Toxic plants
This is an attempt at a comprehensive list of known toxic and poisonous plants to rabbits with notes on its toxicity with regards to rabbits. A plant not on this list does not mean that it is safe for a rabbit to consume. A list of known foods safe for rabbit consumption is located in Vegetables and Treats.
Toxicity varies and depends on a number of factors, such as the amount ingested, the part of the plant that is eaten, and frequency of ingestion. Drying can also cause an increase or decrease in toxicity or have no effect at all.[1]:50
If you suspect your rabbit has ingested an unsafe plant, please call your vet and/or your local poison control center. If you are in the US, you can also call the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 1-888-426-4435 ($95 credit card charge) or Pet Poison Helpline at 1-855-761-7661 ($75 credit card charge) for 24/7 help. In the UK, you may contact Animal PoisonLine at 01202 50 9000 (£35 – £45 credit card charge) for 24/7 veterinary help.
Head to the emergency vet immediately if your rabbit displays any odd changes in eating, pooping, and general behavior. If you suspect your rabbit has eaten a large amount of a poisonous substance and it was a relatively recent action, an emergency vet can force feed activated charcoal to your rabbit to bind toxins in the stomach and prevent damage to the liver.
In general, if no ill effects are observed within 6 hours of the ingestion of a potentially poisonous plant, this is unlikely signs will develop.[1]
List of toxic plants
Botanical Name | Common Names | Toxic Parts | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Abrus precatorius | Precatory bean, Precatory pea, Rosary pea, Buddhist rosary bead, Indian bead, Indian licorice, Love bean, Lucky bean, Seminole bead, Weather plant, Prayer bean, Jequirity, Crab's eye, John Crow Bead, Akar Saga, Gidee gidee, Jumbie bead | seeds | Contains abrin, a lectin or toxalbumin, and abric acid, a glycoside. Symptoms include severe diarrhea (sometimes bloody), tremors, high heart rate, fever, shock, death.[2] Toxins are released only if the seed is chewed and swallowed. As little as 0.00015% body weight will cause fatality in humans.[3] It appears that abrin is only very slowly absorbed by the body and, therefore, swift action after ingestion should prevent severe consequences.[4] |
Aconitum lycoctonum | Wolfsbane, Northern wolfsbane, Lamarck’s wolfsbane, Yellow wolfsbane, Yellow monkshood | all parts | Contains alkaloids aconite and aconitine. Ingestion of even a small amount results in severe gastrointestinal upset but it is the effect on the heart, where it causes slowing of the heart rate, which is often the cause of death. Its distinctive taste makes it unpleasant to eat so accidental poisoning is extremely rare but not unknown.[5] |
Aconitum napellus | Monkshood, True monkshood, Aconite, Wolfsbane, Fuzi, Monk's blood, European monkshood, Tiger's bane, Dog's bane, Soldier's helmet, Old wife's hood, October stormhatt | all parts | Contains alkaloids aconite and aconitine. Ingestion of even a small amount results in severe gastrointestinal upset but it is the effect on the heart, where it causes slowing of the heart rate, which is often the cause of death. Its distinctive taste makes it unpleasant to eat so accidental poisoning is extremely rare but not unknown.[6] |
Aconitum spp. | Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Aconite, Monkshood, Wolf's bane, Leopard's bane, Women's bane, Devil's helmet, Blue rocket, "the queen of poisons" | all parts | The entire Aconitum genus of the buttercup family is highly toxic. They contain aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and related alkaloids that are highly toxic cardiotoxins and neurotoxins.[7] |
Actaea pachypoda, Actaea alba |
Doll's Eyes, White baneberry | all parts | Contains a toxic glycoside or essential oil, protoanemonin.[8] Protoanemonin is a GI irritant and diuretic.[9] Consumption causes immediate oral irritation, making ingestion to be unlikely.[10] |
Actaea rubra | Baneberry, Red Baneberry, Western Baneberry, Cohosh, Red Cohosh, Necklaceweed, Snakeberry, Poison de couleuvre | all parts | Contains a poisonous essential oil or glycoside (protoanemonin) found in all parts of the plant, but most concentrated in the berries and root. [11] Protoanemonin is a GI irritant and diuretic.[9] Consumption causes immediate oral irritation, making ingestion to be unlikely. [10] |
Actaea spp. | Baneberry, Bugsbane | all parts | See Actaea rubra and Actaea pachypoda for details. |
Adonis aestivalis | Summer pheasant's eye, Summer Adonis | all parts | Contains cardiac glycosides. Causes severe hemorrhaging and cardiac failure.[12] |
Aesculus hippocastanum | Horse Chestnut | flowers, leaves, unripe fruits | |
Aesculus spp. | Buckeye | seeds, leaves | Highly toxic |
Agrostemma gracilis | Milias | all parts | |
