube DIY cages */ - added signs to watch for in bad builds

{{#seo:
|description=Housing tips, information, DIY, and links for rabbits.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/c/c5/Rabbit-HIllBilly-Hutch1.jpg
}}
'''Please remember, regardless of the housing you choose, your rabbit needs at least a couple of hours of [[exercise]] everyday outside of this cage/pen.'''
__TOC__
== Indoors vs. outdoors ==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_ZdzeLVEBU||right|Why It's Dangerous to Keep Rabbits Outside|frame}}
Many people have the misconception that rabbits are smelly and belong outdoors. However, this is definitely not the case, and in fact, we recommend that you keep and '''house your bunny indoors as much as possible'''. If you get a rabbit as a pet, you should treat it as a member of the family. Family should not be relegated to live alone all the time in an isolated shed or hutch outside.

There are also other reasons to keep your bunny indoors.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/indoors.html Why to Keep Your Rabbit Indoors]</ref><ref>Bunniez, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/The-Great-Indoor-Rabbit-Debate- The Great Indoor Rabbit Debate]</ref>
* Rabbits are safer indoors out of reach of '''predators'''. Rabbits can literally be frightened to death without any contact to a predator. Additionally, you will need to take many precautions that no snakes can get into your hutch. They are a real risk in certain areas.
* Rabbits are '''social''' animals, and in the wild, they live in enormous warrens. They enjoy the companionship from people and other animals. You can see many instances where bunnies have bonded with cats, dogs, and birds. Hutch rabbits are often never interacted with or socialized, and this lack can often result in a dull and uninterested bunny.
* Indoor rabbits will probably '''live longer''' out of stressful influences such as predators and poor weather conditions. They can easily [[Hot|overheat]] or freeze to death. Poor weather conditions such as rain may also make you not want to go out to feed and check on the bunny. Rabbits are delicate, and any [[Veterinary emergencies|medical warning signs]] should be treated immediately or they will go downhill fast. Not being able to keep an eye on them can be disastrous to a bunny's health.
* Rabbits need '''[[exercise]]'''. Unless you build an extremely big hutch with a run outside or let him run around outside occasionally, the bunny will be unable to stretch his legs. You may have seen videos of wild rabbits -- see how they love to run around? You can provide a safe environment indoors out of a predator's reach for them to do what they love.
* Outdoors, you can '''never see''' your bunny binky in happiness and learn to appreciate their bonks for pets. Rabbits can show a [[Behavior|personality]] not unlike dogs and cats. Housing a rabbit outdoors without ever interacting with them will result in a rabbit afraid of humans.

You might worry that keeping your rabbit indoors will result in destruction of your personal property and poop and pee everywhere. However, the destruction can be easily mitigated given proper [[bunny-proofing]] and [[Litter Training|training]]. Rabbits are easily [[Litter Training|litter trained]] to poop and pee in a box. In addition, not the entire house needs to be given to the bunny to romp around in. Just a living room or a bedroom is enough space. Give a try to housing your rabbit indoors, and see your rabbit bond with you.

Here are some more links to read about the pros and cons of indoor vs. outdoor housing.
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/dangers Dangers to rabbits: outside and indoors]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/house-rabbits House rabbits]
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/outdoors-vs-indoors Outdoors versus Indoors]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/hazards.html FAQ: Outdoor and Indoor Hazards to Companion Rabbits]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/why-a-house-bunny/ House Rabbits: Why It's Better For You And Your Bunny]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/whyindoors.pdf Why Indoor Housing is Best]
* Dana M. Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html Why an Indoor Bunny?]
* House Rabbit Network, Alan L. Moyer, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/fly.shtml Why We Won't Keep Rabbits Outdoors -- A personal story]

The following pages are from rabbit breeding sites. Please do not take this referral as condoning rabbit [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. We provide these links purely for information.
* Three Little Ladies Rabbitry, [http://www.threelittleladiesrabbitry.com/rabbithousing.php Rabbit Housing - Indoors or Outdoors?]

=== Indoor housing ===
A consideration when housing indoors is where to place your bunny. A good location allows the rabbit has a place to relax by themselves yet is not completely secluded from the family. As a result, the corner of a living or family room is a great location as it will have lots of foot traffic from family and roommates but still be quiet most of the day when no one is there.

Some people would like more personal time with the rabbit and place the housing enclosure in their room. Be forewarned though, that bunnies can be very noisy at night, so if you are a light sleeper, it would probably be best to put the rabbit in another room.

Another option is to delegate an entire spare room to the rabbit. While this is a fantastic option, please make sure that you fully [[bunny-proof]] the room to prevent damage to the walls and floors in case of a destructive rabbit.

Avoid placing your rabbit too close to a doorway, in a drafty area of your home, or in only direct sunlight. While rabbits enjoy sunlight, they also have a fur coat and can easily [[hot|overheat]] on hot days.

If you are planning to bring an outside rabbit indoors, see the following articles for more information.
* Zooh Corner. [http://www.mybunny.org/info/bringing-bunny-inside Bringing the Outside Bunny In]

=== Outdoor housing ===
[[File:TalyaD rabbit shed outdoors.jpg|thumb|right|Two French lop rabbits living in a garden with an air-conditioned shed.|200px]]
[[File:Talyad outdoor run.jpg|thumb|right|An outdoor run attached a shed built for rabbits.|200px]]
[[File:RabbitInHutchHole2.jpg|thumb|right|The side of a un-reinforced outdoor hutch that was chewed through by a bored rabbit that escaped. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/840792622728438/permalink/991910214283344/ C.A.Wiltshire]|200px]]

While we do not recommend outdoor housing for the reasons stated above, the following are some resources to help develop a proper outdoor rabbit enclosure. Please remember the rabbits can easily suffer from [[heatstroke|heat exhaustion]] at [[hot|temperatures over 85°F]], and that indoor rabbits have a history of living 4 times longer than outdoor hutch rabbits due to various factors!<ref>Krempels, Dana. (n.d.). Why an Indoor Bunny?. Retrieved 10 Jul 2019 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html</ref>

If keeping your rabbit outside is the only option in your situation, please follow some simple guidelines for housing:
* Make sure your rabbit is always protected from '''insects''' through the use of some fine mesh that you can staple to the cage. This is important to protect your rabbit from aggressive insect-borne diseases such as [[myxomatosis]]. Keep your outdoor rabbits updated on their [[vaccinations]] if they are available in your country, and you may also want to treat them regularly for [[fleas]], [[mites]], and other parasites preventatively.
* Do not keep rabbits outdoors alone all the time; they need '''company''' on those dark nights! A [[Bonding|bonded]] pair or group is best outdoors. If you must house a single rabbit outside, please spend a couple of hours each day to interact with your rabbit so they will not be depressed. Rabbits are social creatures and will not do well alone with no interaction.
* Remember, your baby bunny is likely to '''grow''' significantly! If your rabbit is young, make sure you consider their adult size when purchasing an enclosure. This housing should be tall enough for your bunny to sit up on their hind legs in the adorable act of periscoping, and it should be long enough for your bunny to completely lie down in with their feet stretched out. Consider having a multi-level enclosure so bunny can survey their surroundings as well as a permanently attached run.
* Just because your rabbit is outdoors, it '''does not mean''' they have to be kept in a hutch! Consider large dog kennels with runs, sheds, aviaries, and children's wooden playhouses with runs attached. One small advantage of outdoor housing is that human furniture will not get in the way of the rabbit, and you can often offer larger square footage just for the bunnies.
* While your rabbit make not be able to '''chew''' their way out of your new cage, keep in mind what kind of predators might want to force their way in. Be especially careful about access to snakes if they are a problem in your area. Keep your hutch close to the house, and make sure your rabbit has somewhere to hide if they get scared. This hidey hole is also likely to be what will protect your bunny from the elements so it is a good idea to insulate it with some hay, old towels, or other material. Even though your rabbit is kept outside, a litter tray can still be supplied to keep the housing clean, and it provides your bunny with a specific spot to go in so that they will not always lying in their own filth.
* In warm weather, be very careful about '''[[flystrike]]'''! Check your rabbit's bottom every day to make sure that all poop has been cleaned off properly.

Please think about keeping a smaller cage to put in the laundry room or other area inside so that the rabbit doesn't have to be outside on those [[cold weather concerns|cold winter nights]] or [[hot|hot summer afternoons]].

The following are some additional tips and instructions on having an outdoor rabbit hutch:
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/hutches-and-runs Hutches. runs and alternative rabbit housing]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/outdoor/index.asp Outdoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund.[https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-housing/outdoor-rabbit-housing/ Outdoor rabbit housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-housing/convert-a-garden-shed/ A Hutch Is Not Enough – so how about a shed?]
* Rabbits United. (2012). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?311878-Outdoor-Housing Outdoor Housing]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-rabbits-outdoors/ Rabbits Outdoors]
* petrabbitinfo.com. (2009). [http://www.petrabbitinfo.com/rabbithutches.html Rabbit Hutches - How To Keep Your Pet Rabbit Safe and Happy Outdoors]
* Reddit. (2018). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a0auf1/indoor_to_outdoor/ Indoor to outdoor]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/outdoor_housing.html Outside Housing]

== Indoor cages and enclosures ==
A variety of options exist for housing rabbits in either a cage or other type of enclosure.

=== Size guidelines ===
Although pet stores market cages specifically for rabbits, many of these cages are too small to comfortably house adult rabbits, particularly larger breeds. From the House Rabbit Society Housing FAQ page,<ref name="hrsfaq">House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/housing.html#size FAQ: Housing]</ref>
<blockquote>A cage should be at least 4 times the size of your bunny when he's entirely stretched out--more if he is confined for a large amount of the day. Cage sizes also should be decided in conjunction with the amount of [[exercise]] time and space the rabbit has. One guideline to go by is at least 8 square feet of cage time combined with at least at least 24 square feet of exercise space, for 1-2 rabbits, in which the rabbit(s) can run and play at least 5 hours per day.</blockquote>

The 8 sq ft should considered as empty and unbroken space. If you put in litter boxes, hiding housing, and other bowls and toys, be mindful that these items will interrupt and take over the minimum space recommendations.

The House Rabbit Handbook provides the following guidelines:<ref name="hrh">Marinell Harriman, ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit'', 4th edition</ref>
* Option 1: Separated rest and run areas. Run time is at least 4 hrs daily or 30 hrs weekly.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em"
!Number of<br>Rabbits !!Rest Area<br>(sq ft) !!Rest Area<br>Dimensions
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 1-2 ||style="text-align:center"| 8 ||style="text-align:center"| 2x4 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 3-4 ||style="text-align:center"| 16 ||style="text-align:center"| 4x4 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 5-6 ||style="text-align:center"| 24 ||style="text-align:center"| 3x8 or 4x6 ft.
|}
* Option 2: Combined rest and run areas. Run time is 24 hrs daily.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em"
!Number of<br>Rabbits !!Run/Rest Area<br>(sq ft) !!Run/Rest Area<br>Dimensions
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 1-4 ||style="text-align:center"| 24 ||style="text-align:center"| 3x8 or 4x6 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 5-6 ||style="text-align:center"| 48 ||style="text-align:center"| 6x8 ft.
|}

<div class="note">Please note that practically, only small dwarf rabbits may be able to comfortably live in a 2'x4' area - most rabbits should have at least 12 sq ft of living space at minimum, and the more space you can provide 24/7 is always the better.</div>

The Rabbit House provides some more minimum measurements based on rabbit size [http://www.therabbithouse.com/guide_size.asp here]. The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund has their minimum living space guidelines [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-housing/space-recommendations/ here.]

If you do not have enough floor space to give your rabbits too much more than the recommended minimum, you can also try to build vertically with multiple story condo cages. However, please keep in mind that the rabbit should still be able to comfortably run in a straight line before you start building taller.

<div class="note">Remember, if you have a young rabbit, be prepared to provide large enough housing as they grow. Small baby rabbits at 8 weeks old can rapidly grow to 10+ lb over the course of a few months if they are actually a giant [[breed]] of rabbit.</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=RabbitSpace1.jpg|caption=Needed space infograph by [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/ Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue]|width=x300}}
{{post-image|file=Therabbithouse-sizeguide.png|caption=Rabbit Housing Sizing guide by [http://www.therabbithouse.com/guide_size.asp The Rabbit House]|width=x300}}
{{post-image|file=Rwaf-rabbits-need-space.jpg|caption=Rabbits Need Space infograph by [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-housing/space-recommendations/ RWAF]|width=x300}}
</div>

=== Commercial cages ===
[[File:Munion footfoot cage.jpg|right|thumb|A rabbit in a cage large enough to fit a small hiding box.]]
Most commercial cages advertised towards rabbits are '''too small for the average-sized rabbit.''' As stated above, the rabbit cage should be at least 4 times the size of your bunny when he's entirely stretched out. Most cages barely let a rabbit stretch out or sit up. If you do opt for a commercial cage, make sure to follow the guidelines stated above.

<div class="bad">
Be careful of cages with a '''wire floor'''. Rex, heavy breeds, and poorly bred pet rabbits with thinly-furred feet are especially prone to [[sore hocks]] in wire-bottomed cages due to the uneven pressures of the wires. Additionally, untrimmed nails and toes can get caught in inappropriately-sized holes and be broken. If you use a cage with a wire flooring, you should provide a [http://www.amazon.com/uxcell%C2%AE-Plastic-Hole-Design-Fixed/dp/B00QBYYHP8/wabbi-20 resting mat] for your rabbit to sit on. If a rabbit is litter-trained, there is honestly no reason to need a wire-bottomed cage.

The following links are some <b>graphic</b> images of rabbits that were found inappropriately kept on wire flooring:

* Bunny Binkies Club. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBinkiesClub/posts/1109679269449517 Jalen's story]
* Bunny Puffs Exotic Refuge. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnypuffsrefuge/posts/858889187869573 Chocolate's story]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/IndianaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/2532369886808686 Gianna's story]
</div>

If you buy a cage with a solid slick plastic flooring, cover the bottom with another surface like a towel or grass mats. The slippery surface can lead to hip problems.<ref>Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/rabbit-care/housing WHRS Rabbit Care Guidelines]</ref>

<div class="bad">
Please be wary of cages with multiple stories, and make sure rabbits have secure footing and enough space to comfortably hop up and down to prevent injuries.

* u/Rabus. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/k6lo0l/my_bunny_broke_her_spine_today_a_warning_to_not/ My bunny broke her spine today - A warning to not buy two story cages & a question if anyone saw a similiar case]
</div>

Look for cages with a side door to allow the bunny to hop in and out on her own and possibly a top-loading door for ease of cleaning.

<div class="note">
If the cage door opens on the side as a ramp and is made wire, <b>cover the door</b> with something solid like cardboard or a blanket or towel so that the rabbit's feet cannot accidentally be caught between the bars. The top of the wire cage should be covered similarly. Injuries that can result from caught toes and limbs can range from broken nails, sprains, fractures, dislocations, and completely [[broken bones]].

* u/GoddessOfMyKitchen. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/sxsp9z/first_vet_stay/ 3-month-old rabbit climbed on top of cage and broke one of her back legs.]
* Reddit. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/l7qfgu/she_likes_to_jump/gl8pbu3/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 Comment thread of users that knew of or had rabbits that had limbs caught in wire cages with deadly results.]
* u/tomb1125. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a17wa8/how_do_i_know_if_my_rabbit_broke_his_leg/ Rabbit jumped off cage and his hind leg was stuck between bars.]
* New Jersey House Rabbit Society. (20180). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/1160259617463268 Rabbit back leg slipped between bars of wire cage door.]
* Nutmeg. (2018). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/block-off-top-of-cage-ideasaeaeaeae/ Rabbit got foot caught on top of cage when trying to hop off.]
</div>

<div class="bad">
Never use glass aquariums because they are rarely large enough and do not have enough air circulation. Rabbits overheat very easily.
</div>

If you use a commercial cage as a home base for a litter box, and the rabbit is free-roaming, size is not so much of an issue. It becomes a problem when the rabbit is shut in for hours on end. If you have to make do with a smaller cage than ideal, just make sure that your rabbit receives plenty of [[exercise]] time every day to stretch out their legs.

<div class="blue">
Some extra-large cages available on Amazon that can be appropriate for smaller rabbits or to be used as a home base in a larger living space:
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0133LNLJY/wabbi-20 Ferplast Krolik 160 Rabbit Cage, 64"L x 24"W x 20"H]
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0133LNLS0/wabbi-20 Ferplast Krolik 140 Plus Rabbit Cage, 56"L x 24"W x 20"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-First-Rabbit-Habitat/dp/B00513C1XU/wabbi-20 Super Pet My First Home Giant Rabbit Habitat, 47"L x 24"W x 24"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Hutch-Guinea-Ferret-Animals/dp/B009T3BHYM/wabbi-20 Pawhut 47" Portable Wire Bunny Rabbit / Ferret / Guinea Pig Hutch House, 47.2"L x 22.8"W x 19.7"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Living-World-Deluxe-Habitat-X-Large/dp/B007BNE1YA/wabbi-20 Living World Deluxe Pet Habitat, X-Large, 46-8/9"L x 22-4/5"W x 24"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/2-Piece-Rabbit-Habitat-Casters-16-5-Inch/dp/B008MZML4S/wabbi-20 My First Home 2-Piece Giant Rabbit Habitat with Casters, 48"L x 24"W x 16.5"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Prevue-Hendryx-525GRN-Small-Animal/dp/B003SLSI0C/wabbi-20 Prevue Hendryx 525GRN Small Animal Tubby, Extra Large, 47-1/4"L x 24-1/4"W x 21-1/2"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006L12W8/wabbi-20 Prevue Pet Products Small Animal Cage with Stand 620 Powder Blue and White, 47"L x 22"W x 37"H]

If you would like a more professionally handcrafted cage, here are a couple available online - some made especially for rabbits.
* Leith Petwerks, Inc. [http://www.petwerks.com/condos.aspx Bunny Abode Condos]
* KW Cages. [https://www.kwcages.com/cages/bunny-villa.html Bunny Villa]
* My Pet Cages by Ultra Lite. [https://mypetcages.com/collections/kitty-condos Kitty Condos]
</div>

The following are some guides at choosing an appropriate commercial cage to use indoors.
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages.asp Rabbit Cage Reviews]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages_choosing.asp Choosing an Indoor Rabbit Cage]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/two-storey-rabbit-cages.asp Two Storey Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/plastic-rabbit-hutch.asp Plastic Rabbit Hutches]

=== Dog crates ===
[[File:DoubleBunnyQuick-dog-crate.jpg|thumb|right|A rabbit lounging in a dog crate.]]
One solution for suitable rabbit housing is a large or x-large dog crate. The large doors make it easy to clean, and these cages are very sturdy to help keep out kids or other pets. The plastic pans on the floor help to protect your flooring underneath. Dog crates are also great options for rabbit owners with bunnies that are escape artists and can jump out of tall 30"+ pens.

However, the large and x-large dog crates can be very heavy, and although they may collapse easily for travel, they can weigh much more than tall x-pens and be hard to move.

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Traction material such as blankets and towels is recommended on the bottom floor when having two levels in a dog crate for rabbits. Rabbits can fatally injure themselves by slipping when jumping down.

* u/grow_something. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ihgyt/modifying_dog_cage/cugme7x Comment on post "Modifying dog cage?"]
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some models available on Amazon:
* [http://www.amazon.com/On-The-Go-Single-Crate-E435-X-Large/dp/B000BQRCWM/wabbi-20 Home On-The-Go Dog Crate in Black, 49.5"x29-3/8"x32.25"]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Midwest-Stages-Single-Door-Folding-Inches/dp/B00063MQMG/wabbi-20 Midwest Life Stages Single-Door Folding Metal Dog Crate, 42"x28"x31"]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QFT1RC/wabbi-20 Midwest iCrate Double-Door Home Training and Travel Series, 42"x28"x30"]
* [https://www.amazon.com/MidWest-Leak-Proof-Double-measures-Inches/dp/B005VVWBVY/wabbi-20 Midwest Solution Series "Ginormus" Double Door Dog Crate, 54"x37"x45"]
</div>

Here are some guides on using and converting one to a rabbit abode.
* Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600822095606/ JoJo's Guide to converting a dog crate / cage into a rabbit cage]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrates.asp Dog Crates as Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrate_shelf.asp Rabbit Cage Shelf Instructions]

Below are some relevant discussions.
* BunSpace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=867 Rabbits in dog crate cages? I want to see your pictures!]

=== Wire cube DIY cages ===
[[File:Batclock bunny condo.jpg|thumb|right|A sample bunny wire cube condo by [http://www.reddit.com/user/batclock/ /u/batclock]]]
Wire cube DIY cages can potentially be a cheaper alternative to buying a commercial cage or pen, but they require some work to assemble, in addition to careful planning. These condos are great for jumpers that will escape open-top pens. You can also build them to suit non-rectangular corners of your home to fit around your furniture. They may also be called C&C (cube & coroplast) cages from the guinea pig terminology or Neat Idea Cubes (NIC) cages, the original brand that started making wire cube storage systems.

The basic theory behind these cages is to assemble the wire shelving solutions available in stores into a cage using zip-ties. Aspirational owners can even decide to make multi-story condos using additional wood or shelving. A pack of about 23 wire cube sheets costs around US$35, and [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0094DE1WM/wabbi-20 zip ties] are around US$5 for 100+ -- enough to make a 42"L x 28"W x 28"H pen. A [http://www.amazon.com/Living-World-Deluxe-Habitat-X-Large/dp/B007BNE1YA/wabbi-20 similar commercial cage] suitable for a rabbit at 47"L x 23"W x 24"H usually costs about US$80. See the savings? You can easily adjust the size of the cage and condo to suit the shape and size you want. However, something to keep in mind is the additional costs of necessary supports, suitable flooring, and other components that may be required to ensure the enclosure is spacious, practical, and safe. These wire shelving solutions were not designed originally to be repurposed as pet pens, even though marketing as taken that approach. Using only the connectors provided, building without considering the weight of your rabbit, and creating large/wide upper levels without considering lack of bottom supports can all lead to an unsafe enclosure.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon Talia NIC.jpg|caption=A 2-story wire cube condo by /u/sneaky_dragon made to stop the rabbit from jumping out of a pen}}
<div class="blue">
Some stores you can buy wire grid panels from are the following:
* United States
** Amazon.com - [http://www.amazon.com/Whitmor-6070-968-BLK-Black-Storage-Cubes/dp/B007ELALZC/wabbi-20 6-box set (23 panels)], [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0028SHGNQ/wabbi-20 set of 48 panels], [https://smile.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Animals-Rabbits/dp/B07ZGH442J/wabbi-20 Tespo pack]
** [https://www.staples.com/whitmor-black-wire-storage-cubes-14-5-h-x-14-5-w-x-14-25-d-4-ct-6070-1723/product_2843040 Staples (23 panels)]
** [https://www.target.com/p/costway-6-cube-grid-wire-organizer-wardrobe-shelves-bookcase-diy/-/A-83742792 Target]
** [http://www.homedepot.com/p/Honey-Can-Do-30-375-in-x-44-625-in-Silver-Stackable-6-Cube-Organizer-SHF-01794/203215487 Home Depot (23 panels)] - Be careful, 6 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.com/store/product/simply-essential-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey-set-of-4/5565513 Bed Bath & Beyond]
** [http://www.storesupply.com/c-518-mini-grid-display-unit.aspx Store Supply Warehouse (individual)]
** [https://www.sevilleclassics.com/products.php?cid=135,137,138 Seville Classics (9 panels)]
** Pre-made NIC DIY kits available [http://www.ebay.com/usr/bunnycondos on Ebay by bunnycondos]
* Canada
** [http://www.amazon.ca/Whitmor-6070-1723-Storage-Cubes-Black/dp/B000LRBSFI/wabbi-20 Amazon.ca (16 panels)]
** [http://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/3-wire-cube/6000112169710 Walmart (13 panels)] - Be careful, 8 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.ca/store/product/relaxed-living-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey/5313247 Bed Bath & Beyond (18 panels)]
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' You will need to make sure the type of wire shelving you purchase should have the grates '''relatively small''' so your rabbit cannot get his head through. Otherwise, your rabbit may get injured or strangled. There is one type sold at Target and other stores that has bigger grates than the rest. These should either be discarded or used as unreachable walls, shelves, or cage tops. If they have to be used, cover them with cardboard or double grate them to make the holes smaller.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels1.jpg|caption=NOTE: "Essential Home" brand cube panels have both 1-1/2" square <I>and</I> the larger 2-1/2" square panels, in the same package. A warning was posted to facebook about this by C.William, as her rabbit got his head stuck in the larger size and had to be cut free. Full [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ post here.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels2.jpg|caption="Essential Home" panel after Lafayette had to be cut free from a larger opening panel. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ Pics] by C.William.}}
{{gallery-image|file=TargetGrates.jpg|caption=Larger wire grid panels}}
</div>

Also, when using zip ties, make sure to have the tie wrap ends face the '''outside''' of the cage so that if you accidentally forget to clip one, it does not cause eye injury to your rabbit.

'''Examples of rabbits escaping wire cube cages:'''
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=tX-1KkRybX8|name=u/elainele_2194. (2020). Can't wait to start self-quarantine...}}
{{youtube|id=Il-Sf8lp4m0|name=(2018). Little Alki isn’t as big as he looks}}
{{youtube|id=hJlE7TxZV7c|name=(2017). Bunny Escapes Gate}}
{{youtube|id=17MHvMuIFu4|name=Bunny Escaping NIC Pen}}</div>

'''Signs of Poor Construction:'''
* 1. '''Inconsistent gap sizes across connected grids''' - The most sturdy foundation (which you then reinforce with zip ties and other supports) comes from grids that are all manufactured perfectly square and are properly fit into each connector. This will result in parallel gaps all around your build. Any warping or improper connector fitting works against your build's stability and overall safety.
* 2. '''Bulging connectors''' - If your connectors appear to "bulge" where grid corners are inserted, this is a sign of poorly fit parts, low-quality connectors, and/or too much stress (i.e., weight) in a given area. Connectors are plastic, so any defects or signs of cracking should be immediately replaced and additional supports added as necessary. If well-built and constructed, no connectors should bulge or crack.
* 3. '''Bowing/Sagging grids''' - Under no circumstance should any grids begin to show warping, bowing, or sagging. If well-built and constructed, all grids should retain their perfectly flat and square shape. Failure to maintain shape means there is inadequate support for the weight the grids are holding.
* 4. '''Noisy''' - If you touching or your rabbit moving in the build consistently causes rattling, squeaking, or similar noises, this can be a sign of loose parts and/or bad connectors. If well-built and constructed, your build should be silent with exception of any binder clips or other supports you have used to reinforce the structure that are not tightly fastened.
* 5. '''Need to re-attach connectors''' - Once fit into a connector, no grid should be able to slip out. If sections of your build require regular "popping back in" of particular grids to connectors, directly address the problem through replacing parts and/or using zip ties-- this should not be happening in a well-built and constructed wire cube enclosure.
</div>

</div>

Some examples and instructions to set up wire cube condos can be found at the following pages.
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/NIC-plans.pdf NIC Cube Rabbit Cage Construction]
* Build a Rabbit Condo. [http://www.rabbitcondo.com/moredetails.htm More Rabbit Condo Details]
* 3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120809071305/http://www.3bunnies.org/oliver_nic.htm Oliver's New Home]
* [http://www.guineapigcages.com/ Cavy Cages]
* House Rabbit Network. [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/building-a-neat-ideas-cube-condo/ Building a Neat Ideas Cube Condo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060112092007/http://princessblackie.homestead.com:80/ Princess Blackie's Web Page]
* [http://sprowtybun.tripod.com/nic.html Cages that are easy to build and inexpensive!]
* Brey family. [http://breyfamily.net/bunnycage.html How To Build an Indoor Bunny Cage]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091121/http://www.wisconsinhrs.org/Articles/Project%20NIC%20Bunny%20Condo.htm A Project Idea: Bunny Condo from Neat Idea Cubes]
* Bunny Blurbs, by /u/nafalie. [http://bunnyblurbs.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/bun-estates/ Bun Estates]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/build_indoor_house.html Build an indoor house]
* BudgetBunny. [http://budgetbunny.ca/2011/01/18/building-your-own-bunny-condo-a-step-by-step-how-to/ Building Your Own Bunny Condo – A Step By Step How To]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary. [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/housing.html#howto Housing Ideas > How-To Guide]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbit-cages-cubes.asp Making a Cube Rabbit Cage]
* sunflowerb. [http://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/5407475.html# Alonso's New Home: My DIY bunny cage]

<div class="note">
For a useful tool to help plan out your grid cage, please see the following post by u/WickAndFable - [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/pvav6e/housing_online_tools_for_gridcage_planning/ Housing: Online Tools for Grid-Cage Planning]
</div>

The following are some videos about setting up a NIC condo.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=hbt7G4252i0&feature=plcp|name=BudgetBunny: Building Your Own Rabbit Condo}}
</div>

Here are some relevant discussions about NIC condos.
* RabbitsOnline. (2021). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/need-help-deciding-on-which-nic-cube-set-to-get-zip-ties-etc.102559/ Need Help Deciding On Which NIC Cube Set To Get - Zip Ties Etc.]
* BinkyBunny.com. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/120480/Default.aspx Do you have a Bunny Condo???]
* u/jadeycakes. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/103ihe/now_that_his_pen_is_decorated_for_halloween_he/ Now that his pen is decorated for Halloween he thinks he's a spider.]

=== Exercise pens ===
[[File:X-pen.jpg|thumb|Black 30" Midwest x-pen with two ~5# rabbits|225px]]
[[File:Sneakydragon squishy xpen lounge.jpg|thumb|right|A small Netherland dwarf rabbit lounging in a 2'x4' x-pen setup.|225px]]
[[File:XXLRabbitRun.jpg|thumb|Dangerous Run Equipment... 5” XXL Metal Rabbit Run distributed by Bunny Business Ltd. [http://fbrc.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238%3Adangerous-run-equipment&catid=30&Itemid=157 More information.]|225px]]
An alternative to a traditional cage or NIC cube condo is an exercise pen or x-pen, usually marketed for puppies and available in any pet store. An alternative is a plastic play yard for human toddlers, available in department stores. <span class="red">Do not use fabric playpens as rabbits can easily chew through them and escape in a matter of hours.</span>

Advantages over a traditional cage include the following:
* Extremely portable (great if you [[travel]] with your rabbit)
* Easy to reconfigure and move around the house
* Can also be used outside (always with supervision)
* Lots of room for litter boxes, hidey houses, [[toys]], etc.
* X-pen walls are easy mounting locations for bottles, hay racks, toys, etc.
* Lots of space for your money

The x-pen represents an intermediate step between a completely free roaming rabbit and a caged rabbit. It is perhaps best suited to a bunny who can free roam under supervision but still needs to be confined at night. Exercise pens are much more portable than a traditional cage, and do not require as much up-front work as an NIC cube condo. The downsides are that you need to provide hidey-houses besides the x-pen itself, and this can take away from the portability somewhat. It should be stressed that the combination of an animal carrier and an x-pen to set up at your new location is probably the easiest way to [[travel]] with your rabbit. Bringing a large enough cage to comfortably house a rabbit in the car is difficult, but because the x-pen folds, it can easily fit in the trunk of a small car.

Another handy use of an x-pen is to keep a free-roaming, fully trained bunny from getting into certain areas. Perhaps your bunny only has unsupervised access to the kitchen or the laundry room. You can use an x-pen to block off access out of these rooms. You can also use an x-pen to keep your rabbit away from the TV stand or similar cord jungle.

<div class="box">
The following are some tips about how to use your x-pen:

* Set up your pen against a wall to maximize the space you get.
* Use an x-pen to confine a free-roaming rabbit when you're out of the house, cleaning, or the door is open.
* Attach accessories like water bottles, hayracks, etc. directly to the x-pen.
* You can use wood or PVC to create a frame for the x-pen to prevent your rabbit from pushing the edges out. Additionally, if you use a PVC frame and use blankets for flooring, you can also use [https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B07GTZ9LP8/wabbi-20 snap clamps] to clamp down fleece blankets and bedsheets to the frame to prevent rabbits from tugging up the flooring. <div class="inline-image-block">{{post-image|file=HRS_chicago_xpen_pvc_frame.jpg|caption=An example of an exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon pvc frame.jpg|caption=A sample temporary boarding exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}</div>
</div>

A decent size x-pen can be had for anywhere from $30-$150. You may find them second-hand on classified ads like Craiglist and Kijiji for even cheaper. Exercise pens generally outcompete cages in terms of square footage per dollar. If your bunny is not a jumper, 24" can be fine; otherwise 36" or higher is recommended for most rabbits unless you know they are lazy and not escape-prone.

<div class="note">
However, some rabbits also learn to climb the panels and will need a cover to prevent them from escaping. [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/videos/vb.496427947051707/1370724062955420/?type=2&theater Example video on Facebook.]

A few cover options:

* [https://www.amazon.com/MidWest-Homes-Pets-Wire-Exercise/dp/B0002H3QX4/wabbi-20 Midwest 4x4 wire top]
* Using a fitted full-size sheet and clip to sides with binder clips.
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some popular simple wire pens are the following:

* [http://www.amazon.com/BestPet-Playpen-Exercise-24-Inch-30-Inch/dp/B0036WQFQM/wabbi-20 BestPet Wire Playpen]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Midwest-Black-E-Coat-Exercise-Pen/dp/B000H8YTJI/wabbi-20 Midwest Black E-Coat Exercise Pen w/o door]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Precision-Pet-Silver-ExPen-Snaps/dp/B00028IUIE/wabbi-20 Precision Pet Pro Handler Indoor/Outdoor Exercise Pen, Silver]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Pet-Trex-Premium-Quality-Exercise/dp/B0052HH5UE/wabbi-20 Pet Trex Premium Quality 24" Exercise Playpen for Dogs Eight 24" x 24" High Panels with Gate]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Petmate-36-Inch-24-Inch-Exercise-Through/dp/B005U6UQ62/wabbi-20 Petmate 36-Inch by 24-Inch 8 Panels Exercise Pen with Step Through Door]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/AmazonBasics-Foldable-Metal-Exercise-Playpen/dp/B0758FX7MT/wabbi-20 AmazonBasics Foldable Metal Pet Exercise and Playpen]
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Tiny baby bunnies '''should not be placed''' in a regular common Midwest/Precision exercise pen without additional barriers as they can easily squeeze out between the bars. You will either need to cut out 12-18" strips of cardboard and attach them to the bottom half of the pen to cover and make it solid until the babies grow bigger or find an exercise pen with only 1"-spaced bars such as the following:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Marshall-FC-224-Small-Animal-Play/dp/B0002ARQT6/wabbi-20 Marshall Small Animal Playpen]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Marshall-Pet-Products-Deluxe-Small/dp/B0013TT2SS/wabbi-20 Marshall Pet Products Pet Deluxe Play Pen, Small]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000MD3OJO/wabbi-20 Kaytee Pet-N-Playpen for Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Ferret]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gJdT9HEAg60|name=CamberAdventures. (2014). Rabbit 1 Fence 0}}
{{youtube|id=gcy41CbEQ50|name=u/letthemeatcakex. (2015). Well, that's not gonna work...}}
{{youtube|id=n0K4hWkn66M|name=u/Bjjkwood. (2018). my dwarf hotot, Thor, is all fluff...}}
</div>

</div>

==== Heavy duty ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some heavy duty pen choices:

* [https://www.amazon.com/BestPet-Heavy-Playpen-Exercise-40-Inch/dp/B003XU3XE4/wabbi-20 BestPet Heavy Duty Pet Playpen Dog Exercise Pen Cat Fence B, 40-Inch, Black]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Paws-Pals-Exercise-Tube-Gate/dp/B00MU2F3GM/wabbi-20 Pet Exercise Pen Tube Gate w/Door - (8 Panel Playpen) Heavy Duty Folding Metal Out-Door Fence]

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen2.jpg|thumb|BestPet heavy duty playpens comes with 8 panels in a number of heights and can be linked together. One of the panels has a built in door and they are made out of metal. You can [https://www.amazon.com/BestPet/b/ref=wabbi-20?ie=UTF8&node=2583232011&field-lbr_brands_browse-bin=BestPet find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.|x200px]]</div>
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen1.jpg|thumb|BestPet mockup using two sets for a total of 16 panels.|x200px]]</div>
</div>
</div>

==== Plastic ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some clear plastic panel pen options:

* [https://clearlylovedpets.com/ Lucidium Pens] by Clearly Loved Pets
* [https://www.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Plastic-Transparent/dp/B06XTG94TH/wabbi-20 Tespo Dog Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/SONGMICS-Hamsters-Exercise-Transparent-ULPC02W/dp/B07FQ411ZH/wabbi-20 SONGMICS Pet Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/MAGINELS-Playpen-Exercise-Animals-Transparent/dp/B0781JFDVJ/wabbi-20 MAGINELS Pet Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/AHOME-Playpens-Portable-Exercise-Transparent/dp/B081CTZK66/wabbi-20 C&AHOME Pet Playpen]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HRS Lucidium pen.jpg|caption=A Lucidium Pen at the House Rabbit Society.}}
{{post-image|file=DelilahsNewHouse1.jpg|caption=Delilah in her new house build with a Tespo Playpen|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=ButtercupAndFuzzyWuzzy-PenAll.jpg|caption=Different pen set-ups for Buttercup and Fuzzy Wuzzy|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=TespoPetPenTransparent.jpg|caption=[https://www.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Plastic-Transparent/dp/B06XTG94TH/wabbit-20 Tespo pen] with transparent panels. In the UK, look for the [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B076Y9FTF7/wabbi-20 Koossy brand.]}}
</div>

</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Please be aware that some especially stubborn rabbits may chew through the plastic panels.

{{post-image|file=Melissa tespo pen.png|caption=A rabbit that started to chew an exit in their Tespo pen. Used with permission from Melissa P.}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some plastic pen options:

* [http://www.amazon.com/IRIS-Indoor-Outdoor-Plastic-Panels/dp/B00D5P846Y/wabbi-20 IRIS USA Indoor/Outdoor Plastic Pet Pen with 4 Panels Blue Moon]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen2.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen with door in blue. They come in a number of different sizes & colors and they are made out of plastic. You can [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=srs%3D13973855011%26search-alias%3Dspecialty-aps&field-keywords=IRIS+Pet+Pen find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.}}
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen1.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen mockup with door in white.}}
</div>

* [http://www.amazon.com/Petyard-Passage-8-Panel-Containment-Swinging/dp/B00E3AMCSQ/wabbi-20 Petyard Passage 8-Panel Pet Containment with Swinging Door]
</div>

Here are some links with more information on using an x-pen for your rabbit.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/housing/x-pen-living-can-improve-your-rabbits-life X-Pen Living Can Improve Your Rabbit's Life]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/x-pen.htm Setting up the X-Pen]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-4/pen-living.html Beyond Cages: The Possibilities of Pen Living]
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, [http://www.ohare.org/vol5_3.htm#pens The Advantages of Exercise Pens]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/exercisepens.pdf Exercise Pens]

=== Other custom enclosures ===
You can also come up with your own DIY custom enclosures using wood, metal, re-purposed furniture, and other materials. Keep in mind the proper dimensions you will need for a comfortable-sized enclosure for your rabbit. Remember to make any slats fairly close together so that the rabbit will not get his head stuck and be accidentally injured or strangled. Using chicken wire is not recommended as rabbits can chew through it very easily and dogs and raccoons can as well. Use hardware cloth or at the minimum 19-gauge wire mesh.

