Common drug dosages for rabbits
Please remember that all information on this wiki is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet. Information presented here is for educational purposes only and not to substitute for a veterinary consultation. This site makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability with respect to the website or the information, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose.
Dosages on these pages have been compiled from various formulary textbooks and resources with rabbit dosages.
Do not change your rabbit's drug dosage without consulting your rabbit-savvy veterinarian.
Abbreviations
BW | body weight |
IM | intramuscular injection |
IN | intranasal |
IP | within the abdominal cavity |
IV | intravenous injection |
SC | subcutaneous injection |
PO | per os = orally |
h | hour |
q | every |
sid | once a day |
bid | twice a day |
tid | three times a day |
qid | four times a day |
qod | every other day |
Dosages of common drugs
Bolded drugs with a green background are authorized for use in rabbits. Drugs with a red background should never be used with rabbits.
Sources:
Hawk, C, et al. (2005). Formulary for laboratory animals. (3rd ed.).
Meredith, A. (2015). BSAVA small animal formulary. (9th ed.).
Varga, M. (2013). Textbook of rabbit medicine. (2nd ed.).
Oglesbee, B. (2011). Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: Small mammal. (2nd ed.).
Ramsey, I. (2011). BSAVA small animal formulary. (7th ed.).
Analgesic, anesthetic, or sedative medications
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
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Acepromazine | ACP | Sedative |
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Formulations available:[1]
Not analgesic. Should not be used in animals less than 3 months of age or with liver disease.[1]
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Acepromazine + butorphanol | Sedative |
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Can by mixed in same syringe. Vasodilatory. | |
Acetaminophen-codeine | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Acetaminophen, Paracetamol | Paracetamol, Pardale V, Perfalgan, Tylenol, Excedrin, Calpol, Panadol | Analgesic |
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Can be used in tandem with NSAIDs. Overdose may cause liver damage.
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Alfentanil | Rapifen | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Formulations available:[1]
A very potent opioid analgesic - 10-20 times more potent than morphine. Seizures have been noted in rabbits with the use of alrentanil as part of a midazolam, medetomidine, and alfentanil combination.[1]
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Alphaxalone-alphadolone, Althesin, Saffan | Anesthetic, Sedative |
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Alphaxalone, Alfaxalone | Alfaxan-CD | Sedative |
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Formulations available:[1]
Does not contain an antimicrobial preservative, so it is recommended to discard the remainder of an opened bottle after single use within 24 hours.[1]
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Amantadine | Lysovir, Symmetrel | Analgesic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Proves analgesia through NMDA antagonist action. Used in animals that are unresponsive to opioids or require chronic pain relief in a home environment. May have a role in the treatment of neuropathic pain in rabbits.[1] |
Aminophenazone, Aminopyrine, Amidopyrine | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Antipyrine | Analgesic |
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Aspirin, Acetylsalicyclic acid | Ecotrin, Aspirin, and component of many others | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used to control mild to moderate pain and prevent arterial thromboembolism. Do not give to dehydrated, hypovolaemic or hypotensive paties or those with GI disease. Do not give to pregnant animals or animals less than 6 weeks old.[1]
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Betamethasone | Fusiderm, Norbet, Otomax, Betnesol, Maxidex | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (steroid), Immunosuppressant |
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Formulations available:[1]
Formulations available:
Used for short-term relief of inflammatory but non-infectious conditions. On a dose basis, 0.12 mg betamethasone is equivalent to 1 mg prednisolone.[1] |
Bupivacaine | Marcain, Sensorcaine | Analgesic, Anesthetic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Do not give IV or use for IV regional anesthesia as it may precipitate severe cardiac arrhythmias.[1]
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Buprenorphine | Belbuca, Buprenex, Buprenodale, Simbadol, Sublocade, Suboxone, Subutex, Temgesic, Vetergesic | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Formulations available:[1]
Provides analgesia without marked sedation. Burprenorphine is metabolized in the liver. Duration of effect is approximately 6 hours in rabbits.[1] Used for relief of mild to moderate perioperative pain. It is less potent but longer acting than fentanyl/fluanisone.[3]:321 Doses less than 0.03 mg/kg have very limited analgesic effects but still have some sedative effects. Anecdotally, oral transmucosal delivery appears to be effective in rabbits.[1]
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Butorphanol | Alvegesic, Butorphic, Dolorex, Torbugesic, Torbutrol, Torphadine, TorphaJect, Torphasol, Vetorphic | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for management of mild perioperative pain. Can cause sedation in combination with other drugs. Butorphanol has a very rapid and relatively short duration of action - in different models, analgesia has been shown to last between 45 minutes and 4 hours.[1] The drug is metabolized in the liver. Protect from light.
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Butylscopolamine, Hyoscine | Buscopan | Analgesic, Antispasmolytic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used to control gastrointestinal pain associated with urinary obstruction in rabbits. Should not be used in animals with intestinal obstruction or gastrointestinal ileus.