Amaranthus retroflexus | Red wheat, Redwort, Wild pigweed | all parts | Contains oxalic acid that can cause ascites with a lemon-yellow serous fluid.[1]:50-51 Can be fed in moderate amounts but can be toxic in large amounts.[13]:109 Experiment has shown that it does not cause kidney toxicity in rabbits.[14] A confirmed toxic oral dose in rabbits is 600 g taken for 5 to 7 days.[15] |
Amaranthus viridis | Green amaranthus | all parts | Contains oxalic acid that can cause ascites with a lemon-yellow serous fluid.[1]:51 Can be fed in moderate amounts but can be toxic in large amounts.[13]:109 |
Aleurites fordii | Tung tree | all parts | highly toxic |
Allium sativum | Garlic | all parts | |
Allium spp. | Onion | all parts | |
Aloe barbadensis | Aloe vera | juice | |
Amaryllis spp. | Amaryllis | bulbs | |
Andromeda polifolia | Bog rosemary | leaves | |
Anemone spp. | Anemone, Windflower | all parts | all species mildly toxic |
Anemone sylvestris | Snowdrop anemone | all parts | |
Anthurium andreanum | Flamingo flower | all parts | |
Apocynaceae spp. | Periwinkle | all parts | |
Apocynum spp. | Dogbanes | leaves and stems | Symptoms include increased temperature and pulse, dilated pupils, loss of appetite, discolored mucous membranes, cold extremities, and death. |
Aquilegia spp. | Columbine | all parts | |
Arnica montana | Leopard's bane, Mountain tobacco, Mountain snuff, Wolf's bane | roots, flowers | Contains helenalin. The known lethal dermal dose of arnica resinoid in rabbits is 5g/kg.[16] The known lethal oral dose of helnalin in rabbits is 90 mg/kg.[17] |
Arum spp. | Black calla | all parts | Contains calcium oxalate and other irritants. Can cause swelling and discomfort of the oral cavity in other species.[18]:51 |
Asarum europaeum | Asarabacca, European ginger | ||
Asclepias eriocarpa | California monarch milkweed, Woollypod milkweed, Indian milkweed, Kotolo | all parts | Contains a resinoid.[1]:50 Causes head down disease. |
Atropa belladonna | Belladonna, Deadly nightshade | all parts | Contains tropane alkaloids in varying quantities in different parts of plant. However, rabbits have shown a strong resistance to oral intake of tropane alkaloid containing plants due to effective detoxifying mechanisms.[19]
Acute signs of toxicity include dryness of the mouth with difficulty swallowing, thirst, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), dilated eyes (mydriasis), and flushing and dryness of the skin.[19] |
Azalea spp. | Rhododendron | all parts | highly toxic |
Begonia spp. | Begonia x tuberhybrida, B. semperflorens-cultorum | all parts | |
Brassaia actinophylla | Australian umbrella tree | leaves | |
Brugmansia suaveolens | Angel trumpet | all parts | |
Brunfelsia spp. | Yesterday-today-tomorrow | all parts | |
Bryonia alba | Bryony, European White | all parts | Highly toxic. Contains an irritant substance and histamine.[18]:51 |
Bryonia dioica | White bryony | juice | |
Buxus sempervirens | Boxwood | leaves | |
Caesalpinia gilliesii | Bird of paradise, Peacock flower, Barbados pride, Poinciana, Pride of Barbados, Bird of paradise bush, Desert bird of paradise, Yellow bird of paradise, Barba de chivo, Brazilwood | all parts | Contains hydrocyanic acid that can be a GI irritant.[20] Oral ingestion of the plant can cause irritation, intense burning, excessive drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, and incoordination.[21] Rabbit deaths have been reported.[21] |
Caladium spp. | Caladium | all parts | |
Calla palustris | Bog arum, Wild calla | all parts | |
Caltha palustris | Marsh Marigold | all parts | mildly toxic |
Cannabis spp. | Marijuana | flowers, stems | There is currently no evidence of fatal toxicity in rabbits, but they can be negatively impacted with intoxication by smoke or eating the plant.[22] THC administered subcutaneously up to a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 13 days to female rabbits did not produce any significant toxicity, except anorexia and some local dermal irritation.[23] |
Cassia occidentalis | Coffee senna, Coffee weed, Styptic weed, Wild coffee | all parts | Symptoms include stomach and intestinal dysfunction, degeneration of muscle, incoordination with diarrhea, and coffee-colored urine. Affected animals are unable to stand but eat and are alert shortly before death. High blood pressure frequent. Death probably due to high blood pressure causing heart failure.[24] |
Celastrus spp. | Bittersweet | all parts | |
Chelidonium majus | Greater Celogine | all parts | |
Chrysanthemum indicum | Chrysanthemum | leaves, stems | Contains arteglasin A, which can cause contact dermatitis in humans after extended exposure.[25] No evidence of specific rabbit toxicity could be found. |
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum coccineum, Tanacetum coccineum |
Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum | flowers, leaves | Contains pyrethrins that can be toxic in high concentrations.[26] Moderately toxic via oral route with a reported lethal effect in rats in does greater than 430-4000mg/kb, and slightly toxic via dermal route with lethal effects in doses greater than 2000mg/kg.