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:Thecurlybuzz-fondupot-customhutch.jpg|thumb|[https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/kg8r0z/dad_built_the_baby_handsome_a_new_palace/ Custom palace] built by /u/fondupot for /u/thecurlybuzz's rabbit.|250px]]</div>

<div>[[File:Hutches-to-rabbitat1.jpg|thumb|Converted hutches into a functional DIY Rabbitat by [http://www.reddit.com/user/kindapinkypurple kindapinkypurple] on [http://www.reddit.com/r/rabbits /r/rabbits]. [https://imgur.com/a/meHU6 Pictures & directions.]|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Customhutch1.jpg|thumb|Converted old second hand sideboard for Lola and Derek by [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2krosk/new_bunnyhouse_i_made_from_and_old_second_hand/ /u/42petunias.] [http://imgur.com/a/uLkXM Pictures & directions.]|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Customhutch2.jpg|thumb|Custom house made from an old entertainment center by [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zsi4a/have_an_old_entertainment_centerturn_it_into_a/ /u/kiwi00398019.] [http://imgur.com/a/jRrKW Pictures & directions]|250px]]</div>
</div>

The following are some examples of custom-made rabbit housing enclosures.
* Facebook, The Rabbit Haven, Claudia Pike, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2672757176/permalink/10153782880892177/ Custom wooden bunny condo]
* Reddit, 42petunias, [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2krosk/new_bunnyhouse_i_made_from_and_old_second_hand/ New bunny-house I made from and old second hand sideboard :) Feel free to ask any questions!]
* Grace Bonney, [http://www.designsponge.com/2009/07/diy-project-nicoles-modern-bunny-hutch.html DIY Project: Nicole's Modern Bunny Hutch]
** Nicole, [http://designcuriosities.com/portfolio/bunny-hutch/ Bunny Hutch]
* IKEAhackers.net
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2010/10/super-rabbit-condo.html Super Rabbit Condo]
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2013/05/rabbit-hutch-for-amigo-by-evelien-lulofs.html Rabbit hutch for Amigo by Evelien Lulofs]
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2013/02/bunny-do.html Bunny Do!]
* Jason Griffith, [http://ana-white.com/2012/05/two-story-rabbit-hutch Two Story Rabbit Hutch]
* Ambuyea, [http://lifehacker.com/5992473/macgyver-challenge-winner-build-a-custom-ikea-workspace MacGyver Challenge Winner: Build a Custom IKEA Workspace] ''(search for Repurpose an IKEA Cabinet Into a Bunny Hutch)''
* RabbitsOnline, hln917, [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f69/nice-looking-indoor-rabbit-cage-48179/index3.html#post686704 Nice-looking indoor rabbit cage? ]
* Reddit, /r/rabbits, kiwi00398019, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zsi4a/have_an_old_entertainment_centerturn_it_into_a/ Have an old entertainment center...turn it into a bunny cage.]
* Lee Loy, [http://www.lee-loy.com/2013/07/the-perfect-bunny-home-finally/ The Perfect Bunny Home… Finally :)]
* Nellie's Barn Sale, [http://nellieskitchenbarnsale.blogspot.com/2012/04/dog-gone.html Dog Gone!]
* DreamyDoodles.com, [http://www.dreamydoodles.com/how-to-make-your-own-puppy-pen/ How to make your own Puppy Pen]

== Enclosure setup ==
[[File:Lydia portable setup.jpg|thumb|right|A sample portable exercise pen setup at a workplace for a ~6 lb lop rabbit foster.]]
Regardless of the enclosure you choose, there should always be some basic items in your rabbit's housing enclosure.

* [[Litter Training| Litter box]]
* Hay [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Feeder-Quick-Locks/dp/B005FU4Z8I/wabbi-20 rack] or [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Rabbit-Rollin-Holder/dp/B0006G7TCU/wabbi-20 holder] if you don't place hay in the litter box. See [[Hay]] for DIY options.
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Paw-Print-PetWare-Colors/dp/B0002AS9M4/wabbi-20 Water bowl] or [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002DX1GPA/wabbi-20 water bottle] at least one for every rabbit. For those that would prefer to fill up water less or have heavy drinker, try [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002RT8M84/wabbi-20 water dispensers]. See [[Diet]] for more information on pros and cons of both options.
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Paw-Print-PetWare-Colors/dp/B0002AS9M4/wabbi-20 Heavy duty ceramic bowls] for food, at least one for every rabbit - if you use plastic, be careful that the bunny may flip it over or chew on it.
* [[Toys]] - chewing material, digging material, throwable objects, etc.
* Soft flooring - be sure that your rabbit does not ingest this. See notes below for more recommendations.
* Hidey house - empty cardboard box, overturned baskets with an entry hole cut out, towel draped over one corner. See [[Toys]] for more toy ideas.

Popular soft flooring materials include the following:

* low-pile rugs - Popular affordable options in the US include [https://www.homedepot.com/p/Foss-Unbound-Smoke-Gray-Ribbed-6-ft-x-8-ft-Indoor-Outdoor-Area-Rug-CP45N41PJ1VH/202800194 6 ft. x 8 ft. Indoor/Outdoor Area Rug (Home Depot)], [https://thecouponproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DSCN8062-Medium.jpg 6x9 indoor/outdoor rug (Costco in-store)]. Look for tight-woven machine made rugs without loose fibers to make it more difficult for rabbits to grab with their teeth and claws to dig up. Keeping the rug edges out of reach also helps prevent destruction.
* rabbit-safe edible rugs made of jute, sisal, or seagrass
* fleece blankets - You can buy it by the yard from fabric stores such as Jo-Ann
* bed sheets
* comforters
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/tmyux8/cheap_and_easy_bunnysafe_rugs_to_provide/ DIY rugs made with cardboard, velcro, and towels]

To protect hardwood floors (or existing carpet), be sure to add a waterproof barrier underneath the soft flooring you decide to use. Examples include the following:

* vinyl or linoleum flooring
* shower curtain
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00G70OLMK/wabbi-20 plastic chair mat]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Edushape-Edu-Tiles-Puzzles-Piece/dp/B000WN6ZCW/wabbi-20 foam playpen pieces]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Cap-Barbell-Equipment-12-Piece-Puzzle/dp/B004X165F6/wabbi-20 foam equipment mats] (Warning: bunnies may gnaw off the treadmill pattern)
* [http://www.amazon.com/EZwhelp-Washable-Whelping-Puppy-Pad/dp/B003AY7GIC/wabbi-20 whelping pad]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Sofnit-Washable-Underpads-Toplayer-Absorbency/dp/B000FED594/wabbi-20 bed pads]
* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/1-16-in-x-4-ft-x-8-ft-Plastic-Panel-63003/202090190 large piece of plastic]

<div class="bad">Make sure to keep an eye on your rabbit for ingestion of materials.</div>

'''General [[bedding]] in an enclosure is ''not needed''.''' It will confuse the rabbit when trying to [[Litter Training| litter train]] the rabbit. The only [[bedding]] and litter needed is in the litter box.

<div class="note">Please keep in mind that most rabbits will slip and slide on slick flooring such as hardwood, tile, or laminate due to their lack of paw pads like a cat or dog. Placing down more appropriate flooring with traction such as rugs, bathroom mats, blankets, towels, cardboard, or foam will likely encourage your rabbit to come out and explore more often as they feel more familiar with their environment.</div>

Here are some links about other setup ideas:
* House Rabbit Society, Jessi Hoffman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/5-4/raisedbeds.html Raised-Bed Bunnying: Reaching new heights]
* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/w4Hg8 Why proper flooring is important for your pet rabbit.]

=== Housing galleries ===
Below are some galleries of example rabbit housing setups.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/gallery.asp Rabbit Housing Gallery]
* Plüschnasen, [http://www.plueschnasen.de/gehegebilder.html Gehegebilder]
* The Bunny Groomer, [http://www.bunnygroomer.com/environments.html Environments]
* Pinterest, [http://www.pinterest.com/best4bunny/rabbit-housing-ideas/ Rabbit Housing Ideas]
* Pinterest, [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-housing/ rabbit housing]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycondo/ #bunnycondo]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycage/ #bunnycage]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/rabbitcage/ #rabbitcage]

== Free range rabbits ==
[[File:Jadeycakes alice cat gate.jpg|thumb|right|A large white rabbit enclosed in a bedroom with a baby gate.|200px]]
Untrained rabbits should be kept in an enclosure during the night and while you are away from home. When you see consistent litter habits when your rabbit is let out to play, you might think about letting them roam free range permanently with a home base. Some rabbits can also naturally be free-roam on rugs with the use of slick hardwood or tile as an invisible fence.

Note that an adult bunny will probably be easier to train and less destructive than a juvenile or baby.<ref>JSPCA. (n.d.). JSPCA House Rabbits Training Fact Sheet. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from https://media.wix.com/ugd/bae167_5429538f939f42c0983cf700ee6698f8.pdf</ref>

<div class="note"><b>Not all rabbits are good candidates for permanent free-roam, and this is okay.</b> If your rabbit tends to be extremely destructive (eating walls, chewing baseboards, destroying beds and sofas) when left alone, then it is a much better idea to keep them enclosed in a fully [[bunny-proofing|bunny-proofed]] penned area when you are not around for their safety.</div>

Several prerequisites are needed, however.
* Block off locations you do not wish the bunny to be in with baby gates, fences, or doors. Be sure that they cannot jump over them. [http://www.homedepot.com/p/JELD-WEN-36-in-x-80-in-6-Panel-Unfinished-Dutch-Fir-Wood-Prehung-Front-Door-with-Brickmould-O11687/203386287 Dutch doors] are great option if you'd like the flexibility of a regular solid door with a baby gate.
<div class="bad" style="margin-left:20px">Please be cautious when choosing a baby gate.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten1.jpg|caption=This plastic gate was no match for A.Chaney's rabbit. [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10208831759851955&set=pcb.10154190812168809&type=3&theater Image source.]|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=HoneyGetsStuckBabyGate1a.jpg|caption=The bar openings were to large for R.Hunt's rabbit. Honey was stuck but quickly freed. Picture used with direct permission.|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten2a.jpg|caption=A plastic gate that was no match for Hashtag. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4wmbsp/3_months_old_and_i_already_have_an_escape_artist/ Image source], (c) /u/coreyryan94|width=x250}}
</div>
</div>
* Fully [[bunny-proof]] the place where the rabbit will be roaming. Make sure there is nothing that he can get under or over that could possibly harm them. Hide all belongings that you don't want possibly destroyed, and make sure all dangerous items are also out of reach.
[[File:Giant_rug_Luna.jpg|thumb|right|An example setup on a giant rug where the rabbits are naturally limited by hardwood. Vinyl is placed underneath the rug to prevent damage to the hardwood from pee accidents.]]
* The bunny should still have a home base such as a large cage or pen with a den available to them. This allows them to have a place to retreat to for peace and quiet. Things that should be provided in this base or nearby include a litter box, hay, and water.

* Make sure the place has proper flooring allowing the rabbit to hop, stand, and run without slipping -- a concern especially important for older rabbits. Provide a soft surface for sleeping.

* Provide plenty of environmental enrichment activities such as cardboard box forts, toys, telephone books, and digging boxes. See [[Toys]] for more options. If you have two or more rabbits bonded, they can provide entertainment for each other.

<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SBXynHA_Hw|thumb|center|Rabbit Proofing With Webseth And Sam|frame}}</div>
</div>

The following are links with more information about free range house rabbits and how to train them.
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00man/MammalHusbandryTechniques/Indiv_Techniques/Accom_HouseRabbit.htm Accommodation of House Rabbits (Mammal Husbandry and Management)]
* The Rabbit House. (2014). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/freerange.asp Free Range House Rabbit]
* Bunny Approved. (2013). [http://bunnyapproved.com/life-with-a-free-range-rabbit/ Life with a Free Range Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. (2016). [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]. See the sections ''Can the rabbit have a running space?'' and ''So what’s the actual method?''.

== Further reading ==
* RSPCA, [http://www.rspca.org.uk/ImageLocator/LocateAsset?asset=document&assetId=1232725725160&mode=prd Rabbit Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-8/multi-maintenance.html Multi-Maintenance]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/housing.html FAQ: Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space.html A Sense of Place and Space]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space-update.html Housing Update]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles.html#housing Articles]
* House Rabbit Network, Suzanne Rubins and Suzanne Trayhan, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/houses.shtml Rabbit Real Estate: Housing Options for Your Pet Rabbit]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/Cages/cage.html To Cage or Not to Cage]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/cagescondos.pdf Cages and Condos]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/housing.html Housing Ideas]
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue, [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/choosing-housing.html Choosing rabbit housing]
* bunnymama.com, [http://bunnymama.com/Care/CageOrPen.aspx Cage or Pen Area?]
* Bunny Approved, [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-rabbit-housing/ Indoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/cages.htm Home Sweet Home: How to house your rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

Here are some relevant videos you may watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJgKralhCUc||center|Indoor Housing for your bunny|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6V5aAgkvSZA||center|Indoor Rabbit Cages|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4z_Mrg-lpc||center|A Hutch is Not Enough|frame}}</div>
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Housing

2022-05-19T23:54:20Z

Wick and Fable: /* Wire cube DIY cages */

{{#seo:
|description=Housing tips, information, DIY, and links for rabbits.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/c/c5/Rabbit-HIllBilly-Hutch1.jpg
}}
'''Please remember, regardless of the housing you choose, your rabbit needs at least a couple of hours of [[exercise]] everyday outside of this cage/pen.'''
__TOC__
== Indoors vs. outdoors ==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_ZdzeLVEBU||right|Why It's Dangerous to Keep Rabbits Outside|frame}}
Many people have the misconception that rabbits are smelly and belong outdoors. However, this is definitely not the case, and in fact, we recommend that you keep and '''house your bunny indoors as much as possible'''. If you get a rabbit as a pet, you should treat it as a member of the family. Family should not be relegated to live alone all the time in an isolated shed or hutch outside.

There are also other reasons to keep your bunny indoors.<ref>San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/indoors.html Why to Keep Your Rabbit Indoors]</ref><ref>Bunniez, [http://bunniez.hubpages.com/hub/The-Great-Indoor-Rabbit-Debate- The Great Indoor Rabbit Debate]</ref>
* Rabbits are safer indoors out of reach of '''predators'''. Rabbits can literally be frightened to death without any contact to a predator. Additionally, you will need to take many precautions that no snakes can get into your hutch. They are a real risk in certain areas.
* Rabbits are '''social''' animals, and in the wild, they live in enormous warrens. They enjoy the companionship from people and other animals. You can see many instances where bunnies have bonded with cats, dogs, and birds. Hutch rabbits are often never interacted with or socialized, and this lack can often result in a dull and uninterested bunny.
* Indoor rabbits will probably '''live longer''' out of stressful influences such as predators and poor weather conditions. They can easily [[Hot|overheat]] or freeze to death. Poor weather conditions such as rain may also make you not want to go out to feed and check on the bunny. Rabbits are delicate, and any [[Veterinary emergencies|medical warning signs]] should be treated immediately or they will go downhill fast. Not being able to keep an eye on them can be disastrous to a bunny's health.
* Rabbits need '''[[exercise]]'''. Unless you build an extremely big hutch with a run outside or let him run around outside occasionally, the bunny will be unable to stretch his legs. You may have seen videos of wild rabbits -- see how they love to run around? You can provide a safe environment indoors out of a predator's reach for them to do what they love.
* Outdoors, you can '''never see''' your bunny binky in happiness and learn to appreciate their bonks for pets. Rabbits can show a [[Behavior|personality]] not unlike dogs and cats. Housing a rabbit outdoors without ever interacting with them will result in a rabbit afraid of humans.

You might worry that keeping your rabbit indoors will result in destruction of your personal property and poop and pee everywhere. However, the destruction can be easily mitigated given proper [[bunny-proofing]] and [[Litter Training|training]]. Rabbits are easily [[Litter Training|litter trained]] to poop and pee in a box. In addition, not the entire house needs to be given to the bunny to romp around in. Just a living room or a bedroom is enough space. Give a try to housing your rabbit indoors, and see your rabbit bond with you.

Here are some more links to read about the pros and cons of indoor vs. outdoor housing.
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/dangers Dangers to rabbits: outside and indoors]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/house-rabbits House rabbits]
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/outdoors-vs-indoors Outdoors versus Indoors]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/hazards.html FAQ: Outdoor and Indoor Hazards to Companion Rabbits]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/why-a-house-bunny/ House Rabbits: Why It's Better For You And Your Bunny]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/whyindoors.pdf Why Indoor Housing is Best]
* Dana M. Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html Why an Indoor Bunny?]
* House Rabbit Network, Alan L. Moyer, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/fly.shtml Why We Won't Keep Rabbits Outdoors -- A personal story]

The following pages are from rabbit breeding sites. Please do not take this referral as condoning rabbit [[breeding]] for the common house rabbit owner. We provide these links purely for information.
* Three Little Ladies Rabbitry, [http://www.threelittleladiesrabbitry.com/rabbithousing.php Rabbit Housing - Indoors or Outdoors?]

=== Indoor housing ===
A consideration when housing indoors is where to place your bunny. A good location allows the rabbit has a place to relax by themselves yet is not completely secluded from the family. As a result, the corner of a living or family room is a great location as it will have lots of foot traffic from family and roommates but still be quiet most of the day when no one is there.

Some people would like more personal time with the rabbit and place the housing enclosure in their room. Be forewarned though, that bunnies can be very noisy at night, so if you are a light sleeper, it would probably be best to put the rabbit in another room.

Another option is to delegate an entire spare room to the rabbit. While this is a fantastic option, please make sure that you fully [[bunny-proof]] the room to prevent damage to the walls and floors in case of a destructive rabbit.

Avoid placing your rabbit too close to a doorway, in a drafty area of your home, or in only direct sunlight. While rabbits enjoy sunlight, they also have a fur coat and can easily [[hot|overheat]] on hot days.

If you are planning to bring an outside rabbit indoors, see the following articles for more information.
* Zooh Corner. [http://www.mybunny.org/info/bringing-bunny-inside Bringing the Outside Bunny In]

=== Outdoor housing ===
[[File:TalyaD rabbit shed outdoors.jpg|thumb|right|Two French lop rabbits living in a garden with an air-conditioned shed.|200px]]
[[File:Talyad outdoor run.jpg|thumb|right|An outdoor run attached a shed built for rabbits.|200px]]
[[File:RabbitInHutchHole2.jpg|thumb|right|The side of a un-reinforced outdoor hutch that was chewed through by a bored rabbit that escaped. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/840792622728438/permalink/991910214283344/ C.A.Wiltshire]|200px]]

While we do not recommend outdoor housing for the reasons stated above, the following are some resources to help develop a proper outdoor rabbit enclosure. Please remember the rabbits can easily suffer from [[heatstroke|heat exhaustion]] at [[hot|temperatures over 85°F]], and that indoor rabbits have a history of living 4 times longer than outdoor hutch rabbits due to various factors!<ref>Krempels, Dana. (n.d.). Why an Indoor Bunny?. Retrieved 10 Jul 2019 from http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/indoorbun.html</ref>

If keeping your rabbit outside is the only option in your situation, please follow some simple guidelines for housing:
* Make sure your rabbit is always protected from '''insects''' through the use of some fine mesh that you can staple to the cage. This is important to protect your rabbit from aggressive insect-borne diseases such as [[myxomatosis]]. Keep your outdoor rabbits updated on their [[vaccinations]] if they are available in your country, and you may also want to treat them regularly for [[fleas]], [[mites]], and other parasites preventatively.
* Do not keep rabbits outdoors alone all the time; they need '''company''' on those dark nights! A [[Bonding|bonded]] pair or group is best outdoors. If you must house a single rabbit outside, please spend a couple of hours each day to interact with your rabbit so they will not be depressed. Rabbits are social creatures and will not do well alone with no interaction.
* Remember, your baby bunny is likely to '''grow''' significantly! If your rabbit is young, make sure you consider their adult size when purchasing an enclosure. This housing should be tall enough for your bunny to sit up on their hind legs in the adorable act of periscoping, and it should be long enough for your bunny to completely lie down in with their feet stretched out. Consider having a multi-level enclosure so bunny can survey their surroundings as well as a permanently attached run.
* Just because your rabbit is outdoors, it '''does not mean''' they have to be kept in a hutch! Consider large dog kennels with runs, sheds, aviaries, and children's wooden playhouses with runs attached. One small advantage of outdoor housing is that human furniture will not get in the way of the rabbit, and you can often offer larger square footage just for the bunnies.
* While your rabbit make not be able to '''chew''' their way out of your new cage, keep in mind what kind of predators might want to force their way in. Be especially careful about access to snakes if they are a problem in your area. Keep your hutch close to the house, and make sure your rabbit has somewhere to hide if they get scared. This hidey hole is also likely to be what will protect your bunny from the elements so it is a good idea to insulate it with some hay, old towels, or other material. Even though your rabbit is kept outside, a litter tray can still be supplied to keep the housing clean, and it provides your bunny with a specific spot to go in so that they will not always lying in their own filth.
* In warm weather, be very careful about '''[[flystrike]]'''! Check your rabbit's bottom every day to make sure that all poop has been cleaned off properly.

Please think about keeping a smaller cage to put in the laundry room or other area inside so that the rabbit doesn't have to be outside on those [[cold weather concerns|cold winter nights]] or [[hot|hot summer afternoons]].

The following are some additional tips and instructions on having an outdoor rabbit hutch:
* Save a Fluff. [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/hutches-and-runs Hutches. runs and alternative rabbit housing]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/outdoor/index.asp Outdoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund.[https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-housing/outdoor-rabbit-housing/ Outdoor rabbit housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-housing/convert-a-garden-shed/ A Hutch Is Not Enough – so how about a shed?]
* Rabbits United. (2012). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?311878-Outdoor-Housing Outdoor Housing]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-rabbits-outdoors/ Rabbits Outdoors]
* petrabbitinfo.com. (2009). [http://www.petrabbitinfo.com/rabbithutches.html Rabbit Hutches - How To Keep Your Pet Rabbit Safe and Happy Outdoors]
* Reddit. (2018). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a0auf1/indoor_to_outdoor/ Indoor to outdoor]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/outdoor_housing.html Outside Housing]

== Indoor cages and enclosures ==
A variety of options exist for housing rabbits in either a cage or other type of enclosure.

=== Size guidelines ===
Although pet stores market cages specifically for rabbits, many of these cages are too small to comfortably house adult rabbits, particularly larger breeds. From the House Rabbit Society Housing FAQ page,<ref name="hrsfaq">House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/housing.html#size FAQ: Housing]</ref>
<blockquote>A cage should be at least 4 times the size of your bunny when he's entirely stretched out--more if he is confined for a large amount of the day. Cage sizes also should be decided in conjunction with the amount of [[exercise]] time and space the rabbit has. One guideline to go by is at least 8 square feet of cage time combined with at least at least 24 square feet of exercise space, for 1-2 rabbits, in which the rabbit(s) can run and play at least 5 hours per day.</blockquote>

The 8 sq ft should considered as empty and unbroken space. If you put in litter boxes, hiding housing, and other bowls and toys, be mindful that these items will interrupt and take over the minimum space recommendations.

The House Rabbit Handbook provides the following guidelines:<ref name="hrh">Marinell Harriman, ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit'', 4th edition</ref>
* Option 1: Separated rest and run areas. Run time is at least 4 hrs daily or 30 hrs weekly.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em"
!Number of<br>Rabbits !!Rest Area<br>(sq ft) !!Rest Area<br>Dimensions
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 1-2 ||style="text-align:center"| 8 ||style="text-align:center"| 2x4 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 3-4 ||style="text-align:center"| 16 ||style="text-align:center"| 4x4 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 5-6 ||style="text-align:center"| 24 ||style="text-align:center"| 3x8 or 4x6 ft.
|}
* Option 2: Combined rest and run areas. Run time is 24 hrs daily.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em"
!Number of<br>Rabbits !!Run/Rest Area<br>(sq ft) !!Run/Rest Area<br>Dimensions
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 1-4 ||style="text-align:center"| 24 ||style="text-align:center"| 3x8 or 4x6 ft.
|-
|style="text-align:center"| 5-6 ||style="text-align:center"| 48 ||style="text-align:center"| 6x8 ft.
|}

<div class="note">Please note that practically, only small dwarf rabbits may be able to comfortably live in a 2'x4' area - most rabbits should have at least 12 sq ft of living space at minimum, and the more space you can provide 24/7 is always the better.</div>

The Rabbit House provides some more minimum measurements based on rabbit size [http://www.therabbithouse.com/guide_size.asp here]. The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund has their minimum living space guidelines [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-housing/space-recommendations/ here.]

If you do not have enough floor space to give your rabbits too much more than the recommended minimum, you can also try to build vertically with multiple story condo cages. However, please keep in mind that the rabbit should still be able to comfortably run in a straight line before you start building taller.

<div class="note">Remember, if you have a young rabbit, be prepared to provide large enough housing as they grow. Small baby rabbits at 8 weeks old can rapidly grow to 10+ lb over the course of a few months if they are actually a giant [[breed]] of rabbit.</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=RabbitSpace1.jpg|caption=Needed space infograph by [http://www.magichappensrescue.com/ Magic Happens Rabbit Rescue]|width=x300}}
{{post-image|file=Therabbithouse-sizeguide.png|caption=Rabbit Housing Sizing guide by [http://www.therabbithouse.com/guide_size.asp The Rabbit House]|width=x300}}
{{post-image|file=Rwaf-rabbits-need-space.jpg|caption=Rabbits Need Space infograph by [https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/rabbit-housing/space-recommendations/ RWAF]|width=x300}}
</div>

=== Commercial cages ===
[[File:Munion footfoot cage.jpg|right|thumb|A rabbit in a cage large enough to fit a small hiding box.]]
Most commercial cages advertised towards rabbits are '''too small for the average-sized rabbit.''' As stated above, the rabbit cage should be at least 4 times the size of your bunny when he's entirely stretched out. Most cages barely let a rabbit stretch out or sit up. If you do opt for a commercial cage, make sure to follow the guidelines stated above.

<div class="bad">
Be careful of cages with a '''wire floor'''. Rex, heavy breeds, and poorly bred pet rabbits with thinly-furred feet are especially prone to [[sore hocks]] in wire-bottomed cages due to the uneven pressures of the wires. Additionally, untrimmed nails and toes can get caught in inappropriately-sized holes and be broken. If you use a cage with a wire flooring, you should provide a [http://www.amazon.com/uxcell%C2%AE-Plastic-Hole-Design-Fixed/dp/B00QBYYHP8/wabbi-20 resting mat] for your rabbit to sit on. If a rabbit is litter-trained, there is honestly no reason to need a wire-bottomed cage.

The following links are some <b>graphic</b> images of rabbits that were found inappropriately kept on wire flooring:

* Bunny Binkies Club. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyBinkiesClub/posts/1109679269449517 Jalen's story]
* Bunny Puffs Exotic Refuge. (2020). [https://www.facebook.com/bunnypuffsrefuge/posts/858889187869573 Chocolate's story]
* Indiana House Rabbit Society. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/IndianaHouseRabbitSociety/posts/2532369886808686 Gianna's story]
</div>

If you buy a cage with a solid slick plastic flooring, cover the bottom with another surface like a towel or grass mats. The slippery surface can lead to hip problems.<ref>Wisconsin House Rabbit Society, [http://wisconsinhrs.org/rabbit-care/housing WHRS Rabbit Care Guidelines]</ref>

<div class="bad">
Please be wary of cages with multiple stories, and make sure rabbits have secure footing and enough space to comfortably hop up and down to prevent injuries.

* u/Rabus. (2020). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/k6lo0l/my_bunny_broke_her_spine_today_a_warning_to_not/ My bunny broke her spine today - A warning to not buy two story cages & a question if anyone saw a similiar case]
</div>

Look for cages with a side door to allow the bunny to hop in and out on her own and possibly a top-loading door for ease of cleaning.

<div class="note">
If the cage door opens on the side as a ramp and is made wire, <b>cover the door</b> with something solid like cardboard or a blanket or towel so that the rabbit's feet cannot accidentally be caught between the bars. The top of the wire cage should be covered similarly. Injuries that can result from caught toes and limbs can range from broken nails, sprains, fractures, dislocations, and completely [[broken bones]].

* u/GoddessOfMyKitchen. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/sxsp9z/first_vet_stay/ 3-month-old rabbit climbed on top of cage and broke one of her back legs.]
* Reddit. (2021). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/l7qfgu/she_likes_to_jump/gl8pbu3/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 Comment thread of users that knew of or had rabbits that had limbs caught in wire cages with deadly results.]
* u/tomb1125. (2018). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/a17wa8/how_do_i_know_if_my_rabbit_broke_his_leg/ Rabbit jumped off cage and his hind leg was stuck between bars.]
* New Jersey House Rabbit Society. (20180). [https://www.facebook.com/njhrs/posts/1160259617463268 Rabbit back leg slipped between bars of wire cage door.]
* Nutmeg. (2018). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/block-off-top-of-cage-ideasaeaeaeae/ Rabbit got foot caught on top of cage when trying to hop off.]
</div>

<div class="bad">
Never use glass aquariums because they are rarely large enough and do not have enough air circulation. Rabbits overheat very easily.
</div>

If you use a commercial cage as a home base for a litter box, and the rabbit is free-roaming, size is not so much of an issue. It becomes a problem when the rabbit is shut in for hours on end. If you have to make do with a smaller cage than ideal, just make sure that your rabbit receives plenty of [[exercise]] time every day to stretch out their legs.

<div class="blue">
Some extra-large cages available on Amazon that can be appropriate for smaller rabbits or to be used as a home base in a larger living space:
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0133LNLJY/wabbi-20 Ferplast Krolik 160 Rabbit Cage, 64"L x 24"W x 20"H]
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0133LNLS0/wabbi-20 Ferplast Krolik 140 Plus Rabbit Cage, 56"L x 24"W x 20"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-First-Rabbit-Habitat/dp/B00513C1XU/wabbi-20 Super Pet My First Home Giant Rabbit Habitat, 47"L x 24"W x 24"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Hutch-Guinea-Ferret-Animals/dp/B009T3BHYM/wabbi-20 Pawhut 47" Portable Wire Bunny Rabbit / Ferret / Guinea Pig Hutch House, 47.2"L x 22.8"W x 19.7"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Living-World-Deluxe-Habitat-X-Large/dp/B007BNE1YA/wabbi-20 Living World Deluxe Pet Habitat, X-Large, 46-8/9"L x 22-4/5"W x 24"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/2-Piece-Rabbit-Habitat-Casters-16-5-Inch/dp/B008MZML4S/wabbi-20 My First Home 2-Piece Giant Rabbit Habitat with Casters, 48"L x 24"W x 16.5"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Prevue-Hendryx-525GRN-Small-Animal/dp/B003SLSI0C/wabbi-20 Prevue Hendryx 525GRN Small Animal Tubby, Extra Large, 47-1/4"L x 24-1/4"W x 21-1/2"H]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006L12W8/wabbi-20 Prevue Pet Products Small Animal Cage with Stand 620 Powder Blue and White, 47"L x 22"W x 37"H]

If you would like a more professionally handcrafted cage, here are a couple available online - some made especially for rabbits.
* Leith Petwerks, Inc. [http://www.petwerks.com/condos.aspx Bunny Abode Condos]
* KW Cages. [https://www.kwcages.com/cages/bunny-villa.html Bunny Villa]
* My Pet Cages by Ultra Lite. [https://mypetcages.com/collections/kitty-condos Kitty Condos]
</div>

The following are some guides at choosing an appropriate commercial cage to use indoors.
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages.asp Rabbit Cage Reviews]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbitcages_choosing.asp Choosing an Indoor Rabbit Cage]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/two-storey-rabbit-cages.asp Two Storey Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/plastic-rabbit-hutch.asp Plastic Rabbit Hutches]

=== Dog crates ===
[[File:DoubleBunnyQuick-dog-crate.jpg|thumb|right|A rabbit lounging in a dog crate.]]
One solution for suitable rabbit housing is a large or x-large dog crate. The large doors make it easy to clean, and these cages are very sturdy to help keep out kids or other pets. The plastic pans on the floor help to protect your flooring underneath. Dog crates are also great options for rabbit owners with bunnies that are escape artists and can jump out of tall 30"+ pens.

However, the large and x-large dog crates can be very heavy, and although they may collapse easily for travel, they can weigh much more than tall x-pens and be hard to move.

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Traction material such as blankets and towels is recommended on the bottom floor when having two levels in a dog crate for rabbits. Rabbits can fatally injure themselves by slipping when jumping down.

* u/grow_something. (2015). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/3ihgyt/modifying_dog_cage/cugme7x Comment on post "Modifying dog cage?"]
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some models available on Amazon:
* [http://www.amazon.com/On-The-Go-Single-Crate-E435-X-Large/dp/B000BQRCWM/wabbi-20 Home On-The-Go Dog Crate in Black, 49.5"x29-3/8"x32.25"]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Midwest-Stages-Single-Door-Folding-Inches/dp/B00063MQMG/wabbi-20 Midwest Life Stages Single-Door Folding Metal Dog Crate, 42"x28"x31"]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QFT1RC/wabbi-20 Midwest iCrate Double-Door Home Training and Travel Series, 42"x28"x30"]
* [https://www.amazon.com/MidWest-Leak-Proof-Double-measures-Inches/dp/B005VVWBVY/wabbi-20 Midwest Solution Series "Ginormus" Double Door Dog Crate, 54"x37"x45"]
</div>

Here are some guides on using and converting one to a rabbit abode.
* Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600822095606/ JoJo's Guide to converting a dog crate / cage into a rabbit cage]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrates.asp Dog Crates as Rabbit Cages]
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/dogcrate_shelf.asp Rabbit Cage Shelf Instructions]

Below are some relevant discussions.
* BunSpace, [http://www.bunspace.com/forum/thread?tid=867 Rabbits in dog crate cages? I want to see your pictures!]

=== Wire cube DIY cages ===
[[File:Batclock bunny condo.jpg|thumb|right|A sample bunny wire cube condo by [http://www.reddit.com/user/batclock/ /u/batclock]]]
Wire cube DIY cages can potentially be a cheaper alternative to buying a commercial cage or pen, but they require some work to assemble, in addition to careful planning. These condos are great for jumpers that will escape open-top pens. You can also build them to suit non-rectangular corners of your home to fit around your furniture. They may also be called C&C (cube & coroplast) cages from the guinea pig terminology or Neat Idea Cubes (NIC) cages, the original brand that started making wire cube storage systems.

The basic theory behind these cages is to assemble the wire shelving solutions available in stores into a cage using zip-ties. Aspirational owners can even decide to make multi-story condos using additional wood or shelving. A pack of about 23 wire cube sheets costs around US$35, and [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0094DE1WM/wabbi-20 zip ties] are around US$5 for 100+ -- enough to make a 42"L x 28"W x 28"H pen. A [http://www.amazon.com/Living-World-Deluxe-Habitat-X-Large/dp/B007BNE1YA/wabbi-20 similar commercial cage] suitable for a rabbit at 47"L x 23"W x 24"H usually costs about US$80. See the savings? You can easily adjust the size of the cage and condo to suit the shape and size you want. However, something to keep in mind is the additional costs of necessary supports, suitable flooring, and other components that may be required to ensure the enclosure is spacious, practical, and safe. These wire shelving solutions were not designed originally to be repurposed as pet pens, even though marketing as taken that approach. Using only the connectors provided, building without considering the weight of your rabbit, and creating large/wide upper levels without considering lack of bottom supports can all lead to an unsafe enclosure.

{{right-image|file=SneakyDragon Talia NIC.jpg|caption=A 2-story wire cube condo by /u/sneaky_dragon made to stop the rabbit from jumping out of a pen}}
<div class="blue">
Some stores you can buy wire grid panels from are the following:
* United States
** Amazon.com - [http://www.amazon.com/Whitmor-6070-968-BLK-Black-Storage-Cubes/dp/B007ELALZC/wabbi-20 6-box set (23 panels)], [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0028SHGNQ/wabbi-20 set of 48 panels], [https://smile.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Animals-Rabbits/dp/B07ZGH442J/wabbi-20 Tespo pack]
** [https://www.staples.com/whitmor-black-wire-storage-cubes-14-5-h-x-14-5-w-x-14-25-d-4-ct-6070-1723/product_2843040 Staples (23 panels)]
** [https://www.target.com/p/costway-6-cube-grid-wire-organizer-wardrobe-shelves-bookcase-diy/-/A-83742792 Target]
** [http://www.homedepot.com/p/Honey-Can-Do-30-375-in-x-44-625-in-Silver-Stackable-6-Cube-Organizer-SHF-01794/203215487 Home Depot (23 panels)] - Be careful, 6 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.com/store/product/simply-essential-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey-set-of-4/5565513 Bed Bath & Beyond]
** [http://www.storesupply.com/c-518-mini-grid-display-unit.aspx Store Supply Warehouse (individual)]
** [https://www.sevilleclassics.com/products.php?cid=135,137,138 Seville Classics (9 panels)]
** Pre-made NIC DIY kits available [http://www.ebay.com/usr/bunnycondos on Ebay by bunnycondos]
* Canada
** [http://www.amazon.ca/Whitmor-6070-1723-Storage-Cubes-Black/dp/B000LRBSFI/wabbi-20 Amazon.ca (16 panels)]
** [http://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/3-wire-cube/6000112169710 Walmart (13 panels)] - Be careful, 8 of the panels are of a larger size.
** [https://www.bedbathandbeyond.ca/store/product/relaxed-living-12-inch-wire-cube-grid-in-grey/5313247 Bed Bath & Beyond (18 panels)]
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' You will need to make sure the type of wire shelving you purchase should have the grates '''relatively small''' so your rabbit cannot get his head through. Otherwise, your rabbit may get injured or strangled. There is one type sold at Target and other stores that has bigger grates than the rest. These should either be discarded or used as unreachable walls, shelves, or cage tops. If they have to be used, cover them with cardboard or double grate them to make the holes smaller.
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels1.jpg|caption=NOTE: "Essential Home" brand cube panels have both 1-1/2" square <I>and</I> the larger 2-1/2" square panels, in the same package. A warning was posted to facebook about this by C.William, as her rabbit got his head stuck in the larger size and had to be cut free. Full [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ post here.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=EssentialHome-cubepanels2.jpg|caption="Essential Home" panel after Lafayette had to be cut free from a larger opening panel. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10153412090973809/ Pics] by C.William.}}
{{gallery-image|file=TargetGrates.jpg|caption=Larger wire grid panels}}
</div>

Also, when using zip ties, make sure to have the tie wrap ends face the '''outside''' of the cage so that if you accidentally forget to clip one, it does not cause eye injury to your rabbit.