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Carprofen | Aventicarp, Canidryl, Carpox, Carprieve, Carprodyl, Dolagis, Levafen, Norocarp, Novox, Quellin, Rimadyl, Rimifin, Rovera, Rycarfa, Tergive, Vetprofen, Zinecarp | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Formulations available:[1]
An NSAID used to control postoperative pain and inflammation following surgery and to reduce chronic inflammation. Should not be given to dehydrated, hypovolaemic or hypotensive patients or those with GI disease or blood clotting abnormalities. Use with care for animals with renal disease. Do not give to pregnant animals or animals less than 6 weeks old.[1]
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Celecoxib | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Chloralose | Anesthetic |
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Chlorpromazine | Sedative |
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Dexamethasone | Aurizon, Dexa-ject, Dexadreson, Dexafort, Dexamethasone, Maxidex, Maxitrol, Rapidexon, Voren | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (steroid), Immunosuppressant |
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Formulations available:[1]
Rarely indicated in rabbits. Use with caution due to likelihood of debilitating side effects even in small single doses or with the use of topical, ocular, and aural preparations. Use shorter-acting preparations wherever possible in rabbits.[1]
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Dexmedetomidine | Dexdomitor | Sedative |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used to provide sedation and premedication when used alone or in combination with opioid analgesics. Can be a short duration (20-30 min) of surgical anaesthesia when combined with ketamine. |
Diazepam | Dialar, Diastat, Diazemuls, E Pam Tab, Meval, Rimapam, Stesolid, Tensium, Valclair, Valium, Vivol | Sedative |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Drug of choice for short-term emergency control of severe epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. It can also be used in combination with opiods and acepromazine for pre-anesthetic medication in critically ill patients.[1] Not analgesic and provides very poor sedation and excitation when used alone in healthy animals. Can cause dependence with regular use of only a few weeks.[1] Flumazenil will reverse the effects of diazepam. |
Diclofenac | Voltarol Ophtha, Voltarol Ophtha Multidose | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Formulations available:[1]
Produces local anti-inflammatory effects. Used in cataract surgery to prevent ulcerative keratitis, and also used to control pain and inflammation with corneal surgery and ulcerative keratitis when topical corticosteroid use is contraindicated.[1] |
Fentanyl | Durogesic, Fentanyl, Fentora, Sublimaze | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Fentanyl + medetomidine | Anesthetic |
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Fentanyl-droperidol | Innovar-Vet | Anesthetic, Sedative |
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Fentanyl-fluanisone | Hypnorm, Janssen | Analgesic, Anesthetic, Premedication |
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Can be used in combination with midazolam or diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg) [3] Provides analgesia to treat abdominal pain that accompanies digestive disorders and gas distension of the viscera. Fentanyl/fluanisone is a good sedative to clean uneaten caecotrophs from the perineum.[3]:321 |
Fentanyl-fluanisone + diazepam | Anesthetic |
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Fentanyl-fluanisone + midazolam | Anesthetic |
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Flunixin | Banamine, Citation, Equileve, Flunixamine, Meflosyl Solution | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Care in hypotensive patients.
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Haloperidol | Sedative |
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Hydromorphone | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Ibuprofen | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Indomethacin | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Isoflurane | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine | Ketaset injection, Narketan-10, Vetalar-V | Anesthetic, Sedative |
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Ketamine alone in mammals is usually not adequate for deep anesthesia. (Hawk et al., 2005)
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Ketamine + acepromazine | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + diazepam | Sedative |
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Ketamine + medetomidine | Anesthetic |
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Not for major surgical procedures. (Hawk et al., 2005)
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Ketamine + medetomidine + buprenorphine | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + medetomidine + diazepam | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + medetomidine + xylazine | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + midazolam | Sedative |
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Ketamine + xylazine | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + xylazine + acepromazine | Anesthetic |
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Ketamine + xylazine + butorphanol | Anesthetic |
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Ketoprofen | Ketofen | Analgesic |
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Can be used to soften and lubricate caecal/intestinal contents.[3] |
Medetomidine | Domitor, Dorbene, Dormilan, Medetor, Sedastart, Sedator, Sededorm | Sedative |
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Medetomidine + midazolam + propofol | Anesthetic |
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Medetomidine + propofol | Anesthetic |
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Meloxicam | Alloxate, Apo-Meloxicam, Eloxiject, EloxiOral, Inflacam, Inflacam, Loxicom, M-Eloxyn, Meloxidyl,Metacam, OroCAM, OstiLox, Rheumocam | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Can be used up to 1.5 mg/kg without accumulation (Varga, 2013) |
Meperidine, Pethidine | Demerol, Meperidine, Pethidine | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Methohexital, Methohexitone | Anesthetic |
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Midazolam | Hypnovel | Sedative |
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Morphine | Duramorph, Morphine, Oramorph | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Nalbuphine | Nubain | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Nimesulide | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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COX2-selective. For use in prevention of adhesions. | |
Oxymorphone | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Pentazocine | Pentazocine, Talwin | Analgesic |
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Pentobarbital sodium | Anesthetic |
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Pethidine, Meperidine | Demerol, Meperidine, Pethidine | Analgesic, Opiod |
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Piroxicam | Brexidol, Feldene, Piroxicam | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroid) |
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Prednisone | Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory (steroid), Immunosuppressant |
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Few indications in rabbits; use with extreme caution.