Symptoms include anorexia, lethargy, twitching, and seizures. The concentration of pyrethrins is about 0.1 % (dry weight) in leaves and 1-2 % (dry weight) in flowers.[27] |
Cicuta douglasii | Water hemlock | all parts | Toxicity retained when dry, except in hay. Rapid onset of signs, with death in 15 to 30 minutes. Symptoms include drooling, muscular twitching, dilated pupils, violent convulsions, coma, and death.[24] |
Cicuta virosa | Hemlock | root, leaves | Contains a variety of toxic alkaloids.[18]:52 Toxicity retained when dry, except in hay. Rapid onset of signs, with death in 15 to 30 minutes. Symptoms include drooling, muscular twitching, dilated pupils, violent convulsions, coma, and death.[24] |
Clematis spp. | Clematis | all parts | mildly toxic |
Clivia miniata | Kaffir lily | roots | |
Codiaeum variegatum | Croton | bark, root, juice | |
Colchicum autumnale | Autumn crocus, Meadow Saffron | bulbs | |
Colocasia spp. | Elephant's ear | all parts | highly toxic |
Conium maculatum | Poison hemlock | all parts | highly toxic |
Convallaria majalis | Lily-of-the-valley | all parts | Highly toxic |
Cyclamen persicum | Cyclamen | bulb, rhizomes | |
Cytisus alpinus, Laburnum alpinum |
Scotch laburnum | all parts | Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.[28] |
Cytisus biflora | all parts | Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.[28] | |
Cytisus purpureus, Chamaecytisus purpureus |
Purple broom | all parts | Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.[28] |
Cytisus scoparius, Sarothamnus scoparius |
Broom, English broom, Scotch broom, Common broom | all parts | Contains alkaloids cytisin, spartein, and scorparin in the flowers and seeds. However, the plant is reported to be extensively grazed by rabbits.[29] |
Cytisus laburnum, Laburnum anagyroides |
Golden chain, Common laburnum, Golden rain tree | all parts | Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.[28] |
Cytisus weldenii | Dalmation laburnum | all parts | Contains the alkaloids cytisine, methylcytisine, laburnine and laburnamine, which are found chiefly in the seeds (up to 3%) and leaves (0.3%). Rabbits are reportedly relatively resistant to the compound.[28] |
Daphne spp. | Daphne | fruits, leaves | Highly toxic. May cause skin irritation. |
Datura stramonium | Jimson Weed, Thorn-apple | all parts | highly toxic |
Delphinium spp. | Larkspur | all parts | highly toxic |
Dianthus spp. | Carnations, Clove pinks | ||
Dicentra spp. | Bleeding Heart, Staggerweed | all parts | |
Dieffenbachia | Dieffenbachia | foliage, stems | highly toxic |
Digitalis spp. | Foxglove | all parts | Highly toxic. Contains cardiac glycoside (digitalis).[18]:51 |
Endymion non-scriptus | English bluebell | bulb, flowers, leaves | |
Epipremnum aureum | Pothos | all parts | |
Erysimum cheiranthoides | Wormseed wallflower | ||
Erysimum hieracifolium | Wall flower | all parts | |
Euonymus alata | Burning bush | all parts | |
Euonymus europaeus | European spindle tree | all parts | |
Euphorbia cyparissias | Cypress Spurge | juice, seeds | Contains alkaloids. Can cause intense local irritation to mucous membranes in other species.[18]:53 |
Euphorbia helioscopia | Sun spurge | juice | |
Euphorbia lathyrus | Gopher Purge, Mole plant | juice | |
Euphorbia milii | Crown of Thorns | berries | mildly toxic |
Euphorbia pulcherrima | Poinsettia | all parts | |
Euphorbia spp. | Snow on the mountain | all parts | mildly toxic |
Euphorbia spp. | Spurge | all parts | |
Euphorbia trigona | African milk tree | all parts | |
Frangula alnus, Rhamnus frangula |
Alder buckthorn | bark, unripe fruits | |
Galanthus nivalis | Snowdrops | bulbs | |
Genista germanica | German Greenweed | legumes, seeds | |
Genista tinctoria | Dyer's Greenweed | all parts | highly toxic |
Hedera helix | English ivy, Common ivy | all parts | Toxic in high quantities. |