'''Examples of rabbits escaping wire cube cages:'''
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=tX-1KkRybX8|name=u/elainele_2194. (2020). Can't wait to start self-quarantine...}}
{{youtube|id=Il-Sf8lp4m0|name=(2018). Little Alki isn’t as big as he looks}}
{{youtube|id=hJlE7TxZV7c|name=(2017). Bunny Escapes Gate}}
{{youtube|id=17MHvMuIFu4|name=Bunny Escaping NIC Pen}}</div>
</div>

</div>

Some examples and instructions to set up wire cube condos can be found at the following pages.
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group. [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/NIC-plans.pdf NIC Cube Rabbit Cage Construction]
* Build a Rabbit Condo. [http://www.rabbitcondo.com/moredetails.htm More Rabbit Condo Details]
* 3 Bunnies Rabbit Rescue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120809071305/http://www.3bunnies.org/oliver_nic.htm Oliver's New Home]
* [http://www.guineapigcages.com/ Cavy Cages]
* House Rabbit Network. [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/building-a-neat-ideas-cube-condo/ Building a Neat Ideas Cube Condo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060112092007/http://princessblackie.homestead.com:80/ Princess Blackie's Web Page]
* [http://sprowtybun.tripod.com/nic.html Cages that are easy to build and inexpensive!]
* Brey family. [http://breyfamily.net/bunnycage.html How To Build an Indoor Bunny Cage]
* Wisconsin House Rabbit Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091121/http://www.wisconsinhrs.org/Articles/Project%20NIC%20Bunny%20Condo.htm A Project Idea: Bunny Condo from Neat Idea Cubes]
* Bunny Blurbs, by /u/nafalie. [http://bunnyblurbs.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/bun-estates/ Bun Estates]
* BOING. [http://boingonline.com/build_indoor_house.html Build an indoor house]
* BudgetBunny. [http://budgetbunny.ca/2011/01/18/building-your-own-bunny-condo-a-step-by-step-how-to/ Building Your Own Bunny Condo – A Step By Step How To]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary. [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/housing.html#howto Housing Ideas > How-To Guide]
* The Rabbit House. [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/rabbit-cages-cubes.asp Making a Cube Rabbit Cage]
* sunflowerb. [http://bunnyowners.livejournal.com/5407475.html# Alonso's New Home: My DIY bunny cage]

<div class="note">
For a useful tool to help plan out your grid cage, please see the following post by u/WickAndFable - [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/pvav6e/housing_online_tools_for_gridcage_planning/ Housing: Online Tools for Grid-Cage Planning]
</div>

The following are some videos about setting up a NIC condo.
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=hbt7G4252i0&feature=plcp|name=BudgetBunny: Building Your Own Rabbit Condo}}
</div>

Here are some relevant discussions about NIC condos.
* RabbitsOnline. (2021). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/need-help-deciding-on-which-nic-cube-set-to-get-zip-ties-etc.102559/ Need Help Deciding On Which NIC Cube Set To Get - Zip Ties Etc.]
* BinkyBunny.com. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/120480/Default.aspx Do you have a Bunny Condo???]
* u/jadeycakes. (2012). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/103ihe/now_that_his_pen_is_decorated_for_halloween_he/ Now that his pen is decorated for Halloween he thinks he's a spider.]

=== Exercise pens ===
[[File:X-pen.jpg|thumb|Black 30" Midwest x-pen with two ~5# rabbits|225px]]
[[File:Sneakydragon squishy xpen lounge.jpg|thumb|right|A small Netherland dwarf rabbit lounging in a 2'x4' x-pen setup.|225px]]
[[File:XXLRabbitRun.jpg|thumb|Dangerous Run Equipment... 5” XXL Metal Rabbit Run distributed by Bunny Business Ltd. [http://fbrc.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238%3Adangerous-run-equipment&catid=30&Itemid=157 More information.]|225px]]
An alternative to a traditional cage or NIC cube condo is an exercise pen or x-pen, usually marketed for puppies and available in any pet store. An alternative is a plastic play yard for human toddlers, available in department stores. <span class="red">Do not use fabric playpens as rabbits can easily chew through them and escape in a matter of hours.</span>

Advantages over a traditional cage include the following:
* Extremely portable (great if you [[travel]] with your rabbit)
* Easy to reconfigure and move around the house
* Can also be used outside (always with supervision)
* Lots of room for litter boxes, hidey houses, [[toys]], etc.
* X-pen walls are easy mounting locations for bottles, hay racks, toys, etc.
* Lots of space for your money

The x-pen represents an intermediate step between a completely free roaming rabbit and a caged rabbit. It is perhaps best suited to a bunny who can free roam under supervision but still needs to be confined at night. Exercise pens are much more portable than a traditional cage, and do not require as much up-front work as an NIC cube condo. The downsides are that you need to provide hidey-houses besides the x-pen itself, and this can take away from the portability somewhat. It should be stressed that the combination of an animal carrier and an x-pen to set up at your new location is probably the easiest way to [[travel]] with your rabbit. Bringing a large enough cage to comfortably house a rabbit in the car is difficult, but because the x-pen folds, it can easily fit in the trunk of a small car.

Another handy use of an x-pen is to keep a free-roaming, fully trained bunny from getting into certain areas. Perhaps your bunny only has unsupervised access to the kitchen or the laundry room. You can use an x-pen to block off access out of these rooms. You can also use an x-pen to keep your rabbit away from the TV stand or similar cord jungle.

<div class="box">
The following are some tips about how to use your x-pen:

* Set up your pen against a wall to maximize the space you get.
* Use an x-pen to confine a free-roaming rabbit when you're out of the house, cleaning, or the door is open.
* Attach accessories like water bottles, hayracks, etc. directly to the x-pen.
* You can use wood or PVC to create a frame for the x-pen to prevent your rabbit from pushing the edges out. Additionally, if you use a PVC frame and use blankets for flooring, you can also use [https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B07GTZ9LP8/wabbi-20 snap clamps] to clamp down fleece blankets and bedsheets to the frame to prevent rabbits from tugging up the flooring. <div class="inline-image-block">{{post-image|file=HRS_chicago_xpen_pvc_frame.jpg|caption=An example of an exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon pvc frame.jpg|caption=A sample temporary boarding exercise pen setup with a PVC frame to keep it square.}}</div>
</div>

A decent size x-pen can be had for anywhere from $30-$150. You may find them second-hand on classified ads like Craiglist and Kijiji for even cheaper. Exercise pens generally outcompete cages in terms of square footage per dollar. If your bunny is not a jumper, 24" can be fine; otherwise 36" or higher is recommended for most rabbits unless you know they are lazy and not escape-prone.

<div class="note">
However, some rabbits also learn to climb the panels and will need a cover to prevent them from escaping. [https://www.facebook.com/TheRabbitHaven/videos/vb.496427947051707/1370724062955420/?type=2&theater Example video on Facebook.]

A few cover options:

* [https://www.amazon.com/MidWest-Homes-Pets-Wire-Exercise/dp/B0002H3QX4/wabbi-20 Midwest 4x4 wire top]
* Using a fitted full-size sheet and clip to sides with binder clips.
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some popular simple wire pens are the following:

* [http://www.amazon.com/BestPet-Playpen-Exercise-24-Inch-30-Inch/dp/B0036WQFQM/wabbi-20 BestPet Wire Playpen]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Midwest-Black-E-Coat-Exercise-Pen/dp/B000H8YTJI/wabbi-20 Midwest Black E-Coat Exercise Pen w/o door]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Precision-Pet-Silver-ExPen-Snaps/dp/B00028IUIE/wabbi-20 Precision Pet Pro Handler Indoor/Outdoor Exercise Pen, Silver]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Pet-Trex-Premium-Quality-Exercise/dp/B0052HH5UE/wabbi-20 Pet Trex Premium Quality 24" Exercise Playpen for Dogs Eight 24" x 24" High Panels with Gate]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Petmate-36-Inch-24-Inch-Exercise-Through/dp/B005U6UQ62/wabbi-20 Petmate 36-Inch by 24-Inch 8 Panels Exercise Pen with Step Through Door]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/AmazonBasics-Foldable-Metal-Exercise-Playpen/dp/B0758FX7MT/wabbi-20 AmazonBasics Foldable Metal Pet Exercise and Playpen]
</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Tiny baby bunnies '''should not be placed''' in a regular common Midwest/Precision exercise pen without additional barriers as they can easily squeeze out between the bars. You will either need to cut out 12-18" strips of cardboard and attach them to the bottom half of the pen to cover and make it solid until the babies grow bigger or find an exercise pen with only 1"-spaced bars such as the following:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Marshall-FC-224-Small-Animal-Play/dp/B0002ARQT6/wabbi-20 Marshall Small Animal Playpen]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Marshall-Pet-Products-Deluxe-Small/dp/B0013TT2SS/wabbi-20 Marshall Pet Products Pet Deluxe Play Pen, Small]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000MD3OJO/wabbi-20 Kaytee Pet-N-Playpen for Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Ferret]

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gJdT9HEAg60|name=CamberAdventures. (2014). Rabbit 1 Fence 0}}
{{youtube|id=gcy41CbEQ50|name=u/letthemeatcakex. (2015). Well, that's not gonna work...}}
{{youtube|id=n0K4hWkn66M|name=u/Bjjkwood. (2018). my dwarf hotot, Thor, is all fluff...}}
</div>

</div>

==== Heavy duty ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some heavy duty pen choices:

* [https://www.amazon.com/BestPet-Heavy-Playpen-Exercise-40-Inch/dp/B003XU3XE4/wabbi-20 BestPet Heavy Duty Pet Playpen Dog Exercise Pen Cat Fence B, 40-Inch, Black]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Paws-Pals-Exercise-Tube-Gate/dp/B00MU2F3GM/wabbi-20 Pet Exercise Pen Tube Gate w/Door - (8 Panel Playpen) Heavy Duty Folding Metal Out-Door Fence]

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen2.jpg|thumb|BestPet heavy duty playpens comes with 8 panels in a number of heights and can be linked together. One of the panels has a built in door and they are made out of metal. You can [https://www.amazon.com/BestPet/b/ref=wabbi-20?ie=UTF8&node=2583232011&field-lbr_brands_browse-bin=BestPet find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.|x200px]]</div>
<div>[[File:BestPetXPen1.jpg|thumb|BestPet mockup using two sets for a total of 16 panels.|x200px]]</div>
</div>
</div>

==== Plastic ====
<div class="blue">
The following are some clear plastic panel pen options:

* [https://clearlylovedpets.com/ Lucidium Pens] by Clearly Loved Pets
* [https://www.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Plastic-Transparent/dp/B06XTG94TH/wabbi-20 Tespo Dog Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/SONGMICS-Hamsters-Exercise-Transparent-ULPC02W/dp/B07FQ411ZH/wabbi-20 SONGMICS Pet Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/MAGINELS-Playpen-Exercise-Animals-Transparent/dp/B0781JFDVJ/wabbi-20 MAGINELS Pet Playpen]
* [https://amazon.com/AHOME-Playpens-Portable-Exercise-Transparent/dp/B081CTZK66/wabbi-20 C&AHOME Pet Playpen]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=HRS Lucidium pen.jpg|caption=A Lucidium Pen at the House Rabbit Society.}}
{{post-image|file=DelilahsNewHouse1.jpg|caption=Delilah in her new house build with a Tespo Playpen|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=ButtercupAndFuzzyWuzzy-PenAll.jpg|caption=Different pen set-ups for Buttercup and Fuzzy Wuzzy|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=TespoPetPenTransparent.jpg|caption=[https://www.amazon.com/Tespo-Playpen-Portable-Plastic-Transparent/dp/B06XTG94TH/wabbit-20 Tespo pen] with transparent panels. In the UK, look for the [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B076Y9FTF7/wabbi-20 Koossy brand.]}}
</div>

</div>

<div class="bad">
'''Warning:''' Please be aware that some especially stubborn rabbits may chew through the plastic panels.

{{post-image|file=Melissa tespo pen.png|caption=A rabbit that started to chew an exit in their Tespo pen. Used with permission from Melissa P.}}
</div>

<div class="blue">
Some plastic pen options:

* [http://www.amazon.com/IRIS-Indoor-Outdoor-Plastic-Panels/dp/B00D5P846Y/wabbi-20 IRIS USA Indoor/Outdoor Plastic Pet Pen with 4 Panels Blue Moon]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen2.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen with door in blue. They come in a number of different sizes & colors and they are made out of plastic. You can [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=srs%3D13973855011%26search-alias%3Dspecialty-aps&field-keywords=IRIS+Pet+Pen find them on Amazon,] as well as other places.}}
{{post-image|file=IrisPetPlayPen1.jpg|caption=IRIS 34" Pet Playpen mockup with door in white.}}
</div>

* [http://www.amazon.com/Petyard-Passage-8-Panel-Containment-Swinging/dp/B00E3AMCSQ/wabbi-20 Petyard Passage 8-Panel Pet Containment with Swinging Door]
</div>

Here are some links with more information on using an x-pen for your rabbit.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/housing/x-pen-living-can-improve-your-rabbits-life X-Pen Living Can Improve Your Rabbit's Life]
* Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/x-pen.htm Setting up the X-Pen]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/4-4/pen-living.html Beyond Cages: The Possibilities of Pen Living]
* Buckeye House Rabbit Society, [http://www.ohare.org/vol5_3.htm#pens The Advantages of Exercise Pens]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/exercisepens.pdf Exercise Pens]

=== Other custom enclosures ===
You can also come up with your own DIY custom enclosures using wood, metal, re-purposed furniture, and other materials. Keep in mind the proper dimensions you will need for a comfortable-sized enclosure for your rabbit. Remember to make any slats fairly close together so that the rabbit will not get his head stuck and be accidentally injured or strangled. Using chicken wire is not recommended as rabbits can chew through it very easily and dogs and raccoons can as well. Use hardware cloth or at the minimum 19-gauge wire mesh.

<div class="inline-image-block">
<div>[[File:Thecurlybuzz-fondupot-customhutch.jpg|thumb|[https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/kg8r0z/dad_built_the_baby_handsome_a_new_palace/ Custom palace] built by /u/fondupot for /u/thecurlybuzz's rabbit.|250px]]</div>

<div>[[File:Hutches-to-rabbitat1.jpg|thumb|Converted hutches into a functional DIY Rabbitat by [http://www.reddit.com/user/kindapinkypurple kindapinkypurple] on [http://www.reddit.com/r/rabbits /r/rabbits]. [https://imgur.com/a/meHU6 Pictures & directions.]|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Customhutch1.jpg|thumb|Converted old second hand sideboard for Lola and Derek by [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2krosk/new_bunnyhouse_i_made_from_and_old_second_hand/ /u/42petunias.] [http://imgur.com/a/uLkXM Pictures & directions.]|250px]]</div>
<div>[[File:Customhutch2.jpg|thumb|Custom house made from an old entertainment center by [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zsi4a/have_an_old_entertainment_centerturn_it_into_a/ /u/kiwi00398019.] [http://imgur.com/a/jRrKW Pictures & directions]|250px]]</div>
</div>

The following are some examples of custom-made rabbit housing enclosures.
* Facebook, The Rabbit Haven, Claudia Pike, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2672757176/permalink/10153782880892177/ Custom wooden bunny condo]
* Reddit, 42petunias, [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/2krosk/new_bunnyhouse_i_made_from_and_old_second_hand/ New bunny-house I made from and old second hand sideboard :) Feel free to ask any questions!]
* Grace Bonney, [http://www.designsponge.com/2009/07/diy-project-nicoles-modern-bunny-hutch.html DIY Project: Nicole's Modern Bunny Hutch]
** Nicole, [http://designcuriosities.com/portfolio/bunny-hutch/ Bunny Hutch]
* IKEAhackers.net
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2010/10/super-rabbit-condo.html Super Rabbit Condo]
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2013/05/rabbit-hutch-for-amigo-by-evelien-lulofs.html Rabbit hutch for Amigo by Evelien Lulofs]
** [http://www.ikeahackers.net/2013/02/bunny-do.html Bunny Do!]
* Jason Griffith, [http://ana-white.com/2012/05/two-story-rabbit-hutch Two Story Rabbit Hutch]
* Ambuyea, [http://lifehacker.com/5992473/macgyver-challenge-winner-build-a-custom-ikea-workspace MacGyver Challenge Winner: Build a Custom IKEA Workspace] ''(search for Repurpose an IKEA Cabinet Into a Bunny Hutch)''
* RabbitsOnline, hln917, [http://www.rabbitsonline.net/f69/nice-looking-indoor-rabbit-cage-48179/index3.html#post686704 Nice-looking indoor rabbit cage? ]
* Reddit, /r/rabbits, kiwi00398019, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/zsi4a/have_an_old_entertainment_centerturn_it_into_a/ Have an old entertainment center...turn it into a bunny cage.]
* Lee Loy, [http://www.lee-loy.com/2013/07/the-perfect-bunny-home-finally/ The Perfect Bunny Home… Finally :)]
* Nellie's Barn Sale, [http://nellieskitchenbarnsale.blogspot.com/2012/04/dog-gone.html Dog Gone!]
* DreamyDoodles.com, [http://www.dreamydoodles.com/how-to-make-your-own-puppy-pen/ How to make your own Puppy Pen]

== Enclosure setup ==
[[File:Lydia portable setup.jpg|thumb|right|A sample portable exercise pen setup at a workplace for a ~6 lb lop rabbit foster.]]
Regardless of the enclosure you choose, there should always be some basic items in your rabbit's housing enclosure.

* [[Litter Training| Litter box]]
* Hay [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Feeder-Quick-Locks/dp/B005FU4Z8I/wabbi-20 rack] or [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Rabbit-Rollin-Holder/dp/B0006G7TCU/wabbi-20 holder] if you don't place hay in the litter box. See [[Hay]] for DIY options.
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Paw-Print-PetWare-Colors/dp/B0002AS9M4/wabbi-20 Water bowl] or [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002DX1GPA/wabbi-20 water bottle] at least one for every rabbit. For those that would prefer to fill up water less or have heavy drinker, try [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002RT8M84/wabbi-20 water dispensers]. See [[Diet]] for more information on pros and cons of both options.
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Paw-Print-PetWare-Colors/dp/B0002AS9M4/wabbi-20 Heavy duty ceramic bowls] for food, at least one for every rabbit - if you use plastic, be careful that the bunny may flip it over or chew on it.
* [[Toys]] - chewing material, digging material, throwable objects, etc.
* Soft flooring - be sure that your rabbit does not ingest this. See notes below for more recommendations.
* Hidey house - empty cardboard box, overturned baskets with an entry hole cut out, towel draped over one corner. See [[Toys]] for more toy ideas.

Popular soft flooring materials include the following:

* low-pile rugs - Popular affordable options in the US include [https://www.homedepot.com/p/Foss-Unbound-Smoke-Gray-Ribbed-6-ft-x-8-ft-Indoor-Outdoor-Area-Rug-CP45N41PJ1VH/202800194 6 ft. x 8 ft. Indoor/Outdoor Area Rug (Home Depot)], [https://thecouponproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DSCN8062-Medium.jpg 6x9 indoor/outdoor rug (Costco in-store)]. Look for tight-woven machine made rugs without loose fibers to make it more difficult for rabbits to grab with their teeth and claws to dig up. Keeping the rug edges out of reach also helps prevent destruction.
* rabbit-safe edible rugs made of jute, sisal, or seagrass
* fleece blankets - You can buy it by the yard from fabric stores such as Jo-Ann
* bed sheets
* comforters
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/tmyux8/cheap_and_easy_bunnysafe_rugs_to_provide/ DIY rugs made with cardboard, velcro, and towels]

To protect hardwood floors (or existing carpet), be sure to add a waterproof barrier underneath the soft flooring you decide to use. Examples include the following:

* vinyl or linoleum flooring
* shower curtain
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00G70OLMK/wabbi-20 plastic chair mat]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Edushape-Edu-Tiles-Puzzles-Piece/dp/B000WN6ZCW/wabbi-20 foam playpen pieces]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Cap-Barbell-Equipment-12-Piece-Puzzle/dp/B004X165F6/wabbi-20 foam equipment mats] (Warning: bunnies may gnaw off the treadmill pattern)
* [http://www.amazon.com/EZwhelp-Washable-Whelping-Puppy-Pad/dp/B003AY7GIC/wabbi-20 whelping pad]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Sofnit-Washable-Underpads-Toplayer-Absorbency/dp/B000FED594/wabbi-20 bed pads]
* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/1-16-in-x-4-ft-x-8-ft-Plastic-Panel-63003/202090190 large piece of plastic]

<div class="bad">Make sure to keep an eye on your rabbit for ingestion of materials.</div>

'''General [[bedding]] in an enclosure is ''not needed''.''' It will confuse the rabbit when trying to [[Litter Training| litter train]] the rabbit. The only [[bedding]] and litter needed is in the litter box.

<div class="note">Please keep in mind that most rabbits will slip and slide on slick flooring such as hardwood, tile, or laminate due to their lack of paw pads like a cat or dog. Placing down more appropriate flooring with traction such as rugs, bathroom mats, blankets, towels, cardboard, or foam will likely encourage your rabbit to come out and explore more often as they feel more familiar with their environment.</div>

Here are some links about other setup ideas:
* House Rabbit Society, Jessi Hoffman, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/5-4/raisedbeds.html Raised-Bed Bunnying: Reaching new heights]
* Kinenchen, [http://imgur.com/a/w4Hg8 Why proper flooring is important for your pet rabbit.]

=== Housing galleries ===
Below are some galleries of example rabbit housing setups.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/gallery.asp Rabbit Housing Gallery]
* Plüschnasen, [http://www.plueschnasen.de/gehegebilder.html Gehegebilder]
* The Bunny Groomer, [http://www.bunnygroomer.com/environments.html Environments]
* Pinterest, [http://www.pinterest.com/best4bunny/rabbit-housing-ideas/ Rabbit Housing Ideas]
* Pinterest, [https://www.pinterest.com/rabbitfriendly/bunny-housing/ rabbit housing]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycondo/ #bunnycondo]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bunnycage/ #bunnycage]
* Instagram, [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/rabbitcage/ #rabbitcage]

== Free range rabbits ==
[[File:Jadeycakes alice cat gate.jpg|thumb|right|A large white rabbit enclosed in a bedroom with a baby gate.|200px]]
Untrained rabbits should be kept in an enclosure during the night and while you are away from home. When you see consistent litter habits when your rabbit is let out to play, you might think about letting them roam free range permanently with a home base. Some rabbits can also naturally be free-roam on rugs with the use of slick hardwood or tile as an invisible fence.

Note that an adult bunny will probably be easier to train and less destructive than a juvenile or baby.<ref>JSPCA. (n.d.). JSPCA House Rabbits Training Fact Sheet. Retrieved 14 Mar 2017 from https://media.wix.com/ugd/bae167_5429538f939f42c0983cf700ee6698f8.pdf</ref>

<div class="note"><b>Not all rabbits are good candidates for permanent free-roam, and this is okay.</b> If your rabbit tends to be extremely destructive (eating walls, chewing baseboards, destroying beds and sofas) when left alone, then it is a much better idea to keep them enclosed in a fully [[bunny-proofing|bunny-proofed]] penned area when you are not around for their safety.</div>

Several prerequisites are needed, however.
* Block off locations you do not wish the bunny to be in with baby gates, fences, or doors. Be sure that they cannot jump over them. [http://www.homedepot.com/p/JELD-WEN-36-in-x-80-in-6-Panel-Unfinished-Dutch-Fir-Wood-Prehung-Front-Door-with-Brickmould-O11687/203386287 Dutch doors] are great option if you'd like the flexibility of a regular solid door with a baby gate.
<div class="bad" style="margin-left:20px">Please be cautious when choosing a baby gate.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten1.jpg|caption=This plastic gate was no match for A.Chaney's rabbit. [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10208831759851955&set=pcb.10154190812168809&type=3&theater Image source.]|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=HoneyGetsStuckBabyGate1a.jpg|caption=The bar openings were to large for R.Hunt's rabbit. Honey was stuck but quickly freed. Picture used with direct permission.|width=x250}}
{{post-image|file=Gate-eaten2a.jpg|caption=A plastic gate that was no match for Hashtag. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4wmbsp/3_months_old_and_i_already_have_an_escape_artist/ Image source], (c) /u/coreyryan94|width=x250}}
</div>
</div>
* Fully [[bunny-proof]] the place where the rabbit will be roaming. Make sure there is nothing that he can get under or over that could possibly harm them. Hide all belongings that you don't want possibly destroyed, and make sure all dangerous items are also out of reach.
[[File:Giant_rug_Luna.jpg|thumb|right|An example setup on a giant rug where the rabbits are naturally limited by hardwood. Vinyl is placed underneath the rug to prevent damage to the hardwood from pee accidents.]]
* The bunny should still have a home base such as a large cage or pen with a den available to them. This allows them to have a place to retreat to for peace and quiet. Things that should be provided in this base or nearby include a litter box, hay, and water.

* Make sure the place has proper flooring allowing the rabbit to hop, stand, and run without slipping -- a concern especially important for older rabbits. Provide a soft surface for sleeping.

* Provide plenty of environmental enrichment activities such as cardboard box forts, toys, telephone books, and digging boxes. See [[Toys]] for more options. If you have two or more rabbits bonded, they can provide entertainment for each other.

<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SBXynHA_Hw|thumb|center|Rabbit Proofing With Webseth And Sam|frame}}</div>
</div>

The following are links with more information about free range house rabbits and how to train them.
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00man/MammalHusbandryTechniques/Indiv_Techniques/Accom_HouseRabbit.htm Accommodation of House Rabbits (Mammal Husbandry and Management)]
* The Rabbit House. (2014). [http://www.therabbithouse.com/indoor/freerange.asp Free Range House Rabbit]
* Bunny Approved. (2013). [http://bunnyapproved.com/life-with-a-free-range-rabbit/ Life with a Free Range Rabbit]
* House Rabbit Society. (2016). [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]. See the sections ''Can the rabbit have a running space?'' and ''So what’s the actual method?''.

== Further reading ==
* RSPCA, [http://www.rspca.org.uk/ImageLocator/LocateAsset?asset=document&assetId=1232725725160&mode=prd Rabbit Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-8/multi-maintenance.html Multi-Maintenance]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/housing.html FAQ: Housing]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space.html A Sense of Place and Space]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/1/place-space-update.html Housing Update]
* Rabbit Advocates, [http://www.adoptarabbit.org/articles.html#housing Articles]
* House Rabbit Network, Suzanne Rubins and Suzanne Trayhan, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/houses.shtml Rabbit Real Estate: Housing Options for Your Pet Rabbit]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://old.sandiegorabbits.org/adoption/Cages/cage.html To Cage or Not to Cage]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/cagescondos.pdf Cages and Condos]
* Bright Eyes Sanctuary, [http://brighteyessanctuary.org/housing.html Housing Ideas]
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue, [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/choosing-housing.html Choosing rabbit housing]
* bunnymama.com, [http://bunnymama.com/Care/CageOrPen.aspx Cage or Pen Area?]
* Bunny Approved, [http://bunnyapproved.com/indoor-rabbit-housing/ Indoor Rabbit Housing]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/cages.htm Home Sweet Home: How to house your rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

Here are some relevant videos you may watch.
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJgKralhCUc||center|Indoor Housing for your bunny|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6V5aAgkvSZA||center|Indoor Rabbit Cages|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4z_Mrg-lpc||center|A Hutch is Not Enough|frame}}</div>
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

Rabbits as service, therapy, and emotional support animals

2022-05-19T23:05:54Z

Wick and Fable: /* Should I get a rabbit as an ESA? */

<div class="note">This article discusses rabbits as service, therapy, and emotional support animals as defined by US laws.</div>

Since 2011, only dogs are legally recognized as '''service animals''' under titles II and III of the ADA. However, entities covered by the ADA must also allow trained miniature horses under the revised ADA guidelines.<ref>U.S. Department of Justice. (2010). ADA Requirements: Service Animals. Retrieved 15 Mar 2017 from https://www.ada.gov/service_animals_2010.htm</ref>

Rabbits can not be legally recognized as service animals, but they can be prescribed as an '''emotional support animal''' by a mental health professional or registered as a '''therapy animal'''.

== What is the difference between a service, therapy, and emotional support animal? ==

[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205833268286861&set=gm.1687554021517132&type=3&theater A Terry Mossberg writes:]<ref>Text & Info sheet (c) & used with direct permission from A Terry Mossberg</ref>

<blockquote>"I have been asked to post some correct information on what constitutes a "Service" animal. I created a meme with quotes taken directly from ADA.gov which is the entity that sets the rules and guidelines and defines ALL 'Service, Therapy and Emotional support' animals.
No one is saying anything about Therapy or Emotional Support Animals being wrong or a bad thing. What is being said is that there are distinct differences between these and "Service" animals and people should know the difference so that the system is not abused.

What is meant by abuse is this..... People that think by buying a vest from the numerous sites on the internet and throwing it on there 'Pet' and calling it a 'Service' animal so they they can carry their little purse pet into restaurants and other public places that do not allow animals. two specific questions: (1) is the dog a service animal required because of a disability? and (2) what work or task has the dog been trained to perform? Staff are not allowed to request any documentation for the dog, require that the dog demonstrate its task, or inquire about the nature of the person's disability.They take advantage of the fact that public entities are only allowed to ask.

This 'Abuse' only hurts the truly disabled persons who have actual 'service' animals.

Simply put..... "Service" animals perform specific trained tasks that 'physically' aid the disabled person and are allowed in any and all public areas.
"Therapy" animals are any animal that go through very specific training, conditioning and temperament evaluation before being used to visit places, usually clinical, as a form of therapy to 'Others' and are only allowed is such places with written permission by the entities.
"Emotional Support Animals" or ESA's are 'personal' PETS that bring comfort and emotional support to those suffering from emotional or mental disorders. ESA's are NOT allowed in public places where animals are not allowed without permission of the entity. Airlines, Hotels and rental housing are the exception WITH a letter from a psychiatrist stating the animals is prescribed for health reasons.

I hope this helps clear up some confusion on the subject. Here are the links to the pages of the site where I obtained my very much so 'Up to Date' information."

* http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/service_animal_qa.html
* http://adata.org/publication/service-animals-booklet
* http://www.ada.gov/service_animals_2010.htm
</blockquote>

<div class="inline-image-block"> <div>[[File:ServiceAnimals-by-ATerryMossberg1.jpg|center|400px]]</div> </div>

[https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10154588122503809/ Alicia Rae Smith writes:]<ref>Information text used with direct permission from Alicia Rae Smith</ref>
<blockquote>I've done extensive research on the subject, and want to educate others with what I have learned. The three categories of these animals that can help their human friends are: service animals, emotional support animals, and therapy animals.

SERVICE animals are either a DOG or MINIATURE HORSE who have been SPECIALLY TRAINED to perform a very specific task for their owner, in order to mitigate a disability. NO OTHER TYPE OF ANIMAL IS CURRENTLY RECOGNIZED AS A SERVICE ANIMAL BY THE ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) AND THEREFORE RABBITS CANNOT BE SERVICE ANIMALS. Service animals have the right to be in nearly any public space that their owners can enter, and of course this includes public transportation and housing.
(Note that I only know the laws in detail in the United States, so this may be different in other countries.)

EMOTIONAL SUPPORT animals are animals that have NOT BEEN TRAINED TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC TASK, but they have been prescribed as "medication" by a mental health professional, and therefore DO have the right to live with their owners and travel with them in the main cabins of airplanes. ANY ANIMAL CAN BE AN EMOTIONAL SUPPORT ANIMAL, INCLUDING RABBITS. These animals DO NOT have the right to be in any public spaces. They are NOT service animals.

THERAPY animals are typically trained to behave and remain calm in all types of situations, either by their owners/handlers or an organization, but every organization is different in their requirements. Technically, ANY ANIMAL can be a therapy animal, but some species are not currently recognized with any organization. There are two organizations I know of that register rabbits: Bunnies in Baskets Therapy Rabbits, and Pet Partners. Therapy animals ARE NOT granted access to any public spaces, only hospitals, hospice, nursing homes, schools, and other facilities that have welcomed to animal inside to help their patients.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE DIFFERENCES OF ALL OF THESE TYPES OF ANIMALS. Why? Service and emotional support animals are provided to those who need them in order to alleviate their disabilities. It is incredibly disrespectful and downright dangerous to be either falsely presenting an animal as something it is not, as it makes it difficult for those who actually do have service animals. Many are skeptical in the first place of having animals in public spaces, even if they are legit service animals, and just a simple YouTube search can reveal videos of individuals with disabilities who were discriminated against by people who simply were ignorant of the laws.
</blockquote>

== Rabbits as emotional support animals ==

=== Should I get a rabbit as an ESA? ===

The decision to get a rabbit and the decision to register your pet as an ESA should occur at different times. To get any animal for the purpose of being an ESA without knowing a) how the pet's presence will realistically impact your life and b) the personality/inclinations of the specific animal you choose can lead to a lot of frustration and disappointment. Pet rabbit owners commonly experience anxiety, frustration, and stress due to complications with pet rabbit health, the required expenses, and climbing the learning curve of how to properly care for a rabbit.

If you are not already experienced as a rabbit caretaker, we would not recommend getting a rabbit as an emotional support animal. Rabbits generally do not like to be handled or leave their territory, are incredibly destructive, and any time they decide to get sick (often in the middle of the night), it is incredibly anxiety inducing and expensive, even for experienced owners.

If your comfort and support is drawn from snuggling and the ability to have repeated physical contact with the animal, rabbits are not a good candidate. Rabbits are not "companion pets" like dogs and cats who readily (or for some, never) establish a sense of loyalty, 'sticking with you', wanting to be with you, or preferring your company and touch.

To reduce potential of re-homing and owner frustration, it is safest to assume that any rabbit you would want to adopt will not enjoy cuddling on your terms, and if they want to cuddle, it will take time to build that level of trust, and how often they would want the close contact may be very little. There are absolutely exceptions to this and ways you can actively build trust and security in the rabbit relationship, but we do not recommend adopting in this context by having unrealistic expectations-- it takes time, learning, and acceptance that the expectation will never be met, and that is usually not compatible with college living nor what majority of people look for in their ESAs.

Cats and dogs are much more easily trained as an ESA as they have been domesticated hundreds/thousands of years more than rabbits, and veterinary care is plentiful.

If you would still like to continue considering a rabbit for a pet, please be sure to check out our [[Deciding on a rabbit]] guide for some general info about what to expect with a rabbit as a pet. If, after spending time with your rabbit and having a better understanding of how it influences your life, you would like to designate it as an ESA, you can do so at that point in time.

=== Further reading ===
* The Bunny Lady. [https://bunnylady.com/emotional-support-rabbits/ Emotional Support Rabbits: What You Need to Know]

== Rabbits as therapy animals ==
[[File:TradingCards1A.jpg|right|300px|thumb|All three of [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/5pbs23/all_the_therapy_animals_at_childrens_hospital_get/ /u/justinegln] rabbits volunteer in Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota's [https://www.childrensmn.org/support-childrens/volunteer/pets-assisting-with-healing/ Pets Assisting with Healing (PAWH) volunteer program.] The rabbits are registered therapy animals through [https://petpartners.org/ Pet Partners] and all of the volunteers get trading cards of their pets to hand out during visits. The kids love them!]]

[https://www.reddit.com/user/justinegln /u/justinegln writes:]<ref>Thank you to /u/justinegln for the use of the text and card image. Text & Picture (c) & used with direct permission from /u/justinegln</ref><blockquote>The International Association of Human-Animal Interaction Organizations (IAHAIO) is a global association made up of different organizations that practice, do research on, and/or educate in animal-assisted interventions (which include animal assisted activities, animal assisted therapy, and animal assisted education) and service animal training. In 2013 IAHAIO published a paper in which they clearly defined some of the often confusing terminologies and outlined ethical practices for the well-being of animals involved in these interventions. [http://www.iahaio.org/new/fileuploads/9313IAHAIO%20WHITE%20PAPER%20TASK%20FORCE%20-%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf The full paper can be read here - PDF.]

IAHAIO makes some of the following recommendations for programs using animal assisted interventions (AAI). The full list can be found in their paper. - Animals considered for participation in AAI should be carefully evaluated by an expert in animal behavior such as a vet or behaviorist. Not all animals, even those considered good pets, are appropriate for AAI. Animals should also regularly see a vet to ensure that they are in good health. - Animal handlers should receive training on detecting signs of discomfort or distress in their animal and be able to respond appropriately. The animal’s well-being should always be put first. - Handlers and other professionals working in AAI should be aware of local laws and policies with visiting or resident animals in institutions.

In the United States, [https://petpartners.org/ Pet Partners] (formerly Delta Society) is considered the nation’s largest and most prestigious nonprofit registering animal handlers in AAI. One thing especially unique about Pet Partners is that they recognize the benefits of using therapy animals other than dogs. This includes the focus of this site – rabbits.

The registration process for handlers and their rabbits closely follows the IAHAIO guidelines. Handlers must first take an online or in person handler’s course, have their vet sign a form verifying that their rabbit is in good health, and then do an in-person team evaluation with one of Pet Partner’s evaluators. During the evaluation, as during a visit, rabbits must wear a harness and leash. The evaluator will set up different scenarios similar to what might be encountered during a visit and the rabbit and handler must respond appropriately (e.g., if the rabbit is touched by multiple people at once or pet roughly the handler should advocate for its safety and the rabbit can’t respond aggressively). For more information on Pet Partners’ therapy animal program [www.petpartners.org visit their website here.]

If you live outside of the U.S and are interested in doing AAI with your rabbit, [http://www.iahaio.org/new/index.php?display=listofmembers check out the IAHAIO members list here] to learn more about organizations in your area. Unfortunately, many organizations do not yet recognize the benefits rabbits can provide as therapy animals, but if we continue to educate hopefully someday this will change. If you cannot find an organization in your area to register and volunteer through, the IAHAIO guidelines can still be beneficial in independent work. Have your vet sign a statement of good health, train your rabbit so that they are used to many different sounds and situations, and learn to recognize signs of distress so that you can intervene when needed. There are most likely facilities in your area that would be open to and benefit from a visit if you inquire.</blockquote>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=1JpfMCgxo3A||name=Tommy Meyers Therapy Bunnies. Video by Hudson Valley News Network.}}
</div>

The following are a few groups and individuals with rabbits as therapy animals.

* [http://www.bunniesinbaskets.org/ Bunnies In Baskets.] - "Bunnies in Baskets (BIB) is a 501c3 public charity. Beginning in October 2009, BIB volunteers have given people positive emotional/physical experiences through visits with highly socialized, “human curious,” and affectionate rabbits. Veterinarians routinely evaluate the medical and behavioral health of BIB rabbits. BIB carries comprehensive general liability insurance for BIB volunteers and aligns with American Veterinary Medical Association guideline" - [https://www.facebook.com/Bunnies-in-Baskets-Therapy-Rabbits-109692169078390/ BIB Facebook Page.]