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Propofol | PropoFlo | Anesthetic |
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Sevoflurane | Flurovess, Petrem Sevoflurane, SevoThesia | Anesthetic |
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Thiopental | Anesthetic |
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Tiletamine-zolazepam + medetomidine | Anesthetic |
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Tiletamine-zolazepam + xylazine | Anesthetic |
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Tiletamine-zolazepam, Telazol | Anesthetic |
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Not generally recommended (except intranasally) due to nephro-toxicity (Doerning et al., 1990, 1992)
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Urethane | Anesthetic |
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Xylazine | Chanazine, Rompun, Sedaxylan, Virbaxyl, Xylacare, Xylapan | Analgesic, Sedative |
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Antidotes
The following are a list of drugs that can reverse other drugs or poisons.
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
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Activated charcoal | Antidote |
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Formulations available:[1]
Absorbs toxins, fluids, and gases in the GI tract. As a general rule, administer at a dose of at least 10 times the volume of intoxicant ingested.[1] Activated charcoal flats, covering everything in the area — use carefully as it will stain permanently. May color stools black, which can be alarming to owners. Will reduce efficacy of orally administered drugs.[1]
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Atipamezole | Alzane, Antisedan, Atipam, Revertor, Sedastop | Antidote, Sedative reversal |
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Formulations available:[1]
Reverses the sedative effects of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine and other alpha-2 agonists. When medetomidine or dexmedetomidine has been administered at least an hour before, dose of atipamezole can be reduced by half (i.e. half the volume of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine) and repeated if recovery is slow.[1]
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Bismuth salts (Bismuth carbonate) | Pepto-Bismol | Antidote, Gastic cytoprotectant |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for acute oral poisoning, gastric ulceration, and flatulent diarrhea. Doses are empirical. Has a mild anti-inflammatory effect.[1] Do not use where specific oral antidotes are being administered in cases of poisoning. Do not use if the animal is unconscious, fitting, or has a reduced cough reflex. In patients with an intestinal obstruction, do not use when enterotomy or enterectomy is to be performed.[1]
Avoid long-term use as absorbed bismuth is neurotoxic.[1]
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Calcium EDTA | Antidote |
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Glycopyrrolate | Antidote, Antispasmolytic, Anticholinergic |
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Does not cross blood-brain barrier and cause mydriasis. Used to reduce bradycardia and upper airway and salivary secretions as a premedication.[4] | |
Nalorphine | Antidote, Opioid antagonist |
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Naloxone | Antidote, Opioid antagonist |
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Penicillamine | Antidote |
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For copper and lead toxicity. | |
Sodium calcium edetate | Antidote |
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Vitamin K1 | Antidote |
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Antimicrobials
The following are a list of antibiotic, antifungal, and antiseptic drugs.
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
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Amikacin | Amikacin, Amikin | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Active against many gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Nocardia spp., including some that may be resistant to gentamicin. Streptococci and anaerobes are usually resistant.[1] Can affect renal function if hydration not maintained.[1] Oral doses can cause fatal enterotoxaemia in rabbits.[1]
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Amoxicillin, Amoxycillin | Amoxinsol, Amoxycare, Amoxypen, Bimoxyl, Clamoxyl, Duphamox, Vetremox | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Active against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic organisms and many obligate anaerobes but not against those that produce penicillinases (beta-lactamases), e.g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The more difficult Gram-negative organisms (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella) are usually resistant.[1] Should only be given by injection. Causes diarrhea after oral administration.[5]
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Amphotericin B | Abelcet, AmBisome, Amphocil, Fungizone | Antifungal |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for management of systemic fungal infections and leishmaniosis.[1] Given the risk of severe toxicity it is advisable to reserve use for severe/potentially fatal fungal infections only.[1] Should not be used in animals with renal or hepatic failure.[1]
Medication should be kept in the dark, although loss of drug activity is negligible for at least 8 hours in room light. After initial reconstitution, the drug is stable for 1 week if refrigerated and stored in the dark.[1]
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Ampicillin | Amfipen, Ampipcaps, Ampicare, Duphacillin | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE
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DO NOT USE
Causes 40 to 100% fatal enteritis IM, SC, and PO, dependent on dosage.[5] Effects can take as long as a month.[6] Toxic both orally and parenterally. Bactericidal that is excreted in urine and bile.[3] May also cause weight loss with intramuscular dose.[6] |
Azithromycin | Zithromax | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for abscesses and osteomyelitis. Alternative to penicillin in allergic individuals as it has a similar, although not identical, antibacterial spectrum. It is active against Gram-positive cocci (some Staphylococcus species are resistant), Gram-positive bacilli, some Gram-negative bacilli (Haemophilus, Pasteurella), mycobacteria, obligate anaerobes, Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma and Toxoplasma. Some strains of Actinomyces, Nocardia and Rickettsia are also inhibited. Most strains of the Enterobacteriaceae (Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella) are resistant.[1] |
Cefalexin, Cephalexin | Cefaseptin, Cephacare, Ceporex, Rilexine, Therios | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Active against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (e.g. Staphylococcus, Pasteurella and Escherichia coli). Pseudomonas and Proteus are often resistant.[1][3] May cause diarrhea when dosed at 200 mg/rabbit for 7 days.[6] Generally linked to antibotic associated enterocolitis in rabbits. Risk of dysbiosis and fatal enterotoxaemia if given orally.[3] Injection of cephalosporin has proven safe but may be painful.[1][5]
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Cefaloridine, Cephaloridine | Antibiotic |
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Cefalotin, Cephalothin | Antibiotic |
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Cefazolin | Antibiotic |
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Cefotaxime | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
A 3rd generation cephalosporin with good activity against many Gram-negative organisms, especially Enterobacteriaceae (not Pseudomonas) but lower activity against many Gram-positive organisms than 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins.[1] The reconstituted solution is stable for 10 days when refrigerated.