Helleborus niger | Christmas Rose, Black hellebore | all parts | Contains a variety of alkaloids. Known to be poisonous in a range of species.[18]:51 |
Heracleum laciniatum | Giant hogweed, Tromsø palm | juice | |
Hyacinthus spp. | Hyacinth | all parts | Toxic in high quantities. |
Hydrangea macrophylla | Big Leaf Hydrangea, Hortensia | all parts | Highly toxic |
Hyoscyamus niger | Black henbane | all parts | Highly toxic. Contains anticholinergic. Sees are the most toxic part of the plant.[18]:52 |
Ilex spp. | Holly | all parts | |
Ipomea spp. | Bindweed, Morning glory | all parts | |
Iris pseudacorus | Yellow iris | all parts | highly toxic |
Iris spp. | Iris | juice | May cause irritation of mucus membrane. |
Juglans regia | Walnut | green shell covering the nut | |
Kalanchoe spp. | Kalanchoe, Air-plant, Cathedral-bells | leaves | Within hours of ingesting toxic does, symptoms include depression, rapid breathing, teeth grinding, lack of coordination, paralysis, and muscle spasms.[24] |
Kalmia angustifolia | Sheep laurel | all parts | highly toxic |
Lantana camara | Lantana | all parts | |
Leucojum vernum | Spring snowflakes | all parts | |
Ligustrum spp. | Wild Privet, Common privet | berries | Highly toxic. Contains tannins and heteroside.[18]:52 Can be fatal in other species. |
Lobelia spp. | Lobelia, Cardinal flower | all parts | highly toxic |
Lonicera coerulea | Sweet berry, Honeysuckle | all parts | |
Lonicera japonica | Perfoliate honeysuckle, Italian woodbine | berries | |
Lonicera periclymenum | Honeysuckle | berries | |
Lonicera tatarica | Tatarian honeysuckle | all parts | |
Lonicera xylosteum | Fly Honeysuckle | ripe berries | |
Lupinus spp. | Lupine | seeds | Contains quinolizidine alkaloids, but most cultivated lupins are of low toxicity.[18]:52 |
Lycium chinense | Chinese Teaplant | leaves | mildly toxic |
Lycopersicon esculentum | Tomato | leaves, stems | Contains solanines.[18]:53 |
Maianthemum bifolium | May lily | all parts | May cause severe gastric problems. |
Melia azedarach | Chinaberry tree | fruits | |
Mercurialis perennis | Dog's Mercury | all parts | |
Mirabilis jalapa | Four o'clock, Beauty-of-the-night | all parts | |
Monstera deliciosa | Window leafe | all parts | |
Narcissus poëticus | Pheasant's-eye daffodil | all parts | |
Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Daffodil | all parts | |
Nepeta cataria, Nepeta mussinii, Nepeta x fassenii |
Catnip | all parts | Can cause diarrhea if too much is eaten fresh. May act as mild sedative. Oil is a mild skin irritant.[30] Safety Discussions |
Nicandra physalodes | Apple of Peru, Shoofly plant | all parts | mildly toxic |
Nicotiana rustica | Sacred Tobacco | leaves | |
Oenanthe aquatica, Oenanthe phellandrium, Phellandrium aquaticum |
Fine-leaved water dropwort, Water fennel, Water dropwort | all parts | Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.[31]
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.[31] |
Oenanthe crocata | Devil's parsnip, Hemlock water dropwort | all parts | Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.[31]
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.[31] |
Oenanthe fistulosa | Tubular water dropwort | all parts | Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.[31]
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.[31] |
Oenanthe lachenalii | Parsley water dropwort | all parts | Contains oenanthetoxin, a poison causing convulsions. The entire plant is toxic, especially the roots. Drying reduces its toxicity but does not remove it totally. The known lethal oral dose for rabbits is 20 g of fresh root per kg of body weight.[31]
Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects such as salivation, diarrhea, weakness, depression, seizures, and comas. The effect vary according the amount ingested. If the animal recovers, there is the possibility of permanent paralysis of the hind quarters.[31] |