* [https://www.facebook.com/Rabbitatforhumanity/ Rabbitat for Humanity] - "Betsy and her husbun, Walter, are trained, certified, and registered therapy rabbits in Wisconsin. They visit hospitals, nursing homes, universities, the Ronald McDonald House, and also participate in events in the community. They hope to pave the way for therapy rabbits everywhere." {{right-image|file=JennWithBetsyAndWalter1.jpg|caption=Jenn Eckert in a photo with her babies, Betsy and her husbun Walter, in their therapy vests. Fox6 Now video and write up of Jenn, Betsy, and Walter at work: [http://fox6now.com/2016/03/14/rabbits-prove-to-be-a-good-therapy-candidate-especially-for-kids-in-need/ "Rabbits prove to be “good therapy candidates,” great at cheering up sick children, calming adults."] Walter & Betsy are also the featured "love bunnies" in the [http://bunnyzine.com/free-issue.php?c=615dd468c0c2c813fedc611b16d3c042 February 2017 edition of Bunnyzine!]}} [https://www.facebook.com/groups/houserabbit/permalink/10155048142278809/ Jenn Eckert writes about Betsy and Walter:]<ref>Thank you to Jenn Eckert for the use of the text and image. Text & Picture (c) & used with direct permission from Jenn Eckert</ref><blockquote>They are certified therapy rabbits. We visit sick children and hospice patients, primarily, but also do quite a bit of community work and education as well. We are certified through Pet Partners, and it is close to the same testing as the dogs. The focus is shared between how the animal connects with the patient, and how it reacts to the environment. The most important in pet therapy is always the animal. Ensuring their comfort, enjoyment and safety is always number one. If all is good in that respect, then watching them make a child with leukemia giggle or snuggle with an elderly man at the end of his life, is absolutely amazing.</blockquote>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Resources]]

Ringworm

2022-05-19T17:22:24Z

Wick and Fable: /* Symptoms */ - added video of ringworm

Species that can cause '''ringworm''', also known as '''dermatophytosis''', on rabbits include ''Microsporum canis'', ''Microsporum gypseum'', ''Microsporum audouinii'', ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', ''Trichophyton verrucosum'' and ''Trichophyton schoenleinii''. ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' is more commonly seen in laboratory and outdoor rabbits while ''M. canis'' is more usually seen in pet and house rabbits.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref>

Ringworm is most commonly seen on young rabbits, especially where husbandry is suboptimal, in addition to any underlying medical conditions which may strain the rabbit's immune system. It is uncommon in rabbits, but ringworm can be zoonotic, and asymptotic infections have been reported with humans.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:250</sup>

== Symptoms ==
[[File:Wick ringworm.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A rabbit with a patch of missing fur on the cheek from ringworm (confirmed by test). Used with permission from [https://www.instagram.com/the_wickandfable/ WickAndFable.]]]
[[File:Wick.mp4|thumb|right|250px|A rabbit with healthy skin recovering from ringworm, which had started at the mouth and spread around the neck over time. Used with permission from [https://www.instagram.com/the_wickandfable/ WickAndFable.]]]
* circular and crusty areas with fur loss ([[alopecia]]) and redness (erythema). These areas are usually found on areas that are frequently groomed, like the base of the ears and muzzle, but can spread to other parts of the body.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:298</sup>

== Causes ==
Ringworm has been associated with underlying stressors such as concurrent disease, poor nutrition, or experimental manipulation.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>

== Treatment ==
Ringworm can be treated with giseofulvin orally or topical miconazole, clotrimazole or enilconazole.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>

<div class="bad">
Concurrent administration with cisapride should be avoided, as there is potential for adverse drug interactions to occur.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>
</div>

== Further reading ==
* Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/case-of-the-month/dec-2014-a-case-of-ringworm Ringworm]
* PetEducation.com, [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1800&aid=2494 Ringworm in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs: Transmission, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment]
* MediRabbit.com, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Fungal/Fungal_en.htm Fungal Dermatitis or Superficial Mycosis]
* The Bunny Hut, [http://www.thebunnyhut101.com/2013/05/ringworm-in-rabbits.html Ringworm in Rabbits]. (2016).
* Vetstream, [https://www.vetstream.com/lapis/content/Freeform/fre00031.asp Ringworm]

== See also ==
* [[Fleas]]
* [[Lice]]
* [[Mites]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]

File:Wick.mp4

2022-05-19T17:20:06Z

Wick and Fable:

Bonding rabbits together

2022-04-24T17:07:00Z

Wick and Fable: Added more language around potential incompatibility and importance of spay/neutering bonding candidates

{{FAQ|[[Bonding FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are highly social animals and ideally should be kept in pairs. However, a single rabbit is possible given that the owner be prepared to devote significant time to interact with the rabbit and provide companionship.<ref name="rm&s">Emma Keeble, Anna Meredith, et al., ''Rabbit Medicine & Surgery'', 2006.</ref> Additionally, while highly social, rabbits are also territorial and have a dominant-submissive social hierarchical nature, meaning an owner cannot expect any two rabbits to get along upon meeting. '''Bonding rabbits''' is the process of dating that allows rabbits to trust each other to live, sleep, eat, and play together without vicious territorial fighting and often takes a couple weeks to months.

== Should I get another rabbit? ==
[[File:RabbitAloneReport1.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Short article on "Vets warn that pet rabbits are experiencing “frustration” and fear” because they are being kept away from their own kind." - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/pets/11125965/Pet-rabbits-kept-alone-feel-frustration-and-fear-vets-warn.html telegraph.co.uk] ]]

One of the main consideration before obtaining an additional rabbit is '''to be able to financially support it.''' While food, care, and litter bills will only incrementally increase, '''veterinarian bills''' can make a sharp dent in your pocket and should be something that you will be prepared for. In addition, getting another rabbit requires learning how to care for a rabbit with a different personality and inclinations than your current. This may involve home re-arrangement, additional rabbit-proofing measures, and overall changes in your current rabbit care routine.

If you are able to comfortably support additional pets, finding a suitable bunny friend for your single rabbit is rarely a bad idea. As [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/21uehr/should_i_get_my_little_bunsa_a_friend/cggl6vz /u/speakstruth] says,

<blockquote>My theory on rabbit friends (or really any pet friends) is like this. There are 24 hours in the day. Of those 24 hours, you will probably be sleeping for 8 hours (average) and working/school for 8 hours. Assuming that you spend every second of the remaining 8 hours actively interacting with your rabbit (and even if you really really really want to do this, it's impossible to while still maintaining other aspects of life), it still spends 16 hours alone every day. Sounds a little lonely doesn't it? Especially when you consider that a rabbit will be sleeping for at least part of the time that you're able to interact with it and awake during the night when you're sleeping.
<p>However, I'm not saying that a single rabbit is unhappy, just that it's easier to be happy with a friend.</p></blockquote>

Additional benefits of bonding rabbits include the following:<ref name="rabbitbehavior">Marit Emilie Buseth & Richard Saunders, [Rabbit Behaviour, Health and Care http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Behaviour-Health-Emilie-Buseth/dp/1780641907/wabbi-20]</ref>
* Exhibit less stereotyped and aggressive behavior.
* Have the opportunity to satisfy needs and behaviors that cannot be found in solitude.
* Nervous rabbits can increase in confidence when supplied with a rabbit partner.

<div class="bad">
Please do not think that having "playdates" with other rabbits is sufficient or proper. Rabbits will be either very viciously territorial or bond tightly in small groups, and it is cruel to separate bonded rabbits as they may mourn the loss of their partner(s). Please see [[Bonding FAQ]] for more details.
</div>

Some considerations when deciding on a bunny friend:
* '''Age''': To avoid the dangers of the [https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/Bonding_FAQ#My_two_bunnies_used_to_be_happily_bonded,_but_now_they_are_constantly_fighting._What_happened? baby bond phenomena], any rabbits being considered for bonding should be an adult (i.e., post-puberty) and be at least one month post-spay/neuter to maximize the likelihood of bond success and stability. While actual age does not matter to the success of a bonding, it is important to consider the age difference because rabbits will go through a rough period of mourning upon the [[loss]] of a bonded mate. As a result, it is best to keep the rabbits' ages within a few years of each other.<ref name="qrabbit"/>
* '''Size''': The size of the rabbits does not matter when attempting a bonding. A giant Flemish can be happily bonded to a small Netherland Dwarf. The most important consideration to a successful bonding is that the rabbits' personalities work well with each other and are introduced properly.<ref name="qrabbit"/> However, do be cautious that the larger rabbit does not seriously injure the smaller rabbit if the bond is not going smoothly.

<div class="note"> '''The rabbit you want may not be compatible with your current rabbit.''' If circumstances do not allow you to test their compatibility beforehand, you must be prepared for the possibility that your rabbits may not bond and therefore need separate housing accommodations permanently to maintain each rabbit's safety.
</div>

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=single_rabbits.jpeg|caption=Two incompatible rabbits who cannot share a living space together safely.|width=x200}}
{{post-image|file=adricat elvira barry snuggle.jpg|caption=A black lionhead rabbit happily snuggling with her boyfriend.|width=x200}}
</div>

The following links contain information to help you properly decide whether or not to get another rabbit to bond.
* Nadene Stapleton. (2016). [https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/stranger-danger-the-importance-and-perils-of-companionship-in-rabbits Stranger danger: the importance and perils of companionship in rabbits]
* British Veterinary Association. (2020). [https://www.bva.co.uk/media/3285/bva-bvzs-and-bsava-policy-position-on-housing-pet-rabbits-in-compatible-pairs-or-groups-exec-summary-jan-2020.pdf BVA, BVZS and BSAVA policy position on housing pet rabbits in compatible pairs or groups]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-should-i-get-a-second-rabbit/ FAQ: Should I Get a Second Rabbit]
* Kinenchen. (2014). [http://imgur.com/a/HT9GQ What's so special about relationships between rabbits?]
* House Rabbit Society. (1995). [http://rabbit.org/are-two-rabbits-right-for-you-2/ Are Two Rabbits Right For You?]
* Amy Espie. (1996). [http://rabbit.org/the-case-for-rabbits-in-the-plural/ The Case for Rabbits in the Plural]
* Rhonda Miller and Stacey Shirer. (2002). [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/1/1b/The_Carrot_Connection_June_2002.pdf The Carrot Connection]: ''To Bond or not to Bond… What was the Question?''.
* Anne McBride. (2011). [http://happyhoppers.forumotion.co.uk/t14584-enrichment-the-single-rabbit-issue Enrichment & The Single Rabbit Issue]

<div class="inline-block-video">{{youtube|id=Z6FZYdSre2U|name=Should I Get a Friend for My Rabbit?}}</div>

== Preparations for a bonding ==
[[File:BondingGuide.jpeg|thumb|right|German bonding guidelines for males, females, and pairs.|275px]]
It is considerably easier for two rabbits to bond if they have '''both been spayed and neutered'''. [[Spaying and neutering]] drastically reduces any aggressive and territorial behaviors as well as prevent any accidental babies if they are of opposite sexes. When unaltered, rabbits will be trying to get along through hormonal and uncontrollable urges, while after altering, the rabbits will be working through personalities and temperament.<ref name="sdbond"/>

<div class="note">'''While it is not impossible to bond intact rabbits, their hormonal behaviors work against them, and rabbits can often end up with serious injuries during territorial spats.''' As a result, we would not recommend bonding unrelated rabbits with physical dates until both have been neutered for at least 4 weeks.
* u/themx292. (2022). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/trnu59/baby_rabbit_attacked_by_another_rabbit_need_help/ Baby rabbit attacked by older rabbits] {{Graphic}}
* u/NinjaMidget76. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qjz9m4/my_rabbit_killed_another_bunny/ My rabbit killed another bunny.] {{RIP}} {{Graphic}}
</div>

<div class="txt-warning">
If your current rabbit has '''not been''' spayed or neutered, '''do not''' obtain another intact rabbit of the opposite sex to bond. '''You will end up with [[baby]] rabbits if you do not keep them separated 24/7.''' It only takes one successful three-second attempt.
</div>

If your rabbit has been recently altered, wait '''at least a month''' before trying to bond. This is for a newly spayed female from fighting off a male due to being uncomfortable from her new surgery and for any residual hormones to dissipate.<ref name="sdbond"/><ref name="mcrs">Minnesota Companion Rabbit Society, [http://mn.companionrabbit.org/rabbit/care/behavior/bonding.html Bunny Bonding Basics]</ref> Males can be considered sterile 5-6 weeks after the operation.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:87</sup>

If you obtained your second rabbit from a source other than a shelter, consider '''quarantining''' the new rabbit until it has had a health exam at a rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]]. Many rabbits can be carriers of highly contagious diseases such as [[pasteurella]], fur [[mites]], [[fleas]], intestinal parasites, and more.

=== How should I house the rabbits? ===

Make sure to have two '''separate but nearby''' areas in your household to house the rabbits '''within sight and smell but out of physical reach''' while they are learning to get along. Owners often use bricks, small weights, or heavy stone pavers to keep exercise pens apart so that rabbits can't move them close together to bite.

'''You cannot immediately house most rabbits together upon first greeting as rabbits are incredibly territorial in familiar spaces even after getting neutered.''' However, once the two rabbits get along, they should be able to happily share a single space as well as litter boxes and food and water bowls.

If one rabbit is usually free-roam, you can move them to using a large exercise pen instead to make territory and belonging swapping easier for bonding purposes. If you would like to swap free-roam times with only a single pen between the two, make sure to double fence the enclosure so that rabbits cannot bite each other's noses and cause injuries. Be forewarned that rabbits at this stage will likely be very poor with their litter habits and mark and pee along territory lines until they are more comfortable with each other.

== Bunny dating ==
[[File:Kambrii lucian izzy speeddate.jpg|thumb|right|Two rabbits that were a perfect match during a speed date at the local rabbit rescue.]]
Many people do not realize that the majority of rabbit rescues offer "bunny dating" services.<ref name="hrsgame">House Rabbit Society, Julie Smith, PhD, [http://rabbit.org/all-in-the-wonderful-game-one-chapters-approach-to-matchmaking/ All in the Wonderful Game: One Chapter's Approach to Matchmaking.]</ref> The rabbit experts examine the interactions between potential partners to find the best match as opposed to just trying to bond two rabbits without knowing their preferences. Some agencies offer "speed dating", while others will let you bring your bunny to the shelter multiple times or even overnight. Having the rescue as a resource when the two bonding candidates are having issues at home can make the process much, much easier. In order to participate, your rabbit must be spayed or neutered.

While any two rabbits can grow to like each other, sometimes, it is not worth the stress and the effort. Efforts have shown that '''altered male-female pairings''' usually have the best of luck and are the most stable.<ref name="rm&s"/> The San Diego House Rabbit Society writes,<ref name="sdbond"/>
<blockquote>Usually the males appear to be dominant at first with their excessive mounting. The female will put up with this for a short while, but will usually assert her dominance by mounting the male or nipping him to show she is the one in charge. At this point, the male usually backs down and they start on the road to friendship.</blockquote>

Same-sex pairing will require at least one submissive rabbit and some more patience.<ref name="sdbond">San Diego House Rabbit Society, [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/companion.php#bondingbasics Bunny Bonding Basics]</ref> Chances of success are typically higher if the pairs have grown up as litter mates.<ref name="rm&s"/>

Some '''good signs''' for a first bunny date are the following:
* Indifference by not perceiving the other rabbit as a threat. Rabbits may lay in separate corners of the room or eat in each other's presence.
* Grooming.
* Cuddling.

Rabbits that show the above signs will usually have an easy bonding and learn to live together in at most a couple of weeks.

Some '''neutral signs''' in a first bunny date:
* Humping. Mounting can mean "it is important to me to appear to be the rabbit in control" or it can be an invitation to chase, mount, and be the boss.<ref name="hrsgame"/>
* Nipping and minor chasing.

Some '''not-so-good signs''' in a first bunny date:
* Fighting and other dangerous aggression. Fighting is usually an instantly, purposely vicious attack. Rabbits sometimes attack the other rabbit's face, underside or genital area.<ref name="sdbond"/>
* Excessive chasing.

Rabbits that show the above signs will usually be a very tough bond. Expect bonding efforts to possibly go on for months or years.

While your rabbit may not find its perfect partner in the first five or so dates, it may find one in the ninth or tenth. It can be a combination of finding the right rabbit and also learning how to properly communicate to others its interest.<ref name="hrsgame"/>

Here are some videos of sample bunny dates.
* Pavement Pieces, [http://pavementpieces.com/bunnies-find-love-through-speed-dating/ Bunnies find love through speed dating]
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzSHDn3PCE4||center|Gelato Goes Speed Dating|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWzAVakP4lk||center|Bunny Speed Dating with Nugget|frame}}</div>
</div>
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rN6MVoTC35U||center|Beginning of Bunny Bonding: Speed Dating|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSw14omEcqE||center|Bonding Process: Speed Dating Day 2|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njQZsiNd36E||center|Speed Dating: Day 3 ADOPTION DAY|frame}}</div>
</div>

The following are some personal experiences of speed dates:
* Avoision, [http://avoision.com/2009/11/06/bunny_rabbit_speed_dating_part.php Bunny Rabbit Speed Dating, Part 1: Baxter Visits Red Door Animal Shelter]

== Bonding basics ==
The most essential factor in successful bunny dating is '''bonding in a neutral area.''' This means an area where neither rabbit has been in before. Common areas include large boxes, bathrooms, bath tubs, shower areas, laundry rooms, tables, and kitchens. If this is not possible, introducing the female to the male on his territory is more likely to be successful than the reverse.<ref name="torm"/>

<div class="txt-warning">Do not place your bunnies together and just leave them to "fight it out." <b>This is not safe and can stress and terrorize the less dominant rabbit.</b> Rabbits can inflict serious wounds on each other including but not limited to ripped ears, bitten eyes and noses, and other skin-breaking bites that can develop into abscesses. If there is a large size difference, the larger rabbit can easily cause fatal injuries on the smaller. A few examples:
* Rabbit Run-Away Orphanage. (2021). [https://www.facebook.com/rabbitrunaway/posts/4341756289220450 Injuries between two unneutered male rabbits placed together] {{Graphic}}
* u/NinjaMidget76. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/qjz9m4/my_rabbit_killed_another_bunny/ My rabbit killed another bunny.] {{RIP}} {{Graphic}}
* BUNS Santa Barbara. (2019). [https://www.instagram.com/bunssb/p/BxCCWuulvxJ/ Corallane's graphic abscess injuries] {{Graphic}}
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue. (2016). [https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/baby-rabbit-rescued-after-being-terrorized-pen-mate/ Baby Rabbit Rescued After Being Terrorized for Weeks by Pen Mate in a Filthy Cage]</div>

[[File:Adricat elvira barry moosh microbonding.jpg|thumb|right|Three rabbits in a micro-bonding space made with an exercise pen.]]
There is debate on the size of the neutral territory to begin with. Some say it is ideal to have neutral territory with plenty of room to escape and hiding places to retreat into.<ref name="torm">Frances Harcourt-Brown, [http://www.amazon.com/Textbook-Rabbit-Medicine-Frances-Harcourt-Brown/dp/0750640022/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''], 2002.</ref> Others say that it is best to start in very small areas such as a litter box to begin bonding and to slowly work up to larger and larger areas. '''Please understand that there is no one perfect way of bonding rabbits.''' What might work for some rabbits may not work for others. Generally, seek to minimize injuries and increase trust between rabbits.

The following are strategies to use to '''acclimate the bunnies''' to each other so that territorial marking and nipping will slowly discontinue:
* House rabbits side-by-side with a 1-inch gap between their enclosures to prevents nipping through the bars.
* Switch litter boxes and toys between rabbits regularly to encourage the sharing of belongings. You can manually deposit the other rabbit's poo and pee stained bedding into the litter box of the first rabbit or vice versa if switching litter boxes is not possible. If possible, switch entire enclosures to encourage the sharing of territory.
* [[File:Jadeycakes alice stuffed wolf.jpg|thumb|right|A rabbit with her stuffed animal buddy.]] Obtain multiple stuffed animals and rub a different one all over each rabbit. Try to get the rabbits to chin the stuffed animals as to get the strongest scent on the toy. Place the other rabbit's stuffed animal with each rabbit in its housing enclosure. If the rabbits do not pee on, nip, excessively chin, hump, or do other undesirable behaviors with the stuffed animal, there may be less aggression when they meet face-to-face.
* Hug and carry one rabbit to get its smell on your shirt and then hang the shirt over the other rabbit's housing enclosure. As a continuation, similar to the other tip above, place the shirt with one rabbit's scent onto the floor and place the other rabbit onto the shirt to see how it reacts. You can get an idea whether one rabbit likes the other if it reacts positively by licking, grooming the shirt, or if it starts acting negatively by attacking and lunging at the shirt.
* Burn lavender oil and rub on rabbit foreheads to calm them down.<ref>Reddit, [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17u1lw/attempting_the_elusive_triple_bond_info_in/c890d46 Keeperofthesecrets]</ref>

<div class="note">If any of the rabbits you are trying to bond have not been neutered, we do not recommend proceeding with the physical steps below due to risk of injury from hormonal territorial behaviors. However, you can continue with the steps above to get the rabbits used to each other scents and increase the likelihood of non-violent dates when you proceed with face-to-face bonding.</div>

Here are some videos of different bonding techniques:
* SpecialBunnyRescue
<div class="inline-video-block">
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://youtu.be/q-QdIqFXrCE||center|Bunny Bonding Techniques #1: The Smoosh|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Lac4hKlTE||center|Bonding Tips & Tricks #1.5: The Smoosh Part 2|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ci75wnUfgk||center|Bunny Bonding Techniques #2: Face to Face Work|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFVQaC9fUCY||center|Bunny Bonding Techniques #3: Extended Session Part 1|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kl6ZLL6vEdA||center|Bunny Bonding Techniques #4: Extended Session 2|frame}}</div>
<div>{{#ev:youtube|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR3lyhR6BSw||center|Bunny Bonding Techniques #6: Creating a Shared Space|frame}}</div>
</div>

Always try to start and end bonding sessions on a positive note. If negative behavior such as circling or biting occurs, smoosh them together and cross-pet them for several minutes, then end the session, and put them back in their respective pens. Do not ever let your bunnies fight or it can traumatize one rabbit from associating with other rabbits.

Some behaviors that you may see and how to react:
* '''Biting.''' Nipping the fur is acceptable, but biting hard enough to break the skin should be stopped either by startling the rabbits with a loud noise or by separating the rabbits by placing gloved hands, a broom, a plate, or a pan in between the two.
* '''Chasing.''' Minor chasing by one rabbit is acceptable unless it turns into a circling behavior where both rabbits are trying to bite each other. Stop the chasing if it goes on longer than a couple of seconds or the chased rabbit is getting excessively stressed, and immediately halt the behavior if it looks like circling behavior. Consider making the bonding area smaller so that they do not have room to chase each other and give them back more space when it seems like the behavior is under control. Minor chasing can still be normal even in fully bonded pairs, but there should be no additional fighting for hierarchy, and the rabbits are still happy the share possessions and cuddle with each other.
* '''Grunting, thumping, unhappy postures.''' Leave the rabbits alone unless they look like they're going to injure each other. Posturing is harmless, and lets them work out their issues on their own.
* '''Humping.''' If the humping rabbit mounts the wrong way -- butt over humpee's head -- push the rabbit off or remount them at the proper end. The humping rabbit can get severely injured if the bottom rabbit decides to bite back. If the humping rabbit mounts correctly, let them hump for 5-10 seconds, and then gently push the rabbit off. Stop the humping immediately, however, if the bottom rabbit seems agitated or looks like they t wants to fight back.
* '''Lack of grooming.''' Some bunny bonds just are not groomers. It can be normal to have no grooming or just one-sided grooming as long as both rabbits are satisfied with their arrangement and do not end up chasing and nipping out of irritation.

To double check if a bond is finalized, sleep near your bonded rabbits overnight and make sure that they do not get any serious scuffles for over 12+ hours. If you feel that you can trust them to behave without your supervision, then it is safe to say that the rabbits are bonded and can share their space and belongings going on.

See [[#Further reading|Further reading]] for more information on bonding basics.

== Stress bonding ==
Stress bonding entails creating a situation for the rabbits where they will cuddle together in comfort against the frightful environment and consequently learn that being friends is not that bad. Stress bonding teaches rabbits to trust each other. '''Like any other type of bonding, your mileage may vary.''' Some rabbits will react well to bonding over stress while others may become more aggressive towards each other.

Common stress bonding techniques include the following:<ref name="qrabbit">The Quintessential Rabbit, Bonding Bunnies: Because Most Everybunny is Happier with a Friend!. Accessed Apr 2013.</ref>
* Placing the rabbits together in a carrier or large box, basket, or bucket and placing them in a neutral area after doing one of the following: [[File:Heyoz laundry stress bond trio.jpg|thumb|right|Three rabbits placed together in a laundry basket for stress bonding.]]
** Go for a '''rough car ride''' together. Make plenty of sudden starts, stops, bumps, and turns. This should be done with a driver and another person that can supervise the bunny carrier in case of fights.
** Be '''shaken and rocked''' by hand gently to simulate a bumpy ride.
** Be placed on top of a '''running washing machine or dryer''' to shake the container as well as provide foreign rumbling sounds.
** Having a '''vacuum''' run around them to stress them with the loud noise.
* Putting the rabbits in an '''empty bathtub''' to interact. Not only is it neutral as most rabbits do not spend any time in the bathroom, but slippery surface induces stress as well as make it hard for rabbits to run and fight each other. However, do be cautious of injuries due to slipping if your rabbits do not find the hard smooth surface a fighting deterrent.
* Dabbing some '''smushed banana, soft fruit, other sweet sticky substance''' on each rabbit's nose. The sensation will cause the rabbit to fervently try to groom off the substance as well as throw off its sense of smell. It may also have the benefit of having the other rabbit lick it off, tricking the bunny with the substance on its nose that the other is grooming it. The rabbits will be less likely to attack either other because they will be too busy grooming themselves.

<div class="note">As a final reminder, please use your own best judgement and comfort level when using stress bonding techniques.</div>

== Bonding 3+ rabbits ==
[[File:Speakstruth quad bathtub bonding towel.jpg|thumb|right|Bonding two pairs of rabbits together in a bathtub with a towel.]]
Bonding three or more rabbits can be a very different task than bonding just two rabbits together. While it is possible for rabbits of all sexes to live peacefully together, often, two boys with one girl are the easiest bonds.


<div class="note">Please be aware that introducing a third rabbit can break up an existing pair bond if it was not very strong. You may end up with a different pair and a single rabbit or even three completely single rabbits as a result. Please be prepared for the latter to happen before you decide to bring more than two rabbits into a household.</div>

The following links contain more information about bonding multiple rabbits.

* Miriam's Bunnies. (2005). [http://www.mybunnies.com/bonding.htm My Secrets to Bonding My Bunnies].
* Sky-O. (2011). [http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?317003-Do-you-want-to-bond-a-trio-Read-this-first Do you want to bond a trio? Read this first]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organisation. (2011). [http://ontariorabbits.org/behaviour/bonding Bonding] ''(search for "Bonding Trios")''
* Margo DeMello. (2012). [http://rabbit.org/introducing-rabbits-in-a-group-situation/ Introducing Rabbits in a Group Situation].

Here are experiences of people who have tried to bond more than two rabbits together.
* u/deltadelta199. (2022). [https://www.reddit.com/user/deltadelta199/comments/sjtpjc/how_i_bonded_my_rabbits/ How I bonded my rabbits]
* Gretchen Kunze-Fahrney. [http://www.mybunny.org/info/bonding_exp.htm A Bonding Experience]
* Suzanne Medairy. (2002). [http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/newsletter/Clover%20Leaf%20X%20-%20final.pdf The Clover Leaf, Issue X, Fall 2002]: How I Bonded A Trio. [PDF]
* The Rabbit Residence Rescue. [http://www.rabbitresidence.org.uk/bonding-groups.html Bonding rabbits into groups]
* u/nataliecforbes. (2013). [http://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/17yw24/how_i_bonded_my_all_male_trio_3/ How I bonded my all male trio :3]
* Fiona Campbell. (2015). [https://ficampbell.com/2015/06/20/bonding-a-trio-of-rabbits/ Bonding a trio of rabbits]

Below are useful discussions and experiences about the topic.
* /r/rabbits. (2012). [https://pay.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/ydkik/considering_a_trio/ Considering a trio]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/111909/Default.aspx Bonding groups (3+)]
* BinkyBunny. (2007). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/10722/Default.aspx Bonding a Trio]
* BinkyBunny. (2010). [http://binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/105586/Default.aspx#117495 Deirdra & Lint/tooth & Nail update]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/group-living/ Group Living]
* House Rabbit Society. (2009). [http://rabbit.org/sanctuary-group-living/ Sanctuary Group Living]

== Difficulties in bonding ==

'''When your rabbits are fighting.''' Some rabbits may display aggressive behaviors such as boxing, biting, chasing, circling, and growling to establish their hierarchy. The key to bonding bunnies that try to repeatedly fight with each other is to not allow the bunnies to escalate their anger by interrupting them with a spray of water, loud sound like a vacuum, or a tool like a broom at the initial display of aggression. However, when the rabbits' anger is aroused, such deterrents will usually not have any effect, and you will need to use a towel, colander, or broom to separate them if they are attached to each other. <span class="bad">Do not use your bare hands -- if you do, you will be asking for a skin-breaking bite.</span> [http://www.amazon.com/Steiner-21923-Welding-Y-Series-Shoulder/dp/B00209QLM0/wabbi-20 Gloves] may slightly protect your hands, but you will still likely feel a very hard chomp through the layers. While your rabbits may not intentionally mean to bite you, rabbits have a [[Eyes|poor vision]] in front of them and will not hesitate to try to get to the other bunny if your hand is in the way.

<div class="note">
If you find your rabbits fighting too much and giving each other serious injuries even after stress bonding, they may not be a good match, especially if the second rabbit was obtained without speed dating the first. In this case, it would be best to keep them physically separate in separate housing indefinitely so that they are not further detrimentally stressed and do not get any further injuries. Your rabbits will still socially benefit from seeing and smelling the other rabbit while housed nearby even if they are not fully bonded.
</div>

'''Lack of neutral areas.''' If one or more of your rabbits are free-roam, it can be difficult to find an area where no rabbits have been in. Some ideas include bath tubs, showers, walk-in closets, giant furniture boxes, and garages. However, if none of those are easily accessible, you can also simulate a semi-neutral area by putting freshly laundered blankets or towels on the floor and using an exercise pen that has been wiped down with vinegar to remove any lingering scents.

The following links contain more information about dealing with difficulties in bonding.
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/bonding-when-the-going-gets-rough/ Bonding When the Going Gets Tough]
* Carol Weaver. [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/2-6/fear-into-play.html Turning Fear Into Play]
* Margo DeMello, Ph.D. (2013). [http://rabbit.org/will-they-ever-be-friends/ Will They Ever Be Friends?]
* Holly O'Meara and Suzanne Mallery. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/mending-a-broken-bunny-bond/ Mending a Broken Bunny Bond]

== Experiences ==
Below are links containing owner experiences with rabbit bondings.

* /u/Bunnies_R_The_Best. (2021). [https://reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/p5wqef/successful_rabbit_bonding_story/ Successful rabbit bonding story]
* Amy Odum. (2004). [http://rabbitcare.org/romance.htm December-December Romance: Bunny Love, the Second Time Around]
* Abby Wolf. (2001). [http://rabbitcare.org/bachelor.htm Bachelor Number Three: Floppy Finds a Partner for a New Leap in Life]
* Coding with Bunnies. (2014). [http://codeofalice.com/zoo/bunnies/bonding-bao-bao-and-luna/ Bonding Bao Bao and Luna]
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [https://bunnyapproved.com/bonding-our-free-range-house-rabbits/ Bonding Our Free Range House Rabbits]
* u/Eddyling. (2012). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/11pdtx/territorial_rabbit_bonding_any_inspiring_stories/c6oki2q/ Comment on Territorial Rabbit Bonding; Any Inspiring Stories While I Wait For My Two Buns To Stop Hating Each Other?]
* Bunny Approved. (2012). [https://bunnyapproved.com/bonding-bunnies/ Bonding Bunnies]

== Further reading ==
* Natalie Sullivan. (2016). [https://rabbit.org/articles/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bonding-Bunnies-PPforrabbit.org_.pdf Double Your Bun] [PDF]
* Bandoliers and Bunnies. (2014). [http://bandoliersnbunnies.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/bunny-bonding-blues-micro-space-bonding/ Bunny Bonding Blues – Micro Space Bonding]
* Suzanne Smith. (2001). [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/love-match-a-guide-to-bonding-your-rabbits/ Love Match: A Guide to Bonding Your Rabbits]
* House Rabbit Society. (2011). [http://rabbit.org/faq-bonding-multiple-rabbits/ Bonding Rabbits]
* The Rabbit Haven. [http://therabbithaven.org/bonding-finding-a-friend-for-your-rabbit Bonding: Finding a Friend for Your Rabbit]
* Ontario Rabbit Education Organisation. [http://ontariorabbits.org/behaviour/bonding Bonding]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/companion.php#bondingbasics Bunny Bonding Basics]
* Minnesota House Rabbit Society. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a3c4ad9c027d8fa4032d804/t/5a3d950e24a694675559b196/1513985296336/Bunny-Bonding-FINAL.pdf Bunny Bonding Basics] [PDF]
* Flash's Place, [http://flashsplace.webs.com/bondingbunnies.htm Bonding and Bonded Bunnies]
* Cottontails Rescue, [http://cottontails-rescue.org.uk/bonding-bunnies/ BONDING Bunnies]
* Nancy LaRoche. [https://www.houserabbitga.com/bonding-rabbits A Guide To Bonding]
* BOING, [http://boingonline.com/bonding.html Bonding your buns]
* Corkys Cave, [http://www.corkyscave.net/Bonding.htm Bonding]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/9/PID/940/Default.aspx Bonding Information]
* House Rabbit Society, Julie Smith, PhD, [http://www.rabbit.org/journal/3-9/bonding.html All in the Wonderful Game: One Chapter's Approach to Matchmaking]
* bunnymama.com, [http://www.bunnymama.com/general-bonding-information/ General Bonding Information]
* Caroline Charland, [http://wabbitwiki.com/images/f/f3/BondedForLife.pdf Bonded For Life] [PDF]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/pdfs/BunnyBuddiedwebpage.pdf Bunny Buddies - Why every rabbit needs a friend] [PDF]
* Save a Fluff, [http://www.saveafluff.co.uk/rabbit-info/rabbit-pairs Why every rabbit needs a friend]

The following are videos about bonding bunnies:
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nvhh7-aN5yY||center|Bunny Bonding 201|frame}}

== See also ==
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Spaying and neutering rabbits]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]

File:Single rabbits.jpeg

2022-04-24T16:59:45Z

Wick and Fable:

Bunny-proofing

2022-04-03T16:45:26Z

Wick and Fable: /* Furniture and walls */ - added destroyed wall corner image

Before you allow your rabbit to roam freely in a place, make sure that the location has been bunny-proofed! This will protect the bunny from being potentially injured and protect your belongings from being irreversibly damaged. Rabbits are very curious and can get themselves into mischief that you couldn't imagine!

<div class="note">
Some rabbits may make it incredibly difficult to properly bunny-proof walls, floors, and furniture due to their natural destructive behavior, and these bunnies may do best on a low pile rug that covers your original flooring and enclosed on it with multiple exercise pens for sufficient roaming and exercise space.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Y1-GN3qErFc|name=Howcast. (2013). How to Rabbit-Proof Your Home}}
{{youtube|id=0ZCjeAKIcEs|name=101Rabbits. (2019). How I Bunny Proof!}}
{{youtube|id=lcinDe3gJiI|name=lcinDe3gJiI. (2021). ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BUNNY PROOFING | How to Rabbit Proof}}
</div>

== What is bunstruction? ==
Empowered Animals Behavior and Training, LLC [https://www.facebook.com/empoweredanimalsbehaviorandtraining/posts/327981689328009 posted about bunstruction:]

<blockquote>
Today, we are talking about "bunstruction." Many times, we see people who are looking for help with a "destructive" rabbit. It can help to understand the why of digging and chewing, which are super natural behaviors, when you are trying to prevent your bunny from destroying things in your home!

Rabbits use their teeth, strong feet, and claws to create tunnels, burrows, and nests. They chew roots under the ground to create clear pathways, and dig through grass to create cool places to lay. Do any of these remind you of items in your home? Items like cords and carpet?
When we address unwanted chewing and digging, the FIRST thing we ask is WHERE is this happening? Often, I take a look at a bunny's home and can identify the problem spots before the human even tells me! There are certain places that will be naturally attractive to rabbits. These will be corners, dark/low-ceilinged areas (under couches/tables), and edges (where the back of the couch meets the seat, baseboards, etc.).

{{right-image|file=BunniesDigAndChew.jpg|name="Remember that your bunny is a bunny!"}}
Rabbits often are trying to see where they can get in these places that have the makings of a good rabbit hole! When they are able to successfully pull up a carpet, dig through the fabric of a couch, or rip paint off the wall, they feel like they are making progress. They feel REALLY strongly about getting back to those areas because they were GETTING SOMEWHERE! Below are some tips to help reduce destructive behavior:

* Use large smooth tiles to cover corners, the underside of couches or tables, etc. Placing a tile that they can't bite or dig through makes sure that "progress" stops.

* Block off areas that you can't bunny-proof. Use grates (we like C&C cubes or Tespo panels) to block the underside of couches, beds, and other "cozy" spots. Ex-pens are also great chew-proof gates!

* Tie all cords together, and run them through a chew-proof PVC pipe.

Remember that your bunny is a bunny! If tried to live with a tiger, in your house, you wouldn't punish them for eating your couch-we know that a house isn't designed for a tiger! A house isn't necessarily designed for a bunny without some proofing. Use effective proofing to stop these behaviors before they start!
</blockquote>

== Chewing wires ==
[[File:Chewing cords usb.jpg|thumb|A victim of nibbling rabbits|250px]]
Most rabbits will not pass up the opportunity to take a nibble or chew up a wire left unprotected in their reach. This can be dangerous if they decide to chew a live wire. Additionally, whatever cord they take a bite out of will most likely be unable to be fixed. It only takes one nibble!