May produce pain on injection; GI disturbance and superinfection with resistant microorganisms is a potential risk. Use with care in patients with renal disease.[1]
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Cefovecin | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
The drug's pharmacokinetics are highly variable and unpredictable in rabbits due to its unique binding effects.[7] Cefovecin is explicitly contraindicated in rabbits on label, but some practitioners have used cefovecin in rabbits with good results and no bad effects. Due to its relatively short duration of action, it is generally contraindicated in rabbits regardless.[1] | |
Ceftazidime | Fortum, Kefadim | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
A 3rd generation cephalosporin with higher activity against many Gram-negative organisms but lower activity against many Gram-positives when compared to 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins.[1] May produce pain on injection.
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Ceftiofur | Antibiotic |
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Chloramphenicol | Chloromycetin Ophthalmic Ointment, Chloromycetin Redidrops, Kemicetine | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used against Gram-positive (e.g. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Gram-negative (e.g. Brucella, Salmonella, Haemophilus) and obligate anaerobic bacteria (e.g. Clostridium, Bacteroides fragilis). Other sensitive organisms include Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma (unreliable in treatment of ocular mycoplasmosis) and Rickettsia. Resistant organisms include Nocardia and Mycobacterium. Acquired resistance may occur in Enterobacteriaceae.[1] Humans exposed to chloramphenicol may have an increased risk of developing a fatal aplastic anaemia. Owners should use gloves and avoid skin contact when handling the drug.[1]
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Chloramphenicol palmitate | Antibiotic |
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Chloramphenicol succinate | Antibiotic |
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Chlorhexidine | Chlorohex, CLX wipes, Hibiscrub, Malaseb, Microbex, Otodine, Savlon, TrizChlor, Viatop | Antiseptic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for:[1]
Do not use in ears where integrity of the tympanum is unknown. Do not use on eyes. Ototoxic and may irritate mucous membranes.[1]
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Ciprofloxacin | Ciloxan, Ciproxin | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
A fluoroquinolone used against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive aerobes; some activity against Mycoplasma and Chlamydophila. Active against many ocular pathogens, including Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although there is increasing resistance amongst staphylococci and streptococci.[1] Ocular form shown to maintain therapeutic levels in tear film for 6h.[3] |
Clarithromycin | Klaricid | Antibiotic |
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Formulations available:[1]
Derived from erythromycin. Active against Gram-positive cocci (some Staphylococcus spp. resistant), Gram-positive bacilli, some Gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Pasteurella) and some spirochaetes (e.g. Helicobacter). Some strains of Actinomyces, Nocardia, Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia also inhibited. Most strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella) are resistant.[1] Used for respiratory tract infections, mild to moderate skin and soft tissue infections, and non-tubercular mycobacterial infections.[1] Administer on an empty stomach. |
Clindamycin | Antirobe, Clinacin, Clindacyl, Clindaseptin | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Causes 50 to 100% fatal enteritis PO and IV, dependent on dosage.[5] Effects can be within 72 hours or as long as 12-13 days after treatment.[6] Only for local use in abscesses incorporated into AIPMMA beads; should not be used orally.[3]
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Clotrimazole | Canesten, Clotrimazole, Lotriderm | Antifungal |
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Formulations available:[1]
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Cloxacillin | Opticlox, Orbenin | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Do not administer penicillins to rabbits. |
Co-amoxiclav, Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid | Augmentin, Clavabactin, Clavaseptin, Clavucil, Clavudale, Combisyn, Kesium, Nisamox, Noroclav, Synulox | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE |
Dimetridazole | Antibiotic |
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Doxycycline | Antibiotic |
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Enilconazole | Antifungal |
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Enrofloxacin | Baytril, Bayer | Antibiotic |
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Enrofloxacin (Baytril Otic) | Antibiotic |