Ornithogalum nutans | Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem | bulbs | |
Ornithogalum umbellatum | Star of Bethlehem | bulb, flowers | |
Oxytropis sericea | Locoweed | all parts | |
Pachypodium spp. | Pachypodium | all parts | |
Paeonia spp. | Peony | flower, seeds | |
Papaver somniferum | Opium poppy | juice, legumes | Highly toxic. Contains opium alkaloids.[18]:52 Entire plant is toxic even after drying. |
Paris quadrifolia | Herb paris | all parts | |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Vitis hederacea |
Virginia creeper | leaves, unripe fruits | highly toxic |
Perilla frutescens | Perilla mint, Shiso, Beefsteak mint, Purple mint, Japanese basil, Wild coleus | all parts | Contains perilla ketone, which is known to produce pulmonary edema in some animals.[32] |
Persea americana | Avocado, Avocado pear, Alligator pear | all above-ground parts | Contains persin, a monoglyceride which can cause heart attacks and severe respiratory problems.[33][34][35] Mexican avocados are less toxic than Guatemalan varieties, and post-mortem exams show lung congestion.[1]:50
Non-infectious mastitis and agalactia has been observed in lactating rabbits after consumption of bark or leaves, and cardial arrhythmia, submandibular edema, and death have been observed in rabbits after consumption of leaves[36] Stories of toxic consumption:
|
Phaseolus coccineus | Runner bean, Scarlet runner | all parts | mildly toxic |
Philodendron spp. | Filodendron | all parts | |
Physalis spp. | Chinese-lantern | berries, leaves | Highly toxic |
Phytolacca americana | Pokeweed, Inkberry | all parts | |
Pieris spp. | Lily-of-the-valley bush | foliage, juice | highly toxic |
Podocarpus elatum | Buddhist pine | seeds | |
Polygonatum multiflorum | Solomon's seal | all parts | May cause gastric problems. |
Polygonatum odoratum | Angular Solomon's seal | berries | |
Polygonatum verticillatum | Whorled Solomon's seal | all parts | Can irritate the digestive tract badly. |
Pulsatilla vulgaris | Pasque flwer | all parts | May cause gastric problems. |
Ranunculus sceleratus | Celery-leaved buttercup | juice | Highly toxic |
Ranunculus spp. | Buttercup | all parts | Contains protoaneminin. Causes irritation to mucous membranes including GI tract in other species.[18] |
Rhamnus cathartica | Common buckthorn | bark, unripe fruits | Highly toxic |
Rheum spp. | Rhubarb | leaves | Contains poisonous amounts of oxalic acid.[13]:109 |
Ricinus communis | Castor bean, Castor oil bush, Castor oil plant, Palma christi | seeds, oilcakes | The seeds contain a proteinaceous phytotoxin (ricin) located in the albumen fraction. It is this non-liposoluble fraction of ricin which persists in the oilcake (solid residue left after seeds have been pressed free of their oil).[37]
The known lethal oral doses to rabbits are 1 g/kg body weight for seeds, and 2 g/kg body weight for the oilcakes.[37] |
Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust | bark, leaves, seeds | Highly toxic |
Rumex acetosa | Common Sorrel | all parts | |
Rumex spp. | Dock, Sorrel | leaves | Toxic in high quantities. |
Sambucus nigra | European elder | all parts | |
Sambucus racemosa | Red elderberry | all parts | |
Sanguinaria canadensis | Bloodroot | all parts | |
Senecio longilobus | Threadleaf groundsel | all parts | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.[38] |
Senecio riddellii | Riddell’s groundsel | all parts | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.[38] |
Senecio vulgaris | Common groundsel | flowers, leaves | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which affect the liver and nervous system. Toxicity is cumulative and symptoms may not show for months.[39] |
Skimmia japonica | Japanese skimmia | all parts | |