There are several options available to protect your cords:
* Cover all exposed wires.
** Various types of tubing can be found in stores and online. Split-loom tubing for cars is popular and is available cheaply on [http://www.amazon.com/SPLIT-LOOM-8X100-TEC-DAS/dp/B001JT5AEW/wabbi-20 Amazon.com]. [http://www.amazon.com/Install-Bay-Split-Loom-Tube/dp/B005NN0HOS/wabbi-20 1/2"] is enough for most cables like ethernet and power cords. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Terminal-SL250-100-4-Inch-Tubing/dp/B001762LIA/wabbi-20 1/4"] is appropriate for cell phone chargers and other thinner cords. Other types of tubing such as vinyl can be found at hardware and home improvement stores, auto supply stores, and electronic stores. With a sharp utility knife, cut the tube length-wise and push the electrical cords inside. Tape can be used to keep the tubing stationary and connected. You can also use PVC tubing from a home improvement store as cord protectors.
** If you're too lazy to buy cord covers but have old clothing lying around, you can also try threading the wires through pant or sleeve holes. The fabric will need to be tough enough to stand up to a bunny's chewing.
** If the wires must be attached to the floor or the wall, look into using [http://www.amazon.com/Belkin-6ft-Cord-Concealer-Grey/dp/B00006HVLW/wabbi-20 floor cord protectors] that can be taped.
* Keep all wires out of reach by blocking access or nailing them high off the ground. X-pens and zip-tied NIC squares work great as a fence.
* Hide wires underneath rugs or behind furniture. Be careful of hiding power cords under rugs, however, as they can pose a serious fire risk if they overheat.
* For charging cables, find armored options that are metal-wrapped. e.g. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01KAOOMSG/wabbi-20 ZECEEN Metal Micro USB Cable]

<div class="bad">
While you may have some success with training rabbits to ignore wires, for their full safety, <b>all wires should be appropriately bunny-proofed.</b> You cannot guarantee that your rabbit may not suddenly decide to change their mind and make a fatal mistake.

A live high-voltage wire can easily cause rabbits to electrocute themselves, and injuries that may result can range from burnt mouths and tongues to singed fur and whiskers.

Additionally, if the rabbit ingests the wire, especially if made from copper, it can be toxic and result in a much more serious health condition.

* puffy.y.bunny. (2022). [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo Puffy's story of copper toxicity from chewing and eating a power cord.]
* u/yzqx. (2019). [https://aw.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cutt5k/any_experience_with_bunny_electrical_mouth_burns/ Any experience with bunny electrical mouth burns?]
* u/zyocuh. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ Rabbit broke out of cage and chewed lap wire :(]
* House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/houserabbitsociety/photos/a.164857057468.120476.19397272468/10155472497637469/?type=3&theater Facebook post.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Burnt-bunny-tongue-wire.jpg|caption=A rabbit that chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue. His tongue swelled up so much that he could not eat or breathe through his mouth. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ source]}}
{{gallery-image|file=BurntWiskers-SandiAndPepper1.jpg|caption=An example of burnt whiskers and fur from chewing wire. Source: [https://www.instagram.com/p/BWu7Gm6jpkB/ sandiandpepper]}}
{{gallery-image|file=RabbitBitLiveWire1.jpg|caption=This rabbit chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue, lips, teeth, and developed blisters. He was lucky. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/NVH.rabbit/photos/a.412887368771853.94531.410339289026661/412887555438501/?type=3&theater 全國健兔同學會 N.R.S]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Puffy-xray-copper.png|caption=An x-ray of a rabbit that chewed and ate pieces of a floor lamp power cord and ended up with copper toxicity that required a blood transfusion and more intensive care. There were too many small pieces to remove by surgery. You can read Puffy's full story [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo here.]}}
</div>

</div>

The following are some links with more information on how to protect your cords and wires.
* Miriam's Bunnies, [http://www.mybunnies.com/wires.htm Protecting Your Cords and Wires]
* [http://www.ezhidewire.com/ EZ Hide Wire]

== Digging and destroying carpet ==
[[File:carpet_destroyed.png|thumb|right|Example of torn up carpet.|200px]]
Rabbits can dig for several reasons:
* To get to the other side of an obstruction (e.g. doors, walls)
* A scent they want to get at
* Boredom
* Unknown bunny reasons

Regardless of the reason, you will not want your rabbit to dig at or ingest the house carpet.

There are several ways to mitigate the damage.
* '''[[Toys]]''' - A bored bunny will do whatever he wants to amuse him. Providing ample [[toys]] that he likes to play with can help distract him from digging at your carpets.
* '''Scented deterrents.''' Rabbits and animals in general do not like strong scents. You may try spraying strong odors in the area to deter your rabbit from touching the carpet. Do note that your mileage may vary. See the section [[#Repellents|Repellents]] below for more details.
* '''Edible deterrents.''' If your rabbit chews the carpet, some rabbits will dislike the taste of bitter sprays for pets, hot pepper sauce or flakes, vinegar, or rubbed-in Ivory soap, but they can be a hit and miss. Some bunnies will not care or even love the taste.
* '''Covering the area.''' If nothing seems to work, you can cover the victim area with other materials that can easily be replaced. Some options include plastic chair mats, tile, towels, carpet scraps, blankets, mats, rugs, NIC grids, and phone books. If the item seems to be falling apart and may not protect your carpet any more, replace it. Be careful if you use towels or other fabric. Make sure your rabbit is not ingesting the fibers. One suggestion from Jennie Langdon to protect your carpet and other surfaces is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

If you have not tried to mitigate the damage in the area a rabbit has chosen to dig or chew, or the rabbit ignores your mitigation tactic, be consistent on clapping your hands very loudly, shouting no, or using other methods to distract the rabbit from the carpet every time you catch him. This gives a mild negative reinforcement that digging or chewing in that location is not going to be pleasant for him. However, be sure to have appropriate chewing and digging objects nearby, and treat the rabbit for taking an interest in those instead.

== Plants ==
{{Main|[[Toxic Plants]]}}
There are many plants that are [[Toxic Plants|toxic]] to your bunny. The best way to keep your rabbit safe is to keep these out of reach on tables or bookshelves that are completely unable to be jumped to. You may be surprised at the places that your rabbit can reach! Remember to also take care of any falling leaves.

Additionally, you may want to keep your pretty flowers from being consumed. In this case, the same advice holds - block all access to the plant by boxing it, moving it, etc.

== Furniture and walls ==
[[File:wall-corner_destroyed.png|thumb|right|Heavily chewed wall corner damage.|200px]]
If a rabbit is intent on chewing '''baseboards''', there are a few solutions:
* Place a wooden board, bumper, or dowel over favorite locations. It will block access while also giving the rabbit an acceptable alternative chewing surface.
* Rub some bitter non-toxic soap like Ivory to deter them.
* Mount some baseboard guards such with materials such as [https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B07VYYBPFN/wabbi-20 vinyl].

Also see the FAQ question "[[Training FAQ#How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?|How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?]]"
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=RapidFitMoulding.png|caption=[http://www.rapidfitmoulding.com/products/all RapidFit brand moulding] makes a product that will cover up existing baseboard or case molding. This can be used to 'repair' or protect the moulding that is currently installed.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Pycbunny minifence.jpg|caption=Some modified mini garden fencing. Instructions on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4n512f/i_made_room_for_you_lets_cuddle/d41ldpq/ post by u/pycbunny.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=FauxFence1.jpg}}
</div>

For rabbits that like to chew and tear up '''walls''', you can block them using a variety of supplies:
* Clear wood, acrylic, or plexiglass panels from a hardware or plastic supply store. For corners, look for corner guards like [https://smile.amazon.com/Wall-Protex-Nail-Corner-Guard/dp/B005LDBMWQ/wabbi-20 this].
* Plastic or metal exercise pen or wire cube panels. See [[Housing]] for product links.

<div class="bad">
<b>Please be especially careful allowing rabbits around walls and baseboards that may have lead-based paint.</b> Lead poisoning is a serious concern.

* The Rabbit Sanctuary. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitSanctuary/posts/7630873193604574 Dasher had lead toxicity from chewing on wall skirting in an old house.]
</div>

For '''beds and upholstery''':
* Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/SafeRest-Hypoallergenic-Waterproof-Mattress-Protector/dp/B003PWNH4Q/wabbi-20 waterproof mattress cover] around your mattress if you allow rabbits on your bed and want to prevent damage.
* Blanket throws and tarps can protect against toenails and teeth. Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/Ameritex-Waterproof-Blanket-Couch-Inches/dp/B087B5PNV9/wabbi-20 waterproof bed cover] in case of accidents.
* Fence the furniture off with an exercise pen to prevent access. {{right-image|file=MunchAccessDoor1a.jpg|caption=Munch creates an access door in the couch. Image (c) by Cindy Lieberman Friedman.}}
* To prevent rabbits from running under upholstered furniture and burrowing up the soft underside, block access using cardboard or wood. You can cut or trim them to fit underneath the furniture to be invisible from a human glance. Leftover wire cubing from wire cube [[housing]] can also be used as a fence. <span class="red">'''Warning:''' Rabbits can die from [[Heat stroke|overheating]] if they burrow in a sofa or bed and are unable to make their way back out. Ingested filling material can also be a serious risk and cause [[GI stasis]].</span>

Furniture can be moved to cover up already damaged spots and prevent further chewing.

If there is any location that you would like to deter your rabbits from, you can also try wiping some [[#Repellents|deterrents]].

A multipurpose surface covering suggested by Jennie Langdon is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

== Other belongings ==
Rabbits loooooove to chew. Anything left within reach of a rabbit will most likely have some nibbles taken out of it or even suffer some digging. Keep all clothes, shoes, pillows, and other personal materials out of a rabbit's access and never leave them lying around on the floor. It would also be wise to make sure you close your closet doors to make sure a rabbit cannot jump in and wreak havoc.

Remember, it is not the rabbit's fault if items were left on the floor unattended and were consequently destroyed.

== Repellents ==
Repellents are any odor that bunnies find repulsive and can be used in a variety of ways for bunny-proofing. Some ideas include the following:<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/wabbi-20 ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref>
* perfumes
* shaving lotions
* lemon oil
* fragrances
* dog and cat repellents

<span class="bad">Smells from the garage like carburetor cleaner and motor oil can also be effective,<ref name="hrh"/> but the inhalation danger of the fumes to humans and rabbits in general make these items not recommended.</span>

<div class="note">
Please remember not to overdo it. Dense atomizing will keep both you and your bunnies away from the area. Be careful of rabbits actually ingesting the repellents and cease using them immediately. Do not spray them in the air as they may cause respiratory issues.
</div>

Repellents should be reapplied daily until the bunnies have lost interest in the object or area.

== Blocking access ==
The simplest solution to all of these situations you can tell is to block complete access.

Ideas of materials to use to block your rabbit:
* zip-tied NIC panels
* exercise pen. See [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4ko9t4/our_bunny_gate_hack/ here] for an idea on how to break apart an x-pen to use as smaller gates.
* baby gates
* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/LEXAN-12-in-x-24-in-Clear-Polycarbonate-Sheet-GE-33/202038063 plexiglass sheets]

Some links to read for more information on blocking access have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/gated.pdf The “Gated Community”]

== Repairing damage ==
The following are links to help you try to repair damage that your bunny has caused.
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/repairkit.html Home Repair Stuff Every Bunny Slave Should Have]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/carpetrepair.html Tips for Repairing Carpet Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/elcords.html Tips for Repairing Electrical Cords]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/baseboard.html Tips for Repairing Baseboard Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/sheetrock.html Tips for Repairing Sheetrock/Drywall Damage]

== Further reading ==
* [http://bunnyproof.com/ Bunnyproof.com]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/rabbit-proofing.html#cords FAQ: Rabbit Proofing]
* OntarioRabbits.org, [http://ontariorabbits.org/health/hazards Hazards]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/8/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Proofing your Home/Yard]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/prepare.php#bunnyproof Bunny Proofing Tips and Tricks]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/bunnyproof2.pdf Bunny Proofing Revisited]
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group, [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/bunny-proofing.htm Bunny proofing your home]
* About-pet-rabbits.com, [http://www.about-pet-rabbits.com/rabbit-proofing.html Rabbit Proofing]

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Cleaning after your rabbit]]
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Getting started]]
* [[Housing]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

[[Category:Housing]]
[[Category:Care]]

File:Wall-corner destroyed.png

2022-04-03T16:42:17Z

Wick and Fable:

Bunny-proofing

2022-04-03T16:41:14Z

Wick and Fable: /* Digging and destroying carpet */ - added carpet destroyed image

Before you allow your rabbit to roam freely in a place, make sure that the location has been bunny-proofed! This will protect the bunny from being potentially injured and protect your belongings from being irreversibly damaged. Rabbits are very curious and can get themselves into mischief that you couldn't imagine!

<div class="note">
Some rabbits may make it incredibly difficult to properly bunny-proof walls, floors, and furniture due to their natural destructive behavior, and these bunnies may do best on a low pile rug that covers your original flooring and enclosed on it with multiple exercise pens for sufficient roaming and exercise space.
</div>

<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=Y1-GN3qErFc|name=Howcast. (2013). How to Rabbit-Proof Your Home}}
{{youtube|id=0ZCjeAKIcEs|name=101Rabbits. (2019). How I Bunny Proof!}}
{{youtube|id=lcinDe3gJiI|name=lcinDe3gJiI. (2021). ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BUNNY PROOFING | How to Rabbit Proof}}
</div>

== What is bunstruction? ==
Empowered Animals Behavior and Training, LLC [https://www.facebook.com/empoweredanimalsbehaviorandtraining/posts/327981689328009 posted about bunstruction:]

<blockquote>
Today, we are talking about "bunstruction." Many times, we see people who are looking for help with a "destructive" rabbit. It can help to understand the why of digging and chewing, which are super natural behaviors, when you are trying to prevent your bunny from destroying things in your home!

Rabbits use their teeth, strong feet, and claws to create tunnels, burrows, and nests. They chew roots under the ground to create clear pathways, and dig through grass to create cool places to lay. Do any of these remind you of items in your home? Items like cords and carpet?
When we address unwanted chewing and digging, the FIRST thing we ask is WHERE is this happening? Often, I take a look at a bunny's home and can identify the problem spots before the human even tells me! There are certain places that will be naturally attractive to rabbits. These will be corners, dark/low-ceilinged areas (under couches/tables), and edges (where the back of the couch meets the seat, baseboards, etc.).

{{right-image|file=BunniesDigAndChew.jpg|name="Remember that your bunny is a bunny!"}}
Rabbits often are trying to see where they can get in these places that have the makings of a good rabbit hole! When they are able to successfully pull up a carpet, dig through the fabric of a couch, or rip paint off the wall, they feel like they are making progress. They feel REALLY strongly about getting back to those areas because they were GETTING SOMEWHERE! Below are some tips to help reduce destructive behavior:

* Use large smooth tiles to cover corners, the underside of couches or tables, etc. Placing a tile that they can't bite or dig through makes sure that "progress" stops.

* Block off areas that you can't bunny-proof. Use grates (we like C&C cubes or Tespo panels) to block the underside of couches, beds, and other "cozy" spots. Ex-pens are also great chew-proof gates!

* Tie all cords together, and run them through a chew-proof PVC pipe.

Remember that your bunny is a bunny! If tried to live with a tiger, in your house, you wouldn't punish them for eating your couch-we know that a house isn't designed for a tiger! A house isn't necessarily designed for a bunny without some proofing. Use effective proofing to stop these behaviors before they start!
</blockquote>

== Chewing wires ==
[[File:Chewing cords usb.jpg|thumb|A victim of nibbling rabbits|250px]]
Most rabbits will not pass up the opportunity to take a nibble or chew up a wire left unprotected in their reach. This can be dangerous if they decide to chew a live wire. Additionally, whatever cord they take a bite out of will most likely be unable to be fixed. It only takes one nibble!

There are several options available to protect your cords:
* Cover all exposed wires.
** Various types of tubing can be found in stores and online. Split-loom tubing for cars is popular and is available cheaply on [http://www.amazon.com/SPLIT-LOOM-8X100-TEC-DAS/dp/B001JT5AEW/wabbi-20 Amazon.com]. [http://www.amazon.com/Install-Bay-Split-Loom-Tube/dp/B005NN0HOS/wabbi-20 1/2"] is enough for most cables like ethernet and power cords. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Terminal-SL250-100-4-Inch-Tubing/dp/B001762LIA/wabbi-20 1/4"] is appropriate for cell phone chargers and other thinner cords. Other types of tubing such as vinyl can be found at hardware and home improvement stores, auto supply stores, and electronic stores. With a sharp utility knife, cut the tube length-wise and push the electrical cords inside. Tape can be used to keep the tubing stationary and connected. You can also use PVC tubing from a home improvement store as cord protectors.
** If you're too lazy to buy cord covers but have old clothing lying around, you can also try threading the wires through pant or sleeve holes. The fabric will need to be tough enough to stand up to a bunny's chewing.
** If the wires must be attached to the floor or the wall, look into using [http://www.amazon.com/Belkin-6ft-Cord-Concealer-Grey/dp/B00006HVLW/wabbi-20 floor cord protectors] that can be taped.
* Keep all wires out of reach by blocking access or nailing them high off the ground. X-pens and zip-tied NIC squares work great as a fence.
* Hide wires underneath rugs or behind furniture. Be careful of hiding power cords under rugs, however, as they can pose a serious fire risk if they overheat.
* For charging cables, find armored options that are metal-wrapped. e.g. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01KAOOMSG/wabbi-20 ZECEEN Metal Micro USB Cable]

<div class="bad">
While you may have some success with training rabbits to ignore wires, for their full safety, <b>all wires should be appropriately bunny-proofed.</b> You cannot guarantee that your rabbit may not suddenly decide to change their mind and make a fatal mistake.

A live high-voltage wire can easily cause rabbits to electrocute themselves, and injuries that may result can range from burnt mouths and tongues to singed fur and whiskers.

Additionally, if the rabbit ingests the wire, especially if made from copper, it can be toxic and result in a much more serious health condition.

* puffy.y.bunny. (2022). [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo Puffy's story of copper toxicity from chewing and eating a power cord.]
* u/yzqx. (2019). [https://aw.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/cutt5k/any_experience_with_bunny_electrical_mouth_burns/ Any experience with bunny electrical mouth burns?]
* u/zyocuh. (2016). [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ Rabbit broke out of cage and chewed lap wire :(]
* House Rabbit Society. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/houserabbitsociety/photos/a.164857057468.120476.19397272468/10155472497637469/?type=3&theater Facebook post.]

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=Burnt-bunny-tongue-wire.jpg|caption=A rabbit that chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue. His tongue swelled up so much that he could not eat or breathe through his mouth. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4is42j/rabbit_broke_out_of_cage_and_chewed_lap_wire/ source]}}
{{gallery-image|file=BurntWiskers-SandiAndPepper1.jpg|caption=An example of burnt whiskers and fur from chewing wire. Source: [https://www.instagram.com/p/BWu7Gm6jpkB/ sandiandpepper]}}
{{gallery-image|file=RabbitBitLiveWire1.jpg|caption=This rabbit chewed a live wire and burnt his tongue, lips, teeth, and developed blisters. He was lucky. Source: [https://www.facebook.com/NVH.rabbit/photos/a.412887368771853.94531.410339289026661/412887555438501/?type=3&theater 全國健兔同學會 N.R.S]}}
{{gallery-image|file=Puffy-xray-copper.png|caption=An x-ray of a rabbit that chewed and ate pieces of a floor lamp power cord and ended up with copper toxicity that required a blood transfusion and more intensive care. There were too many small pieces to remove by surgery. You can read Puffy's full story [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-1xzU0-Ktpp4Z4gtofRDnrIYshrfZSWlpUWvyw32yc8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1oLm6fKvQ4xx7G0889_frABF72W2vjJID1qnHJrQl7H7o3fJjwMPe1vUo here.]}}
</div>

</div>

The following are some links with more information on how to protect your cords and wires.
* Miriam's Bunnies, [http://www.mybunnies.com/wires.htm Protecting Your Cords and Wires]
* [http://www.ezhidewire.com/ EZ Hide Wire]

== Digging and destroying carpet ==
[[File:carpet_destroyed.png|thumb|right|Example of torn up carpet.|200px]]
Rabbits can dig for several reasons:
* To get to the other side of an obstruction (e.g. doors, walls)
* A scent they want to get at
* Boredom
* Unknown bunny reasons

Regardless of the reason, you will not want your rabbit to dig at or ingest the house carpet.

There are several ways to mitigate the damage.
* '''[[Toys]]''' - A bored bunny will do whatever he wants to amuse him. Providing ample [[toys]] that he likes to play with can help distract him from digging at your carpets.
* '''Scented deterrents.''' Rabbits and animals in general do not like strong scents. You may try spraying strong odors in the area to deter your rabbit from touching the carpet. Do note that your mileage may vary. See the section [[#Repellents|Repellents]] below for more details.
* '''Edible deterrents.''' If your rabbit chews the carpet, some rabbits will dislike the taste of bitter sprays for pets, hot pepper sauce or flakes, vinegar, or rubbed-in Ivory soap, but they can be a hit and miss. Some bunnies will not care or even love the taste.
* '''Covering the area.''' If nothing seems to work, you can cover the victim area with other materials that can easily be replaced. Some options include plastic chair mats, tile, towels, carpet scraps, blankets, mats, rugs, NIC grids, and phone books. If the item seems to be falling apart and may not protect your carpet any more, replace it. Be careful if you use towels or other fabric. Make sure your rabbit is not ingesting the fibers. One suggestion from Jennie Langdon to protect your carpet and other surfaces is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

If you have not tried to mitigate the damage in the area a rabbit has chosen to dig or chew, or the rabbit ignores your mitigation tactic, be consistent on clapping your hands very loudly, shouting no, or using other methods to distract the rabbit from the carpet every time you catch him. This gives a mild negative reinforcement that digging or chewing in that location is not going to be pleasant for him. However, be sure to have appropriate chewing and digging objects nearby, and treat the rabbit for taking an interest in those instead.

== Plants ==
{{Main|[[Toxic Plants]]}}
There are many plants that are [[Toxic Plants|toxic]] to your bunny. The best way to keep your rabbit safe is to keep these out of reach on tables or bookshelves that are completely unable to be jumped to. You may be surprised at the places that your rabbit can reach! Remember to also take care of any falling leaves.

Additionally, you may want to keep your pretty flowers from being consumed. In this case, the same advice holds - block all access to the plant by boxing it, moving it, etc.

== Furniture and walls ==
If a rabbit is intent on chewing '''baseboards''', there are a few solutions:
* Place a wooden board, bumper, or dowel over favorite locations. It will block access while also giving the rabbit an acceptable alternative chewing surface.
* Rub some bitter non-toxic soap like Ivory to deter them.
* Mount some baseboard guards such with materials such as [https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B07VYYBPFN/wabbi-20 vinyl].

Also see the FAQ question "[[Training FAQ#How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?|How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items?]]"
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{gallery-image|file=RapidFitMoulding.png|caption=[http://www.rapidfitmoulding.com/products/all RapidFit brand moulding] makes a product that will cover up existing baseboard or case molding. This can be used to 'repair' or protect the moulding that is currently installed.}}
{{gallery-image|file=Pycbunny minifence.jpg|caption=Some modified mini garden fencing. Instructions on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4n512f/i_made_room_for_you_lets_cuddle/d41ldpq/ post by u/pycbunny.]}}
{{gallery-image|file=FauxFence1.jpg}}
</div>

For rabbits that like to chew and tear up '''walls''', you can block them using a variety of supplies:
* Clear wood, acrylic, or plexiglass panels from a hardware or plastic supply store. For corners, look for corner guards like [https://smile.amazon.com/Wall-Protex-Nail-Corner-Guard/dp/B005LDBMWQ/wabbi-20 this].
* Plastic or metal exercise pen or wire cube panels. See [[Housing]] for product links.

<div class="bad">
<b>Please be especially careful allowing rabbits around walls and baseboards that may have lead-based paint.</b> Lead poisoning is a serious concern.

* The Rabbit Sanctuary. (2022). [https://www.facebook.com/RabbitSanctuary/posts/7630873193604574 Dasher had lead toxicity from chewing on wall skirting in an old house.]
</div>

For '''beds and upholstery''':
* Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/SafeRest-Hypoallergenic-Waterproof-Mattress-Protector/dp/B003PWNH4Q/wabbi-20 waterproof mattress cover] around your mattress if you allow rabbits on your bed and want to prevent damage.
* Blanket throws and tarps can protect against toenails and teeth. Use a [https://smile.amazon.com/Ameritex-Waterproof-Blanket-Couch-Inches/dp/B087B5PNV9/wabbi-20 waterproof bed cover] in case of accidents.
* Fence the furniture off with an exercise pen to prevent access. {{right-image|file=MunchAccessDoor1a.jpg|caption=Munch creates an access door in the couch. Image (c) by Cindy Lieberman Friedman.}}
* To prevent rabbits from running under upholstered furniture and burrowing up the soft underside, block access using cardboard or wood. You can cut or trim them to fit underneath the furniture to be invisible from a human glance. Leftover wire cubing from wire cube [[housing]] can also be used as a fence. <span class="red">'''Warning:''' Rabbits can die from [[Heat stroke|overheating]] if they burrow in a sofa or bed and are unable to make their way back out. Ingested filling material can also be a serious risk and cause [[GI stasis]].</span>

Furniture can be moved to cover up already damaged spots and prevent further chewing.

If there is any location that you would like to deter your rabbits from, you can also try wiping some [[#Repellents|deterrents]].

A multipurpose surface covering suggested by Jennie Langdon is [http://www.morfz.com/carpet.html CarpetSaver].

== Other belongings ==
Rabbits loooooove to chew. Anything left within reach of a rabbit will most likely have some nibbles taken out of it or even suffer some digging. Keep all clothes, shoes, pillows, and other personal materials out of a rabbit's access and never leave them lying around on the floor. It would also be wise to make sure you close your closet doors to make sure a rabbit cannot jump in and wreak havoc.

Remember, it is not the rabbit's fault if items were left on the floor unattended and were consequently destroyed.

== Repellents ==
Repellents are any odor that bunnies find repulsive and can be used in a variety of ways for bunny-proofing. Some ideas include the following:<ref name="hrh">Harriman, M. (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/House-Rabbit-Handbook-Live-Urban/dp/0940920174/wabbi-20 ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit''. (4th ed.).]</ref>
* perfumes
* shaving lotions
* lemon oil
* fragrances
* dog and cat repellents

<span class="bad">Smells from the garage like carburetor cleaner and motor oil can also be effective,<ref name="hrh"/> but the inhalation danger of the fumes to humans and rabbits in general make these items not recommended.</span>

<div class="note">
Please remember not to overdo it. Dense atomizing will keep both you and your bunnies away from the area. Be careful of rabbits actually ingesting the repellents and cease using them immediately. Do not spray them in the air as they may cause respiratory issues.
</div>

Repellents should be reapplied daily until the bunnies have lost interest in the object or area.

== Blocking access ==
The simplest solution to all of these situations you can tell is to block complete access.

Ideas of materials to use to block your rabbit:
* zip-tied NIC panels
* exercise pen. See [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/4ko9t4/our_bunny_gate_hack/ here] for an idea on how to break apart an x-pen to use as smaller gates.
* baby gates
* [http://www.homedepot.com/p/LEXAN-12-in-x-24-in-Clear-Polycarbonate-Sheet-GE-33/202038063 plexiglass sheets]

Some links to read for more information on blocking access have been listed below.
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/gated.pdf The “Gated Community”]

== Repairing damage ==
The following are links to help you try to repair damage that your bunny has caused.
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/repairkit.html Home Repair Stuff Every Bunny Slave Should Have]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/carpetrepair.html Tips for Repairing Carpet Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/elcords.html Tips for Repairing Electrical Cords]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/baseboard.html Tips for Repairing Baseboard Damage]
* Cindy Scheel, [http://www.morfz.com/sheetrock.html Tips for Repairing Sheetrock/Drywall Damage]

== Further reading ==
* [http://bunnyproof.com/ Bunnyproof.com]
* House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/rabbit-proofing.html#cords FAQ: Rabbit Proofing]
* OntarioRabbits.org, [http://ontariorabbits.org/health/hazards Hazards]
* BinkyBunny.com, [http://www.binkybunny.com/BUNNYINFO/tabid/53/CategoryID/8/PID/940/Default.aspx Bunny Proofing your Home/Yard]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/prepare.php#bunnyproof Bunny Proofing Tips and Tricks]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/bunnyproof2.pdf Bunny Proofing Revisited]
* Long Island Rabbit Rescue Group, [http://www.longislandrabbitrescue.org/bunny-proofing.htm Bunny proofing your home]
* About-pet-rabbits.com, [http://www.about-pet-rabbits.com/rabbit-proofing.html Rabbit Proofing]

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Cleaning after your rabbit]]
* [[Deciding on a rabbit]]
* [[Getting started]]
* [[Housing]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]

[[Category:Housing]]
[[Category:Care]]

File:Carpet destroyed.png

2022-04-03T16:39:36Z

Wick and Fable:

Training FAQ

2022-04-03T16:34:32Z

Wick and Fable: /* My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? */ - added pictures of deterrent examples

{{Main|[[Training a rabbit]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items? ==
Have the toys and the unacceptable items next to each other and watch your rabbit. If the rabbit goes for the bad object, clap or make some other sort of loud noise to make the bunny stop, and immediately redirect them towards the acceptable toy. If the rabbit chews the proper toys, feed them a treat.

Set the rabbit up so that they will have a clear boundary of what is okay for them to destroy and what is not. Make the acceptable option extra tempting and rewarding to encourage them to choose the correct and good option rather than deal with something that results in startling noises.

<div class="note">
However, please note that you cannot teach a rabbit to 100% consistently not chew an object that is possibly within their reach. If you have cables or other furniture that you do not want possibly destroyed, keep them completely inaccessible with proper [[bunny-proofing]], and do not rely solely on the behavioral training above.
</div>

== My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? ==
Make sure you don't give him any attention when he rattles the bar or else it will be a self-reinforcing behavior. It is also important to break this behavior as chewing on cage bars can cause incisor [[malocclusion]] in rabbits, which can be an expensive problem to treat.<ref>Oglesbee, B. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Blackwells-Five-Minute-Veterinary-Consult-Mammal/dp/0813820189 ''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:440</sup>
[[File:Wick-pen-cover.png|thumb|right|Exercise pen bars covered with a sheet to prevent agitation and bar chewing.|200px]]
[[File:cat-scratcher_toy.jpg|thumb|right|Example toy made from a cat scratcher to redirect chewing energy.|200px]]

Some reasons for cage-bar chewing:

* Not large enough [[housing]] enclosure.
* Not enough [[exercise]].
* Frustration at the inability to go past the bars.
* Boredom.

Try changing up his environment in the cage regularly to make him more curious about his surroundings and cover the sections of the pen that he's rattling with cardboard. You can also try blocking their view and covering the cage bars with a bedsheet or object from the outside. Enriching their environment with shelter to hide in and a raised area to hop on and use as a lookout or resting place can also help decrease bar-gnawing.<ref>Hansen, LT et al. (1999). The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc13/20d2d0555a6a9e481deb676b5ea4fa0f4ab5.pdf</ref> Ensuring there is fresh hay at all times will also help with decreasing their stress.<ref>Berthelsen, H et al. (1999). The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233557132_The_Effect_of_Hay_on_the_Behaviour_of_Caged_Rabbits_Oryctolagus_Cuniculus</ref>

If you feed your rabbit [[pellets]], scatter them everywhere so your bunny will take longer to find and eat them all. Research has also shown that feeding supplementary pellets in the afternoon rather than the morning can help prevent the behavior.<ref>Krohn, TC et al. (1998). The effects of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://lan.sagepub.com/content/33/2/101.full.pdf</ref>

As usual, be sure to provide plenty of acceptable chew toys, and swap those out regularly as well to make it interesting. Ideas for various toys to entertain your rabbit can be found in [[Toys]].

Note that while some rabbit owners endorse the use of sprays and scents, such as vinegar or bitter apple spray, to deter chewing, they are generally not reliable tactics to prevent rabbits from chewing, and using unsafe scents and sprays may endanger your rabbit instead. When possible, consider blocking access and redirecting your rabbit's chew energy elsewhere instead of relying on sprays.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=cardboard_cover.jpg|caption=Using cardboard to cover bars temporarily.|width=x200}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/IvLtPgMT9BM||center|C T. (2022). Cage Chewing Deterrent|frame}}
</div>

== How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? ==
Generally, their [[pellets]] and [[veggies]] for bedtime make a great bribe to make rabbits run home on their own. Try saving a portion and making a distinctive sound or call their names to have them learn to run home to get these tasty foods.

If your rabbit cannot jump in their pen or cage on their own due to location, we would highly suggest modifying it so that you do not need to handle them to move them in and out of the [[housing]].

<div class="inline-video-block">{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJcvi7o4YXA||center|Howcast. (2013). How to Get a Rabbit Back in Its Cage|frame}}</div>

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

File:Cat-scratcher toy.jpg

2022-04-03T16:26:21Z

Wick and Fable:

File:Cardboard cover.jpg

2022-04-03T16:25:15Z

Wick and Fable:

Litter training

2022-04-03T16:16:11Z

Wick and Fable: /* Changing the litter box */

{{#seo:
|description=Litter training resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/8/8f/Litter-box-example.jpg
}}{{FAQ|[[Litter Training FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are easily litter trained. By nature, many rabbits will choose to relieve themselves in the same place. However, do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.
__TOC__
== Litter boxes ==
[[File:RabbitLitterPanToSmall1A.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a rabbit that has out grown one of the corner litter boxes. Image by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1200497766641597&set=gm.1040934875986729&type=3&theater SeyraW.]|300px]]
There are a large variety of products and options that are appropriate for use with rabbits.

=== How big should the litter box be? ===
[[File:Underbed Litter Box.jpg|thumb|Two 5 lb rabbits in an underbed storage litter box. To learn how to make this specific litter box, see [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ here.]]]
<b>Rectangular cat litter boxes</b> are a pretty standard choice of litter boxes for rabbit owners. These can easily be found for cheap at places like Walmart, [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fs%3FsearchTerm%3Dcat%2520litter%2520pan Target], and Kmart or online at [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=litter+pan Amazon.com] for around $4-8.

[[File:Litter-box-example.jpg|thumb|A 4.5 lb rabbit in a giant-sized litter box]]
[[File:SmallLitterBox.jpg|thumb|It's always a good idea to use a larger litter box! Image by A.L. Mitchell]]
To decide the minimum '''size''' of cat litter box to get, use the following guide:
* under 5 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00KQIYEJE/wabbi-20 medium] - 16"L x 12"W x 4"H
* under 10 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00JOZ444U/wabbi-20 large] - 18.5"L x 15"W x 5"H
* over 10 pounds or bonded pairs: [https://smile.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-High-Sided-Litter-inches/dp/B0087Y5NKS/wabbi-20 extra-large] - 23"L x 18"W x 6.5"H

<div class="note">
Not only is a large litter box more comfortable for your rabbit to use, using a larger litter box than the minimum can also allow you to change the litter box less often as the litter will not be fully used up as quickly.
</div>

If you have <b>multiple rabbits</b> that share a litter box, you will want to give them plenty of room -- the bigger the better! A cheap alternative for a large litter box is an [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-3Q2800CLR-Hi-Top-Storage-Box/dp/B002HDJBMQ/wabbi-20 underbed storage box] which come in a variety of colors, sizes, and heights. Another idea is to buy a cheap large plastic tote and cut out an entryway in one or more sides. Otherwise, have multiple litter boxes.

You can also use regular appropriately-sized clear storage totes as litter boxes, too, such as [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fsterilite-clear-storage-tote-transparent-with-blue-lid-28qt%2F-%2FA-13794483 this 28 qt clear Sterilite tote].

=== Corner litter boxes ===
Many pet stores carry litter boxes that are specially marketed for rabbits. These litter boxes are typically triangular in shape and are meant to be placed in the corner of a cage or enclosure. Some examples can be found [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=corner+litter+box here]. However, these corner litter boxes are typically only suitable for very small young rabbits and breeds unless you look for a large one.

<div class="blue">
Some large corner litter boxes available:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Plastic-Scatterless-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger/dp/B000HGB8W6/wabbi-20 Ware Plastic Scatterless Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16"W x 11-1/2"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger-Pet-Jumbo/dp/B000HGB8V2/wabbi-20 Ware Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16.5"W x 10-1/4"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Rabbit-Hi-Corner-Litter/dp/B0002ASBBS/wabbi-20 Kaytee Rabbit Large Hi-Corner Litter Pan] - 20"W x 12"D x 9"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/SmartCat-Corner-Litter-Box-Gray/dp/B0018CJZ32/wabbi-20 SmartCat Corner Litter Box] - 18"W x 18"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-Advanced-Corner-Litter/dp/B004N1NAMW/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle Advanced High Sided Corner Litter Box] - 26"W x 23"D x 10"H
</div>
<div class="note">
We would suggest removing the grids of the litter boxes that come with a wire floor as rabbits can break their nails and toes if they jump out badly unless it is absolutely necessary for hygiene. Some fluffy lionhead and angora rabbits may benefit with a wire floor to prevent urine staining and litter sticking to their fur, but most other rabbits do not need it.
</div>

=== Metal litter boxes ===
'''Non-plastic''' litter boxes can be a good choice for rabbits that like to chew and eat the edges of their plastic litter boxes.

<div class="blue">
One idea is to check out restaurant steam pans such as the following:

* [https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Steel-Full-Size-Anti-Jamming-Steam/dp/B000UBI330/wabbi-20 Stainless Steel Full-Size Anti-Jamming Steam Table Pan - 4" (22 gauge)] - 21"L x 13"W x 4"H
* [https://www.amazon.com/Winco-SPF6-6-Inch-Pan-Full/dp/B001VZ6XP4/wabbi-20 Winco SPF6 6-Inch Pan, Full] - 21"L x 13"W x 6"H

as well as stainless steel cat litter boxes:

* [https://www.amazon.com/iPrimio-Ultimate-Stainless-Steel-Litter/dp/B075WX7BPD/wabbi-20 iPrimio Ultimate Stainless Steel Cat XL Litter Box] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Yangbaga-Stainless-Litter-Control-Surface/dp/B07CTJVKLJ/wabbi-20 Yangbaga Stainless Steel Litter Box for Cat and Rabbit] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
</div>

=== Low-sided litter boxes ===
If you have a '''disabled, elderly, or young bunny''' that doesn't like to or is unable to hop, try low-sided litter boxes or feeding and potting trays. You can also manually cut down an entry way on one side of a regular litter box.

<div class="blue">
Some other low-sided litter boxes available for purchase:

* Bingaling Bunnybox, [http://www.bingalingstore.com/geriatric-litterbox/ Geriatric Litterbox]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B001IPYM9Q/wabbi-20 Tierra Garden Tidy Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00G7RMCHO/wabbi-20 Dog Litter Pan by PuppyGoHere]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004HSUKME/wabbi-20 Marchioro Kiosk S Feeding Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Argee-RG155-Table-Top-Gardener-Portable/dp/B0013LI4GM/wabbi-20 Argee Table-Top Potting Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Lucky-Champ-LCPM1S-Litter-Pan/dp/B001Q9EHM6/wabbi-20 Lucky Champ Litter Pan]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Indoor-Plastic-Fenced-Training-Toilet/dp/B00IUBISPA/wabbi-20 Z ZTDM Indoor Fenced Training Toilet Pet Potty] [Larger size [http://www.amazon.com/ZTDM-Indoor-Potty-Vertical-Pillar/dp/B00K6173P8/wabbi-20 here]]
</div>

=== Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters ===
For rabbits that like to dig, long-haired rabbits that may get litter stuck to their fur, and rabbits that can't stop eating their rabbit-safe litter, it may be a good idea to invest in a litter box setup that prevents access to the litter with a rabbit-safe mesh or grid.