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Erythromycin | Gallimycin, Ery-Tab, Ery-Ped, E.E.S., ERYC, Emycin, Erybid, Erythro, Erythrocin, PCE | Antibiotic | ||
Furazolidone | Antibiotic |
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Fusidic acid ointment | Fuciderm, Leo | Anti-inflammatory (steroid), Antibiotic, Immunosuppressant |
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Fusidic acid: eye drops | Fucithalmic, Leo | Antibiotic |
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Gentamicin, Gentamycin | Tiacil, Virbac | Antibiotic |
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Griseofulvin | Antifungal |
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Itraconazole | Antifungal |
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Ketoconazole | Antifungal |
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Lincomycin | Antibiotic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Causes 33 to 100% fatal enteritis PO and IM, dependent on dosage.[5] Effects can occur within 3 days.[6] Oral or parenteral administration results in a severe and usually fatal form of diarrhea.[10] | |
Marbofloxacin | Antibiotic |
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Has been used at 10 mg/kg sid for pasteurellosis.[3] | |
Metronidazole | Antibiotic |
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Treatment of choice for enterotoxaemia.[3] | |
Miconazole (cream or 2% shampoo) | Antifungal |
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Minocycline | Antibiotic |
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Neomycin | Antibiotic |
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Nitrofurazone | Antibiotic |
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Orbifloxacin | Antibiotic |
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Oxytetracycline | Antibiotic |
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Penicillin | Procaine | Antibiotic |
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Contain 1000 IU/mg 5-day course for Treponema paraliuscuniculi.[3] |
Penicillin G, benzathine | Antibiotic |
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Do not administer orally.
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Penicillin G, procaine | Antibiotic |
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Treatment for Treponema cuniculi. | |
Polymyxin B | Antibiotic |
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Spectinomycin | Antibiotic | |||
Spiramycin | Antibiotic | |||
Streptomycin sulfate | Antibiotic |
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Sulfadimethoxine, Sulphadimethoxine | Di-Methox, Albon | Antibiotic |
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Sulfamethazine, Sulphadimidine | Antibiotic |
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Sulfaquinoxaline | Antibiotic |
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Tetracycline | Antibiotic |
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Tilmicosin | Antibiotic |
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Fatal adverse reaction has been observed. The reaction seems rabbit dependent and it is advised to do a test dose of 5 mg/kg before doubling dosage.[5]
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Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine | Antibiotic |
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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Antibiotic |
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'Co-trimoxazole' human formulation available as pediatric syrup. | |
Tylosin | Antibiotic |
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Vancomycin | Antibiotic |
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Antiparasitics
The following are a list of antiparasitics and parasiticides that have been used on rabbits with varying results.
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
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Albendazole | Valbazen | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
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Used treat Encephalitozoon cuniculi. |
Amprolium | Amprid, Amprol, AmproMed, Cocci-Cure, CocciAid, Corid, Coxoid | Antiparasitic, Antiprotozoal |
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Formulations available:[1]
Used for coccidiosis in animals. Limit duration of therapy to 2 weeks. Prolonged high doses can cause thiamine deficiency.[1]
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Carbaryl | Antiparasitic, Insecticide |
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Fenbendazole | Panacur, Safe-Guard | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
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Treatment for E. cuniculi. |
Fipronil | Frontline | Antiparasitic, Insecticide | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Rabbits may exhibit signs of toxicity (lethargy, anorexia, seizures, and death) within 24 hours of application. Toxicity has been reported with both spot-on and spray-on formulations.[7] |
Imidacloprid | Advantage, IMOXI | Antiparasitic, Insecticide | Not effective against mites.