Solanum capsicastrum | False Jerusalem cherry, Winter cherry | all parts | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum carolinense | Carolina horsenettle, Horse nettle, Horse-nettle, Radical weed, Sand brier, Sand briar, Bull nettle, Tread-softly, Apple of Sodom, Devil's tomato, Wild tomato | all parts | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum dulcamara | Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Bittersweet nightshade, Bitter nightshade, Blue bindweed, Amara dulcis, Fellenwort, Felonwood, Poisonberry, Poisonflower, Scarlet berry, Snakeberry, Trailing bittersweet, Trailing nightshade, Violet bloom, Woody nightshade | all parts | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum nigrum | Black nightshade, Duscle, Garden nightshade, Garden huckleberry, Hound's berry, Petty morel, Wonder berry, Small-fruited black nightshade, Popolo | unripe berries | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum pseudocapsicum | Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, Winter cherry | all parts | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum tuberosum | Potato | unripe fruits, leaves, stems | Contains solanines.[18]:52 Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Solanum villosum | Red nightshade, Hairy nightshade, Woolly nightshade | all parts | Symptoms include inflammation of the stomach and intestine with bleeding, weakness, excess drooling, difficulty breathing, trembling, progressive paralysis, laying down, and death.[24] |
Spathiphyllum wallisii | Peace lily | all parts | |
Strelitzia reginae | Bird of Paradise, Strelitzia, Crane flower | all parts | |
Symphoricarpos | Snowberry | berries | |
Syngonium spp. | Arrowhead | ||
Tagetes spp. | Marigold | all parts | May cause skin irritation |
Taxus baccata | English yew | foliage, berries | Contains an alkaloid (taxine) and a heteroside (taxicatoside). Toxicity is maximal in winter and is not reduced by drying. Cut branches that are a few weeks old are more toxic than when fresh. A toxic oral dose in rabbits is 20 g of fresh plant material per kg of body weight.[40]
Poisoning is often violent and sudden in its onset with death in several minutes. Symptoms include shaking, labored breathing, collapse and death.[40] Acute poisoning which appears within several hours to 1 to 3 days is exhibited by excitation, agitation, shaking, depression, abnormally slow breathing, and death.[40] Non-specific symptoms of yew poisoning includes stomach distension by gas and the inflammation of the mucus in stomach and intestine.[40] |
Trollius europaeus | Globeflower | all parts | |
Tulipa gesneriana | Tulip | bulbs | |
Veratrum album | White false hellebore | all parts | |
Viburnum lantana | Wayfaring tree | all parts | |
Viburnum opulus | European cranberrybush | unripe fruit | |
Viburnum spp. | Viburnum | berries | mildly toxic |
Viscum album | Mistletoe | all parts | |
Wisteria spp. | Wisteria | seeds, legumes | |
Xanthium spp. | Cocklebur | seeds and young seedlings | Symptoms include loss of appetite, depression, nausea, vomiting, weakness, rapid weak pulse, difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, and convulsions. [24] |
Zantedeschia aethiopica | Calla Lily | all parts | Highly toxic |
Additional resources
The following are general resources on looking up the toxicity of a plant:
- Frances Harcourt-Brown. Plant toxicity- the problem with lists
- FDA Poisonous Plant Database
- ASPCA. Animal Poison Control Center
- Wildpro. Plant Toxicities in Rabbits
The following are a few toxic plant lists for rabbits, however, they may be overzealous.
- Cindy Fisher. Plants Poisonous to Rabbits
- Cindy Fisher. Poisonous Plants for Rabbits
- Kathy Smith, Common House Plants – What is Safe and What Isn't?
- Camilla Bergstrøm. Toxic plants
- Merck Veterinary Manual. Poisonous Plants
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Varga, M. (2013). Textbook of rabbit medicine. (2nd ed.).