To make your own '''gridded litter box''', you can use material like [http://www.amazon.com/Plastic-Canvas-14-Count-8-25x11-Pkg-Clear/dp/B00114M18S/wabbi-20 plastic canvas] or [http://www.amazon.com/New-York-Wire-33105-Fiberglass/dp/B000CSIC14/wabbi-20 window screening]. Be careful that the material you use will not rust or corrode due to bunny urine and that you cover or hide all sharp edges. These materials should be placed directly on top of the litter and do not directly support their weight.

<div class="note">
If you decide to use something stiffer and heavy-duty like hardware cloth or egg-crate lighting as the main layer instead, another layer of softer mesh or rubber hole mats linked below should be placed on top for comfort to prevent sore hocks and broken nails and toes from the larger holes.
</div>

<div class="blue">
A few commercially available litter boxes with grids:
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Sifting-Litter-Frame-Kitty-Clean/dp/B01NAR4Y38/wabbi-20 SKEMIX Sifting Cat Pan Litter Box] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/42036-Hammer-Large-Sifting-Litter/dp/B06XNX32K1/wabbi-20 Pet Mate Arm & Hammer Large Sifting Litter Pan] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/CalPalmy-X-Large-Chinchilla-Galesaur-Animals/dp/B085VQ64L3/wabbi-20 CalPalmy Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 17.3"L x 13.4"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Hamiledyi-Corner-Bedding-Box-Chinchilla-Toilet-Trainer-Galesaur-Ferret/dp/B08LR8HKWK/wabbi-20 Hamiledyi Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 16.9"L x 13.3"W

Some commercial plastic and mesh mesh mat options:
* BinkyBunny. [https://store.binkybunny.com/collections/supplies/products/litter-box-screen-kit-pre-order-only Litter Box and Screen Kit]
* [https://amazon.com/Pieces-Rabbit-Hamster-Prevent-Disease/dp/B0721QM73D/wabbi-20 RUBYHOME rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Niteangel-Pieces-Rabbit-Playpen-Comes/dp/B074WBR847/wabbi-20 Niteangle rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Bunny-Rabbits-Animals-Resting-Animal/dp/B07GV5J7YY/wabbi-20 Planet Rabbit cage mat (pack of 6)] - 15"L x 10"W

Some DIY gridded litter box setup combinations:
* [http://www.containerstore.com/s/white-stacking-recycling-bin/d?productId=10000537 White Stacking Recycling Bin] from The Container Store with their [http://www.containerstore.com/s/our-basic-stack-basket/d?productId=10006896 Basic Stack Basket]. Example setup by milabuns on Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/p/BLD-a7ngQGo/ here].
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002BDU8EW/wabbi-20 IRIS cat litter box] with [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00091PNTI/wabbi-20 Baker's Secret Non-stick Cooling Rack]. Example from /u/FuzzyBinky on Reddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/56999y/update_on_litter_box_for_digging_or_longhaired/ here].

And some fancier litter box/hay rack setups:
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/121945360/rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box Rabbit Hay Feeder With Litter Box]
* PhillyCreations, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/520472764/large-rabbit-bunny-hay-feeder-and-litter Large - Rabbit Bunny Hay Feeder and Litter Pan Combo]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box-large Rabbit hay feeder with litter box]
</div>

A few DIY litter box ideas with screens:
* Bunny Wonderland. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/571123449737780/ BW Litterbox]
* Haley. (2007). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/litter-box-w-grate-idea.23899/ Litter Box w/Grate Idea]
* Runestonez. (2010). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/the-stormhaven-litter-system-step-by-step-instructions.48510/ The Stormhaven Litter System-Step by Step Instructions] <span class="bad">''NOTE: Please add another softer layer on top of the egg crate for comfort.''</span>
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ DIY Litter Box Setups]

=== Covered litter boxes ===
In general, we would not recommend covered litter boxes for rabbits as they reduce air circulation and can make it easy to overlook regular cleaning. Build-up of ammonia can cause [[snuffles|respiratory issues]] over time, so it is important to be on top of litter box cleaning if you decide to use a covered litter box for appearance or other reasons.

If you have issues with rabbits kicking out litter or feces or eating outside of their litter box, usually a high-sided litter box can solve most of these issues.

=== Extra resources ===
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/litter-box-set-up-for-rabbits-what-are-the-choices/ Litter Box Set-Ups]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/119865/Default.aspx Litter Box & Hay Rack References]

== Appropriate litter substrate ==
It is important to choose a rabbit-safe material to use in the litter box.
[[File:TestingRabbitLitterProducts.png|thumb|right|300px|Lynn Miller's detailed report of 10 different types of rabbit safe litter products. Everything from wood stove pellets to popular recycled paper products. Things tested were absorbency, order control, and daily use. Includes final grades along with a final thoughts section: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view Testing Rabbit Litter Products.]]]
[[File:AccioInternets harry claiming litter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rabbit claiming a mountain of Carefresh litter.]]

'''Rabbit-safe litters''' include the following:
* paper substrates (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=carefresh Carefresh], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=yesterdays+news Yesterday's News], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=eco+bedding Eco Bedding], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cell-Sorb+Plus Cell-Sorb Plus], shredded newspaper and phone book pages)
* sawdust-compressed pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Feline+Pine Feline Pine], wood stove pellets, pelleted horse bedding)
* straw pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cat+Country+litter Cat Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Critter+Country Critter Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Oxbow+Eco-Straw Oxbow Eco-Straw])
* hardwood chips (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kaytee-Aspen-Bedding-Cubic-Foot/dp/B0002DK8PW/wabbi-20 aspen])
* coconut husks (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kittys-Crumble-Natural-Coconut-Litter/dp/B003BLP0MS/wabbi-20 Kitty's Crumble])

<div class="bad">
The following litters are '''not recommended''' for use with rabbits:
* untreated softwood chips (i.e. pine and cedar)
* clay and clumping cat litters
* corn or wheat based litters
* CatWorks litter (manufactured by Absorption Corporation) linked to zinc poisoning, by Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.drexotic.com Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital]<ref name="zinc1">Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/zinc-poisoning/ Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref>

Untreated softwood chips can cause liver  problems,<ref name="hrsliver">House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/litterboxes-and-liver-disease-2/ Litterboxes and Liver Disease]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society, George Flentke, Ph.D., [http://rabbit.org/the-dangers-of-softwood-shavings/ The Dangers of Softwood Shavings]</ref> and the latter two types can cause severe problems when eaten, such as blockages and digestive problems.<ref>Zooh Corner, Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterzinc.htm Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref><ref>Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterliver.htm Litter Boxes, Liver Disease and Your Rabbit]</ref>

A few sad stories about owners using inappropriate litters with rabbits:
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Heat-treated and kiln-dried pine chips or compressed pine pellets are safe for rabbits because the treatment and manufacturing process removes the dangerous aromatic oils,<ref>Corinne Fayo, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Pine.html/ The Truth About Pine Shavings]</ref><ref>Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/rabbit-litter.html Rabbit Litter]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society. (n.d.) Litter Training. Retrieved 29 Sep 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/</ref> but it may be dustier compared to hardwood chips.

Make sure that your bunny is not ingesting too much of the litter substrate regardless of type. If you see them doing so, you may wish to invest in a [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B075QFPB5C/ gridded litter box] or make your own mesh cover for the litter. In the case of a grided litter box, using clay and clumping cat litters and corn or wheat based litters is safe because the rabbit will be unable to ingest the litter, since it is below the mesh/grid. However, do continue to stay away from untreated softwood chips as litter because it is the aromatic oils that are potentially dangerous, not the consumption.

A useful guide from the House Rabbit Society to print out when shopping for litter brands can be found [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf here]. See [[Costs of rabbit ownership#Litter costs]] for a comparison of prices of litter.

Some resources on making your own litter:

* Hamster Hideout. (2014). [http://hamsterhideout.com/forum/topic/86596-making-your-own-bedding-from-recycled-paper/ Making your own Bedding from Recycled Paper]

== Preparing your litter box ==
A basic litter box should consist first of a layer of your chosen litter substrate and then a layer of [[hay]] to encourage your rabbit to eat in it. It may sound unsanitary, but rabbits tend to eat and poop and pee at the same time and place. As a result, keeping their food in or near a litter box will help encourage proper litter habits. If you are worried about your rabbit getting sick from trying to eat soiled hay, rabbits will not consume the urine-soaked hay and will dig and eat around it.

While you are litter training, you may also wish to place some of the bunny's poops and urine-soaked paper or hay in a fresh litter box to let them know that the litter box is an acceptable place to potty.

=== How much litter should I put inside? ===
A thin layer of around an inch of most types of litter substrates is sufficient if you change the litter box every day or every other day. If you wish to change the litter box less, put a layer of around 3-4 inches of litter substrate - your will probably be okay for at least 3 days depending on substrate type, but this will depend on the litter habits of your rabbits and how many rabbits are using the single litter box.

The main reason to '''change a litter box''' is due to the odor or lack of litter substrate left to absorb urine. Urine is the main cause of rabbit odor and is used as the main method by rabbits to mark territory. Your rabbit will probably produce mountains of poop but it is not as big of an issue for sanitation as soaked litter.

If your rabbit seems to not use their litter box after a while, it may be because it is '''too dirty'''. Rabbits are meticulous creatures, as you can tell from their grooming habits, and some rabbits will not use dirty litter boxes. Additionally, if urine is in contact with the rabbit's paws too long, it will stain and may even [[urine scald|burn their feet]]. As a result, please make an effort to change your rabbit's litter box regularly.

<div class="note">
For bunny owners that use wood pellet litters, you can make the pellets go much further by pre-expanding the pellets with water before use in a litter box. The absorption efficiency is the same, and you can use even less litter for the same effectiveness!
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Bookman_expanded_pellets.jpeg|caption=A bowl of expanded wooden pellet litter, made from 600cc of pellets and enough to fill an entire large litterbox. See u/bookman796's full image album [https://imgur.com/a/KyUjs here] for instructions.}}
{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon_woodpellet_litterbox.png|caption=A new litter box with pre-expanded wood pellet litter, enough for a week of regular bunny use. See u/sneaky_dragon's full image album of used litter box [https://imgur.com/a/gYD05yE here.]}}
</div>
</div>

=== How can I reduce hay waste? ===
Some may be concerned at the waste of hay by placing it in the litter box. The waste can be usually be reduced by instead placing a [[Hay#Dispensing Hay|hay rack]] near the litter box so that the rabbit can sit in the box and eat. It is less of a concern if you have bought a [[Hay#By the Bale| bale of hay]] for your rabbit. <b>However, please note that some rabbits may enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay racks anyways before consuming any, which would defeat the purpose of the purchase.</b>

Ultimately, it is a good idea to combine the location of the hay feeding and bathroom to encourage proper litter training, and important not to be too stingy with hay wastage. Hay is a very important part of their [[diet]], and inadequate consumption can lead to more serious health problems and expensive vet bills that end up more costly than buying some extra hay.

=== Should I use litter box liners? ===
In general, we do not recommend using plastic litter box liners as they are environmentally wasteful and dangerous if the rabbit decides to chew on them. Some owners may also use pee pads similarly, and the same warnings apply.

If you would like an environmentally friendly and compostable option, using newspaper or magazine pages (only if the rabbit doesn't dig and chew at them) is safe to help make cleaning the bottom easier.

=== Extra resources ===
Some more links to read for more information on setting up a litter box have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php#setup Setting Up Bunny's Litterbox]

== Changing the litter box ==
Typically, the entire litter box is dumped and refreshed when it is time to change the litter.

If you are more proactive, you can go through and scoop out only the wet litter and replace that section. A [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf gridded litter box] can allow you to recoup the most hay and make it easier to pick out the poop and scoop out wet litter.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=example_litterbox_used.jpg|caption=Example of a heavily-used litter box for an adult rabbit after one day.|width=x200}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/zAV0maTgnto||center|C T. (2022). Litter Box Cleaning with Screen|frame}}
</div>

If provided with appropriately sized and number of litter boxes, owners should not need to change litter boxes more than once a day. Most rabbit owners change the litter box once every 2 to 4 days, depending on their set-up, standards, and their rabbit's preferences. Be careful about changing the litter box too often. The rabbit can get the impression that they are not supposed to use the box if they never find their scent there. Note that the need to change the litter box should be distinct from refreshing and refilling hay. If you see that your rabbit's litter box is low on hay, do not wait until you change the litter box to refill it.

<div class="box">
Use <b>vinegar</b> (cheap white grocery store vinegar is sufficient) to wipe down the litter box to dissolve any deposits that rabbit urine leaves. You can dilute this down to 1:1 water:vinegar or use straight full concentration vinegar. Leave it to soak for a while for especially stubborn white stains - you may also need to assist with some manual scrubbing.

This mixture is also useful to help clean surfaces that your bunny has marked. The vinegar will break down the scent to reduce urges to re-mark.
</div>

For owners that live in an apartment or would like to do it indoors, the easiest and tidiest method is to put the entire litter box in a trash bag and then shake it hard to dump out all the litter. Follow up with a quick wipe with a wet paper towel soaked in vinegar. You may also choose to rinse the box in the bathtub, but be careful about cleaning out all the solids in the litter box first or they may clog your drain.

For owners with a yard, you can usually dump the entire litter box contents into a compost pile if you don't use plastic liners, and hose down or power wash the box on the lawn to clean off the rest.

== Training methods ==
As a note to begin with, before we go into training methods, '''[[Spaying and Neutering| spaying or neutering]]''' your rabbit will go a long way towards consistent litter habits. As Dana Krempels, Ph.D., states,<ref>Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/training.html Training Your Rabbit: Reality 101]</ref> <blockquote>The most important thing to remember is that your rabbit is very unlikely to retain reliable litterbox habits upon reaching sexual maturity unless she is spayed/he is neutered. Sex hormones give a rabbit an uncontrollable desire to mark the territory with urine and specially scented fecal pellets. Spay/neuter will eliminate/greatly reduce this drive, as well as eliminate the risk of uterine/ovarian cancer and unwanted pregnancy in females. And let's not forget the huge relief from endless sexual frustration that spayed/neutered animals enjoy.</blockquote>

Once you have set up a proper litter box, place it in area where the bunny can be '''comfortably confined''' for a couple of days except when let out for [[exercise]] and play. You may place it in any corner of the housing enclosure but be warned that you may need to move it if the bunny decides to pick their own potty corner. Rabbits are rather stubborn, and it tends to be easier to go along with their choice rather than try to adjust them. Reward the rabbit with more and more free space when they pee and poop in the litter box consistently.

[[File:Baobao peeing.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbit peeing position]]
It is expected that the bunny will have poor litter habits the first few days, but '''clean up''' any messes not in the litter box with a mixture of 1:1 vinegar:water or a pet-friendly enzymatic cleaner like [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008437W/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle] to rid of the scent and discourage the urge to re-mark. '''Plain soap and water are not sufficient to clean out all traces of urine scent.''' If you catch the rabbit peeing or pooping outside, try to interrupt them and move the rabbit in the litter box. Reward with [[treat|treats]] whenever you see the rabbit going in the right spot. You may also place some pee-stained papers and poop pellets in the litter box to let them know that it's an acceptable place to potty.

The '''hay''' in or over the litter box should encourage proper litter habits since, disgusting as it may seem to humans, a rabbit will often happily munch on one end and potty from the other at the same time. You can reinforce the behavior by rewarding the rabbit with a healthy [[treats|treat]] when you see them sitting in the litter box.

'''Do not''' get too frustrated with the rabbit if they do not seem to be getting the point. Remember, rabbits do not respond well to physical discipline. They are easily frightened and hurt. Some bunnies may take a while to learn but generally should get better in a week or two. A rabbit at any age can learn proper potty habits given enough time and motivation.

If there are particular problem areas that you can't seem to get your rabbit to stop urinating in, you may need to add another litter box there, cover it with a slick material like a marble tile to make it unattractive for urination, or even remove the problematic surface or block off the area completely.

== Common problems ==
While many times rabbits will litter train themselves easily, other times rabbits will refuse to properly litter train for a variety of reasons.

=== Eliminating outside of the box ===
Do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.

Although rabbits are typically easy to litter train, some rabbits may display problem behavior, such as relieving themselves outside of the litter box and peeing on beds and couches. The cause for this varies, but in many cases can be solved by [[spaying or neutering]] an intact rabbit.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/litter.html FAQ: Litter Training]</ref><ref>Wikihow.com, [http://www.wikihow.com/Litter-Train-a-Rabbit How to Litter Train a Rabbit]</ref> If your rabbit is altered, angry bunnies may intentionally pee to show their displeasure.<ref>The Language of Lagomorphs, [http://language.rabbitspeak.com/r-e-s-p-e-c-t-is-what-my-bun-demands-of-me/ Offended Rabbits]</ref> The [[Litter_Training_FAQ#My_bunny_pees_.28in_some_location.29._How_do_I_make_it_stop.3F|Litter Training FAQ]] also has more ideas on how to specifically teach your rabbit from peeing in a certain area.

Some rabbits like to lounge in their litter boxes and consequently will not use them to poop and pee in. In this instance, try offering other sleeping locations like a cardboard box or a pet bed or provide another litter box that they can properly use to not soil their sleeping location.

If your rabbit has already been fixed, environmental changes, stress, and medical problems can also cause poor litter habits. The introduction of a new pet (bunny, cat, dog, or other) will cause your bun to feel territorial and poop everywhere. The same may occur if you move around furniture too much or move to a new place. However, as the rabbit gets used to the new environment, their litter habits should return to normal. If no stressful or environmental factors can be detected, your bun may have a [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI) or another condition that is causing a weak bladder. In this case, please take your rabbit to your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] to be properly diagnosed and medicated if necessary.

If the rabbit reliably uses their litter box in their area yet consistently potties in another corner when let free to exercise and play, you may wish to set up another litter box in that corner if properly cleaning up after them does not change their behavior. Like stated before, rabbits are very stubborn, and it may be easier to compromise.

Some rabbits may accidentally eliminate over the side of the litter box. Rabbits typically shuffle back into a corner and lift their tails to urinate, and if the tray is too shallow, the rabbit may miss the edge. To fix this issue, get a tray with higher sides or make your own urine guard. One idea is to use a plastic folder as a urine guard. This may also happen with a litterbox that is too small for your rabbit.<ref>allcreaturesrescue.org [http://blog.allcreaturesrescue.org/2008/06/03/rabbit-litter-box-recommendations/ Rabbit litterbox recommendations]</ref>

=== Digging in the box ===
Rabbits have a natural instinct to dig, and this sometimes results in them digging in the litter box and thus flinging hay, litter, and poop everywhere.

Firstly, you can try to redirect their attention with an appropriate digging box - read more in the [[Toys]] article about how to set up a safe space for this behavior. Also make sure that your rabbit has sufficient space and mentally stimulating favored toys in [[Housing|their cage or pen]], as bored rabbits will like to make messes to entertain themselves.

There are a few options you can try to prevent messes if your rabbit continues to insist on digging out their litter box.

# A gridded litter box with litter underneath the mesh portion prevents the rabbit from digging out the litter, but the rabbit may continue to dig out the hay on top. See the previous section [[Litter_training#Litter_boxes_for_diggers,_long-haired_rabbits,_and_litter_eaters|Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters]] for more tips and resources on setting one up.
# You can place the litter box in a larger cardboard box to contain the mess and make it easier to clean up.

=== Smelly litter box ===
If your litter box '''smells''', that is often a sign that you should be changing your litter box more frequently. A good litter box should not give off any significant ammonia odor.

If you find that you are changing the litter too often, the following tips may be useful:

* <b>Type of litter.</b> Generally, wood-based litters will absorb more odor and urine than paper-based litters. Pelleted litter will also be more efficient than shavings. The [Testing Rabbit Litter Products](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view) comparison slideshow by Lynn Miller can also be useful in deciding on the best litter for your situation.

* <b>Size of litter box.</b> The larger the litter box, the less often you will need to clean it since there will be more litter to soak up urine and its smells.

* <b>Amount of litter.</b> Wood pellets will only need a very thin layer as it is incredibly efficient and will swell as it gets wet. However, if you are using a paper-based litter, you may need to add a thicker layer to extend the use of a litter box safely.

=== Extra resources ===
The following are some additional resources about bad litter box habits.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/behaviour/problem-litter-training.asp Rabbit Behaviour Problem: Bad Litter Box Habits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, Linda Dykes, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/housetrain.htm Help! I can't housetrain my rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/litterbox-training Litterbox Training Your Bunny]
* House Rabbit Network, Kathy Smith, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/the-basics-of-litterbox-training/ The Basics of Litterbox Training]. (2003)
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/for-those-who-want-to-but-cant-2/ Litter Training: for those who want to but can’t]
* House Rabbit Society, Amy Espie, [http://rabbit.org/litterbox-encore/ Litterbox Encore]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php Litterbox Training]
* Precision Pet Products, [http://www.precisionpet.com/RabbitTraining.aspx Rabbit Litter Box Training Guide]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/supplies.pdf Supplies]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/nobodysperfect.pdf Nobody’s Perfect]. (2004)
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-litter-trays.asp Rabbit Litter Training]

Here are some relevant discussions on litter training rabbits.
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600605126649/ BLU Guide: How to litter train]

The following are some relevant videos:
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gP4IaOQsKl4|name=Howcast. (2013). Can Rabbits Be Litter Trained?}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Behavior]]

Litter training

2022-04-03T16:04:11Z

Wick and Fable: /* Changing the litter box */

{{#seo:
|description=Litter training resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/8/8f/Litter-box-example.jpg
}}{{FAQ|[[Litter Training FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are easily litter trained. By nature, many rabbits will choose to relieve themselves in the same place. However, do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.
__TOC__
== Litter boxes ==
[[File:RabbitLitterPanToSmall1A.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a rabbit that has out grown one of the corner litter boxes. Image by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1200497766641597&set=gm.1040934875986729&type=3&theater SeyraW.]|300px]]
There are a large variety of products and options that are appropriate for use with rabbits.

=== How big should the litter box be? ===
[[File:Underbed Litter Box.jpg|thumb|Two 5 lb rabbits in an underbed storage litter box. To learn how to make this specific litter box, see [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ here.]]]
<b>Rectangular cat litter boxes</b> are a pretty standard choice of litter boxes for rabbit owners. These can easily be found for cheap at places like Walmart, [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fs%3FsearchTerm%3Dcat%2520litter%2520pan Target], and Kmart or online at [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=litter+pan Amazon.com] for around $4-8.

[[File:Litter-box-example.jpg|thumb|A 4.5 lb rabbit in a giant-sized litter box]]
[[File:SmallLitterBox.jpg|thumb|It's always a good idea to use a larger litter box! Image by A.L. Mitchell]]
To decide the minimum '''size''' of cat litter box to get, use the following guide:
* under 5 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00KQIYEJE/wabbi-20 medium] - 16"L x 12"W x 4"H
* under 10 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00JOZ444U/wabbi-20 large] - 18.5"L x 15"W x 5"H
* over 10 pounds or bonded pairs: [https://smile.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-High-Sided-Litter-inches/dp/B0087Y5NKS/wabbi-20 extra-large] - 23"L x 18"W x 6.5"H

<div class="note">
Not only is a large litter box more comfortable for your rabbit to use, using a larger litter box than the minimum can also allow you to change the litter box less often as the litter will not be fully used up as quickly.
</div>

If you have <b>multiple rabbits</b> that share a litter box, you will want to give them plenty of room -- the bigger the better! A cheap alternative for a large litter box is an [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-3Q2800CLR-Hi-Top-Storage-Box/dp/B002HDJBMQ/wabbi-20 underbed storage box] which come in a variety of colors, sizes, and heights. Another idea is to buy a cheap large plastic tote and cut out an entryway in one or more sides. Otherwise, have multiple litter boxes.

You can also use regular appropriately-sized clear storage totes as litter boxes, too, such as [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fsterilite-clear-storage-tote-transparent-with-blue-lid-28qt%2F-%2FA-13794483 this 28 qt clear Sterilite tote].

=== Corner litter boxes ===
Many pet stores carry litter boxes that are specially marketed for rabbits. These litter boxes are typically triangular in shape and are meant to be placed in the corner of a cage or enclosure. Some examples can be found [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=corner+litter+box here]. However, these corner litter boxes are typically only suitable for very small young rabbits and breeds unless you look for a large one.

<div class="blue">
Some large corner litter boxes available:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Plastic-Scatterless-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger/dp/B000HGB8W6/wabbi-20 Ware Plastic Scatterless Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16"W x 11-1/2"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger-Pet-Jumbo/dp/B000HGB8V2/wabbi-20 Ware Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16.5"W x 10-1/4"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Rabbit-Hi-Corner-Litter/dp/B0002ASBBS/wabbi-20 Kaytee Rabbit Large Hi-Corner Litter Pan] - 20"W x 12"D x 9"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/SmartCat-Corner-Litter-Box-Gray/dp/B0018CJZ32/wabbi-20 SmartCat Corner Litter Box] - 18"W x 18"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-Advanced-Corner-Litter/dp/B004N1NAMW/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle Advanced High Sided Corner Litter Box] - 26"W x 23"D x 10"H
</div>
<div class="note">
We would suggest removing the grids of the litter boxes that come with a wire floor as rabbits can break their nails and toes if they jump out badly unless it is absolutely necessary for hygiene. Some fluffy lionhead and angora rabbits may benefit with a wire floor to prevent urine staining and litter sticking to their fur, but most other rabbits do not need it.
</div>

=== Metal litter boxes ===
'''Non-plastic''' litter boxes can be a good choice for rabbits that like to chew and eat the edges of their plastic litter boxes.

<div class="blue">
One idea is to check out restaurant steam pans such as the following:

* [https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Steel-Full-Size-Anti-Jamming-Steam/dp/B000UBI330/wabbi-20 Stainless Steel Full-Size Anti-Jamming Steam Table Pan - 4" (22 gauge)] - 21"L x 13"W x 4"H
* [https://www.amazon.com/Winco-SPF6-6-Inch-Pan-Full/dp/B001VZ6XP4/wabbi-20 Winco SPF6 6-Inch Pan, Full] - 21"L x 13"W x 6"H

as well as stainless steel cat litter boxes:

* [https://www.amazon.com/iPrimio-Ultimate-Stainless-Steel-Litter/dp/B075WX7BPD/wabbi-20 iPrimio Ultimate Stainless Steel Cat XL Litter Box] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Yangbaga-Stainless-Litter-Control-Surface/dp/B07CTJVKLJ/wabbi-20 Yangbaga Stainless Steel Litter Box for Cat and Rabbit] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
</div>

=== Low-sided litter boxes ===
If you have a '''disabled, elderly, or young bunny''' that doesn't like to or is unable to hop, try low-sided litter boxes or feeding and potting trays. You can also manually cut down an entry way on one side of a regular litter box.

<div class="blue">
Some other low-sided litter boxes available for purchase:

* Bingaling Bunnybox, [http://www.bingalingstore.com/geriatric-litterbox/ Geriatric Litterbox]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B001IPYM9Q/wabbi-20 Tierra Garden Tidy Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00G7RMCHO/wabbi-20 Dog Litter Pan by PuppyGoHere]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004HSUKME/wabbi-20 Marchioro Kiosk S Feeding Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Argee-RG155-Table-Top-Gardener-Portable/dp/B0013LI4GM/wabbi-20 Argee Table-Top Potting Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Lucky-Champ-LCPM1S-Litter-Pan/dp/B001Q9EHM6/wabbi-20 Lucky Champ Litter Pan]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Indoor-Plastic-Fenced-Training-Toilet/dp/B00IUBISPA/wabbi-20 Z ZTDM Indoor Fenced Training Toilet Pet Potty] [Larger size [http://www.amazon.com/ZTDM-Indoor-Potty-Vertical-Pillar/dp/B00K6173P8/wabbi-20 here]]
</div>

=== Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters ===
For rabbits that like to dig, long-haired rabbits that may get litter stuck to their fur, and rabbits that can't stop eating their rabbit-safe litter, it may be a good idea to invest in a litter box setup that prevents access to the litter with a rabbit-safe mesh or grid.

To make your own '''gridded litter box''', you can use material like [http://www.amazon.com/Plastic-Canvas-14-Count-8-25x11-Pkg-Clear/dp/B00114M18S/wabbi-20 plastic canvas] or [http://www.amazon.com/New-York-Wire-33105-Fiberglass/dp/B000CSIC14/wabbi-20 window screening]. Be careful that the material you use will not rust or corrode due to bunny urine and that you cover or hide all sharp edges. These materials should be placed directly on top of the litter and do not directly support their weight.

<div class="note">
If you decide to use something stiffer and heavy-duty like hardware cloth or egg-crate lighting as the main layer instead, another layer of softer mesh or rubber hole mats linked below should be placed on top for comfort to prevent sore hocks and broken nails and toes from the larger holes.
</div>

<div class="blue">
A few commercially available litter boxes with grids:
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Sifting-Litter-Frame-Kitty-Clean/dp/B01NAR4Y38/wabbi-20 SKEMIX Sifting Cat Pan Litter Box] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/42036-Hammer-Large-Sifting-Litter/dp/B06XNX32K1/wabbi-20 Pet Mate Arm & Hammer Large Sifting Litter Pan] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/CalPalmy-X-Large-Chinchilla-Galesaur-Animals/dp/B085VQ64L3/wabbi-20 CalPalmy Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 17.3"L x 13.4"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Hamiledyi-Corner-Bedding-Box-Chinchilla-Toilet-Trainer-Galesaur-Ferret/dp/B08LR8HKWK/wabbi-20 Hamiledyi Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 16.9"L x 13.3"W

Some commercial plastic and mesh mesh mat options:
* BinkyBunny. [https://store.binkybunny.com/collections/supplies/products/litter-box-screen-kit-pre-order-only Litter Box and Screen Kit]
* [https://amazon.com/Pieces-Rabbit-Hamster-Prevent-Disease/dp/B0721QM73D/wabbi-20 RUBYHOME rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Niteangel-Pieces-Rabbit-Playpen-Comes/dp/B074WBR847/wabbi-20 Niteangle rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Bunny-Rabbits-Animals-Resting-Animal/dp/B07GV5J7YY/wabbi-20 Planet Rabbit cage mat (pack of 6)] - 15"L x 10"W

Some DIY gridded litter box setup combinations:
* [http://www.containerstore.com/s/white-stacking-recycling-bin/d?productId=10000537 White Stacking Recycling Bin] from The Container Store with their [http://www.containerstore.com/s/our-basic-stack-basket/d?productId=10006896 Basic Stack Basket]. Example setup by milabuns on Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/p/BLD-a7ngQGo/ here].
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002BDU8EW/wabbi-20 IRIS cat litter box] with [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00091PNTI/wabbi-20 Baker's Secret Non-stick Cooling Rack]. Example from /u/FuzzyBinky on Reddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/56999y/update_on_litter_box_for_digging_or_longhaired/ here].

And some fancier litter box/hay rack setups:
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/121945360/rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box Rabbit Hay Feeder With Litter Box]
* PhillyCreations, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/520472764/large-rabbit-bunny-hay-feeder-and-litter Large - Rabbit Bunny Hay Feeder and Litter Pan Combo]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box-large Rabbit hay feeder with litter box]
</div>

A few DIY litter box ideas with screens:
* Bunny Wonderland. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/571123449737780/ BW Litterbox]
* Haley. (2007). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/litter-box-w-grate-idea.23899/ Litter Box w/Grate Idea]
* Runestonez. (2010). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/the-stormhaven-litter-system-step-by-step-instructions.48510/ The Stormhaven Litter System-Step by Step Instructions] <span class="bad">''NOTE: Please add another softer layer on top of the egg crate for comfort.''</span>
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ DIY Litter Box Setups]

=== Covered litter boxes ===
In general, we would not recommend covered litter boxes for rabbits as they reduce air circulation and can make it easy to overlook regular cleaning. Build-up of ammonia can cause [[snuffles|respiratory issues]] over time, so it is important to be on top of litter box cleaning if you decide to use a covered litter box for appearance or other reasons.

If you have issues with rabbits kicking out litter or feces or eating outside of their litter box, usually a high-sided litter box can solve most of these issues.

=== Extra resources ===
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/litter-box-set-up-for-rabbits-what-are-the-choices/ Litter Box Set-Ups]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/119865/Default.aspx Litter Box & Hay Rack References]

== Appropriate litter substrate ==
It is important to choose a rabbit-safe material to use in the litter box.
[[File:TestingRabbitLitterProducts.png|thumb|right|300px|Lynn Miller's detailed report of 10 different types of rabbit safe litter products. Everything from wood stove pellets to popular recycled paper products. Things tested were absorbency, order control, and daily use. Includes final grades along with a final thoughts section: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view Testing Rabbit Litter Products.]]]
[[File:AccioInternets harry claiming litter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rabbit claiming a mountain of Carefresh litter.]]

'''Rabbit-safe litters''' include the following:
* paper substrates (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=carefresh Carefresh], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=yesterdays+news Yesterday's News], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=eco+bedding Eco Bedding], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cell-Sorb+Plus Cell-Sorb Plus], shredded newspaper and phone book pages)
* sawdust-compressed pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Feline+Pine Feline Pine], wood stove pellets, pelleted horse bedding)
* straw pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cat+Country+litter Cat Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Critter+Country Critter Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Oxbow+Eco-Straw Oxbow Eco-Straw])
* hardwood chips (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kaytee-Aspen-Bedding-Cubic-Foot/dp/B0002DK8PW/wabbi-20 aspen])
* coconut husks (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kittys-Crumble-Natural-Coconut-Litter/dp/B003BLP0MS/wabbi-20 Kitty's Crumble])

<div class="bad">
The following litters are '''not recommended''' for use with rabbits:
* untreated softwood chips (i.e. pine and cedar)
* clay and clumping cat litters
* corn or wheat based litters
* CatWorks litter (manufactured by Absorption Corporation) linked to zinc poisoning, by Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.drexotic.com Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital]<ref name="zinc1">Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/zinc-poisoning/ Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref>

Untreated softwood chips can cause liver  problems,<ref name="hrsliver">House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/litterboxes-and-liver-disease-2/ Litterboxes and Liver Disease]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society, George Flentke, Ph.D., [http://rabbit.org/the-dangers-of-softwood-shavings/ The Dangers of Softwood Shavings]</ref> and the latter two types can cause severe problems when eaten, such as blockages and digestive problems.<ref>Zooh Corner, Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterzinc.htm Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref><ref>Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterliver.htm Litter Boxes, Liver Disease and Your Rabbit]</ref>

A few sad stories about owners using inappropriate litters with rabbits:
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Heat-treated and kiln-dried pine chips or compressed pine pellets are safe for rabbits because the treatment and manufacturing process removes the dangerous aromatic oils,<ref>Corinne Fayo, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Pine.html/ The Truth About Pine Shavings]</ref><ref>Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/rabbit-litter.html Rabbit Litter]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society. (n.d.) Litter Training. Retrieved 29 Sep 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/</ref> but it may be dustier compared to hardwood chips.

Make sure that your bunny is not ingesting too much of the litter substrate regardless of type. If you see them doing so, you may wish to invest in a [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B075QFPB5C/ gridded litter box] or make your own mesh cover for the litter. In the case of a grided litter box, using clay and clumping cat litters and corn or wheat based litters is safe because the rabbit will be unable to ingest the litter, since it is below the mesh/grid. However, do continue to stay away from untreated softwood chips as litter because it is the aromatic oils that are potentially dangerous, not the consumption.

A useful guide from the House Rabbit Society to print out when shopping for litter brands can be found [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf here]. See [[Costs of rabbit ownership#Litter costs]] for a comparison of prices of litter.

Some resources on making your own litter:

* Hamster Hideout. (2014). [http://hamsterhideout.com/forum/topic/86596-making-your-own-bedding-from-recycled-paper/ Making your own Bedding from Recycled Paper]

== Preparing your litter box ==
A basic litter box should consist first of a layer of your chosen litter substrate and then a layer of [[hay]] to encourage your rabbit to eat in it. It may sound unsanitary, but rabbits tend to eat and poop and pee at the same time and place. As a result, keeping their food in or near a litter box will help encourage proper litter habits. If you are worried about your rabbit getting sick from trying to eat soiled hay, rabbits will not consume the urine-soaked hay and will dig and eat around it.

While you are litter training, you may also wish to place some of the bunny's poops and urine-soaked paper or hay in a fresh litter box to let them know that the litter box is an acceptable place to potty.

=== How much litter should I put inside? ===
A thin layer of around an inch of most types of litter substrates is sufficient if you change the litter box every day or every other day. If you wish to change the litter box less, put a layer of around 3-4 inches of litter substrate - your will probably be okay for at least 3 days depending on substrate type, but this will depend on the litter habits of your rabbits and how many rabbits are using the single litter box.

The main reason to '''change a litter box''' is due to the odor or lack of litter substrate left to absorb urine. Urine is the main cause of rabbit odor and is used as the main method by rabbits to mark territory. Your rabbit will probably produce mountains of poop but it is not as big of an issue for sanitation as soaked litter.

If your rabbit seems to not use their litter box after a while, it may be because it is '''too dirty'''. Rabbits are meticulous creatures, as you can tell from their grooming habits, and some rabbits will not use dirty litter boxes. Additionally, if urine is in contact with the rabbit's paws too long, it will stain and may even [[urine scald|burn their feet]]. As a result, please make an effort to change your rabbit's litter box regularly.

<div class="note">
For bunny owners that use wood pellet litters, you can make the pellets go much further by pre-expanding the pellets with water before use in a litter box. The absorption efficiency is the same, and you can use even less litter for the same effectiveness!
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Bookman_expanded_pellets.jpeg|caption=A bowl of expanded wooden pellet litter, made from 600cc of pellets and enough to fill an entire large litterbox. See u/bookman796's full image album [https://imgur.com/a/KyUjs here] for instructions.}}
{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon_woodpellet_litterbox.png|caption=A new litter box with pre-expanded wood pellet litter, enough for a week of regular bunny use. See u/sneaky_dragon's full image album of used litter box [https://imgur.com/a/gYD05yE here.]}}
</div>
</div>

=== How can I reduce hay waste? ===
Some may be concerned at the waste of hay by placing it in the litter box. The waste can be usually be reduced by instead placing a [[Hay#Dispensing Hay|hay rack]] near the litter box so that the rabbit can sit in the box and eat. It is less of a concern if you have bought a [[Hay#By the Bale| bale of hay]] for your rabbit. <b>However, please note that some rabbits may enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay racks anyways before consuming any, which would defeat the purpose of the purchase.</b>

Ultimately, it is a good idea to combine the location of the hay feeding and bathroom to encourage proper litter training, and important not to be too stingy with hay wastage. Hay is a very important part of their [[diet]], and inadequate consumption can lead to more serious health problems and expensive vet bills that end up more costly than buying some extra hay.