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Ivermectin | Acarexx, Bimectin, Bovimectin, DuraMectin, EQVALAN, Iver-On, Ivermax, Iversol, Ivomec, Noromectin, Panomec, Parid EQ, Parid LA, Privermectin, ProMectin, Solmectin, SparMectin-E, Vetrimec, Zimecterin | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
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Lime sulfur 2.5% solution | Antiparasitic |
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Lufenuron | Program, Sentinel | Antiparasitic |
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Malathion | Antiparasitic, Insecticide |
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Mebendazole | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
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Moxidectin | Advantage, Cydectin, IMOXI, Quest | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
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Nicarbazin | Antiparasitic, Antiprotozoal |
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Niclosamide | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Oxybendazole | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Phenothiazine | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Piperazine adipate | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Piperazine citrate | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Praziquantel | Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic |
|
||
Pyrethrin products | Antiparasitic | DO NOT USE
|
DO NOT USE
While pyrethrin is a natural product derived from chrysanthemums, toxic effects have been reported following application of high concentrations of these products (sprays or spot-ons) on rabbits.[12] | |
Rotenone | Antiparasitic, Insecticide |
|
||
Selamectin | Dolmectin, EVICTO, Paradyne, Revolt, Revolution, Selarid, Selavectine, Senergy | Antiparasitic |
|
|
Thiabendazole | Antiparasitic |
|
||
Toltrazuril | Antiparasitic, Antiprotozoal |
|
Can be used for treatment of rabbit colonies. |
Cardiac, ophthalmic, renal, and respiratory medications
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adrenaline, Epinephrine | Adrenaline, Epinephrine | Antihypotensive, Bronchodilator |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used for cardiac resuscitation, status asthmaticus and to offset the effects of histamine release in severe anaphylactoid reactions.[1] Works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and tightening the blood vessels. Adrenaline is sensitive to light and air; do not use if pink, brown, or contains a precipitate.[1]
|
Aminophylline | Bronchodilator |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Aminophylline is a stable mixture of theophylline and ethylenediamine. | |
Atenolol | Atenolol, Tenormin | Antihypertensive |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used for cardiac tachyarrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, obstructive cardiac disease (severe aortic or pulmonic stenosis) and systemic hypertension.[1] Should not be used for animals with bradyarrhythmias, acute or decompensated congestive heart failure. Relatively contraindicated in animals with medically controlled congestive heart failure.[1]
|
Atropine | Atrocare | Antispasmolytic, Anticholinergic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to prevent or correct bradycardia and bradyarrhythmias, to dilate pupils, to manage organophosphate and carbamate toxicities, and in conjunction with anticholinesterase drugs during antagonism of neuromuscular block.[1] 40% rabbits produce atropine esterase that metabolizes atropine.[3] Endogenous atropinase levels may make repeat injections q10–15min necessary.[1]
The solution does not contain any antimicrobial preservative, so any remaining solution in vial should be discarded after use. The solution should be protected from light.[1] Atropine should not be used in animals with glaucoma, lens luxation, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.[1] |
Atropine + phenylephrine | Anticholinergic |
|
||
Benazepril | Benefortin, Cardalis, Fortekor, Nelio, Prilben, Vetpril | ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive |
|
Formulations available:[1]
A angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. For treatment of cardiac heart failure and cardiac renal failure. Do not use in cases of cardiac output failure. Can be associated with an increase in azotaemia in rabbits.[1]
|
Digoxin | Digoxin, Lanoxin, Lanoxin PG | Antiarrhythmic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used for treating dilated cardiomyopathy in rabbits. Serum levels should be checked after 5-7 days, with a sample taken at least 8 hours post-pill.[1] |
Diltiazem | Hypercard, Dilcardia SR | Antihypertensive |
|
Formulations available:[1]
For use in adhesion prevention and to control supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.[3][1] |
Doxapram | Analeptic |
|
||
Enalapril | ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive |
|
||
Furosemide | Diuretic |
|
Indicated for treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF). | |
Glycopyrrolate | Antidote, Antispasmolytic, Anticholinergic |
|
Does not cross blood-brain barrier and cause mydriasis. Used to reduce bradycardia and upper airway and salivary secretions as a premedication.[13] | |
Pimobendan | Inodilator |
|
||
Tropicamide 1% eye drops | Anticholinergic |
|
Gastrointestional and nutritional medications
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum antacids, Aluminum hydroxide | Alucap. With alginate: Acidex, Gastrocote, Gaviscon, Advance, Peptac. With magnesium salt: Asilone, Maalox, Mucogel. | Antacid |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used for management of gastritis and gastric ulceration. Thoroughly mix drug with food to disperse it throughout the GI tract and increase palatability.[1]
|
Amino acid solutions | Duphalyte, Aminoplasmal, Aminoven, Clinimix, Glamin, Hyperamine, Intrafusin, Kabiven, Kabiven Peripheral, Nutriflex | Nutritional support |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Amino acid solutions supply essential and non-essential amino acids for protein production. They are used parenterally in patients requiring nutritional support but unable to receive enteral support.[1] Should not by used for animals with dehydration, hepatic encephalopathy, severe azotaemia, shock, congestive heart failure and electrolyte imbalances.[1]
|
Cimetidine | Cimetidine, Dyspamet, Tagamet, Zitac | Antacid, Antihistamine |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used as a gastric protectant. Has minimal prokinetic effects. |
Cisapride | Propulsid | Prokinetic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Very effective product in rabbits for GI stasis.[1][3] Unfortunately, the product has been withdrawn due to potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias in humans but is solely available to the veterinary profession.[1] |
Cyproheptadine | Orexigenic |
|
||
Domperidone | Domperidone, Motilium | Prokinetic |
|
Similar action to metoclopramide with fewer side effects.[3] Contraindicated in GI obstruction.
|
Metoclopramide | Reglan | Prokinetic |
|
Stimulates gastric emptying and GI motility.[3]:321 May not be effective in young rabbits. (Varga, 2013)
|
Ranitidine, Ranitidine hydrochloride (Hcl) | Antacid, Prokinetic |
|
Ranitidine inhibits secretion of pepsin and stomach acid and also has significant prokinetic effects on the stomach and colon. The prokinetic effects of ranitidine are superior to those of metoclopramide and equal to those of cisapride.[7] As of April 2020, the United States, European Union, and Australia have either voluntarily recalled or suspended distribution of all products containing ranitidine. If using ranitidine for your rabbit, please proceed with caution.