- ↑ ASPCA, Precatory Bean
- ↑ University of Pennsylvania, ROSARY PEA, PRECATORY BEAN - Abrus precatorius
- ↑ The Poison Garden website, Abrus precatorius, jequirity bean, rosary pea
- ↑ The Poison Garden website, Aconitum lycoctonum, wolfsbane
- ↑ The Poison Garden website, Aconitum napellus, monkshood
- ↑ TY Chan, Aconite poisoning
- ↑ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Actaea pachypoda Ell.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mary Fraser, Simon Girling, Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bob Janiskee, National Park Mystery Plant 5 Revealed: It’s the Red Baneberry
- ↑ Utah State University, Baneberry
- ↑ Hobbenaghi, R., et al. (2012). Histopathological Study of Acute Toxicity of Adonis Aestivalis (Summer Pheasant's Eye) in Rabbits. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from https://www.omicsonline.org/histopathological-study-of-acute-toxicity-of-adonis-aestivalis-summer-pheasants-eye-in-rabbits-2161-0681.1000124.php?aid=8439
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Mcnitt, J.I et al. (2013). Rabbit production. (9th ed.).
- ↑ Schamber, G., & Misek, A. (1985). Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed): Inability to cause renal toxicosis in rabbits. Am J Vet Res, 46(1):266-7. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3970436
- ↑ Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Amaranthus. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a671dd.htm
- ↑ Mattilsynet. (2012). Arnica Montana flower extract. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from https://www.mattilsynet.no/kosmetikk/stoffer_i_kosmetikk/risk_profile_arnica_montana_extrac.9867/binary/Risk%20Profile%20Arnica%20montana%20extrac
- ↑ TGSC Information System. (n.d). helenalin. Retrieved 22 Feb 2020 from http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1530751.html
- ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 Moore, L. (2017). Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing. (3rd ed.).
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. (1998). Atropa Belladonna Summary Report. Retrieved 07 May 2019 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/mrl-report/atropa-belladonna-summary-report-committee-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf
- ↑ ASPCA. (n.d.). Poinciana. Retrieved 19 April 2016 from http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/poinciana
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 ASPCA. (n.d.). Bird of Paradise. Retrieved 19 April 2016 from http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/bird-paradise
- ↑ House Rabbit Society. (2016). Marijuana and Rabbits. Retrieved 07 May 2019 from https://rabbit.org/marijuana-and-rabbits/
- ↑ Banarjee, BN, et al. (1976). Toxicity of delta9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administered subcutaneously for 13 days to female rabbits. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 5, 769–776.
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 The Merck Manual Pet Health Edition. (2011). Plants Poisonous to Animals. Retrieved 26 April 2016 from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/pethealth/special_subjects/poisoning/plants_poisonous_to_animals.html
- ↑ Government of Canada, Notes on poisoning: Chrysanthemum indicum
- ↑ Wildpro, Permethrin and Pyrethrin Toxicity in Rabbits
- ↑ Ting Yang et. al, Pyrethrins Protect Pyrethrum Leaves Against Attack by Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Laburnum. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7b0a3.htm
- ↑ Australian Weeds and Livestock. (n.d.). Cytisus scoparius. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.weeds.mangrovemountain.net/data/Cytisus%20scoparius%20-%20Broom.pdf
- ↑ University of Nebraska - Lincoln, J. J. Zhu, X.-P. Zeng, D. Berkebile, H.-J. Du, Y. Tong, and K. Qian, Efficacy and safety of catnip (Nepeta cataria) as a novel filth fly repellent
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Hemlock Water Dropwort. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a7a3bc.htm
- ↑ Extension Master Gardeners of Mecklenburg County, Perilla, P. Frutescens: An Interesting And Valuable Addition To The Garden
- ↑ The Merck Veterinary Manual. (2013). Avocado. Retrieved 26 April 2016 from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/toxicology/food_hazards/avocado.html
- ↑ Moore, L. (2013). Rabbit nutrition and nutritional healing. (2nd ed.).
- ↑ Sandoval, GV, Medina, DM, Martinez, OG, & Micheloud, JF. (2019); Acute heart failure in rabbits by avocado leaf poisoning. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 164:16-9.
- ↑ Kovalkovičová, N., Šutiaková, I., Pistl, J., & Šutiak, V. (2009). Some food toxic for pets. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(3). doi:10.2478/v10102-009-0012-4
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Ricin. Retrieved 22 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a935fd.htm
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 New Mexico State University, Keith W. Duncan Groundsels and Livestock Poisoning
- ↑ S. Aldrich-Markham, Common Groundsel
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Lorgue, G., et al. (2002). Yew. Retrieved 21 March 2016 from http://www.provet.co.uk/lorgue/5a92fa3.htm