=== Should I use litter box liners? ===
In general, we do not recommend using plastic litter box liners as they are environmentally wasteful and dangerous if the rabbit decides to chew on them. Some owners may also use pee pads similarly, and the same warnings apply.

If you would like an environmentally friendly and compostable option, using newspaper or magazine pages (only if the rabbit doesn't dig and chew at them) is safe to help make cleaning the bottom easier.

=== Extra resources ===
Some more links to read for more information on setting up a litter box have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php#setup Setting Up Bunny's Litterbox]

== Changing the litter box ==
Typically, the entire litter box is dumped and refreshed when it is time to change the litter.

If you are more proactive, you can go through and scoop out only the wet litter and replace that section. A [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf gridded litter box] can allow you to recoup the most hay and make it easier to pick out the poop and scoop out wet litter.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=example_litterbox_used.jpg|caption=Example of a heavily-used litter box for an adult rabbit after one day.|width=x200}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/ykrcW2QywWg||center|C T. (2022). Litter Box Cleaning with Screen|frame}}
</div>

If provided with appropriately sized and number of litter boxes, owners should not need to change litter boxes more than once a day. Most rabbit owners change the litter box once every 2 to 4 days, depending on their set-up, standards, and their rabbit's preferences. Be careful about changing the litter box too often. The rabbit can get the impression that they are not supposed to use the box if they never find their scent there. Note that the need to change the litter box should be distinct from refreshing and refilling hay. If you see that your rabbit's litter box is low on hay, do not wait until you change the litter box to refill it.

<div class="box">
Use <b>vinegar</b> (cheap white grocery store vinegar is sufficient) to wipe down the litter box to dissolve any deposits that rabbit urine leaves. You can dilute this down to 1:1 water:vinegar or use straight full concentration vinegar. Leave it to soak for a while for especially stubborn white stains - you may also need to assist with some manual scrubbing.

This mixture is also useful to help clean surfaces that your bunny has marked. The vinegar will break down the scent to reduce urges to re-mark.
</div>

For owners that live in an apartment or would like to do it indoors, the easiest and tidiest method is to put the entire litter box in a trash bag and then shake it hard to dump out all the litter. Follow up with a quick wipe with a wet paper towel soaked in vinegar. You may also choose to rinse the box in the bathtub, but be careful about cleaning out all the solids in the litter box first or they may clog your drain.

For owners with a yard, you can usually dump the entire litter box contents into a compost pile if you don't use plastic liners, and hose down or power wash the box on the lawn to clean off the rest.

== Training methods ==
As a note to begin with, before we go into training methods, '''[[Spaying and Neutering| spaying or neutering]]''' your rabbit will go a long way towards consistent litter habits. As Dana Krempels, Ph.D., states,<ref>Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/training.html Training Your Rabbit: Reality 101]</ref> <blockquote>The most important thing to remember is that your rabbit is very unlikely to retain reliable litterbox habits upon reaching sexual maturity unless she is spayed/he is neutered. Sex hormones give a rabbit an uncontrollable desire to mark the territory with urine and specially scented fecal pellets. Spay/neuter will eliminate/greatly reduce this drive, as well as eliminate the risk of uterine/ovarian cancer and unwanted pregnancy in females. And let's not forget the huge relief from endless sexual frustration that spayed/neutered animals enjoy.</blockquote>

Once you have set up a proper litter box, place it in area where the bunny can be '''comfortably confined''' for a couple of days except when let out for [[exercise]] and play. You may place it in any corner of the housing enclosure but be warned that you may need to move it if the bunny decides to pick their own potty corner. Rabbits are rather stubborn, and it tends to be easier to go along with their choice rather than try to adjust them. Reward the rabbit with more and more free space when they pee and poop in the litter box consistently.

[[File:Baobao peeing.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbit peeing position]]
It is expected that the bunny will have poor litter habits the first few days, but '''clean up''' any messes not in the litter box with a mixture of 1:1 vinegar:water or a pet-friendly enzymatic cleaner like [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008437W/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle] to rid of the scent and discourage the urge to re-mark. '''Plain soap and water are not sufficient to clean out all traces of urine scent.''' If you catch the rabbit peeing or pooping outside, try to interrupt them and move the rabbit in the litter box. Reward with [[treat|treats]] whenever you see the rabbit going in the right spot. You may also place some pee-stained papers and poop pellets in the litter box to let them know that it's an acceptable place to potty.

The '''hay''' in or over the litter box should encourage proper litter habits since, disgusting as it may seem to humans, a rabbit will often happily munch on one end and potty from the other at the same time. You can reinforce the behavior by rewarding the rabbit with a healthy [[treats|treat]] when you see them sitting in the litter box.

'''Do not''' get too frustrated with the rabbit if they do not seem to be getting the point. Remember, rabbits do not respond well to physical discipline. They are easily frightened and hurt. Some bunnies may take a while to learn but generally should get better in a week or two. A rabbit at any age can learn proper potty habits given enough time and motivation.

If there are particular problem areas that you can't seem to get your rabbit to stop urinating in, you may need to add another litter box there, cover it with a slick material like a marble tile to make it unattractive for urination, or even remove the problematic surface or block off the area completely.

== Common problems ==
While many times rabbits will litter train themselves easily, other times rabbits will refuse to properly litter train for a variety of reasons.

=== Eliminating outside of the box ===
Do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.

Although rabbits are typically easy to litter train, some rabbits may display problem behavior, such as relieving themselves outside of the litter box and peeing on beds and couches. The cause for this varies, but in many cases can be solved by [[spaying or neutering]] an intact rabbit.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/litter.html FAQ: Litter Training]</ref><ref>Wikihow.com, [http://www.wikihow.com/Litter-Train-a-Rabbit How to Litter Train a Rabbit]</ref> If your rabbit is altered, angry bunnies may intentionally pee to show their displeasure.<ref>The Language of Lagomorphs, [http://language.rabbitspeak.com/r-e-s-p-e-c-t-is-what-my-bun-demands-of-me/ Offended Rabbits]</ref> The [[Litter_Training_FAQ#My_bunny_pees_.28in_some_location.29._How_do_I_make_it_stop.3F|Litter Training FAQ]] also has more ideas on how to specifically teach your rabbit from peeing in a certain area.

Some rabbits like to lounge in their litter boxes and consequently will not use them to poop and pee in. In this instance, try offering other sleeping locations like a cardboard box or a pet bed or provide another litter box that they can properly use to not soil their sleeping location.

If your rabbit has already been fixed, environmental changes, stress, and medical problems can also cause poor litter habits. The introduction of a new pet (bunny, cat, dog, or other) will cause your bun to feel territorial and poop everywhere. The same may occur if you move around furniture too much or move to a new place. However, as the rabbit gets used to the new environment, their litter habits should return to normal. If no stressful or environmental factors can be detected, your bun may have a [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI) or another condition that is causing a weak bladder. In this case, please take your rabbit to your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] to be properly diagnosed and medicated if necessary.

If the rabbit reliably uses their litter box in their area yet consistently potties in another corner when let free to exercise and play, you may wish to set up another litter box in that corner if properly cleaning up after them does not change their behavior. Like stated before, rabbits are very stubborn, and it may be easier to compromise.

Some rabbits may accidentally eliminate over the side of the litter box. Rabbits typically shuffle back into a corner and lift their tails to urinate, and if the tray is too shallow, the rabbit may miss the edge. To fix this issue, get a tray with higher sides or make your own urine guard. One idea is to use a plastic folder as a urine guard. This may also happen with a litterbox that is too small for your rabbit.<ref>allcreaturesrescue.org [http://blog.allcreaturesrescue.org/2008/06/03/rabbit-litter-box-recommendations/ Rabbit litterbox recommendations]</ref>

=== Digging in the box ===
Rabbits have a natural instinct to dig, and this sometimes results in them digging in the litter box and thus flinging hay, litter, and poop everywhere.

Firstly, you can try to redirect their attention with an appropriate digging box - read more in the [[Toys]] article about how to set up a safe space for this behavior. Also make sure that your rabbit has sufficient space and mentally stimulating favored toys in [[Housing|their cage or pen]], as bored rabbits will like to make messes to entertain themselves.

There are a few options you can try to prevent messes if your rabbit continues to insist on digging out their litter box.

# A gridded litter box with litter underneath the mesh portion prevents the rabbit from digging out the litter, but the rabbit may continue to dig out the hay on top. See the previous section [[Litter_training#Litter_boxes_for_diggers,_long-haired_rabbits,_and_litter_eaters|Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters]] for more tips and resources on setting one up.
# You can place the litter box in a larger cardboard box to contain the mess and make it easier to clean up.

=== Smelly litter box ===
If your litter box '''smells''', that is often a sign that you should be changing your litter box more frequently. A good litter box should not give off any significant ammonia odor.

If you find that you are changing the litter too often, the following tips may be useful:

* <b>Type of litter.</b> Generally, wood-based litters will absorb more odor and urine than paper-based litters. Pelleted litter will also be more efficient than shavings. The [Testing Rabbit Litter Products](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view) comparison slideshow by Lynn Miller can also be useful in deciding on the best litter for your situation.

* <b>Size of litter box.</b> The larger the litter box, the less often you will need to clean it since there will be more litter to soak up urine and its smells.

* <b>Amount of litter.</b> Wood pellets will only need a very thin layer as it is incredibly efficient and will swell as it gets wet. However, if you are using a paper-based litter, you may need to add a thicker layer to extend the use of a litter box safely.

=== Extra resources ===
The following are some additional resources about bad litter box habits.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/behaviour/problem-litter-training.asp Rabbit Behaviour Problem: Bad Litter Box Habits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, Linda Dykes, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/housetrain.htm Help! I can't housetrain my rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/litterbox-training Litterbox Training Your Bunny]
* House Rabbit Network, Kathy Smith, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/the-basics-of-litterbox-training/ The Basics of Litterbox Training]. (2003)
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/for-those-who-want-to-but-cant-2/ Litter Training: for those who want to but can’t]
* House Rabbit Society, Amy Espie, [http://rabbit.org/litterbox-encore/ Litterbox Encore]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php Litterbox Training]
* Precision Pet Products, [http://www.precisionpet.com/RabbitTraining.aspx Rabbit Litter Box Training Guide]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/supplies.pdf Supplies]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/nobodysperfect.pdf Nobody’s Perfect]. (2004)
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-litter-trays.asp Rabbit Litter Training]

Here are some relevant discussions on litter training rabbits.
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600605126649/ BLU Guide: How to litter train]

The following are some relevant videos:
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gP4IaOQsKl4|name=Howcast. (2013). Can Rabbits Be Litter Trained?}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Behavior]]

Litter training

2022-04-03T15:58:28Z

Wick and Fable: /* Changing the litter box */ - added example of one-day use litterbox and cleaning video

{{#seo:
|description=Litter training resources.
|og:image=http://wabbitwiki.com/images/8/8f/Litter-box-example.jpg
}}{{FAQ|[[Litter Training FAQ]]}}
Rabbits are easily litter trained. By nature, many rabbits will choose to relieve themselves in the same place. However, do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.
__TOC__
== Litter boxes ==
[[File:RabbitLitterPanToSmall1A.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a rabbit that has out grown one of the corner litter boxes. Image by [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1200497766641597&set=gm.1040934875986729&type=3&theater SeyraW.]|300px]]
There are a large variety of products and options that are appropriate for use with rabbits.

=== How big should the litter box be? ===
[[File:Underbed Litter Box.jpg|thumb|Two 5 lb rabbits in an underbed storage litter box. To learn how to make this specific litter box, see [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ here.]]]
<b>Rectangular cat litter boxes</b> are a pretty standard choice of litter boxes for rabbit owners. These can easily be found for cheap at places like Walmart, [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fs%3FsearchTerm%3Dcat%2520litter%2520pan Target], and Kmart or online at [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=litter+pan Amazon.com] for around $4-8.

[[File:Litter-box-example.jpg|thumb|A 4.5 lb rabbit in a giant-sized litter box]]
[[File:SmallLitterBox.jpg|thumb|It's always a good idea to use a larger litter box! Image by A.L. Mitchell]]
To decide the minimum '''size''' of cat litter box to get, use the following guide:
* under 5 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00KQIYEJE/wabbi-20 medium] - 16"L x 12"W x 4"H
* under 10 pounds: [https://smile.amazon.com/Petmate-Open-Litter-Mouse-Sizes/dp/B00JOZ444U/wabbi-20 large] - 18.5"L x 15"W x 5"H
* over 10 pounds or bonded pairs: [https://smile.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-High-Sided-Litter-inches/dp/B0087Y5NKS/wabbi-20 extra-large] - 23"L x 18"W x 6.5"H

<div class="note">
Not only is a large litter box more comfortable for your rabbit to use, using a larger litter box than the minimum can also allow you to change the litter box less often as the litter will not be fully used up as quickly.
</div>

If you have <b>multiple rabbits</b> that share a litter box, you will want to give them plenty of room -- the bigger the better! A cheap alternative for a large litter box is an [http://www.amazon.com/Rubbermaid-3Q2800CLR-Hi-Top-Storage-Box/dp/B002HDJBMQ/wabbi-20 underbed storage box] which come in a variety of colors, sizes, and heights. Another idea is to buy a cheap large plastic tote and cut out an entryway in one or more sides. Otherwise, have multiple litter boxes.

You can also use regular appropriately-sized clear storage totes as litter boxes, too, such as [http://goto.target.com/c/126169/81938/2092?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fsterilite-clear-storage-tote-transparent-with-blue-lid-28qt%2F-%2FA-13794483 this 28 qt clear Sterilite tote].

=== Corner litter boxes ===
Many pet stores carry litter boxes that are specially marketed for rabbits. These litter boxes are typically triangular in shape and are meant to be placed in the corner of a cage or enclosure. Some examples can be found [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=corner+litter+box here]. However, these corner litter boxes are typically only suitable for very small young rabbits and breeds unless you look for a large one.

<div class="blue">
Some large corner litter boxes available:

* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Plastic-Scatterless-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger/dp/B000HGB8W6/wabbi-20 Ware Plastic Scatterless Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16"W x 11-1/2"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Ware-Lock-N-Litter-Bigger-Pet-Jumbo/dp/B000HGB8V2/wabbi-20 Ware Lock-N-Litter Bigger Pet Pan, Jumbo] - 16.5"W x 10-1/4"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Super-Pet-Rabbit-Hi-Corner-Litter/dp/B0002ASBBS/wabbi-20 Kaytee Rabbit Large Hi-Corner Litter Pan] - 20"W x 12"D x 9"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/SmartCat-Corner-Litter-Box-Gray/dp/B0018CJZ32/wabbi-20 SmartCat Corner Litter Box] - 18"W x 18"D x 8"H
* [http://www.amazon.com/Natures-Miracle-Advanced-Corner-Litter/dp/B004N1NAMW/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle Advanced High Sided Corner Litter Box] - 26"W x 23"D x 10"H
</div>
<div class="note">
We would suggest removing the grids of the litter boxes that come with a wire floor as rabbits can break their nails and toes if they jump out badly unless it is absolutely necessary for hygiene. Some fluffy lionhead and angora rabbits may benefit with a wire floor to prevent urine staining and litter sticking to their fur, but most other rabbits do not need it.
</div>

=== Metal litter boxes ===
'''Non-plastic''' litter boxes can be a good choice for rabbits that like to chew and eat the edges of their plastic litter boxes.

<div class="blue">
One idea is to check out restaurant steam pans such as the following:

* [https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Steel-Full-Size-Anti-Jamming-Steam/dp/B000UBI330/wabbi-20 Stainless Steel Full-Size Anti-Jamming Steam Table Pan - 4" (22 gauge)] - 21"L x 13"W x 4"H
* [https://www.amazon.com/Winco-SPF6-6-Inch-Pan-Full/dp/B001VZ6XP4/wabbi-20 Winco SPF6 6-Inch Pan, Full] - 21"L x 13"W x 6"H

as well as stainless steel cat litter boxes:

* [https://www.amazon.com/iPrimio-Ultimate-Stainless-Steel-Litter/dp/B075WX7BPD/wabbi-20 iPrimio Ultimate Stainless Steel Cat XL Litter Box] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Yangbaga-Stainless-Litter-Control-Surface/dp/B07CTJVKLJ/wabbi-20 Yangbaga Stainless Steel Litter Box for Cat and Rabbit] - 23.5"L x 15.5"W x 6"H
</div>

=== Low-sided litter boxes ===
If you have a '''disabled, elderly, or young bunny''' that doesn't like to or is unable to hop, try low-sided litter boxes or feeding and potting trays. You can also manually cut down an entry way on one side of a regular litter box.

<div class="blue">
Some other low-sided litter boxes available for purchase:

* Bingaling Bunnybox, [http://www.bingalingstore.com/geriatric-litterbox/ Geriatric Litterbox]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B001IPYM9Q/wabbi-20 Tierra Garden Tidy Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00G7RMCHO/wabbi-20 Dog Litter Pan by PuppyGoHere]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004HSUKME/wabbi-20 Marchioro Kiosk S Feeding Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Argee-RG155-Table-Top-Gardener-Portable/dp/B0013LI4GM/wabbi-20 Argee Table-Top Potting Tray]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Lucky-Champ-LCPM1S-Litter-Pan/dp/B001Q9EHM6/wabbi-20 Lucky Champ Litter Pan]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Indoor-Plastic-Fenced-Training-Toilet/dp/B00IUBISPA/wabbi-20 Z ZTDM Indoor Fenced Training Toilet Pet Potty] [Larger size [http://www.amazon.com/ZTDM-Indoor-Potty-Vertical-Pillar/dp/B00K6173P8/wabbi-20 here]]
</div>

=== Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters ===
For rabbits that like to dig, long-haired rabbits that may get litter stuck to their fur, and rabbits that can't stop eating their rabbit-safe litter, it may be a good idea to invest in a litter box setup that prevents access to the litter with a rabbit-safe mesh or grid.

To make your own '''gridded litter box''', you can use material like [http://www.amazon.com/Plastic-Canvas-14-Count-8-25x11-Pkg-Clear/dp/B00114M18S/wabbi-20 plastic canvas] or [http://www.amazon.com/New-York-Wire-33105-Fiberglass/dp/B000CSIC14/wabbi-20 window screening]. Be careful that the material you use will not rust or corrode due to bunny urine and that you cover or hide all sharp edges. These materials should be placed directly on top of the litter and do not directly support their weight.

<div class="note">
If you decide to use something stiffer and heavy-duty like hardware cloth or egg-crate lighting as the main layer instead, another layer of softer mesh or rubber hole mats linked below should be placed on top for comfort to prevent sore hocks and broken nails and toes from the larger holes.
</div>

<div class="blue">
A few commercially available litter boxes with grids:
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Sifting-Litter-Frame-Kitty-Clean/dp/B01NAR4Y38/wabbi-20 SKEMIX Sifting Cat Pan Litter Box] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/42036-Hammer-Large-Sifting-Litter/dp/B06XNX32K1/wabbi-20 Pet Mate Arm & Hammer Large Sifting Litter Pan] - 19"L x 15"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/CalPalmy-X-Large-Chinchilla-Galesaur-Animals/dp/B085VQ64L3/wabbi-20 CalPalmy Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 17.3"L x 13.4"W
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Hamiledyi-Corner-Bedding-Box-Chinchilla-Toilet-Trainer-Galesaur-Ferret/dp/B08LR8HKWK/wabbi-20 Hamiledyi Large Rabbit Litter Box] - 16.9"L x 13.3"W

Some commercial plastic and mesh mesh mat options:
* BinkyBunny. [https://store.binkybunny.com/collections/supplies/products/litter-box-screen-kit-pre-order-only Litter Box and Screen Kit]
* [https://amazon.com/Pieces-Rabbit-Hamster-Prevent-Disease/dp/B0721QM73D/wabbi-20 RUBYHOME rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Niteangel-Pieces-Rabbit-Playpen-Comes/dp/B074WBR847/wabbi-20 Niteangle rabbit mats] - 13.6"L x 9.8"W
* [https://amazon.com/Bunny-Rabbits-Animals-Resting-Animal/dp/B07GV5J7YY/wabbi-20 Planet Rabbit cage mat (pack of 6)] - 15"L x 10"W

Some DIY gridded litter box setup combinations:
* [http://www.containerstore.com/s/white-stacking-recycling-bin/d?productId=10000537 White Stacking Recycling Bin] from The Container Store with their [http://www.containerstore.com/s/our-basic-stack-basket/d?productId=10006896 Basic Stack Basket]. Example setup by milabuns on Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/p/BLD-a7ngQGo/ here].
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002BDU8EW/wabbi-20 IRIS cat litter box] with [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00091PNTI/wabbi-20 Baker's Secret Non-stick Cooling Rack]. Example from /u/FuzzyBinky on Reddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/Rabbits/comments/56999y/update_on_litter_box_for_digging_or_longhaired/ here].

And some fancier litter box/hay rack setups:
* BunnyRabbitToys, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/121945360/rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box Rabbit Hay Feeder With Litter Box]
* PhillyCreations, [https://www.etsy.com/listing/520472764/large-rabbit-bunny-hay-feeder-and-litter Large - Rabbit Bunny Hay Feeder and Litter Pan Combo]
* AsasWood, [https://asaswood.com/products/bunny-rabbit-hay-feeder-with-litter-box-large Rabbit hay feeder with litter box]
</div>

A few DIY litter box ideas with screens:
* Bunny Wonderland. (2016). [https://www.facebook.com/BunnyWonderlandSg/photos/a.383549241828536/571123449737780/ BW Litterbox]
* Haley. (2007). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/litter-box-w-grate-idea.23899/ Litter Box w/Grate Idea]
* Runestonez. (2010). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/the-stormhaven-litter-system-step-by-step-instructions.48510/ The Stormhaven Litter System-Step by Step Instructions] <span class="bad">''NOTE: Please add another softer layer on top of the egg crate for comfort.''</span>
* Coding with Bunnies. (2013). [http://codeofalice.com/bunnies/diy-litter-box-setups/ DIY Litter Box Setups]

=== Covered litter boxes ===
In general, we would not recommend covered litter boxes for rabbits as they reduce air circulation and can make it easy to overlook regular cleaning. Build-up of ammonia can cause [[snuffles|respiratory issues]] over time, so it is important to be on top of litter box cleaning if you decide to use a covered litter box for appearance or other reasons.

If you have issues with rabbits kicking out litter or feces or eating outside of their litter box, usually a high-sided litter box can solve most of these issues.

=== Extra resources ===
* Bunny Approved. (2014). [http://bunnyapproved.com/litter-box-set-up-for-rabbits-what-are-the-choices/ Litter Box Set-Ups]
* BinkyBunny. (2012). [http://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/119865/Default.aspx Litter Box & Hay Rack References]

== Appropriate litter substrate ==
It is important to choose a rabbit-safe material to use in the litter box.
[[File:TestingRabbitLitterProducts.png|thumb|right|300px|Lynn Miller's detailed report of 10 different types of rabbit safe litter products. Everything from wood stove pellets to popular recycled paper products. Things tested were absorbency, order control, and daily use. Includes final grades along with a final thoughts section: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view Testing Rabbit Litter Products.]]]
[[File:AccioInternets harry claiming litter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rabbit claiming a mountain of Carefresh litter.]]

'''Rabbit-safe litters''' include the following:
* paper substrates (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=carefresh Carefresh], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=yesterdays+news Yesterday's News], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=eco+bedding Eco Bedding], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cell-Sorb+Plus Cell-Sorb Plus], shredded newspaper and phone book pages)
* sawdust-compressed pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Feline+Pine Feline Pine], wood stove pellets, pelleted horse bedding)
* straw pellets (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Cat+Country+litter Cat Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Critter+Country Critter Country], [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=wabbi-20?url=search-alias%3Dpets&field-keywords=Oxbow+Eco-Straw Oxbow Eco-Straw])
* hardwood chips (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kaytee-Aspen-Bedding-Cubic-Foot/dp/B0002DK8PW/wabbi-20 aspen])
* coconut husks (e.g. [http://www.amazon.com/Kittys-Crumble-Natural-Coconut-Litter/dp/B003BLP0MS/wabbi-20 Kitty's Crumble])

<div class="bad">
The following litters are '''not recommended''' for use with rabbits:
* untreated softwood chips (i.e. pine and cedar)
* clay and clumping cat litters
* corn or wheat based litters
* CatWorks litter (manufactured by Absorption Corporation) linked to zinc poisoning, by Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.drexotic.com Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital]<ref name="zinc1">Zooh Corner Rabbit Rescue, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/zinc-poisoning/ Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref>

Untreated softwood chips can cause liver  problems,<ref name="hrsliver">House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/litterboxes-and-liver-disease-2/ Litterboxes and Liver Disease]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society, George Flentke, Ph.D., [http://rabbit.org/the-dangers-of-softwood-shavings/ The Dangers of Softwood Shavings]</ref> and the latter two types can cause severe problems when eaten, such as blockages and digestive problems.<ref>Zooh Corner, Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterzinc.htm Zinc Poisoning Linked to Litter]</ref><ref>Zooh Corner, [http://www.mybunny.org/info/litterliver.htm Litter Boxes, Liver Disease and Your Rabbit]</ref>

A few sad stories about owners using inappropriate litters with rabbits:
* East Coast Rabbit Rescue. (2019). [https://www.facebook.com/eastrabbitrescue/posts/2812610322157038 Rabbit forced to share a litter box with two cats] {{RIP}}
</div>

Heat-treated and kiln-dried pine chips or compressed pine pellets are safe for rabbits because the treatment and manufacturing process removes the dangerous aromatic oils,<ref>Corinne Fayo, [http://buckysbunnies.tripod.com/Pine.html/ The Truth About Pine Shavings]</ref><ref>Raising-Rabbits.com, [http://www.raising-rabbits.com/rabbit-litter.html Rabbit Litter]</ref><ref>House Rabbit Society. (n.d.) Litter Training. Retrieved 29 Sep 2016 from http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/</ref> but it may be dustier compared to hardwood chips.

Make sure that your bunny is not ingesting too much of the litter substrate regardless of type. If you see them doing so, you may wish to invest in a [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B075QFPB5C/ gridded litter box] or make your own mesh cover for the litter. In the case of a grided litter box, using clay and clumping cat litters and corn or wheat based litters is safe because the rabbit will be unable to ingest the litter, since it is below the mesh/grid. However, do continue to stay away from untreated softwood chips as litter because it is the aromatic oils that are potentially dangerous, not the consumption.

A useful guide from the House Rabbit Society to print out when shopping for litter brands can be found [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf here]. See [[Costs of rabbit ownership#Litter costs]] for a comparison of prices of litter.

Some resources on making your own litter:

* Hamster Hideout. (2014). [http://hamsterhideout.com/forum/topic/86596-making-your-own-bedding-from-recycled-paper/ Making your own Bedding from Recycled Paper]

== Preparing your litter box ==
A basic litter box should consist first of a layer of your chosen litter substrate and then a layer of [[hay]] to encourage your rabbit to eat in it. It may sound unsanitary, but rabbits tend to eat and poop and pee at the same time and place. As a result, keeping their food in or near a litter box will help encourage proper litter habits. If you are worried about your rabbit getting sick from trying to eat soiled hay, rabbits will not consume the urine-soaked hay and will dig and eat around it.

While you are litter training, you may also wish to place some of the bunny's poops and urine-soaked paper or hay in a fresh litter box to let them know that the litter box is an acceptable place to potty.

=== How much litter should I put inside? ===
A thin layer of around an inch of most types of litter substrates is sufficient if you change the litter box every day or every other day. If you wish to change the litter box less, put a layer of around 3-4 inches of litter substrate - your will probably be okay for at least 3 days depending on substrate type, but this will depend on the litter habits of your rabbits and how many rabbits are using the single litter box.

The main reason to '''change a litter box''' is due to the odor or lack of litter substrate left to absorb urine. Urine is the main cause of rabbit odor and is used as the main method by rabbits to mark territory. Your rabbit will probably produce mountains of poop but it is not as big of an issue for sanitation as soaked litter.

If your rabbit seems to not use their litter box after a while, it may be because it is '''too dirty'''. Rabbits are meticulous creatures, as you can tell from their grooming habits, and some rabbits will not use dirty litter boxes. Additionally, if urine is in contact with the rabbit's paws too long, it will stain and may even [[urine scald|burn their feet]]. As a result, please make an effort to change your rabbit's litter box regularly.

<div class="note">
For bunny owners that use wood pellet litters, you can make the pellets go much further by pre-expanding the pellets with water before use in a litter box. The absorption efficiency is the same, and you can use even less litter for the same effectiveness!
<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=Bookman_expanded_pellets.jpeg|caption=A bowl of expanded wooden pellet litter, made from 600cc of pellets and enough to fill an entire large litterbox. See u/bookman796's full image album [https://imgur.com/a/KyUjs here] for instructions.}}
{{post-image|file=Sneakydragon_woodpellet_litterbox.png|caption=A new litter box with pre-expanded wood pellet litter, enough for a week of regular bunny use. See u/sneaky_dragon's full image album of used litter box [https://imgur.com/a/gYD05yE here.]}}
</div>
</div>

=== How can I reduce hay waste? ===
Some may be concerned at the waste of hay by placing it in the litter box. The waste can be usually be reduced by instead placing a [[Hay#Dispensing Hay|hay rack]] near the litter box so that the rabbit can sit in the box and eat. It is less of a concern if you have bought a [[Hay#By the Bale| bale of hay]] for your rabbit. <b>However, please note that some rabbits may enjoy pulling out all the hay from the hay racks anyways before consuming any, which would defeat the purpose of the purchase.</b>

Ultimately, it is a good idea to combine the location of the hay feeding and bathroom to encourage proper litter training, and important not to be too stingy with hay wastage. Hay is a very important part of their [[diet]], and inadequate consumption can lead to more serious health problems and expensive vet bills that end up more costly than buying some extra hay.

=== Should I use litter box liners? ===
In general, we do not recommend using plastic litter box liners as they are environmentally wasteful and dangerous if the rabbit decides to chew on them. Some owners may also use pee pads similarly, and the same warnings apply.

If you would like an environmentally friendly and compostable option, using newspaper or magazine pages (only if the rabbit doesn't dig and chew at them) is safe to help make cleaning the bottom easier.

=== Extra resources ===
Some more links to read for more information on setting up a litter box have been listed below.
* San Diego House Rabbit Society. [https://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php#setup Setting Up Bunny's Litterbox]

== Changing the litter box ==
Typically, the entire litter box is dumped and refreshed when it is time to change the litter.

If you are more proactive, you can go through and scoop out only the wet litter and replace that section. A [http://www.rabbit.org/care/Your_Rabbit's_Litterbox.pdf gridded litter box] can allow you to recoup the most hay and make it easier to pick out the poop and scoop out wet litter.

<div class="inline-image-block">
{{post-image|file=example_litterbox_used.jpg|caption=Example of a heavily-used litter box for an adult rabbit after one day.|width=x200}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/ykrcW2QywWg||center|C T. (2022). Litter Box Cleaning with Screen|frame}}
</div>

If provided with appropriately sized and number of litter boxes, owners should not need to change litter boxes more than once a day. Most rabbit owners change the litter box once every 2 to 4 days, depending on their set-up, standards, and their rabbits inclinations. Be careful about changing the litter box too often. The rabbit can get the impression that they are not supposed to use the box if they never find their scent there. Note that the need to change the litter box should be distinct from refreshing and refilling hay. If you see that your rabbit's litter box is low on hay, do not wait until you change the litter box to refill it.

<div class="box">
Use <b>vinegar</b> (cheap white grocery store vinegar is sufficient) to wipe down the litter box to dissolve any deposits that rabbit urine leaves. You can dilute this down to 1:1 water:vinegar or use straight full concentration vinegar. Leave it to soak for a while for especially stubborn white stains - you may also need to assist with some manual scrubbing.

This mixture is also useful to help clean surfaces that your bunny has marked. The vinegar will break down the scent to reduce urges to re-mark.
</div>

For owners that live in an apartment or would like to do it indoors, the easiest and tidiest method is to put the entire litter box in a trash bag and then shake it hard to dump out all the litter. Follow up with a quick wipe with a wet paper towel soaked in vinegar. You may also choose to rinse the box in the bathtub, but be careful about cleaning out all the solids in the litter box first or they may clog your drain.

For owners with a yard, you can usually dump the entire litter box contents into a compost pile if you don't use plastic liners, and hose down or power wash the box on the lawn to clean off the rest.

== Training methods ==
As a note to begin with, before we go into training methods, '''[[Spaying and Neutering| spaying or neutering]]''' your rabbit will go a long way towards consistent litter habits. As Dana Krempels, Ph.D., states,<ref>Dana Krempels, Ph.D., [http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/training.html Training Your Rabbit: Reality 101]</ref> <blockquote>The most important thing to remember is that your rabbit is very unlikely to retain reliable litterbox habits upon reaching sexual maturity unless she is spayed/he is neutered. Sex hormones give a rabbit an uncontrollable desire to mark the territory with urine and specially scented fecal pellets. Spay/neuter will eliminate/greatly reduce this drive, as well as eliminate the risk of uterine/ovarian cancer and unwanted pregnancy in females. And let's not forget the huge relief from endless sexual frustration that spayed/neutered animals enjoy.</blockquote>

Once you have set up a proper litter box, place it in area where the bunny can be '''comfortably confined''' for a couple of days except when let out for [[exercise]] and play. You may place it in any corner of the housing enclosure but be warned that you may need to move it if the bunny decides to pick their own potty corner. Rabbits are rather stubborn, and it tends to be easier to go along with their choice rather than try to adjust them. Reward the rabbit with more and more free space when they pee and poop in the litter box consistently.

[[File:Baobao peeing.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbit peeing position]]
It is expected that the bunny will have poor litter habits the first few days, but '''clean up''' any messes not in the litter box with a mixture of 1:1 vinegar:water or a pet-friendly enzymatic cleaner like [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008437W/wabbi-20 Nature's Miracle] to rid of the scent and discourage the urge to re-mark. '''Plain soap and water are not sufficient to clean out all traces of urine scent.''' If you catch the rabbit peeing or pooping outside, try to interrupt them and move the rabbit in the litter box. Reward with [[treat|treats]] whenever you see the rabbit going in the right spot. You may also place some pee-stained papers and poop pellets in the litter box to let them know that it's an acceptable place to potty.

The '''hay''' in or over the litter box should encourage proper litter habits since, disgusting as it may seem to humans, a rabbit will often happily munch on one end and potty from the other at the same time. You can reinforce the behavior by rewarding the rabbit with a healthy [[treats|treat]] when you see them sitting in the litter box.

'''Do not''' get too frustrated with the rabbit if they do not seem to be getting the point. Remember, rabbits do not respond well to physical discipline. They are easily frightened and hurt. Some bunnies may take a while to learn but generally should get better in a week or two. A rabbit at any age can learn proper potty habits given enough time and motivation.

If there are particular problem areas that you can't seem to get your rabbit to stop urinating in, you may need to add another litter box there, cover it with a slick material like a marble tile to make it unattractive for urination, or even remove the problematic surface or block off the area completely.

== Common problems ==
While many times rabbits will litter train themselves easily, other times rabbits will refuse to properly litter train for a variety of reasons.

=== Eliminating outside of the box ===
Do note that realistic litter training is that a rabbit will pee consistently in their litter box(es) and nowhere else. It is very common for rabbits to poop in small amounts in their housing enclosure outside of the litter box for territorial reasons. Also, sometimes poop may be kicked out when the rabbit jumps from their litter box. This should not be a large problem because rabbit poop does not smell and is easy to pick up, sweep, or vacuum if your rabbit is healthy.

Although rabbits are typically easy to litter train, some rabbits may display problem behavior, such as relieving themselves outside of the litter box and peeing on beds and couches. The cause for this varies, but in many cases can be solved by [[spaying or neutering]] an intact rabbit.<ref>House Rabbit Society, [http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/litter.html FAQ: Litter Training]</ref><ref>Wikihow.com, [http://www.wikihow.com/Litter-Train-a-Rabbit How to Litter Train a Rabbit]</ref> If your rabbit is altered, angry bunnies may intentionally pee to show their displeasure.<ref>The Language of Lagomorphs, [http://language.rabbitspeak.com/r-e-s-p-e-c-t-is-what-my-bun-demands-of-me/ Offended Rabbits]</ref> The [[Litter_Training_FAQ#My_bunny_pees_.28in_some_location.29._How_do_I_make_it_stop.3F|Litter Training FAQ]] also has more ideas on how to specifically teach your rabbit from peeing in a certain area.

Some rabbits like to lounge in their litter boxes and consequently will not use them to poop and pee in. In this instance, try offering other sleeping locations like a cardboard box or a pet bed or provide another litter box that they can properly use to not soil their sleeping location.

If your rabbit has already been fixed, environmental changes, stress, and medical problems can also cause poor litter habits. The introduction of a new pet (bunny, cat, dog, or other) will cause your bun to feel territorial and poop everywhere. The same may occur if you move around furniture too much or move to a new place. However, as the rabbit gets used to the new environment, their litter habits should return to normal. If no stressful or environmental factors can be detected, your bun may have a [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI) or another condition that is causing a weak bladder. In this case, please take your rabbit to your rabbit-savvy [[veterinarian]] to be properly diagnosed and medicated if necessary.

If the rabbit reliably uses their litter box in their area yet consistently potties in another corner when let free to exercise and play, you may wish to set up another litter box in that corner if properly cleaning up after them does not change their behavior. Like stated before, rabbits are very stubborn, and it may be easier to compromise.

Some rabbits may accidentally eliminate over the side of the litter box. Rabbits typically shuffle back into a corner and lift their tails to urinate, and if the tray is too shallow, the rabbit may miss the edge. To fix this issue, get a tray with higher sides or make your own urine guard. One idea is to use a plastic folder as a urine guard. This may also happen with a litterbox that is too small for your rabbit.<ref>allcreaturesrescue.org [http://blog.allcreaturesrescue.org/2008/06/03/rabbit-litter-box-recommendations/ Rabbit litterbox recommendations]</ref>

=== Digging in the box ===
Rabbits have a natural instinct to dig, and this sometimes results in them digging in the litter box and thus flinging hay, litter, and poop everywhere.

Firstly, you can try to redirect their attention with an appropriate digging box - read more in the [[Toys]] article about how to set up a safe space for this behavior. Also make sure that your rabbit has sufficient space and mentally stimulating favored toys in [[Housing|their cage or pen]], as bored rabbits will like to make messes to entertain themselves.

There are a few options you can try to prevent messes if your rabbit continues to insist on digging out their litter box.

# A gridded litter box with litter underneath the mesh portion prevents the rabbit from digging out the litter, but the rabbit may continue to dig out the hay on top. See the previous section [[Litter_training#Litter_boxes_for_diggers,_long-haired_rabbits,_and_litter_eaters|Litter boxes for diggers, long-haired rabbits, and litter eaters]] for more tips and resources on setting one up.
# You can place the litter box in a larger cardboard box to contain the mess and make it easier to clean up.