| |
Simethicone | Anti-gas |
|
||
Sucralfate | Antacid |
|
||
Vitamin B complex | Nutritional support |
|
|
Reproductive medications
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aglepristone | Alizin | Abortion |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to terminate pregnancies. Use with care. Accidental injection may be a hazard to women who are pregnant or intending to become pregnant.[1]
|
Buserelin | Receptal | Fertility, Galactogogue |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) analogue that stimulates LH and FSH production, thus causing oestrus to develop and progress.[1] Used to supplement natural LH in cases of ovulation failure or delay and induce lactation postpartum in mammals.[1] In rabbits, it is used to induce ovulation postpartum for insemination and to improve conception rates.[1] Pregnant women should not administer the product. Anaphylactic reactions may occasionally occur.[1]
|
Chorionic gonadotrophin, Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) | Chorulon | Fertility |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to supplement or replace LH in cases of ovulation failure or delay, to induce lactation post-partum, or in females who fail to hold to mating.[1] Reconstituted vials do not contain any preservative and should be discarded within 24 hours.[1]
|
Dinoprost tromethamine (Prostaglandin F2) | Enzaprost, Lutalyse | Abortion, Prokinetic, Uterotonic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to terminate pregnancies, stimulate uterine contractions in the treatment of open pyometra, and also possesses prokinetic effects on the cecum of the rabbit.[1] |
Melatonin | Fertility |
|
||
Oxytocin | Galactogogue, Uterotonic |
|
Other medications
Drug Name | Brands | Type | Dosage | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetylcysteine | Ilube, Parvolex | Mucolytic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used as a mucolytic in respiratory disease. In rabbits, direct application into ear has been reported as beneficial in cases of secretory otitis media, reducing inflammation and preventing long-term fibrotic changes.[1] |
Apomorphine | Apometic, Apomorphine, APO-go | Emetic | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Rabbits are unable to vomit. |
Barium sulfate | Contrast media |
|
||
Bethanecol | Myotonine | Muscarinic agonist |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to empty the bladder and increase urination by increasing urinary bladder detrusor muscle tone and contraction. Best given on an empty stomach to avoid GI distress.[1]
|
Bretylium |
|
|||
Bromhexine | Bisolvon | Mucolytic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to manage respiratory diseases. |
Calcium gluconate |
|
|||
Carbomer 980 | Lubrithal | Mucinomimetic |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used for tear replacement and tear film disorders. |
Chitosan | Ipakitine | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE
Not advised in rabbits due to the risk of hypercalcuria.[1] | |
Chlorphenamine, Chlorpheniramine | Piriton | Antihistamine |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Use to manage allergic disease and prevention as well as early treatment of anaphylaxis.[1] |
Chlorphenamine maleate | Antihistamine |
|
Paediatric syrup available. | |
Ciclosporin, Cyclosporin, Cyclosporine | Atopica, Optimmune, Neoral, Sandimmun | Immunosuppressant |
|
Formulations available:[1]
|
Cholestyramine, Colestyramine | Questran | Bile acid sequestrant |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Use to absorb toxins produced in the GI tract following the development of overgrowth of Clostridium, usually antibiotic-induced .[1] May cause constipation.
|
Dextrose |
|
|||
Diphenhydramine | Dreemon, Nytol, Benadryl | Antihistamine |
|
Formulations available:[1]
Used to reduce nausea during torticollis as well as preventing sneezing and coughing from allergic reactions.[1] May cause drowsiness - avoid use in combination with other sedatives.
|
Doxapram | Analeptic |
|
||
Epoetin alpha |
|
|||
Estriol | Hormone |
|
||
Fluid therapy |
|
|||
Gallamine |
|
|||
Glucose 5% |
|
|||
Heparin |
|
|||
Hetastarch |
|
|||
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|||
Hydroxyzine | Antihistamine |
|
||
Iron dextran |
|
|||
Lidocaine | Antiarrhythmia |
|
||
Liquid paraffin |
|
Softens impacted gastric or caecal contents. Administer with care (preferably mixed with food) as is easily aspirated.[3] | ||
Loperamide |
|
|||
Meclizine | Antiemetic |
|
||
Meprobamate |
|
|||
Methylprednisone |
|
|||
Metocurine |
|
|||
Nandrolone |
|
Anabolic steroid. | ||
Pancuronium |
|
|||
Pentoxyfilline |
|
|||
Phnylpropanolamine |
|
For use in urinary incontinence. | ||
Polysulfate glycosaminoglycans |
|
|||
Ponazuril |
|
|||
Prochloperazine |
|
Doses as high as 30 mg/kg tid are used to treat labyrinthine disorders in humans.[3] | ||
Sodium bicarbonate |
|
|||
Stanozolol |
|
|||
Streptokinase |
|
|||
Succinylcholine |
|
|||
Suxamethonium |
|
|||
Theophylline |
|
Has dose-dependent effects on the rabbit gastrointestinal tract.[3] | ||
Tiletamine-zolazepam | DO NOT USE | DO NOT USE | ||
Tubocurarine |
|
|||
Verapamil |
|
Prevent post-surgical adhesions. | ||
Yohimbine |
|
Choosing rabbit-safe drugs
Antibiotics
For rabbits, the best antibiotic to use is based both on the spectrum of activity as well as the safety of the antibiotic. It is important to choose antibiotics that have the least likelihood of causing gastrointestinal disease.
The following are antibiotics that are commonly prescribed as safe:[11]
- trimethoprin sulfas
- quinolones
- chloramphenicol
- aminoglycosides
- metronidazole
The following are antibiotics that are intermediate in their ability to incite gastrointestinal disease:[11]
- parenteral penicillin
- oral or injectable cephalosporins
- tetracycline
- erythromycin
The following are antibiotics that are highly likely to cause gastrointestinal dysbiosis:[11]
- amoxicillin
- ampicillin
- clindamycin
- lincomycin
Additional resources
Studies
- Buprenorphine - Pharmacokinetics, blood and urine profile effects, and injection site histopathology following three daily injections of subcutaneous high concentration buprenorphine in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 43: 51-56. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 43: 51-56. Sypniewski, L., Knych, H., Breshears, M., Fang, W., Moody, D., Rudra, P., Maxwell, L., Murray, J., Ritchy, J., Brandao, J. 2022.
Further reading
- Dr. Chark's. (1999). Drug Dosage Calculator for Rabbits
- Kathy Smith. (2004). Drugs for Rabbits [PDF]
- MediRabbit. Medication safe for use in rabbits
- MediRabbit. Life Threatening Medication in Rabbits
- Kathy Smith. (2003). Drug Safety [PDF]
- Steve Clegg. Questions in relation to the administration of a drug to a rabbit
- Dawn Sailer-Fleeger. Appropriate Use of Antibiotics in Rabbits
- Deborah M. Mook, DVM. (2005). The Use of Analgesics in Rodents and Rabbits [PDF]
- UCSF Institutional Animal Care & Use Program. (2005). Rabbit Anesthesia and Analgesia Formulary [PDF]
- Esther van Praag, Ph.D. (2003). Anesthesia of the rabbit Part II: Intra-anesthetic period, and its monitoring [PDF]
- VeterinaryPartner. Medications
- Elisabetta Mancinelli. (2015). Pain recognition and its management in rabbits
See also
References
- ↑ 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.007 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.020 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.055 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.067 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.087 1.088 1.089 1.090 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.098 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.107 1.108 1.109 1.110 1.111 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.115 1.116 1.117 1.118 1.119 1.120 1.121 1.122 1.123 1.124 1.125 1.126 1.127 1.128 1.129 1.130 Meredith, A. (2015). BSAVA small animal formulary. (9th ed.).
- ↑ Medirabbit.com. (n.d.). Corticosteroids: best avoided in rabbits !!!. Retrieved 13 April 2016 from http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Corticost/Cortico.htm
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 Varga, M. (2013). Textbook of rabbit medicine. (2nd ed.).
- ↑ Joerg Mayer, DVM, DABVP (ECM), DECZM, DACZM. (2021). Management of Rabbits. Retrieved 13 Oct 2024 from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/rabbits/management-of-rabbits
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 MediRabbit. (n.d.) Antibiotics dangerous for use in rabbits. Retrieved 09 Oct 2021 http://www.medirabbit.com/Unsafe_medication/dangerous_antibiotics.htm
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Hawk, C. Terrance et al. (2005).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Dan H. Johnson, DVM, DABVP (ECM). (2013). Rabbit Therapeutics - What's Safe, Effective, or Deadly? Retrieved 09 Oct 2021 from https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/rabbit-therapeutics-whats-safe-effective-or-deadly
- ↑ Dawn Sailer-Fleeger. (n.d.) Appropriate Use of Antibiotics in Rabbits. Retrieved 09 Oct 2021 from https://rabbit.org/health/antibiotics.html
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 MediRabbit. (n.d.). Antibiotics safe for use in rabbits. Retrieved 09 Oct 2021 from http://www.medirabbit.com/Safe_medication/Antibiotics/Safe_antibiotics.htm
- ↑ Fesce, A et al. (1977). Ecophylaxis: preventive treatment with gentamicin of rabbit lincomycin-associated diarrhea. Retrieved 09 Oct 2021 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/350739/
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Karen L. Rosenthal, DVM, MS, Diplomate ABVP-Avian. (2001). Bacterial Infectious Disease Treatment in Ferrets and Rabbits. Retrieved 26 Sep 2021 from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3844050&pid=11131
- ↑ Wildpro. (n.d.). Permethrin and Pyrethrin Toxicity in Rabbits. Retrieved 17 Feb 2017 from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00dis/toxic/PermethrinPyrethrinToxRabbits.htm
- ↑ Joerg Mayer, DVM, DABVP (ECM), DECZM, DACZM. (2021). Management of Rabbits. Retrieved 13 Oct 2024 from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/rabbits/management-of-rabbits