=== Smelly litter box ===
If your litter box '''smells''', that is often a sign that you should be changing your litter box more frequently. A good litter box should not give off any significant ammonia odor.

If you find that you are changing the litter too often, the following tips may be useful:

* <b>Type of litter.</b> Generally, wood-based litters will absorb more odor and urine than paper-based litters. Pelleted litter will also be more efficient than shavings. The [Testing Rabbit Litter Products](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-RezK9efZOgH7Nz0iwh2ByhRZKLGGNo/view) comparison slideshow by Lynn Miller can also be useful in deciding on the best litter for your situation.

* <b>Size of litter box.</b> The larger the litter box, the less often you will need to clean it since there will be more litter to soak up urine and its smells.

* <b>Amount of litter.</b> Wood pellets will only need a very thin layer as it is incredibly efficient and will swell as it gets wet. However, if you are using a paper-based litter, you may need to add a thicker layer to extend the use of a litter box safely.

=== Extra resources ===
The following are some additional resources about bad litter box habits.
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/behaviour/problem-litter-training.asp Rabbit Behaviour Problem: Bad Litter Box Habits]
* Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund, Linda Dykes, [http://www.rabbitwelfare.co.uk/resources/content/info-sheets/housetrain.htm Help! I can't housetrain my rabbit]. Updated Feb 2002.

== Further reading ==
* SaveABunny.org, [http://saveabunny.org/rabbitcare/litterbox-training Litterbox Training Your Bunny]
* House Rabbit Network, Kathy Smith, [http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/education-resources/articles/rabbit-care-articles/the-basics-of-litterbox-training/ The Basics of Litterbox Training]. (2003)
* House Rabbit Society, [http://rabbit.org/faq-litter-training-2/ Litter Training]
* House Rabbit Society, Marinell Harriman, [http://rabbit.org/for-those-who-want-to-but-cant-2/ Litter Training: for those who want to but can’t]
* House Rabbit Society, Amy Espie, [http://rabbit.org/litterbox-encore/ Litterbox Encore]
* San Diego House Rabbit Society, [http://www.sandiegorabbits.org/lb.php Litterbox Training]
* Precision Pet Products, [http://www.precisionpet.com/RabbitTraining.aspx Rabbit Litter Box Training Guide]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/supplies.pdf Supplies]
* Kathy Smith, [http://www.lagomorphs.com/nobodysperfect.pdf Nobody’s Perfect]. (2004)
* The Rabbit House, [http://www.therabbithouse.com/equipment/rabbit-litter-trays.asp Rabbit Litter Training]

Here are some relevant discussions on litter training rabbits.
* Flickr, Bunny Lovers Unite, [http://www.flickr.com/groups/bunnyloversunite/discuss/72157600605126649/ BLU Guide: How to litter train]

The following are some relevant videos:
<div class="inline-video-block">
{{youtube|id=gP4IaOQsKl4|name=Howcast. (2013). Can Rabbits Be Litter Trained?}}
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Care]]
[[Category:Behavior]]

File:Example litterbox used.jpg

2022-04-03T15:48:47Z

Wick and Fable:

Training FAQ

2022-04-03T15:25:18Z

Wick and Fable: /* How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? */

{{Main|[[Training a rabbit]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items? ==
Have the toys and the unacceptable items next to each other and watch your rabbit. If the rabbit goes for the bad object, clap or make some other sort of loud noise to make the bunny stop, and immediately redirect them towards the acceptable toy. If the rabbit chews the proper toys, feed them a treat.

Set the rabbit up so that they will have a clear boundary of what is okay for them to destroy and what is not. Make the acceptable option extra tempting and rewarding to encourage them to choose the correct and good option rather than deal with something that results in startling noises.

<div class="note">
However, please note that you cannot teach a rabbit to 100% consistently not chew an object that is possibly within their reach. If you have cables or other furniture that you do not want possibly destroyed, keep them completely inaccessible with proper [[bunny-proofing]], and do not rely solely on the behavioral training above.
</div>

== My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? ==
Make sure you don't give him any attention when he rattles the bar or else it will be a self-reinforcing behavior. It is also important to break this behavior as chewing on cage bars can cause incisor [[malocclusion]] in rabbits, which can be an expensive problem to treat.<ref>Oglesbee, B. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Blackwells-Five-Minute-Veterinary-Consult-Mammal/dp/0813820189 ''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:440</sup>
[[File:Wick-pen-cover.png|thumb|right|Exercise pen bars covered with a sheet to prevent agitation and bar chewing.|200px]]
Some reasons for cage-bar chewing:

* Not large enough [[housing]] enclosure.
* Not enough [[exercise]].
* Frustration at the inability to go past the bars.
* Boredom.

Try changing up his environment in the cage regularly to make him more curious about his surroundings and cover the sections of the pen that he's rattling with cardboard. You can also try blocking their view and covering the cage bars with a bedsheet or object from the outside. Enriching their environment with shelter to hide in and a raised area to hop on and use as a lookout or resting place can also help decrease bar-gnawing.<ref>Hansen, LT et al. (1999). The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc13/20d2d0555a6a9e481deb676b5ea4fa0f4ab5.pdf</ref> Ensuring there is fresh hay at all times will also help with decreasing their stress.<ref>Berthelsen, H et al. (1999). The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233557132_The_Effect_of_Hay_on_the_Behaviour_of_Caged_Rabbits_Oryctolagus_Cuniculus</ref>

If you feed your rabbit [[pellets]], scatter them everywhere so your bunny will take longer to find and eat them all. Research has also shown that feeding supplementary pellets in the afternoon rather than the morning can help prevent the behavior.<ref>Krohn, TC et al. (1998). The effects of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://lan.sagepub.com/content/33/2/101.full.pdf</ref>

As usual, be sure to provide plenty of acceptable chew toys, and swap those out regularly as well to make it interesting. Ideas for various toys to entertain your rabbit can be found in [[Toys]].

<div class="inline-video-block">{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/IvLtPgMT9BM||center|C T. (2022). Cage Chewing Deterrent|frame}}</div>

== How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? ==
Generally, their [[pellets]] and [[veggies]] for bedtime make a great bribe to make rabbits run home on their own. Try saving a portion and making a distinctive sound or call their names to have them learn to run home to get these tasty foods.

If your rabbit cannot jump in their pen or cage on their own due to location, we would highly suggest modifying it so that you do not need to handle them to move them in and out of the [[housing]].

<div class="inline-video-block">{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJcvi7o4YXA||center|Howcast. (2013). How to Get a Rabbit Back in Its Cage|frame}}</div>

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Training FAQ

2022-04-03T15:24:46Z

Wick and Fable: /* My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? */

{{Main|[[Training a rabbit]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items? ==
Have the toys and the unacceptable items next to each other and watch your rabbit. If the rabbit goes for the bad object, clap or make some other sort of loud noise to make the bunny stop, and immediately redirect them towards the acceptable toy. If the rabbit chews the proper toys, feed them a treat.

Set the rabbit up so that they will have a clear boundary of what is okay for them to destroy and what is not. Make the acceptable option extra tempting and rewarding to encourage them to choose the correct and good option rather than deal with something that results in startling noises.

<div class="note">
However, please note that you cannot teach a rabbit to 100% consistently not chew an object that is possibly within their reach. If you have cables or other furniture that you do not want possibly destroyed, keep them completely inaccessible with proper [[bunny-proofing]], and do not rely solely on the behavioral training above.
</div>

== My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? ==
Make sure you don't give him any attention when he rattles the bar or else it will be a self-reinforcing behavior. It is also important to break this behavior as chewing on cage bars can cause incisor [[malocclusion]] in rabbits, which can be an expensive problem to treat.<ref>Oglesbee, B. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Blackwells-Five-Minute-Veterinary-Consult-Mammal/dp/0813820189 ''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:440</sup>
[[File:Wick-pen-cover.png|thumb|right|Exercise pen bars covered with a sheet to prevent agitation and bar chewing.|200px]]
Some reasons for cage-bar chewing:

* Not large enough [[housing]] enclosure.
* Not enough [[exercise]].
* Frustration at the inability to go past the bars.
* Boredom.

Try changing up his environment in the cage regularly to make him more curious about his surroundings and cover the sections of the pen that he's rattling with cardboard. You can also try blocking their view and covering the cage bars with a bedsheet or object from the outside. Enriching their environment with shelter to hide in and a raised area to hop on and use as a lookout or resting place can also help decrease bar-gnawing.<ref>Hansen, LT et al. (1999). The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc13/20d2d0555a6a9e481deb676b5ea4fa0f4ab5.pdf</ref> Ensuring there is fresh hay at all times will also help with decreasing their stress.<ref>Berthelsen, H et al. (1999). The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233557132_The_Effect_of_Hay_on_the_Behaviour_of_Caged_Rabbits_Oryctolagus_Cuniculus</ref>

If you feed your rabbit [[pellets]], scatter them everywhere so your bunny will take longer to find and eat them all. Research has also shown that feeding supplementary pellets in the afternoon rather than the morning can help prevent the behavior.<ref>Krohn, TC et al. (1998). The effects of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://lan.sagepub.com/content/33/2/101.full.pdf</ref>

As usual, be sure to provide plenty of acceptable chew toys, and swap those out regularly as well to make it interesting. Ideas for various toys to entertain your rabbit can be found in [[Toys]].

<div class="inline-video-block">{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/IvLtPgMT9BM||center|C T. (2022). Cage Chewing Deterrent|frame}}</div>

== How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? ==
Generally, their [[pellets]] and [[veggies]] for bedtime make a great bribe to make rabbits run home on their own. Try saving a portion and making a distinctive sound or call their names to have them learn to run home to get these tasty foods.

If your rabbit cannot jump in their pen or cage on their own due to location, we would highly suggest modifying it so that you do not need to handle them to move them in and out of the [[housing]].

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJcvi7o4YXA||center|Howcast. (2013). How to Get a Rabbit Back in Its Cage|frame}}

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Training FAQ

2022-04-03T15:24:03Z

Wick and Fable: /* My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? */ - centered video

{{Main|[[Training a rabbit]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items? ==
Have the toys and the unacceptable items next to each other and watch your rabbit. If the rabbit goes for the bad object, clap or make some other sort of loud noise to make the bunny stop, and immediately redirect them towards the acceptable toy. If the rabbit chews the proper toys, feed them a treat.

Set the rabbit up so that they will have a clear boundary of what is okay for them to destroy and what is not. Make the acceptable option extra tempting and rewarding to encourage them to choose the correct and good option rather than deal with something that results in startling noises.

<div class="note">
However, please note that you cannot teach a rabbit to 100% consistently not chew an object that is possibly within their reach. If you have cables or other furniture that you do not want possibly destroyed, keep them completely inaccessible with proper [[bunny-proofing]], and do not rely solely on the behavioral training above.
</div>

== My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? ==
Make sure you don't give him any attention when he rattles the bar or else it will be a self-reinforcing behavior. It is also important to break this behavior as chewing on cage bars can cause incisor [[malocclusion]] in rabbits, which can be an expensive problem to treat.<ref>Oglesbee, B. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Blackwells-Five-Minute-Veterinary-Consult-Mammal/dp/0813820189 ''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:440</sup>
[[File:Wick-pen-cover.png|thumb|right|Exercise pen bars covered with a sheet to prevent agitation and bar chewing.|200px]]
Some reasons for cage-bar chewing:

* Not large enough [[housing]] enclosure.
* Not enough [[exercise]].
* Frustration at the inability to go past the bars.
* Boredom.

Try changing up his environment in the cage regularly to make him more curious about his surroundings and cover the sections of the pen that he's rattling with cardboard. You can also try blocking their view and covering the cage bars with a bedsheet or object from the outside. Enriching their environment with shelter to hide in and a raised area to hop on and use as a lookout or resting place can also help decrease bar-gnawing.<ref>Hansen, LT et al. (1999). The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc13/20d2d0555a6a9e481deb676b5ea4fa0f4ab5.pdf</ref> Ensuring there is fresh hay at all times will also help with decreasing their stress.<ref>Berthelsen, H et al. (1999). The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233557132_The_Effect_of_Hay_on_the_Behaviour_of_Caged_Rabbits_Oryctolagus_Cuniculus</ref>

If you feed your rabbit [[pellets]], scatter them everywhere so your bunny will take longer to find and eat them all. Research has also shown that feeding supplementary pellets in the afternoon rather than the morning can help prevent the behavior.<ref>Krohn, TC et al. (1998). The effects of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://lan.sagepub.com/content/33/2/101.full.pdf</ref>

As usual, be sure to provide plenty of acceptable chew toys, and swap those out regularly as well to make it interesting. Ideas for various toys to entertain your rabbit can be found in [[Toys]].

<div class="inline-video-block">{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/IvLtPgMT9BM||center|C T. (2022). Cage Chewing Deterrent|frame}}<div>

== How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? ==
Generally, their [[pellets]] and [[veggies]] for bedtime make a great bribe to make rabbits run home on their own. Try saving a portion and making a distinctive sound or call their names to have them learn to run home to get these tasty foods.

If your rabbit cannot jump in their pen or cage on their own due to location, we would highly suggest modifying it so that you do not need to handle them to move them in and out of the [[housing]].

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJcvi7o4YXA||center|Howcast. (2013). How to Get a Rabbit Back in Its Cage|frame}}

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Training FAQ

2022-01-06T02:55:32Z

Wick and Fable: /* My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? */ - added video of bed-sheet technique

{{Main|[[Training a rabbit]]}}
__TOC__
== How do I encourage a rabbit to chew on toys and not unacceptable items? ==
Have the toys and the unacceptable items next to each other and watch your rabbit. If the rabbit goes for the bad object, clap or make some other sort of loud noise to make the bunny stop, and immediately redirect them towards the acceptable toy. If the rabbit chews the proper toys, feed them a treat.

Set the rabbit up so that they will have a clear boundary of what is okay for them to destroy and what is not. Make the acceptable option extra tempting and rewarding to encourage them to choose the correct and good option rather than deal with something that results in startling noises.

<div class="note">
However, please note that you cannot teach a rabbit to 100% consistently not chew an object that is possibly within their reach. If you have cables or other furniture that you do not want possibly destroyed, keep them completely inaccessible with proper [[bunny-proofing]], and do not rely solely on the behavioral training above.
</div>

== My rabbit keeps me up by consistently chewing his cage bars. How do I make him stop? ==
Make sure you don't give him any attention when he rattles the bar or else it will be a self-reinforcing behavior. It is also important to break this behavior as chewing on cage bars can cause incisor [[malocclusion]] in rabbits, which can be an expensive problem to treat.<ref>Oglesbee, B. (2011). [http://www.amazon.com/Blackwells-Five-Minute-Veterinary-Consult-Mammal/dp/0813820189 ''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal''. (2nd ed.).]</ref><sup>:440</sup>
[[File:Wick-pen-cover.png|thumb|right|Exercise pen bars covered with a sheet to prevent agitation and bar chewing.|200px]]
Some reasons for cage-bar chewing:

* Not large enough [[housing]] enclosure.
* Not enough [[exercise]].
* Frustration at the inability to go past the bars.
* Boredom.

Try changing up his environment in the cage regularly to make him more curious about his surroundings and cover the sections of the pen that he's rattling with cardboard. You can also try blocking their view and covering the cage bars with a bedsheet or object from the outside. Enriching their environment with shelter to hide in and a raised area to hop on and use as a lookout or resting place can also help decrease bar-gnawing.<ref>Hansen, LT et al. (1999). The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc13/20d2d0555a6a9e481deb676b5ea4fa0f4ab5.pdf</ref> Ensuring there is fresh hay at all times will also help with decreasing their stress.<ref>Berthelsen, H et al. (1999). The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233557132_The_Effect_of_Hay_on_the_Behaviour_of_Caged_Rabbits_Oryctolagus_Cuniculus</ref>

If you feed your rabbit [[pellets]], scatter them everywhere so your bunny will take longer to find and eat them all. Research has also shown that feeding supplementary pellets in the afternoon rather than the morning can help prevent the behavior.<ref>Krohn, TC et al. (1998). The effects of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://lan.sagepub.com/content/33/2/101.full.pdf</ref>

As usual, be sure to provide plenty of acceptable chew toys, and swap those out regularly as well to make it interesting. Ideas for various toys to entertain your rabbit can be found in [[Toys]].

{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/IvLtPgMT9BM||center|C T. (2022). Cage Chewing Deterrent|frame}}

== How can I get my rabbit to voluntarily run back to their cage? ==
Generally, their [[pellets]] and [[veggies]] for bedtime make a great bribe to make rabbits run home on their own. Try saving a portion and making a distinctive sound or call their names to have them learn to run home to get these tasty foods.

If your rabbit cannot jump in their pen or cage on their own due to location, we would highly suggest modifying it so that you do not need to handle them to move them in and out of the [[housing]].

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJcvi7o4YXA||center|Howcast. (2013). How to Get a Rabbit Back in Its Cage|frame}}

== See also ==
* [[Behavior FAQ]]
* [[Bonding FAQ]]
* [[Handling FAQ]]
* [[Litter Training FAQ]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Behavior]]
[[Category:FAQs]]

Virginia

2021-10-20T22:34:33Z

Wick and Fable: /* Rabbit veterinarians */ - updated veterinarians who see rabbits at SEAVS; added reference to their veterinarian page; updated FOR reference link

__TOC__
The following sections provide information about various rabbit-related resources in the state of Virginia in the United States.

== Rabbit rescues and shelters ==
See [[Adoption Listings]] for additional resources.

=== Carroll County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://smokeysbunnyhaven.com/ Smokey's Bunny Haven] || || Galax, VA || || EIN: 45-5252182
|}

=== City of Chesapeake ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.varabbit.com/index.html Virginia Rabbit Inc.] || || Chesapeake, VA || || Adoption Fee: $50<ref>Virginia Rabbit Inc., [http://www.varabbit.com/adoptcont.html Virginia Rabbit Adoption contract]</ref>
|}

=== City of Norfolk ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.norfolk.gov/nacc Norfolk Animal Care Center] || 5585 Sabre Road || Norfolk, VA 23502 || 757-441-5505 || Adoption Fee: $60<ref>Norfolk Animal Care Center, [http://www.norfolk.gov/index.aspx?nid=1268 Fees]</ref>
|}

=== City of Suffolk ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.suffolkva.us/anml_ctrl/ Suffolk Animal Control Bureau] || 124 Forest Glen Drive || Suffolk, VA 23434 || 757-514-7855 || Adoption Fee: $25
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.bunnylu.org/ Bunny Lu Adoptions, Inc.] || || Haymarket, VA 20168 || || EIN: 54-1987377
|}

=== Fairfax County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.friendsofrabbits.org/ Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary] || || Alexandria, VA 22313 || 703-627-7892 || EIN: 54-1889732
Adoption fees:<ref>Petfinder, [http://awos.petfinder.com/shelters/VA158.html Friends of Rabbits]</ref><br>* $65 for a single rabbit<br>* $110 for a pair
|-
| [http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/animalshelter/ Fairfax County Animal Shelter] || 4500 West Ox Rd || Fairfax, VA 22030 || || Adoption fee: $15<ref>Fairfax County Animal Shelter. (n.d.). Animal Shelter - Adopt. Retrieved 7 April 2016 from http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/animalshelter/adopt.htm</ref>
|}

=== Gloucester County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.gmhumanesociety.org/ Gloucester-Mathews Humane Society] || 6620 Jackson Lane || Gloucester, VA 23061 || 804-693-5520 ||
|}

== Rabbit veterinarians ==
See [[Choosing a rabbit veterinarian]] for more information on how to find the right rabbit-savvy veterinarian for you.

=== Augusta County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://cedarcrestvet.net/ Cedarcrest Animal Clinic] || 121 Ladd Road || Fishersville, VA 22939 || 540-943-7577 || Dr. William Olkowski sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Chesapeake City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://midwayvethospital.com Midway Veterinary Hospital] || 1646 S Military Hwy || Chesapeake, VA 23320 || 757-366-4050 || <ref name="trivet">Triangle Rabbits, [http://www.trianglerabbits.org/health/vet.html Rabbit Veterinary Care in North Carolina and Surrounding Areas]</ref>
|}

=== Fairfax County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!width=40%|Notes
|-
| [http://www.forthuntanimalhospital.com/ Fort Hunt Animal Hospital] || 1900 Elkin Street, Suite 5 || Alexandria, VA 22308 || 703-360-6100 || <ref name="forvets">Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary, [https://www.friendsofrabbits.org/info/display?PageID=17375 Veterinarians]</ref>
|-
| [http://www.hayfieldanimalhospital.com/ Hayfield Animal Hospital] || 7724 Telegraph Road || Alexandria, VA 22315 || 703-971-2127 || Drs. Elizabeth Embree and Jerry Hinn see rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/><br>Makes house calls.
|-
| [http://www.alphaanimalhospital.com/ Alpha Animal Hospital] || 11725 Lee Highway, Suite A-15C || Fairfax, VA 22030 || 703-272-7810 || Dr. Hillary Segl sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [https://pendervet.com/ Pender Veterinary Centre] || 4001 Legato Rd
| Fairfax, VA 22033 || 703-654-3100 || <ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/> Dr. Priscilla Joyner sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|-
| [http://www.seavs.com/ Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services (SEAVS)] || 4105 Rust Rd
| Fairfax, VA 22030 || 703-281-3750 || Drs. Gregory Costanzo,<ref name="aemv">[http://www.aemv.org AEMV Member Veterinarians]</ref> Scott Stahl,<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/> Susan Baley <ref name="seavs">[https://www.seavs.com/veterinarians/ SEAVS Veterinarians]</ref>, Currie Carothers <ref name="seavs"/>, and Aubrey Traina <ref name="seavs"/> see rabbits.
|}

=== Hanover County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.ashlandvethospital.com/ Ashland Veterinary Hospital] || 513 S. Washington Highway || Ashland, VA 23005 || 804-798-8169 || Dr. Jenny Campbell sees rabbits.<ref name="trivet"/>
|}

=== James City County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.jollypond.com/ Jolly Pond Veterinary Hospital] || 3800 Longhill Rd || Williamsburg, VA 23188 || 757-565-6000 || Drs. Richard B. Chance and Bonnie L. Brown<ref name="hrsvet032016"/> see rabbits.<ref name="vrvets"/>
|}

=== Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.blueridgevets.com/ Blue Ridge Veterinary Associates] || 120 E Cornwell Ln
| Purcellville, VA 20132 || (540) 338-7387 || Dr. Valerie Campbell<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet">House Rabbit Society – Md, DC, & NoVA. (n.d.). Local Vets. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, from http://rabbitsinthehouse.org/?page_id=47</ref> and W. Behm<ref name="rinhvet"/> see rabbits.
|-
| [http://caringhandsvet.com/site/view/203434_AvianExoticPets.pml Caring Hands Animal Hospital (Ashburn)] || 43300 Southern Walk Plaza, Suite #124 || Ashburn, VA 20148 || 703-726-0446 || Dr. Meredith Davis sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|-
| [http://leesburgvet.com/ Leesburg Veterinary Hospital] || 19463 James Monroe Hwy || Leesburg, VA 20175 || 703-777-3313 || Dr. Lauren Kloer sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Montgomery County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.companionanimalclinic.biz/ Companion Animal Clinic] || 201 South Hill Dr || Blacksburg, VA 24060 || 540-552-6800 || Dr. Matthew McCormick sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Norfolk City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/animal-care-center VCA Animal Care Center] || 1228 West Little Creek Rd || Norfolk, VA 23505 || 757-423-3900 || Dr. Connie Kirk sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

=== Orange County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.orangevetclinic.com/ Orange Veterinary Clinic] || 13421 James Madison Hwy
| Orange, VA 22960 || 540-672-1600 || Dr. Cook sees rabbits.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.companionanimalclinicva.com Companion Animal Clinic of Gainesville] || 14760 Lee Highway || Gainesville, VA 20155 || 703-754-8387 || Dr. Jackie Schulman sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rithvet">House Rabbit Society - Maryland, Washington DC, and Northern Virginia Chapter, [MD/DC/NoVA Area Rabbit Vets]</ref>
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/healthy-paws VCA Healthy PAWS Medical Center] || 14840 Washington St
| Haymarket, VA 20169 || (703) 754-4146 || Dr. Rebecca Verna sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
Her practice includes Acupuncture, Chiropractic, and Chinese Herbs.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|-
| [http://www.ridgelakeah.com/ Ridge Lake Animal Hospital] || 1400 Old Bridge Rd. || Woodbridge, VA 22192 || 703-491-1111 || <ref name="forvets"/>
|}

=== Roanoke City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.avianexoticpetclinic.com/ Avian and Exotic Pet Clinic of Roanoke] || 3959 Electric Road, Suite 155 || Roanoke, VA 24018 || 540-989-4464 || Dr. Paul Stewart sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="trivet"/><br>Makes house calls.
|-
| [http://www.hangingrockah.com/ Hanging Rock Animal Hospital] || 1910 Loch Haven Dr || Roanoke, VA 24019 || 540-562-4596 || Dr. Janice Annis sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [http://roanokeanimalhospital.aahavet.org/web2/index.aspx Roanoke Animal Hospital] || 2814 Franklin Road SW || Roanoke, VA 24014 || 540-343-8021 || Dr. Mark Finkler<ref name="aemv"/> and Bridget Hickman<ref name="trivet"/> see rabbits.
|}

=== Spotsylvania County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://spotsylvaniaanimalhospitalinfo.vetsuite.com/Templates/peek.aspx Spotsylvania Animal Hospital] || 9133 Courthouse Rd
| Spotsylvania Courthouse, VA 22553 || (540) 582-6370 || Dr. Judith Kyle sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Stafford County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.hartwoodanimalhospital.com/ Hartwood Animal Hospital] || 15 Jewett Ln
| Fredericksburg, VA 22406 || (540) 286-2855 || Dr. Helen Jewett sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

=== Virginia Beach City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!width=40%|Notes
|-
| [http://www.animalcarehollandrd.com/ Animal Care Clinic of Holland Road] || 3501 Holland Road, Suite 107 || Virginia Beach, VA 23452 || 757-340-6996 || Dr. Andrew Silverstone sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/>
|-
| [http://www.petcarevabeach.com/ Pet Care Veterinary Hospital] || 5201-A Virginia Beach Blvd || Virginia Beach, VA 23462 || 757-473-0111 || <ref name="hrsvet032016">House Rabbit Society. (2012). Rabbit Veterinarians: State Listings. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, http://rabbit.org/rabbit-veterinarians-state-listings/</ref> Drs. Peter G. Fisher,<ref name="aemv"/><ref name="forvets"/> Herbert Hulls, Jill Partlow, Colleen Fox, Andrew Bean, and Kelly Coplen<ref name="aemv"/> see rabbits.<ref name="vrvets">Virginia Rabbit Inc., [http://www.varabbit.com/link.html Recommended Exotics Veterinarians in the Tidewater, Virginia Area]</ref>
|}

=== York County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.graftonvet.com/ Grafton Animal Hospital] || 449 Grafton Dr || Yorktown, VA 23692 || 757-898-8433 || Dr. Michael Gross sees rabbits.<ref name="aemv"/>
|}

== Rabbit emergency clinics and specialists ==
Please first call to make sure there is a rabbit-savvy vet on call or on duty at the emergency clinic before you leave. See [[Veterinary emergencies]] for more resources.

=== Alexandria City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/alexandria VCA Alexandria Animal Hospital] || 2660 Duke St || Alexandria, VA 22314 || 703-751-2022 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rwivet032016">RabbitWise, Inc. (n.d.). Find a Vet. Retrieved 24 March, 2016, from http://www.rabbitwise.org/vet.html</ref>
|}

=== Fairfax County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.pendervet.com/pender-emergency-centre.html Pender Emergency Centre] || 4001 Legato Rd || Fairfax, VA 22033 || 703-654-3100 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="forvets"/>
|}

=== ‎Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.tlcvets.com/specialty-practices/emergency-care.php Animal Emergency Critical Care] || 165 Fort Evans Rd NE
| Leesburg, VA 20176 || (703) 777-5755 || 24/7 emergency services.<ref name="rwivet032016"/>
|}

=== Prince William County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.vcahospitals.com/healthy-paws VCA Healthy PAWS Medical Center] || 14840 Washington St
| Haymarket, VA 20169 || (703) 754-4146 || Dr. Rebecca Verna sees rabbits.<ref name="forvets"/><ref name="rinhvet"/>
Her practice includes Acupuncture, Chiropractic, and Chinese Herbs.<ref name="rinhvet"/>
|}

== Low cost rabbit spay/neuter clinics ==
See [[Low cost spay/neuter clinics]] for more resources.

More clinics may be found through [http://www.spayva.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=53 Spay Virginia.]

=== Arlington County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [https://www.awla.org/services/low-cost-spayneuter/ Animal Welfare League of Arlington] || 2650 S. Arlington Mill Dr || Arlington, VA 22206 || (703) 931-9241 x200 || Vouchers available to pet owners with a household income of $60,000 or less. Must be purchased in person at the Animal Welfare League of Arlington during regular business hours. Costs range from $65-185 depending on type and sex of pet.<ref>Animal Welfare League of Arlington. (n.d.). Low-Cost Spay/Neuter. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://www.awla.org/services/low-cost-spayneuter/</ref>
|}

=== Alexandria City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://awla.convio.net Animal Welfare League of Alexandria] || 4101 Eisenhower Ave || Alexandria, VA 22304 || 703-746-4774 || Sponsors a [http://awla.convio.net/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_spayneuter spay and neuter assistance program.] Visit the shelter for more details.
|}

=== Loudoun County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.ashburnvillageanimalhospital.com/ Ashburn Village Animal Hospital] || 44110 Ashburn Shopping Plz || Ashburn, VA 20147 || 703-729-0700 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019">Humane Society of Loudoun County. (n.d.). LOW COST SPAY/NEUTER. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/</ref> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [https://towneanimalclinic.com/ Towne Animal Clinic] || 64A Plaza St NE || Leesburg, VA 20176 || 703-777-6350 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019"/> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [http://housepaws.com/lovettsville.shtml House Paws Animal Hospital Lovettsville] || 2 E Pennslyvania Ave || Lovettsville, VA 20180 || (540) 822-4738 || Spay: $100; Neuter: $75<ref name="hslc-2019"/> through [https://humaneloudoun.org/what-we-do/low-cost-spay-neuter/ HSLC's Spay/Neuter Certificate Program.]
|-
| [http://www.blueridgevets.com/ Blue Ridge Veterinary Associates] || 120 East Cornwell Lane || Purcellville, VA 20132 || 540-338-7387 || Spay: $102; Neuter: $86<ref>Spay Today. (n.d.). Blue Ridge Associates Small Animal Hospital. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://spay-today.org/blue-ridge-associates-small-animal-hospital/</ref> through [https://spay-today.org/blue-ridge-associates-small-animal-hospital/ Spay Today.]
|}

=== Norfolk City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.norfolkspca.com/ Norfolk SPCA] || 916 Ballentine Blvd || Norfolk, VA 23504 || 757-622-3319 || Spay/Neuter: $75<ref name="norspca">Norfolk SPCA. (n.d). Spay/Neuter Services. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://norfolkspca.com/spay-neuter/</ref>
|-
| [http://www.norfolkspca.com/ Norfolk SPCA] || 5585 Sabre Rd || Norfolk, VA 23502 || 757-383-6620 || Spay/Neuter: $75<ref name="norspca"/>
|}

=== Richmond City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.preventalitter.org/ Prevent a Litter Veterinary Hospital] || 3421 W Cary St || Richmond, VA 23221 || (804) 359-6369 || Spay: $80; Neuter: $55<ref>Prevent a Litter Veterinary Hospital. (2018). Surgery Prices As Of November 1, 2018. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://preventalitter.org/surgery-prices</ref>
Rabbits must be at least 16 weeks of age.
|}

=== Rockingham County ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://harrisonburg.anicira.org/ Anicira (Harrisonburg)] || 1992 Medical Ave || Harrisonburg, VA 22801 || 540.437.1980 || Spay/Neuter: $179<ref>Anicira. (n.d.). Spay/Neuter Surgery. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from http://harrisonburg.anicira.org/services-2/spayneuter-surgery</ref>
|}

=== Virginia Beach City ===
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://vbspca.com Virginia Beach SPCA] || 3040 Holland Road || Virginia Beach, VA 23453 || (757) 427-0070 || Spay/Neuter: $75<ref>Virginia Beach SPCA. (2018). VB SPCA Clinic Services and Pricing. Retrieved 01 Mar 2019 from https://vbspca.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/clinic_services_and_pricing_september_18.pdf</ref>
|}

== Rabbit spay/neuter funds and rebates ==
{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !! !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.friendsofrabbits.org Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary] || [http://www.friendsofrabbits.org/spayneuterform.htm Form] || 443-535-9944 || Call for pre-approval. Applicants will qualify for $25 rebate. If you provide additional evidence of financial need, you may also qualify for additional discounts up to $100.00.<ref name="frhrsrebate"/>
Limited to residents of [[MD]], [[DC]], [[VA]] and [[WV]].<ref name="frhrsrebate">Friends of Rabbits & House Rabbit Sanctuary. (n.d.). Spay/Neuter Form. Retrieved 23 March, 2016, from http://www.friendsofrabbits.org/spayneuterform.htm</ref>
|}

== Rabbit boarding and bunny sitters ==
For more resources, please see [[Going on vacation]].

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!City !!Phone !!Email !!Notes
|-
| [http://divinespetcare.net/home.html Divine's Pet Care, LLC] || Dulles, VA || 703-661-3922 || [mailto:divinespetcare@gmail.com divinespetcare@gmail.com] ||
<ref>Friends of Rabbits. (n.d.). Bunny Sitting Ideas. Retrieved 28 Feb 2019 from https://www.friendsofrabbits.org/info/display?PageID=18314</ref>
|}

== Wildlife rehabilitation facilities ==
See [[Wild rabbits]] for more information about what to do when you find a wild rabbit.

{|- class="wikitable"
!Name !!Address !!City !!Phone !!Notes
|-
| [http://www.wildliferesponse.org/ Wildlife Response] || || || 757-543-7000 ||
|}

* [http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/injured/rehabilitators.asp Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries]

== Hay sources ==
See [[Hay]] for more resources on what types of hay to choose.

== See also ==
* [[District of Columbia]]
* [[Kentucky]]
* [[Maryland]]
* [[North Carolina]]
* [[Tennessee]]
* [[West Virginia]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:United States]]

Broken bones

2021-10-01T16:28:22Z

Wick and Fable: /* Experiences */ - Added Wick's front paw fracture BB forum topic.

{{incomplete}}
== Experiences ==
The following are some stories about rabbits with broken bones.

* Bird and Exotic Animal Clinic. (2018). [https://www.facebook.com/beacvet/videos/1354665937999494/ Facebook video about Gnocchi who had a broken neck]
* Pete the Vet. (2017). [https://www.petethevet.com/lily-the-rabbit-had-a-problem-with-her-leg/ Lily the rabbit had a problem with her leg]
* Pete the Vet. (2015). [https://www.petethevet.com/bongy-a-5-month-old-rabbit-who-broke-his-back-leg/ Bongy, a 5 month old rabbit who broke his back leg.]
* D. Tomlin. (2011). [[Story: Rabbit with broken jaw – healing without repair surgery]]
* V. Sjöberg. [http://www.medirabbit.com/Radiography/Limbs/Broken_toe/Toe_rad.htm Ventro-dorsal radiography of the left hind foot with a broken toe]

Below are some discussions about rabbits with broken bones.
* RabbitsOnline. (2016). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/rabbit-broken-foot-what-are-our-options-x-rays-included.86840/ Rabbit Broken Foot - What Are Our Options? (X-rays Included)]
* RabbitsOnline. (2013). [https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/broken-leg-options.75030/ Broken leg...options?]
* Binkybunny. (2021). [https://binkybunny.com/forums/topic/front-paw-fracture-experience/]

== Further reading ==
* F. Harcourt-Brown. [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/case-of-the-month/to-amputate-or-not-to-amputate The dilemma of a rabbit with a broken leg]
* Esther van Praag Ph.D. [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Bone_diseases/Fracture/Fracture.htm Limb fracture and pinning of the broken bone] <span class="red">(Graphic)</span>
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/FracturesInRabbits.htm Fractures in Rabbits]
* Wildpro. [http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/PhysicalTraumatic/Spinal_InjuryLagomorphs.htm Spinal Injury in Lagomorphs and Ferrets]

== See also ==
* [[Special needs rabbits]]

[[Category:Health]]

Ringworm

2021-10-01T16:22:04Z

Wick and Fable: Short clause mentioning strained immune system can facilitate contracting ringworm.

Species that can cause '''ringworm''', also known as '''dermatophytosis''', on rabbits include ''Microsporum canis'', ''Microsporum gypseum'', ''Microsporum audouinii'', ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', ''Trichophyton verrucosum'' and ''Trichophyton schoenleinii''. ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' is more commonly seen in laboratory and outdoor rabbits while ''M. canis'' is more usually seen in pet and house rabbits.<ref name="trm2">Varga, M. (2013). [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702049794/wabbi-20 ''Textbook of rabbit medicine''. (2nd ed.).]</ref>

Ringworm is most commonly seen on young rabbits, especially where husbandry is suboptimal, in addition to any underlying medical conditions which may strain the rabbit's immune system. It is uncommon in rabbits, but ringworm can be zoonotic, and asymptotic infections have been reported with humans.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:250</sup>

== Symptoms ==
[[File:Wick ringworm.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A rabbit with a patch of missing fur on the cheek from ringworm (confirmed by test). Used with permission from [https://www.instagram.com/the_wickandfable/ WickAndFable.]]]
* circular and crusty areas with fur loss ([[alopecia]]) and redness (erythema). These areas are usually found on areas that are frequently groomed, like the base of the ears and muzzle, but can spread to other parts of the body.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:298</sup>

== Causes ==
Ringworm has been associated with underlying stressors such as concurrent disease, poor nutrition, or experimental manipulation.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>

== Treatment ==
Ringworm can be treated with giseofulvin orally or topical miconazole, clotrimazole or enilconazole.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>

<div class="bad">
Concurrent administration with cisapride should be avoided, as there is potential for adverse drug interactions to occur.<ref name="trm2"/><sup>:299</sup>
</div>

== Further reading ==
* Frances Harcourt-Brown, [https://www.harcourt-brown.co.uk/articles/case-of-the-month/dec-2014-a-case-of-ringworm Ringworm]
* PetEducation.com, [http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=18+1800&aid=2494 Ringworm in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs: Transmission, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment]
* MediRabbit.com, [http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Fungal/Fungal_en.htm Fungal Dermatitis or Superficial Mycosis]
* The Bunny Hut, [http://www.thebunnyhut101.com/2013/05/ringworm-in-rabbits.html Ringworm in Rabbits]. (2016).
* Vetstream, [https://www.vetstream.com/lapis/content/Freeform/fre00031.asp Ringworm]

== See also ==
* [[Fleas]]
* [[Lice]]
* [[Mites]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Health]]